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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


ITL liT^  Jf  m 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Feature  '.  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibtiographically  unique, 
which  may  altor  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 
n 

n 

D 
D 
D 

n 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  da  coulaur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  itIustratJons  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  m  jrge  interieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texta, 
mais,  torsque  cela  dtait  possible,  cas  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  film^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplementaires; 


L'Institiit  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  ate  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-^tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliograohique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


Tl 
to 


r~~n    Coloured  pages/ 


0 


Pages  da  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe; 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachetdes  ou  piquees 


r~~]    Pages  damaged/ 

r^    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~7]    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Qualite  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  suppiementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  Image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellemont 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  cnt  &t^  film^es  i  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleura  image  possible. 


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This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  Indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

New  Brunswick  Museum 
Saint  John 


L'axemplaire  fiimA  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
gi&nirositd  de: 

New  Brunswick  Museum 
Saint  John 


The  Images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impiression. 


Tho  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^«»  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Le5  images  suivantes  ont  ixi  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  netteti  de  I'exemplaira  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
flimage. 

Lea  exempiaiias  originaux  dont  la  couverture  an 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  film<is  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  !a  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  an  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derni^re  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  salon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  tha  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiim^a  d  daa  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  po«xr  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film^  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
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<  I!  • 

I    I    ',    ■..) 


THE 


HISTORY  OF  MAn^E, 


FROM  THB 

EAELIKST  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  REGION  BY  THE  NORTHMEN 
TjNTIL  the  PRESENT  TIME; 

'  DfCLDDIXO 

A    NARRATIVE    OF    THE    VOYAGES    AND    EXPLORATIONS    OF    THE    EARLY 

ADVENTURERS,     THE    MANNERS     ANb     CUSTOMS    OF     THE     INDIAN 

TRIBES,     THE     HARDSHIPS     OF    THE     FIRST     SETTLERS,     THE 

CONFLICTS   WITH    THE    SAVAGES,  AND   THE    GRADUAL 

ADVANCEMENT  OF  THE  STATE  TO  ITS   PRESENT 

ASPECT   OF   OPULENCE,   CULTURE,   AND 

REFINEMENT. 


BY 


JOHN    S.   C.   ABBOTT, 


Author  of  'History  op  the  Civil  War  in  America,"  "French  Revolutiow," 
"  The  Lives  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States," 

ETC.,  ETC. 

/  ' 

ILLUSTRATED. 


I 


BOSTON : 
PUBLISHED  BY   B.   B.   RUSSELL,  55   CORNHILL. 

POETLAND:    JOHN  RUSSELL. 

1875. 


v:v^  '.•//:- 


1  n  ■' 


COPYRIOHT : 

B.    B.    Russell, 

1875. 


■ 


BosTOSf: 

Electrotyped  and  Printed  By 

Raxd,  Aveky,  &  Co. 


PREFACE. 


Maine  :s  the  native  State  of  the  writer  of  this  volume. 
Seventy  years  ago,  in  the  year  1805,  he  was  born  in  Brunswick, 
withm  sound  of  the  roar  of  the  Falls  of  the  Androscoggin 

His  childhood  was  spent  in  Hallowell,  then  a  small  but 
hnvmg  hamlet  upon  the  banks  of  the  Kennebec.     In  the 
halls  of  Bowdom  he  received  his  collegiate  education. 

In  his  maturer  years  he  ever  repaired,  for  recreation,  to  the 
parental  home,  then  at  Farmington  in  the  beautiful  and  luxu- 
nant  valley  of  the  Sandy  River. 

In  Maine  he  found  the  cradle  of  his  infancy.  There  are  the 
graves  of  his  fathers.  Upon  its  soil  he  has  spent  the  happiest 
y  arsof  his  ife  To  give  a  biographical  sketch  of  his  native 
S  ace,  of  Its  birth,  growth  and  maturity,  has  been  with  him  a 
labor  of  love. 

It  is  not  the  object  of  this  history  to  search  out  discoveries 
wh,eh  have  h.therto  eluded  the  scrutiny  of  antiquarians,  or  to 
settle  d.spuled  questions  which  have  ar«n  in  reference  to 
minute  details  in  early  days. 

He  wishes  to  give  a  faithful  and  graphic  record  of  the 
wondrous  past,  -such  a  record  as  will  be  read  with  interest  at 
every  fireside.  It  is  indeed  an  exciting  story  he  has  to  tell.  _ 
of  perdous  adventures  by  sea  and  land,  of  struggles  against  the 
hardships  of  the  wilderness,  of  terrible  conflicts  with  a  savage 


PREFACE. 


In  the  rich  libraries  of  Portland,  Boston,  and  New  Haven, 
the  writer  har.  found  ample  material  for  his  work.  He  has 
endeavored  to  give  the  reader  his  authority  for  every  important 
statement  he  has  made.  Where  there  is  irreconcilable  dis- 
crepancy in  the  annals  of  the  past,  he  has  endeavored  faith- 
fully to  give  each  side. 

The  history  commences  with  the  landing  of  the  Northmen 
upon  our  shores  about  a  thousand  years  ago,  and  closes  with 
the  present  grandeur  of  the  State,  when  our  prosperous  Repub- 
lic is  about  to  celebrate  the  centennial  anniversary  of  its  ex- 
istence as  an  independent  nation. 

The  writer  has  only  to  say,  in  conclusion,  that  he  feels  that 
this  is  one  of  the  last  labors  of  his  long  life.  He  has  spared  no 
pains  to  make  this  history  as  accurate  as  possible  ;  and  he  now 
commends  it  to  the  kindly  consideration  of  the  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  Maine. 

John  S.  C.  Abbott. 
Faib  Haven,  Conn. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

VOYAGES  OF  THS!  NORTHMEN  AND  OTHER  EAKLY  EXPtOBEBS. 

^t1°^;//'^«  ^«';*'™fn-VoyaRe.sto  Iceland  and  Greenland  -  Voyai^  of 

CHAPTER  11. 

VOYAOE8  or  THRVET,  PRmO,   DE  MONTfl,   AM,  WEYMOUTH 

tion-AnehorsaOIoheganLdtinl    d-Fr";  ;rTT""""^ 
Natives-Infan.ous  Conduct  ofWeXo  tl     K       "^  Interco..rse  with  tbo 

Exploration  of  the  Kenne.ec-;>irn:iScT^^^^^^^ 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE  EXPEDITION  OF  OOVEBNOB  GEOBOE  POPHAM. 

Fate  Of  Woymouth's  Capdves- Formation  of  the  Plvmr^-.h  n 

ofTanr%^--"";'"""^-^'«^"'-^-"  «^^>P'--^ 

ttS--EirtSo^^^^^^^ 

J-      J.UO  Anaroscoggin  —  Adventures  with  tlie  Indians 


PAOB. 


13 


29 


45 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  FAir^XmE  OF  POPHAM's  COLONY,   AND  ITS  ATTENDANT  RESUI,TS 

^  B^i^S^i^r^C!^;:-^^  theCoiony-Popha.. 
Escape-The  Battletn  Z^^I-'^ZJ      'r""':'''  ^^  Epenow-His 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTEU  V. 

SXPL0BATI0N8  ANP  8ETTLEMENT9. 

PAOa. 

John  Sniitli's  Career  —  Exploring  tlie  Coast  —  EtiKland  and  France  at  War  ~ 
The  War  of  tl.o  Natives,  and  the  Plague  —  Zeal  of  OorKes—  Vines'a  Expedi- 
tion—CouflictinR  ClaiuiH  — Dauariseotta  and  Its  SurroundinKS  — Levett'8 
Expedition  — Views  of  Matrimony  —  Saco  — General  Lawlessness  —  Laco- 
nla  Company  —  Various  Trading  Posts  —  Pema(iuid  —  Tact  of  the  French  -- 
Bagaduce  —  St;ene  in  the  Kennebec  —  Testimony  of  Gov.  Bradford 


81 


CHAPTER  VI. 

PROOUE88  OF  SETTLEMENTS. 

Capture  at  Maiihias  — The  Career  of  Bagnall  — The  Two  Retaliations  —  Men- 
acing Aspecic  of  Atfaira  — Tlie  Twelve  Provinces— Ferdinando  Gorges 
Governor  of  all  New  England  -Expedition  of  D'Aiilney  — Energy  of 
Miles  Standish  —  The  Administration  of  William  Gorges  —  Agauienticus  — 
Population  of  Maine  — The  New  Grant  to  Gorges  —  The  Province  of 
Maine  -  -  Tliomas  Gorges  —  The  Constitution  —  Religious  and  Po'itiual  Prin- 
ciples —  Woman's  Rights 

CHAPTER  VII. 

OOLCmAL  JEALOVSIE8  AM  J  ALIBKATIONS. 

Conflict  between  I^  Tour  and  D' Anlney  —  Its  Strange  Result  —  Attack  of 
Wannerton  —  Madame  La  Tour  — D'Aulnoy  attacks  the  Fort  at  St.  John  — 
Heroic  Defence  of  Mailame  lia  Tour  —  Her  Capture  an^l  Death  —  Treason  of 
IjH  Tour  — Gov.  Godfrey  —  Purchases  of  Indian  Chiefs  —  Boundary  Dis- 
putes-Final Settlement  —  Submission  of  Godfrey  — Ecclesiastical  Condi- 
tion —  Sullivan's  Testimony  —  Dutch  Settlers  —  Savage  Insolence  . 

CHAPTER  VUL 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  MAINE  ANNEXED  TO  MASSACHOSETTS. 

Troubles  on  the  Piscataqna  —  Career  of  La  Tour  —  Menaces  of  War  —  Meas- 
ures of  Cromwell  —  Conquest  of  Nova  L'cotia  —  Character  of  La  Tour  — 
Trading  Post  on  the  Kennebec  —  The  Oath  Administered  —  Sale  of  the  Right 
of  Traflic  —  Boundaries  of  Kennebec  Patent  —  Political  Connection  between 
Maine  and  Massaclr.isetts  —  Code  of  Laws  —  Northern  Limits  of  Massachu- 
setts —  The  Articles  of  Union  —  Rev.  John  Wheelwright  —  Correspondence 
—  Restoration  of  Charles  II.  —  Petition  of  Gorges  —  Duke  of  York's  Charter . 

CHAPTER  IX. 

POLITICAI,  AGITATIONS. 

The  Duke  of  York  — The  Royal  Commissioners  —  Conflict  between  the  Com- 
mlssionors  and  the  General  Court- Tlci.  Unfriendly  Report  — Tyranny  of 
Charles  II.  —  Character  of  George  Cleaves  — The  Petition  — Efforts  of  the 
Commissioners  —  Treaty  with  the  Indians  —  War  between  France  and  Eng- 
land —  National  Antipathies  —  Baron  Castine  —  His  Character  and  Career  — 
French  Influence  over  the  Indians  ■  -  Anarchy  —  Ambition  of  the  Duke  of 
York  —  War  between  England  and  Holland  —  Jocelyn's  Description    . 


97 


114 


1.31 


140 


VA0B. 


CONTENTS. 
CHAPIEB  X 

THT-  FIBST  D.DIAN  WAB. 

Tim  IiKlians- Their   Manners   and   Ct.stom,     w.    i  ,  »^ 

Drink.  -  Scenes  in  the  Wi^«am  -  Th«  pT,  u  ^°  "'"""  '"^  IntoxicatlnK 
of  ilasle  -  rn.Uan  Intelli«;: .?-  lW,a2  P,  nr''"'£^'  -  ^"venture? 
ment  of  Hostilities- Awful  8«4p.  „f  n^ ~,  "f  '  ^""^-^'"''""ence- 
Efforts  of  Mr.  Shurte -Tl  e  wt  ir  ^  "'"'  ''"''  Woe -The  Truce - 

the  English  -  Desparat  Jtf  tlrindTrnr'  ~  '''^  ^»^"--Ies  -  Foll^  of 

188 

CHAPTER  Xr. 

THE  HORRORS  OB'  WAR 

""r^Z::^  "unSirS;;^"'^"?  J>-,atea-Sce„es  of  Hor- 
iHlana  capture,!  hv  rSavaJ^TrL,  ^'^^'J .^""^^^^^--^nnW^ 
of  Mugg-Tho  English  re  umethe  War  7'"  "'^  ^^  ^'«^«  "  Anec.i;te 
dians-The  Mohawks  Allies  o!'  th  Fnl.7,  'T''^  ^"""""^'^  "*  ^^e  I„- 
Polnt- Its  Fatal  Results  ^""^      ^^'^  Ambuscade  at  Black 


186 


CHAPTER  XIL 


WARS  AND  WOES  CONTINUED. 

Ravages  of  the  Indians  -  The  Naval  F^«»  i  •.. 
by  the  War  -  The  Purchase  of  S  ate't  l7as7  ^T""  P^''*""'"^^^ "  ^-««« 
Mr.  Danforth- North  Yarmo.,fh  in.orn  Tf  "r"' ' '^'^^  ^^S'.ne  of 
Ushed- Menaces  of  AV.r-Emn '  -^  ?T?^~"^P"'''*  '^''"'"'^l'  «stab- 
Andros-Tho.uas  DungLn-J^^l^iS  ?  .""  f«hawks-Sir  Edmund 
tine -War  Renewed -Fat,  of  WaTdl  ;~'^"^'''  "P""  ''"'"'^  ^^- 
Montreal    .       .       .       ,       ^       _^™°-E'^Pedition8   to   Quebec   and 

206 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

CAMPAIGNS  IN  THE  WILDERNESS. 

Character  of  Indian  Warfare- Fv.,   i  .• 
FaIn.outh-Ti.Sack       itnvS'I'Th^^^^       ^^^^^^^  Church  -  Battle  at 
at    Pejepscot- Incidents     of     u.e    ei'l'''''^"'^;.  ^«''"«'"1>  -  Church 
Truce -Deplorable  Couditlon  oKuZ-'Z'r^^'^T    «-*""<l«-The 

DofenceofWells-Church.sThirdE;;^ditir-"Cr:Jt;er^. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

KINO  WILLUM-fl  WAR.  -Q^BB^  ^^^.,  ^^ 

'Sbl2rs5r^tnSHeS;:^"Jf^-  Henr.-Cruelt.  of  Capt. 

Major  Frost -Feai-ful   T  ageSef  ? ~     1'"  °"  '^^  "^^^  ''^  ^""^y- 

""it-lmpoverislnnent  of  Te  P  o~  Le      r'"T  p  ""•   ^«^'=«- Assaoom- 

tudes-An    Intolerant    Act-Gor  D,k7.        i  ^""'"'■^  ^'"^  New  Solici- 

William's  War -Policy  of  M    TMv,•^  i'.~^P^^''''    °*    Simnio-King 

nien-Third  Indian  War _stg;o''w" "f'^'"'  ''°°'^"'^*  "^  E"^'-'^ 
Southack  .        .       .  ^^'^^^  ^^  Wmter  Harbor  -  Anival  of  Capt. 

•        .  246 


o  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

THB  BIVAL  CLAIMS  OF  FRANCE  jiND  ENGLAND. 

PAOK. 

Jocelyn's  Visit  — Thq  Dostruction  of  Black  Point  — The  Vicissitudes  of 
War  —  A  Naval  Expedition  -Merciless  Eavages  —  Destrnction  at  Port 
Eoyal  —  Tlie  Expedition  to  Norridgewoclc  —  Exchange  of  Prisoners  —  Trpa- 
8on  suspected  —  Incidents  of  the  Conflict  —  A  Kenewed  Attac  upon  Port 
Eoyal  —  Kage  of  Gov.  Dudley  —  The  Third  Attack  and  its  Failure  —  Naval 
Battle  at  Winter  Harbor  — The  Conquest  of  Nova  .Scotia- The  Commis- 
aion  to  Quebeo  —  Exchange  of  Menaces 265 


CHAPTEE  XVI. 

BRITISH  AND  INDIAN  DITLOMACT. 

Enthusiasm  of  tie  British  Government  —  The  Fleet  for  the  Conquest  of 
Canada  — Utter  Failure  of  the  Enterprise  — Daily  Perils  — The  Bridal 
Party  — Treaty  of  Utrecht  — The  Eavages  of  War  —  Character  of  the 
Younger  Castine  —  State  of  the  Ministry  — The  Pejepscot  Purchase  — An- 
cient Dominions  —  Rearing  the  Forts  —  The  Council  at  Arrowsic  —  Gloomy 
Prospects  —  Character  o»  Father  Easle 282 

CHAPTEE  XVn. 

THE  VICISSITUDES  OF  WAB. 

The  War  Eenewed  —  Eesolve  of  the  British  —  Westbrook's  Attempt  on  an 
Indian  Village  —  An  Indian  Fort  —  Expedition  to  Oldtown  —  Attempt 
upon  Norridgewock  —  Leauty  of  the  Village  —  Savage  Depredations  — 
Father  Easle  and  his  Chapel  —  His  Letters  —  Murder  of  Boniaseen  — 
Slaughter  at  Norridgewock  —  Death  of  Easle  — Tribute  to  His  Memory  — 
Capt.  Lovewell's  Achievement  —  Drake's  Narrative 300 

CHAPTEE  XVIIT. 

TnE  PROGRESS  AND  TERMINATION  OF  LOVEWELL'S   WAR. 

Encampment  at  Great  Ossipee  —  Serious  Contest  —  Death  of  Lovewell  —  Of 
Frye  — Fate  of  the  English  in  Lovewell's  War  —  Government  Measures  — 
Native  Honor  —  Indian  Distresses  —  Incorporation  of  Orono  —  Heath's  Expe- 
dition—Attack upon  Young  Castine  —  The  Dummer  Treaty  —  Indian  Let- 
ters —  Cost  of  Indian  Wars  —  Peace  concluded 319 


CHAPTEE  XIX. 


THE  DOOM  OF  THB  INDIAN. 


French  Influence  —  Gov.  Dummer  —  His  Wise  Policy  —  The  Trading-Houses  — 
Life  at  lalmouth  — Gcs.  Burnet  and  Belcher —  Act  against  Duelling  — 
Encroachments  of  the  English  — Conference  at  Falmouth  — Gov.  Shirley  — 
Visit  of  Whitefleld  —  Council  at  St.  George  —  The  Indians  desire  Peace  —  In- 
dians refuse  to  light  their  Brethren  —  The  Capture  of  Louisburg— War 
Proclaimed  against  the  Indians—  Peace  — Subsiding  Billows  — New  Claims 
of  the  English— Fort  at  Teconnet 


337 


CONTENTS.  0 

CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  OLD  FEEXCH  WAK,   AKD  THE  WAB  OF  THE  KEVOLUTION  COMMEXCED. 

The  Upper  Kennehec  Explored -New  Forts  Built  -  AVar  with  the  Indian^''" 
Eenewed-Enghsh    Atrocities  -  War   between    France    and   England-^ 
Feebleness  of  the  Indians  -  Incorporation  of  Towns -Effort    of  EnJai^ 
to  enslave  America -Tlie  Stamp  Act-Tl.e  Tea  Tax-Battle  of  Jxinl 
t on-Patnotism  of  the  People  of  Maine-Scenes  in  Falmouth  -  vSff 
the  British  Sloop-of-War-Capture  of  Capt.  Mowatt-His  TWa  354 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE  WAR  OP  THE  REVOLUTION:  FALMOUTH  IN  ASHES. 

'^.S:^^  ^il^*-'^^«.°--  Announced-The  Conference  -  The  Bom- 

-The  Repulse  — i'rendliness  of  the 


bardinent- The  Expedition  to  Quebec- 


Si:  C'e^"'""''-"*''"  °' ""■™'  ™'"™^^^^^^^^^^^^ 


377 


CHAPTER  XXn. 

THE  WAR  OF  1812,   AND  THE  SEPARATION. 

Expenses  of  the  War-The  Question  of  Separation -Increase  of  Towns 
CounuesFor,ned-BowdoiuC..llegeCbartered-TheFar„rstons!3lI 
wrori«To    T"'"   ""'    '''    r-fitutions-Watervi]le-GarTine;-Tl^ 


397 


CHAPTER  XXm. 

PEACI5  AND  PROSPEBirr. 

William  King-William  D.   Williamson -The  Maine  of   TTnlf  »  r     , 


426 


CHAPTER  XXTV. 

THE  SCANDINAVIAN  IMMIORATION 

■        •  •        •        •        •        .        .        .438 


^^  _  '^  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE  PlCTtTKBSQUE  ATTKACTIONS  OF  MAINB. 

Portland  and  Casco  Bay  -  Seashore  Eesorts  -  Isles  of  Shoals -The  Bea<>her'*"' 
-Cape  Arumlel  and  Old  Orchard -Bath  to  Rockland,  and  np  the  Penob- 
scot-Mount  Desert -Lake  Sehago-Mt.   Pleasant  and  the  Saco-The 
Valley  of   the  Androscoggin  -  Eangeley  Lakes  and  Sandy  River -The 
Kennebec  Valley  — Moosehead  Lake  and  the  Aroostook 440 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

# 

MAINE  IK  THE  WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION. 

Military  Condition  of  Maine -Proclamation  of  the  President  -  Prompt 
Action-The  Greeting  in  New  York- Welcome  in  Washington -Stove- 
Pipe  Artillery -Testimony  of  Gen.  Sickles-Gen.  Hiram  G.  Berry-The 
Liquor  Shops -The  Seventh  Maine  Complimented -Sufferings  of  Camp- 
Lite -Colored  Regiments  — Testimony  of  Gen.  Naglee-Gen.  Dow  — ToUs 
of  a  Campaign -The  Sharp-shooters  -  Lieut.  Hill  -  Batteries  of  Li^ht 
Artillery  — Courage  of  New  Recruits °      4C8 

CHAPTER  XXVn. 

MAINE  IN  THE  WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION,   CONTINtTED. 

:3attle  of  Cedar  Mountain -Bivouacking  in  the  Rain  -  Testimonv  of  Gen 
Bumsule- Scenes  at  Port  Hudson -Arlington  Heights  -  Campaigning  in 
the  South-Patriotism  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  Regiment  -  Toilsome 
March -Battle  at  Marianna- Ravages  of  Sickness -Summary  of  the  Ef- 
forts of  Maine -Major-Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  at  Gettysburg  -  Major-Gen. 
Joshua  L.  Chamberlain  at  the  Surrender  of  Lee 433 

CHAPTER  XXVm. 

AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

Maine,  its  location  and  Size -Mountains -Katalidin- Temperature -Affri- 
cultural  Products  -  Various  Industries  -  Ship-Building  -  Railro.ads  -  Slate 
Quarries -Little  Bine  Quarry  -Water-Power-  Annual  Rain -Fall- Manu- 
w"™f  ^;'"'"i^''^^-J''°  Sa^°  Basin-The  Androscoggin. -The  Kenne- 
bec-The  Penobscot  Valley -The  St.  Croix -The  St.  John -The  Salubri- 
ous Climate  -  Prospects  of  Emigration        .499 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

POPULAR  EDUCATION. 

Normal  School  in  Fannington- Normal  School  in  Castine  -  Maine  Central 
Institute -Oak  Grove  Sen.inary -Commercial  College  -  State  Col'  -e  of 
Agriculture  -  Winthrop  Grammar  School  -  Kittery  District  School  -  Intel- 
lecruai,  Social,  and  Physical  Advantages  of  Maine 513 


illustratio:n-s. 


Portrait  of  Author 

Old  Stoxe  Tower,  Newport        *        '        • 

Pejepscot  Falls,  Brunswick        .'        *        * 

Garrison  House  at  York 

Monument  of  Rasle,  Norridgewock  ."        ' 

TicoNic  Falls,  T»7aterville*        '        "        * 
Battle  of  Lexington    .        .  '        ' 

Last  Blockhouse  of  Fort  Halifax  '        ' 
Lower  Falls,  East  Machias 
View  of  Portland         .  *        '        * 

Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary"        '        '        ' 
BowDoiN  College,  Brunswick 
Western  Normal  School,  Farmi'ngton 

hCENERY   AT   AbBOTT   FaMILY   Scjinnr      V. 

Family  School  for  Girls  at  ut„„  w  '        •        • 

Lewist<on  Falls  '  ^"^  Willows,"  Farminoton 

Kennebec  Dam,  Augusta 

COBBOSSKE    CONTEE    FaLLS,  GaRDINER 

State  House,  Augusta 

InsaxNe  Hospital,  Augusta 

Portland  Observatory 

City  Hall,  Portland    . 

Custom  House,  Portland 

Post  Office,  Portland 

The  Cliffs,  Cape  Arundel 

Boston  and  Maine  Railroad  Bridge,  Saco 

Old  Orchard  Beach     . 

Whitehead  Cliffs 

Lake  Sebago   . 

Bonny  Eagle  FallI,  Buxton 


U 


PAOK. 

Frontispiece. 
.  20 
.  229 
.  234 
.  316 
.  818 
.  328 
.  362 
.  871 
.  376 
•  385 
.  396 
.  399 
.  402 
.  404 
.  405 
.  406 
.  408 
.  410 
.  413 
.  416 
.  428 
.  430 
.  447 
.  448 
.  449 
.  460' 
.  451 
.  452 
454 
4L5 
459 
480 


12 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


T  •„  PAGE. 

Lisbon  Falls 4gj 

Upper  Falls,  Rumford         .       ,       ,       , 4^3 

Lower  Falls,  Rumford 464 

LiVERMORE  Falls •    .        .        .        .  465 

Cascade  at  West  Watekville 4Qg 

The  National  Home  for  Pisabled  Soldiers 496 

Cumberland  Mill  Falls 509 

North  Channel  Dam     .        , 511 

Madison  Briooe  Falls 512 

Carratunk  Falls 513 

Upper  Dam,  Ellsworth 514 

Westbrook  Seminary 502 

Residences  of  Col.  Ebenezer  Webster  and  Others      .        .        .524 

District  Schoolhouse 525 

State  Agricultural  College 526 

Grammar  Schoolhouse         ••....,,.  527 
Maine  General  Hospital    . 529 


I 

li 


Hi! 


iK 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


CHAI»TER  I. 

nan  Cabot  _  F,wh  a„a  E^,h  ctta.  r .  r*°  "'  '"  *""'  ""'""■ 
Strange  Interview  with  tlie  Infc,_E.Z  ^'''^"'''"'''-■^''"'"""o- 
Eot.  ina»n,_E3teTa„  Gomes -Normnbega_j„h„ 

EVENTS  contemplated  throuffh  the  l«n,.  „f       .^ 
years  must  be  dim     In  ,n„-    t  !•         '^      °^  *  thousand 
ern  Europe,  whi.h  n2'  ..       T  I  """'  "■"  '«8»»  °f  ^rth- 

in  that  %id  climo  were  eXrNonCer'^lr'^  "'°  '"^" 
fanng  people,  regarded  mainly  rptrt  "'    ^7  T'.*  ''"- 

dod,  :h:'r  ::•,:;  tr'st^^r^rr  °'  ^^^  ^°'"'"-'  ^^^o- 

Iceland.    It  was,  ere  lonrit  S  t      "  ^^  '""■"''  ''''"""^^ 
It  i»  said,  that,  aiout  aevf^teefytarf  a^r  tZ/'°"  '"""'''^■ 

-  in  the  e...e.ne  '^^^^^-^J^l^^T^ ^^^^ 

in..*.S  t  .S'::s-r;:r  22»f!°'  «■«  >">«*"..»,  i «» „»,„„ 

Copenhagen.  1839.    «^  n  r,  t,.,    ..    ""®''>      -A.ntiquitates  An.flr.v.an„.    r.., "^ 

18 


I 


14 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


car  Continent.  Thus,  according  to  this  report,  the  Nortlimen 
discovered  America  more  than  six  hundred  years  before  Colum- 
bus approached  our  shores. 

About  ten  years  after  this,  another  Northman,  by  the  name 
of  Biarne,,  seeking  Greenhind,  was  driven  by  fierce  gales  far  to 
the  south.  It  is  surmised,  from  his  vague  descriptions,  that  he 
must  have  caught  sight  of  Cape  Cod,  and  that  he  thence 
coasted  north-easterly,  back  along  the  shores  of  Maine  and  Nova 
Scotia,  to  Greenland. 

As  the  story  goes,  four  years  after  this,  in  the  year  1000, 
a  man  by  the  name  of  Leif  took  another  vessel,  and  set 
out  on  an  exploring  expedition.  He  touched  at  dreary,  deso- 
late Newfoundland ;  leaving  the  coast  of  Maine  unseen  far  away 
on  his  right,  he  directed  his  course  south-west,  till  he  reached 
the  head  of  Cape  Cod.  Sailing  around  the  Cape,  and  turning 
to  the  west,  he  entered  a  large  bay,  which  it  is  supposed  was 
Narraganset,  and  landed,  probably  not  far  from  the  present 
site  of  Newport  in  Rhode  Island. 

They  found  the  climate  so  mild,  the  region  so  delightful,  the 
fruit  so  abundant,  that  they  decided  to  spend  the  winter  there. 
As  rich  grapes  abounded,  they  named  the  country  Vineland. 
In  the  shortest  day  of  winter  they  recorded  that  the  sun  rose  at 
half  past  seven,  and  set  at  half  past  four.  This  would  quite 
decisively  indicate  that  they  were  in  the  region  of  southern  New 
England. 

In  the  year  1002  a  brother  of  Leif,  by  the  name  of  Thor- 
wald,  set  out  on  another  exploring  tour  to  these  newly  dis- 
covered and  attractive  realms.  Following  his  brother's  track, 
he  reached  the  same  bay  in  which  Leif  had  wintered,  and 
occupied  the  same  cabins  which  he  had  reared.  In  the  sprint 
he  sent  out  the  long  boat  with  a  party  of  sailors,  to  examine 
the  coast  west  and  south.  We  know  nothing  of  the  results  of 
this  expedition. 

It  is  inferred,  from  the  accounts  which  are  still  quite  vague, 
that  Thorwald  spent  another  winter  in  Narraganset  Bay,  and 
that  he  named  the  spot  Leifsbuder,  or  Leifshouse.  In  the  spring 
he  set  sail  in  his  ship,  to  follow  the  coast  back  to  Greenland. 
!Sailing  around  Cape  Cod,  which  he  named  Naeset,  he  turned 


iif\ 


TEE  EI&TORY  OF  MAINE.  j^ 

islanH«  f  Kaf  k  1  •       ,       °  expanse  ot  the  bay  studded  with 

cruelty  which  wool  I T      ?"'"  ^f ''"'"'  Northmen,  with 

ha^iLttsratii  reigi^Ttters:;  ^r™^''  *; 

The  flend-like  deed  roused  tt\^L       « '       ^  ""'^  "'"^P"^- 
mied  with  ludiau  w  Ji^^ete  t'eovtr  htr  luT:;™' 

m  ..i,„„t.  seeiuT^rutt^:?  sr;;t td"^"'- 

arm.     He  was  Z  „„,  '  "^  ?  "'"^  ■"■"    "^^  '^'""""1'   the 

arrow  ."he^d  t  reVoIrC-the^h,  "1  "^f  ^  """^'"''^ 
had  only  time  to  say,  -I'      ''  *^'  """''  S"»hed  forth,  he 

before  you.    Iheferha.-  intennt     '      ,     '""^  "  "I""  "'»  P'o-nontor; 
there  forever.    pL  tt  or"  lea  at  mv         "^  "'"'" '  '  ^'""'  """  O™" 

»u>.e.oot,....ub,.;rr;:uiari'^re:w:L:ii^r:°r- 

it™\r«Ltri::tt:et2TttT  "^'»  «'*'• 

Europeans.    In  this  encounter     ,e  e1  ™""'  "'"^  *''' 

and  outrageously  in  thero„r  Tl  '^'"°?'""'  '""'^  ''"'''^"y 
Narraganslt  Ba/,  whl'  rylpenTrwfnr^We'h™'  '" 
account  of  their  having  any  intercourse  v  Xth  elndlns  Th^ 
probably  set  traps  for  heaver  and  other  -mi  „-!l       i.  ^ 

that  in  the  spring  they  set  sail  for  rl    '     T      ,    '  "  """<"' 
wood  and  furs.  Greenland  with  a  caigo  of 

It  would  seem,  from  this  account,  that  Thorwald  and  hi.  ^,„ 

1  The  Promontory  of  the  Crosses. 


If 


16 


THE  HISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


were  upon  the  Rhode  Island  shore  for  two  years.  They  made 
sundry  explorations,  both  east  and  west.  The  remarkable  head- 
land, now  called  Cape  Cod,  they  minutely  described.  They 
gave  it  the  name  of  Naeset,  or  the  Nose.  It  is  worthy  of  notice, 
that  when  our  Puritan  fathers  landed  at  the  head  of  the  Cape,  ^ 
after  the  lapse  of  eight  hundred  years,  the  Indians  called  it 
Nauset,  there  being  the  change  of  but  a  single  letter  in  the 
name. 

Erik  had  a  third  son,  Thorstein.  With  fraternal  affection,  the 
young  man  decided  to  fit  out  an  expedition  to  Vineland,  as  the 
country  was  then  called,  that  he  might  obtain  the  remains  of 
his  brother,  and  bury  them  by  the  graves  of  his  fathers.  He 
fitted  out  the  same  ship  in  which  Thorwald  had  sailed,  and  took 
with  him  a  crew  of  twenty-five  picked  men.  His  wife,  Gudrida, 
who  is  represented  as  a  woman  of  remarkable  prudence  and 
energy,  accompanied  him. 

The  ship  encountered  a  series  of  terrible  storms,  and  was 
driven  far  away  to  sea,  they  scarcely  knew  where.  Turning 
homewards,  they  did  not  reach  the  ice-bound  shores  of  Green- 
land until  QVLviy  in  December,  1005.  They  landed  at  one  of 
these  cheerless  settlements,  greatly  exhausted  by  the  tempests 
against  which  they  so  long  had  struggled.  Here  Thorstein  was 
taken  sick  and  died,  with  many  others  of  his  crew.  It  is  prob- 
able that  the  ship  was  frozen  in,  for  she  did  not  leave  her 
dreary  anchorage  until  the  spring.  The  heart-stricken  widow 
then  returned  to  her  friends. 

A  year  passed  away,  and  Gudrida  was  married  again  to  a  gen- 
tleman of  Iceland,  by  the  name  of  Thorfinn.  He  "was  a  wealthy 
man,  of  illustrious  birth,  and  distinguished  for  his  virtues  and 
his  energy.  Our  own  New  England,  the  Vineland  of  the  Ice- 
landers, was  to  them,  in  comparison  with  their  icy  abode,  the 
land  of  fruits  and  flowers,  of  genial  clime  and  sunny  skies. 
Thorfinn,  influenced,  it  is  said,  by  the  glowing  description  he 
had  received  from  the  lips  of  his  wife,  of  these  favored  realms, 
fitted  out  another  exploring  expedition.  It  was  probably  his 
intention  to  establish  a  colony,  for  he  took  three  ships  and  one 
hundred  and  sixty  men. 

The  expedition  set  out  from  one  of  the  southern  ports  in 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  |y 

Greenland,  in  the  summer  of  1008.     Thev  Rfliu^   oi  .-, 

T\:l^T  ir-^  ^^^^  -'-'  Mar.ia?dTr:LX  n,: 

the  land,  of  what  is  now  called  Maine,  ever  in  sir^h  cruS 
along  the  shore  until  they  reached  Cape  Cod.  ft  does  "ot 
appear  that  they  landed  at  any  point.  •  ^ 

They  sailed  around  Cape  Cod,  being  much  impressed  with  its 
long  and  sandy  beaches.  Passing  the  group  o!  Zlult!^ 
Is^nd.  with  which  they  were  m°uch  ch' rmed,  a.^  Ih  fS 
aw  water-fowl  in  such  wonderful  abundance  that  they  cou  d 
scarcely  step  upon  the  shore  without  treading  upon  thefr  el 
they  cast  anchor  in  Buzzard's  Bay.  ^^  ' 

From  this  point  a  small  party  was  sent  out  on  an  exploring 
0      to  the  north.     The  ships,  with  the  remainder  of    he'  men 

which  their  countrymen  had  previously  visited,  the  Narra^In  e 
Bay.     It  maybe  doubted  whether  there  is  anywhere  alnnl 
genial   climate  than  that  of  southern  New  En^hnd      k2 
north  the  winters  are  too  cold;  farther  iZh   thi 
too  hot      Tn  +i.,-o  4-  ^"^^.  icircner  south  the  summers  are 

™     '""  °*  *"=*'  "■"•  ""W  M  can  anywhere  else  be  found 

Thorfinn  was  delighted  with  the  spot.     He  fonndTnL  i„ 

rich  clusters,  wheat  growin?  wild      Tl„„  \  T     ^  ^*       ° 

snow  fe„,  and  the  cattfe  fedfn  T'open  S  ''V^'  "° 

who  „a,  not  have  heard  of  the  infaj^as  H    H  of  ThotTd' 

sHns,  which  the,  were  Wet  rexdnTe  t"ri:- .^1;^ 

n::?„r:hrcf  Th' v'™^^^^  ^'^'■'-  -^'^  "«>«'■->'' 

ThorL„rB:ror  ntL^rBrdir.  '^^  ^•'"-  ■'^  -'"" 

The  Icelandic  chronicler  of  this  enterprise  writ-s  that  the 
nat,ves  valued  very  highly  the  red  cloth  the  stran. «    brolht 


men,  led  by  an  Icelander  of  very 


18 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


enterprising  spirit,  named  Thorhall.  He  is  represented  as  a 
man  of  very  dark  complexion,  of  stout  build,  and  great  physical 
strength.  They  embarked  in  a  large  boat,  sailed  along  the 
eastern  coast  of  Cape  Cod,  and  then  struck  across  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  north-westerly  towards  the  coast  of  Maine. 

On  this  passage  he  encountered  a  north-west  wind  of  such 
fury  and  continuance,  that,  according  to  the  almost  incredible 
statement,  he  was  driven  entirely  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to 
the  coast  of  Ireland.  As  the  story  goes,  he  and  his  men,  upon 
landing,  were  made  slaves. 

At  the  Narraganset  settlement  dissensions  arose  between  the 
Northmen  and  the  natives.  Battles  ensued.  The  Northmen 
were  worsted  in  the  conflict,  as  probably  they  deserved  to  be. 
Impartial  history  must  declare,  that,  perhaps  without  exception, 
in  the  battles  waged  in  this  country  between  the  Europeans 
and  the  natives,  the  Europeans  were  the  aggressors.  The 
natives  seem  invariably  to  have  fought  to  avenge  some  wrongs 
previously  received. 

The  Northmen,  who  were  but  little  better  armed  than  the 
natives,  and  far  outnumbered  by  them,  found  their  position  very 
perilous.  Thorfinn  decided  to  break  up  his  colony  and  return 
to  Greenland,  but  he  had  heard  no  tidings  from  Thorhall :  he 
therefore  took  one  of  his  ships,  and  sailed  in  search  of  him. 
The  rest  of  his  company  he  left  on  the  shore  at  Buzzard's  Bay. 

It  is  supposed  that  he  reached  the  coast  of  Maine.  There  he 
cast  anchor  at  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Endless  forests  were 
spread  out  before  him,  with  scarcely  any  open  space.  Thorfinn, 
disappointed  in  his  search  for  Thoriiall,  returned  to  his  com- 
panions whom  he  had  left  at  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  there  he  passed 
the  winter.     It  was  his  third  winter  in  Vineland. 

In  the  spring  of  1011  he  again  spread  his  sails,  and  returned 
to  Greenland.  There  are  some  indications  in  the  narrative,  that 
a  few  men  were  left  in  the  colony  at  the  bay :  this  is,  however, 
uncertain.  Thorfinn  took  with  him  two  native  boys.  Whether 
they  were  carried  away  by  stealth,  or  of  their  own  free  will,  is 
not  known.  The  report  he  gave  of  the  climate  and  its  produc- 
tions, and  the  exhibition  he  made  of  its  furs  and  skins,  and  of 
rare  varieties  of  wood,  inspired  others  with  the  desire  to  visit 
these  regions  of  so  mup.h  promise. 


TBe  ujarosr  of  maihs.  jj 

h  was  then  supposed  that  Vineland  belonged  to  EuroDe 
t««t  .t  was  merely  an  extension  of  the  eoasts  of  No^afanl 
Sweden.  They  ealled  the  natives  Skrellings,  or  little  3  the 
same  name  wh.ch  they  had  given  to  the  Esqui„,a„T„f  the 
extreme  north.  In  a  very  eelebrated  work,  written  about  that 
Tlv  ^„  ,T  of  B'-emen,  entitled  "Ecclesiastical  Hltory  o 
the  North  of  Europe,"  we  find  the  following  curious  passage  :- 

which  had  k«-n^linnZldTcZ\'"°"'  """"^  "*"  ''"""^-  "« 
t-ary,  every  thing  t„  tke  north  i.  covered  with  ice'a:,d  etia.  n^t  "    """ 

tof'e"di„?pti  ':?t"  f  ""r """''"'  ">■■*  ••'  8-" 

ta.  allusions  wCare%o:;;fn%he''rnnTr:l:rda;1h:; 
after   h,s  there  were  many  commercial  expeditions  to  vTneland 

^^t^s^^d^-kr^j^^— -iti 

the  natives,  fishing,  and  wood-cutting.     The  blrs'I,  "l"" 
and  fertility  of  the  country,  compared  wfth   Gr^L  and  ^fd 

tatL?;f;rw''^?:*^l«'f^'=*"°"  °^  «>«  tem.  though  variou.,  n.w  ..t.rp^ 


so 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


! 

Hi  I 


% 


■ 


'[ 


structed  as  a  fitadel  of  defence,  or  for  industrial  purposes.  In 
view  of  the  facts  contained  in  these  pages,  it  is  not  unreasona- 
bh'  ;o  suppose  that  the  venerable  tower  renoains  a  memorial  of 
the  Northmen's  visit. 

-     "      -  One  or  two  hundred  years 

of  silence  pass  away.  The 
storms  of  winter  wail  throrgh 
the  forests  of  Vineland.  The 
suns  of  summer  clothe  the 
extended  landscape  in  verd- 
ure, opening  the  flowers,  and 
ripening  the  grapes.  Indian 
liunting-bands,  of  unknown 
name  and  language,  wander 
through  the  solitudes  in  pur- 

OLD  STONE  TOWEH,  OH  MILL,  NEWPORT.  g^Jt   ^f  ^hc   bcar,  thC  dcCr,   tho 

moose,  and,  after  life's  brief  and  joyless  dream,  vanish  in  death. 
But  from  these  awful  solitudes  no  voice  reaches  us.  We  have 
no  record  of  the  joys  or  griefs  of  these  benighted  children  of 
the  forest.  We  simply  know  that  everywhere  upon  this  globe, 
—  this  residence  of  fallen  humanity, — man  is  born  to  mourn. 
In  the  wigwam  of  the  savage,  as  in  the  palace  of  the  monarch, 
eyes  must  weep,  and  hearts  must  bleed. 

As  we  have  mentioned,  the  Northmen  called  Nova  Scotia 
Markland,  or,  "  The  Country  of  the  Woods."  As  there  were 
no  definite  boundaries  then  conceived  of,  tliis  name  included 
the  northern  portion  of  Maine,  as  Vineland  included  its  south- 
ern portion.  An  Icelandic  geographer,  in  his  description  of  the 
globe,  writes,  his  language  being  translated  into  modern 
terms :  — 


*'  From  northern  Russia,  the  land  extends  northerly  to  uninhabited  '-  ,- 
erts,  until  Greenland  commences.  Thence,  towards  the  south,  lie  New- 
foundland, Nova  Scotia,  and  Vineland.  It  is  supposed  that  Vineland 
stretches  out  towards  Africa.  England  and  Scotland,  form  one  island,  Ice- 
land is  a  large  island  on  the  north  of  Ireland.  All  these  countrie.?  are  in 
that  part  of  the  world  cal'ed  Europe," 

The  fact  must  ■)::  sr  remain  inexplicable,  why  the  North- 
men, after  having,    sl.^covered  and  partially  colonized  the  fair 


Tns  msTosr  of  uaixe.  j, 

realms   of  Vindand    should  have  abandoned  them   entirely, 
wlule   they  eontmued  th.ir  settlement,  in  the  dreary  re.Mo„J 

tte^Grod"'"';;''  '™':",t ,  '''"^  """^''  ""■  «=™'  -  ^"-'-^ 

the  Good         fhey  extolled,   in  merited  praise,   the  eapacious 
harbor,  and  the  beautiful  rivers  with  which  thi,  goodly  and 
mu  blessed      Here  the  purple  grapes  hung  in  elnsti  ;  apZ 
pears,  peaches,  and  an  innumerable  variety  of  plums,  grew  in 

giacdully  m  spontaneous  growth.     They   found   pure  water 
bu'i  di         f '  r''  'T'  "'"^^-     ^''""^   --  -  abundan  e >; 

,;       "',","  """  ""'>'  a'''"i<loned  for  bleak  and  frigid  realms 
m  the  ne.ghborhood  of  the  north  pole 

newtoHd"' t!"'  "f.  "■"  ',"""  '"''"•  '"''  ""'  "'"^'^'='  Vineland  a 
new  wo.h.     Ihey  tuought  it  o,dy  a  continuation  of  their  own 

S  »nd,nav.an  land.    Iceland  became  qui.e  a  noted  repub" 

Thr,v„,g  eolon.e,  rose  on  the  icebound  coast,  of  Grecdand : 

and  yet  V.neland  was  left,  for  several  hundred  yearn    to  tho 

..nd,st„rbcd  possession  of  Us  savage  inhabitant,     '        '        **" 

ten  The  colonies  in  Greenland  perished.  Iceland,  far  awav 
amidst  aretio  seas,  was  isolated,  and  scarcely  known  o  «irbT 
Southern  Europe.  When,  in  1492,  Columbu,  discovered  the 
slands  of  t  ,„  West  Indies,  he  supposed  himself  to  be  upon  the 
coast  of  Asia.     Five  year,  after  this,  Henry  VII.  fitted  out  an 

cu    uy   crossing  the  Atlantic  in    very  hifrh   lutitacip^i 
Jot  Car-I  "'   ""-veditlon  was  probfuy  '  ntr^^ : 

SaJcitTlTt  ™"'^"'  ''I ''""'  =°"^'  ^^"'»'  S«''-ti-.  and 

ucal  taste  and  the  love  of  adventure  of  their  father.    Sebastian 

in  particular,  subsequently  attained  world-wide  renown      A  fleet 
of  five  ships  sailed  from  Bristol,  England,  in  the  spring  of  I497' 

W..    ILo»  who  e     i,r,«r r«.a  'n  '  ",""""1,1" <■"•  »'  P'"«  *»  "«~1.S 
i.i.„  I..,  0  a^  11  i3  generally  received,  r,----  -.le  uurra- 


'fl 


22 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


John  Cabot  was  intrusted  with  the  command.^  His  three  sons 
accompanied  him.  In  the  instructions  furnished  by  the  king, 
he  was  authorized  to  sail  under  the  royal  banner  to  all  parts, 
in  search  of  islands  or  co  iitries  unknown  to  Christians.  He 
was  to  plant  that  banner,  and  to  reign  over  the  countries  he 
might  discover,  as  the  king's  vassal.  In  this  patent,  as  it 
was  called,  the  voyage  was  to  be  directed  to  the  east,  west,  or 
north ;  it  being  understood  that  the  south  belonged  to  Spain  and 
Portugal,  as  the  first  discoverers.  Cabot  and  his  associates 
were  to  provide  every  thing  for  the  expedition  at  their  own 
cost.  They  had  nothing  from  the  king,  but  the  royal  authority 
and  protection  as  their  passport. 

We  know  but  little  in  respect  to  this  voyage.  Sebastian 
wrote  an  account  of  it ;  but  his  manuscript  is  lost.^  It  is  con- 
jectured that  the  Cabots  caught  the  first  sight  of  the  North- 
American  Continent,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  on  the  24th  of 
June,  1497.3  Some  contend  that  the  land  which  they  first 
made  was  the  Island  of  Cape  Breton.  Having  run  along  the 
coast,  we  know  not  wliether  north  or  south,,  three  hundred 
leagues,  they  returned  to  Bristol  early  in  August,  1497.  The 
Cabots  were  received  with  great  joy ;  for  it  was  supposed  that 
they  had  discovered  the  empire  of  China. 

We  hear  nothing  more  of  Jolin  Cabot.  He  probably  soon 
died.  One  year  after  this,  in  1498,  Sebastian  Cabot  sailed  with 
two  ships  from  Bristol,  in  the  month  of  May.  It  is  said  that 
he  touched  the  coast  of  Labrador  far  in  the  north.  Finding  it 
intensely  cold,  even  in  July,  with  vast  islands  of  ice  floating 
around,  and  the  land  trending  to  the  east,  he  directed  his 
course  to  the  south.^  Coasting  the  southern  shores  of  Lab- 
rador, he  cast  anchor  at  Newfoundland.  He  was  seeking  a 
passage  to  India.  As  he  cruised  along,  he  kept  the  coast 
constantly  in  view  on  his  right.  Leaving  behind  him  the  forest- 
crowned  cliffs  of  Nova  Scotia,  he  entered  what  is  called  the 

1  Some  authorities  say  iliat  there  were  but  four  vessels,  aud  that  the  vessel 
which  hore  Adnural  Cabot  was  called  "The  Mathew."  It  is  also  said  that  uot 
John  Cabot,  but  his  son  Sebastian,  had  the  command. 

2  See  Biddle's  Memoir  uf  Sebastian  Cabot,  p.  221.    London,  1832. 
8  Bid'Ue's  Memoir,  p.  62. 

*  Galvah-^'s  Discoveries  of  the  World,  p.  88.    London,  IBOl. 


I 


~i 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


28 


broad  Gulf  of  Maine,  eagerly  examining  all  the  indentations 
of  Its  sublime,  jagged,  solitary  shores. 

Tlie  highlands  of  Maine  can  be  seen  at  a  great  distance  on 
the  ocean.     There  was  a  continuous  line  of  coast  reaching  out 
before  hira.     It  is  supposed  that  he  continued  his  voyao-e  along 
the  whole  length  of  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  across  Massachu- 
:^Hts  Bay,  until  he  found  himself  land-locked,  as  it  were,  by  the 
long  curvature  of  Cape  Cod.i     Rounding  this  hook  of  sand  his 
hopes  were  probably  greatly  revived  by  seeing  the  open  ocean 
extendmg  far  away  to  the  west.     Whether  he  discovered  the 
harbor  of  New  York  can  never  be  known.     Finding,  to  his  dis- 
appomtment,  the  land  taking  a  southern  turn,  and  his  provisions 
falhng  short,  after  reaching  the  latitude  of  Ccip     Hatteras  he 
entered  upon  his  homeward  voyao-e. 

Great  was  his  disappointment  at  this  result   of  his  voyage 
Instead  of  finding  the  rich  and  populous  realms   of  China  he 
encountered  only  uncultivated  and  savage  wilds,  blocking  up  his 
way.     He  was  the  first  to  recognize  that  the  new  world  was  a 
vast  barrier  between  Western  Europe  and  Eastern  Asia  2 
_  It  was  this  voyage  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  along  so  large  a  por- 
tion of  the  coast  of  the  North  American  Continent,  upon  which 
England  founded  her  claim  to  the  possession  of  tl.o  country 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  shore.     The  breadth  of  the 
contment  was  then  entirely  unknown.     It  was  a  received  law 
of  nations,  that  the  discovery  of  a  coast  entitled  the  nation  by 
whom  the  discovery  was  made  to  the  possession  of  that  terri- 
tory, to  the  exclusion  of  the  right  of  any  other  European  power 
It  was  also  an  acknowledged  principle  of  national  law,  that  the 
discovery  and  exploration  of  a  river   entitled  the  nation     })y 
which  this  exploration  was  made,  to  the  territory  which  'that 
river  and  its  tributaries  drained. 

English  explorers  were  the  first  to  behold  the  coast  of  these 
limitless  and  unexplored  realms.  Their  flag  was  the  first  to 
wave  over  these  waters.  Hence  England  claimed  the  continent 
tor  nearly  its  whole  extent. 

2  ^T^TTZ  f  •'.'°7,"f  ^''«  8tat«  "f  Maine,  by  William  Willis,  vol.  i.  p  141 

New  \  ork  Hiatodcal  CoHections,  vol.  i  p  23 
8  Asher's  Life  of  Henry  Hudson.    Loudon,  1860. 


24 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


But  France  discovered  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  series  of  majes- 
tic lakes ;  and  her  flag  first  floated  upon  the 'Mississippi,  from  its 
source  to  its  mouth.  Hence  France  chiiraed  the  Valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  in  its  then  unknown  grandeur  of  expanse,  — almost 
a  world  in  itself.  These  conflicting  claims  led  to  the  clash  of 
arms,  to  demoniac  battles,  to  horrors  of  blood,  misery,  and  death, 
which  can  never  adequately  be  told. 

Soon  after  the  expedition  of  the  Cabots,  the  Portuguese  sent 
vessels  to  explore  the  coast  of  Xorth  America.  In  the  year 
1500  Gaspar  Cortereal,  a  man  of  a  noble  family,  left  Lisbon  with 
two  ships.  It  is  said  that  the  first  land  he  made  was  the  east 
coast  of  Newfoundland.  Following  the  shore  towards  the 
south,  he  came  probably  to  the  coast  of  Maine.  He  describes 
the  country  as  abounding  in  forests,  well  adapted  for  ship-build- 
mg,  wxth  large  rivers,  and  a  sea-coast  well  stocked  with  fish  of 
various  kinds,  especially  with  codfish. 

With  villany,  which  even  the  moral  darkness  of  those  days 
cannot  extenuate,  he  enticed  fifty-seven  of  the  natives,  men  and 
boys,  on  board  his  ship,  and,  luring  them  below  deck,  closed  the 
hatchways  upon  them,  and  carried  them  off  to  sell  as  slaves  in 
Spain.  Fifty  of  these  he  had  on  board  his  own  vessel.  Seven 
he  put  in  his  consort.  But  an  avenging  God  decided  that  he 
should  not  return  to  Spain  to  sell,  in  her  slave-marts,  the  victims 
he  had  stolen.  In  some  fearful,  ocean  tragedy,  which  no  eye 
but  that  of  God  beheld,  the  ship,  its  guilty  commander,  and 
all  its  inmates  v/ere  ingulfed. ^ 

The  Venetian  ambassador  at  Lisbon  witnessed  the  arrival  in 
the  Portuguese  capital,  of  the  seven  Indians  placed  in  the  con- 
sort. In  a  letter  which  this  Venetian,  M.  Pasqualigo,  wrote, 
describing  their  appearance,  ne  says, 

"These  natives  are  taU,  well-built,  and  in  color,  stature,  and  aspect, 
strongly  resemble  the  Gypsies  of  Europe.  They  are  admirably  calculated 
for  labor,  and  will  make  the  best  slaves  I  have  ever  seen."  a 


By  Dr.  J.  G.  Kohl.    Bremen, 


1  History  of  the  East  Coast  of  North  America. 
Germany. 

2  Thi.,  letter  was  published  in  Viceuza.  Italy,  1007.    It  was  entitled,  "Piesi 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  36 

About  twenty  years  passed  away  when  Francis  I.,  kincr  of 
France,  fitted  out  nn  expedition  of  four  shins  to  Pvnln      .k 
coast  of  Ncn-th  America.     The  enterprise  wafinl  tTd ^  Z 

da  Veuazano.     We  have  not  a  very  full  account  of  this  voy- 
age.     The  most  careful  investigation  has  led  to  ^h«       • 
that  the  httle  fleet  sailed  fro.  France  i„  thfal,    f  oTl"™' 
la  a  storm  two  ship,  wore  separated  from  the  rest.     Wh  tht 
tl  ey  wore  lost,  or  returned  to  France,  we  know  not.     We  it 
of  them  no  more.  ^'^^ 

After  various  adventures  and  delays,  it  is  suDDosed  flinf  V 

cTfo:  t  T "  f  T";^'''*' '^""""' « th'e  11: 

'-ape  j^  ear,  on  the  coast  of  what  is  now  North  Carolina      H« 
Hew  River  Inlet,  ahoritfLr  ^  ^f'^:;:  ZZf '  S 

oa  both  sides.    Beyond  otiattra  "  '"°""'  '""'  ""^^  ''«>  »1'°" 

tl.e  sandy  shore.    TL,  mtvZ  Mr  VT"'  '*'"'^  '"  '"''«'"  "l*™ 
tree..     L  wate,  is  sS^anTr l^tSo'S  Si^^f"  °'  ^'«"»«« 

Continuing  his  cruise,  he  sailed  around  Cii.e  H.,ft„, 
the  distance  of  about  one  hundred  Tn^  fi  ,  '  '""^'  "' 

anchor  near  the  land.     1  Zlt  dt  h  /  T        "°",'''  ""' 
this  vicin,.,  „nd  one  poor  ,,o;t s  1;^sl fed' asl^^ '  Th:'!;;' 
d.ans  nu,.sed  him  as  if  ho  were  their  own  eh  W      t1 
ee,ved  Vern^ano  with  the  greatest  hos^:  li  '"ho  T  ZitTd" 

Continuing  to  sail  along   in  sio-ht  of  thp  n.a  f 

anchor  every  nio-ht  he  rp..n1,«  i        •  ''''*'  ''^'"'"S   ^o 

bor      J,  "''='^^' ^e  leached,  as  is  supposed,  New  York  Har 

l>oi.     It  can  scarcely  be  doubted  thit  in  fho  f\^  \ 

tion  wliich  he  cnves  he  albu  !  ',   "  °^^°'^'"S:  descrip- 

u'M  ,        ^^^*^^^  "*^  cilludes  to  that  region   -inf]   Hiof  n 

hUls  were  the  highlands  of  Neversink.  '^ 

voU^S'^^  «^  ^— ^  ^--eatar.  Histo,,  of  the  State  of  Maine. 


26 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


i 


^  it 


<m  f 


"  We  anchored  at  a  very  pleasant  spot  among  prominent  hills.  In  the 
midst  of  these  there  ran  down  to  the  sea  a  great  body  of  water.  It  was  so 
deep  at  its  mouth,  that  anv  heavily-laden  vessel  might  pass  into  it." 

Sailing  along  the  southern  shore  of  Long  Island,  he  again 
cast  anchor,  it  is  supposed,  in  the  beautiful  Narraganset  Bay. 
He  remained  here,  probably  in  Newport  Harbor,  a  fortnight. 
The  Indians,  having  forgotten  the  outrages  of  the  Northmen, 
and  not  knowing  what  a  treacherous  man  they  had  to  deal  with, 
received  him  confidingly,  and  welcomed  him  to  their  hospitable 
wigwams.  He  made  several  excursions  into  the  interior,  and 
was  everywhere  greeted  with  friendly  words  aiid  deeds.  Dur- 
ing this  visit,  it  is  probable  that  he  kept  the  stolen  boy  carefully 
concealed. 

Verrazano  was  the  first  European,  after  the  Northmen,  who 
entered  this  lovely  bay.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  how  singu- 
larly his  description  accords  with  theirs  in  his  allusions  to  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery,  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  luxuri- 
ance of  its  vines  and  grapes. 

On  the  5th  of  May  he  again  spread  his  sails.  Coasting  along 
the  shores  of  New  England,  a  distance  of  four  hundred  and 
fifty  miles,  keeping  the  land  ever  in  view,  he  must  have  entered 
the  great  gulf  of  Maine.  He  gives  quite  a  minute  report  of 
the  coast  of  Maine,  and  of  his  intercourse  with  its  inhabitants. ^ 

He  found  the  region  mountainous,  with  dense  forests  of  pines, 
hemlocks,  spruce,  firs,  and  such  other  trees  as  flourish  in  cold 
climates.  He  d'.a  not  know  that  his  predecessor  in  visiting 
that  coast,  Gaspar  Cortereal,  had  practised,  but  three  or  four 
years  before,  villany  upon  the  natives  even  surpassing  his  own  ; 
for,  while  he  had  stolen  but  one  boy,  Cortereal  had  kidnapped 
fifty-seven  of  the  unoffending  Indians.  He  was  therefore  sur- 
prised to  find  that  the  Indians  of  Maine  did  not  receive  him 
with  smiles  of  welcome.     He  writes,  — 

"  They  seem  very  different  from  the  other  Indians  we  have  met.  The 
others  were  very  courteous  and  gentle.  But  these  are  rude  and  hostile. 
They  are  so  barbarous,  tliat  by  no  efforts  could  we  induce  them  to  have 
any  traific  with  us.  They  clothe  themselves  with  the  skius  of  beasts. 
Their  food,  "O  far  as  we  could  perceive,  was  obtained  from  hunting  and 

i  Hakluyt's  Voj-ages,  vol.  ill.  p.  295.    liondou,  IGOO. 


-4 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  27 

fishinj.,  with  certain  fruits  and  roots  which  grew  spontaneously.     They  had 
no  gran,   and  we  saw  no  sign  of  tillage.     They  would  sometimes  come  to 

t:Zt''r::^:''u^T:  ^^^^^y^^^^^^  -^ile  we  approached  in  our  boat 
beneath.  They  would  let  down  a  rope  with  whatever  they  were  pleaded  to 
offer,  demandn.g,  in  return,  knives,  fishhooks,  and  tool!  They  to^k  no 
account  of  our  courtesy,  but  kept  a  careful  watch,  that  we  shoufd  not  be 
permitted  to  land  When  we  had  nothing  more  to  exchange,  and  departed 
thy  showed  all  the  signs  of  hatred  which  it  was  possible  t;  invent  We 
went  on  shore  with  twenty-five  armed  men.  They  shot  at  us  wTth  th^r 
bows,  made  great  outcries,  and  fled  to  the  woods. "  i 

There    is    something   truly   affecting  in   the   account    thus 
given  of  the  dread  with  which  these  outraged  Indians  regard  d 
the  kidnapping  Europeans.     Everywhere  in  the  New  World 
where   the   Europeans  first  landed,  they  were  received   with 

wrongf  ^^    '"""''  '^^'^''^'^^^  ^y  tl^e  most  atrocious 

fitted  on? f,?"r'^T'"'.'^.'''  ™  "^^"^  P^-^^'^'«  expeditions 
fitted  out  f  om  England,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  if  which 

no  record  has  been  made.  It  is  certain  that  man;  of  th  se 
unpnncip  ed  and  reckless  adventurers  cheated,  robbed  an| 
insulted  the  Indians  without  any  mercy  ' 

Verrazano  returned  to  the  port  of  Dieppe,  in  France,  in  Julv, 

hat  he  La"r''''*^''^^''°^'^^  ''''  ^'-  —nee  to  say 
that  he  had  discovered  a  new  country  which  had  never  been 
seen  by  any  one  in  ancient  or  modern  times  ^ 

About  a  year  after  the  voyage  of  Verrazano,  which  we  have 
described,  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  of  Spam  sent  an  ereditl 
to  the  north-east  coast  of  North  America  to  search  fo    a  pas" 

w  t'  I'r  o?r ^^r tr  ^it'^'-r  t-  ^^ 

<-u«  1  J  vu_)cige,  except  that  he  entered  manv  of 

he  bays  and  ports  of  New  England;  that  he  named  the  terri- 
tory, of  wh,oh  Maine  is  a  part,  the  "  Country  of  Gomel;"  a"l 

Ha,.,p,l,l,e,can„„,l,„k;*,",  ■"■"""'  ''°""''»  »'  Maine,  or  N«„ 

.!.«  he  was  take.\,v  r4\  Krt  ":;  '■: ,»  ""f'  """  '"«  ""l™.    Otl.m  4 

3i.iiiuai({s,  and  limigcd  as  a  piiate. 


28 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


that  he  was  guilty  of  the  enormous  crime  of  "  catching  as 
many  Indians  as  he  could  take  on  board  liis  small  vesselsrand 
carrying  them  to  Spain."  We  are  not  told  how  these  poor  cap- 
tives were  taken.  But  it  seems  prohable  that  he  conveyed 
them  to  Cuba,  a  Spanish  colony,  where  he  sold  them  as  slaves. 
_  Tiie  French  had  given  the  territory,  then  claimed  and  par- 
tially occupied  by  Spain,  the  Indian  name  of  Norumbega.  The 
limits  of  the  region  were  exceedingly  undefined.  At  one  time 
it  included  the  whole  coast  to  the  southern  extreme  of  Florida. 
Then  it  was  restricted  to  New  England,  afterwards  to  Maine, 
and  finally  to  the  region  of  the  Penobscot  alone.  The  Tenob- 
scot  they  called  The  Great  River  of  Norunibega.i 

We  have  very  vague  accounts  of  an  English  "expedition  to  the 
coast  of  Maine  in  a  ship  "  The  Mary  of  Guilford,"  commanded 
by  John  Rut.  This  was  in  the  year  1567.  It  is  said  that  he 
frequently  landed,  with  parties  of  his  men,  to  explore  the  in- 
terior. The  account  which  we  have  of  this  enterprise  is 
meagre  in  the  extreme.  This  was  the  second  Enrflish  expedi- 
tion after  that  of  Sebastian  Cabot.  Though  Northmen,  French- 
men, and  Spaniards  had  previously  landed  on  the  coast  of  New 
England,  this  is  the  first  occasion  upon  which  we  are  distinctly 
informed  that  the  feet  of  Englishmen  pressed  our  soil. 

1  Rainusio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  433.  See  also  Charts  of  French  Discoveries,  Maine 
Histoncal  Collection,  vol.  i.  p.  231.  Kamu.sio  writes,  "Going  beyond  the  cape 
of  the  Bretons,  there  is  a  country  which  extends  west  8ouUi-\vest  to  Florida  a 
Rood  five  hundred  leagues,  ^he  inhabitants  of  this  countrv  are  a  very  pleasant 
tractable,  and  peaceful  people.  T).e  country  is  abounding  with  all  sorts  of  fruit' 
There  grow  oranges,  ahnonds,  wild  grapes,  and  many  other  fruits  of  odoriferous 
trees.  The  country  is  named  by  the  inhabitants  Norumbega.  Between  it  and 
BrazU  there  is  a  great  gulf,  in  which  are  the  islands  of  the  West  Imlies  " 


CHAPTER  ir. 

VOYAGES  OF  THETET,  PBmo,  DE  M0.NT3,  AKD  WEYMOUTH. 

Journal  of  Thevet  —  Prin<>''s  Vovao-^      tt!.  r. 

Mont,  Pa.o„._Hi,  £,11^11171^^-4^%  '"'"""'"'I'ay-De 
of  tlie  King  of  Fianoe-Alarm  in  n  ,  S  Possession  In  the  Name 
Anchors  a^  Moho'an   and  TJ     ^'S'™"^ " Woymoulh-,  E..pe<lltlon- 

Ka.lves-InfaJ:rCo„Tuct  7X7uS''''k];,  """'■"'7  "'"'  "" 
..p.n.„on   „,  the  -nnehec  J^S?  ^e^^Sl-^x^e'"  ^:^;i 

v...;-.ed  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  .ives  the  folf .u'        ",  ""'^ 

'      he  Penobscot  River : -1  follovving  description 

The  natives  call  it  Agoncy  Set'l  brTf  f '•'*'  ''  *''  ^^'''"^  ^i^^- 
its  banks  tho  French  Wriy  erec ted  a  «- H  ^  77'  '"^'  ^"*°  ^^^  ""^'^ 
its  mouth.  It  was  called  the  Forfnf  I,'"''"/"''*'  ^^°"*  ^"^  leagues  from 
fresh  water.  ^°'*^  °^  Norumbega,  and  was  surrounded  by 

eight'st:;iSt:"*?hfs:%t;u':s     t  ^^^^-^ «— ^°^  ^y 

About  three  leagues  into  the  rivpHl,       '"""^'^  °^  *^'  ^^^^^'^  Mountains. 

cumference,  wh^rn^tl"    n'Xl^  tfo  1^^^^^"^^  ^"  ^^^- 
on  this  island,  and  to  build  a  {ovtvL.^T        ,       "'"^'^  ^^  ^^"^  *«  Plant 

surrounding  country     U^on    and  n"'  l'"    '"'''  ''''  '"  ^^^^'^  *^^  ^^^^^ 
J^      ijpon  landing,  we  saw  a  great  multitude  of  people 

20 


80 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1    I 


i 


coming  down  upon  us  in  such  numbers  that  you  might  have  supposed  them 
to  bo  a  flight  of  starlings.  The  men  came  first,  t.ian  the  women,  then  the 
boys,  then  the  girls.     They  were  all  clothed  in  the  skins  of  wild  animals. 

"  Considering  their  aspect,  and  mode  of  advancing,  we  mistrusted  them, 
and  retired  on  board  our  vessel.  They,  perceiving  our  fear,  made  signs  of 
friendship.  The  better  to  assure  us,  they  sent  to  our  vessel  several  of  their 
principal  men,  with  presents  of  provisions.  We  returned  a  few  trinkets  of 
little  value,  with  which  they  were  highly  pleased.  The  next  morning,  I, 
with  some  others,  was  commissioned  to  meet  them,  to  see  if  we  could  obtain 
more  provisions,  of  which  we  stood  in  great  need.  As  we  entered  the  house 
of  the  chief,  who  was  called  Peramick,  we  saw  several  slaughtered  animals 
hanging  on  the  beams. 

"  The  chief  gave  us  a  hearty  welcome.  To  show  his  affection  he  ordered 
a  fire  to  be  built,  on  which  meat  and  fish  were  placed  to  be  roasted.  Upon 
this  some  warriors  came  in,  bringing  to  the  chief  the  dissevered  heads  of 
six  men  whom  they  had  taken  in  battle.  The  sight  terrified  us.  Fearing 
that  we  might  suffer  in  the  same  way,  we,  towards  evening,  secretly  retired 
to  our  ship,  without  bidding  our  host  good-by. 

"  This  greatly  displeased  him.  In  the  morning  he  came  to  the  ship  with 
three  of  his  children.  His  countenance  was  very  sad,  for  he  thought  he 
had  offended  us.     He  said  to  me,  in  his  own  language,  — 

"  '  Go  back  on  land  with  me,  my  friend  and  brother.  Come  and  eat  and 
drink  such  as  we  have.  We  assure  you  upon  oath,  by  heaven,  earth,  moon, 
and  stars,  that  you  shall  not  fare  worse  than  we  do  ourselves.' 

"  Seeing  the  good  affection  of  this  old  man,  twenty  of  us  went  again  on 
land,  all  well  armed.  We  went  to  his  house,  where  we  were  feasted,  and 
presented  with  whatever  he  possessed.  Meanwhile  large  numbers  of  his 
people  arrived.  They  all  greeted  us  in  the  most  affectionate  manner,  de- 
claring that  they  were  our  friends.  Late  in  the  evening,  when  we  wiched 
to  retire,  they  all  entreated  us  to  remain  through  the  night.  EuL  we  could 
not  be  persuaded  to  sleep  with  them.  And  so- we  retired  to  our  vessel. 
Plaving  remained  in  this  place  five  days,  we  weighed  anchor,  and,  parting 
from  them  with  a  marvellous  contentment  on  both  sides,  went  out  upon  the 
open  sea."  ^ 


Nearly  half  a  century  passes  away  before  we  have  any  other 
tidings  of  importance  in  reference  to  Maine.  There  were  many 
expeditions  to  other  parts  of  the  New  World,  an  account  of  which 
would  not  be  in  place  here.  In  the  year  1602  an  English  naviga- 
tor, Bartholomew  Gosnold,  crossed  the  Atlantic  ;  and  it  is  said  by 
some,  while  it  is  disputed  by  others,  that  he  touched  the  coast  of 

1  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  vol.  vii.  p.  243. 


I 


4 


THE  IIISTOBV  OF  MAWE.  gj 

Maine  near  Mount  Desert."  The  next  year  (1608)  Martin  Pri„,r 
w.th  two  vessel,,  "  Tl,e  Speedwell  "  and  "  The  D  870™  "!lT^' 
from  Milford  Haven,  with  c.othin,.  hardwar!  anT  r  'Js  lo 
trade  w,th  the  natives  for  furs  and  for  sassafras,  which  was 
deemed  an  herb  ofgreat  medicinal  value  "'cn  was 

On  the  7th  of  June,  Pring  entered  Penobscot  Bay.  He  -vives 
a  glovvmg  account  of  the  almost  unrivalled  scenery  thereCe 
sented.  They  found  excellent  anchorage,  and  fisUt-Lund" 
never  surpassed.  The  majestic  forests  deeply  impr  !c°d^  hi 
Upon  one  of  the  islands  they  saw  a  number"silve,!gray  iZ 
T  s  led  them  to  g,vc  the  name  of  Pox  Islands  to  The  Cup' 
SaUmg  along  the  coast  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  they  pZd 
by  the  beau„f„l  islands  which  stud  Casco  Bay,  and  entered  a 
nver  wh.ch  was  probably  the  Saco.     This  they  Lscended  Ibout 

:,,   ,  ,1  ""^^     ^'""^'"8  "o  natives  to  trade  with  thev 

Sire?:""':,'"  -'""  ^^^^^^^sx 

to  tieth  and  forty-s.xth  degrees  of  latitude  ;  that  is,  all  the  terri 

Hudson  R,ver.    There  was  no  western  boundary  but  the  Picifl^ 
Ocean.    He  was  entitled  to  the  exclusive  trade  U^fT      T 
and  was  authorised  to  colonize  and  rulTtlirlV       ito^rcS' 

;rLdo.t^  ntrAe?" ""'- "'  "-^  ™f-'"'  *'— 

nrwH   «  ^  "'■'"'  •''  """"Ption  of  Arcadia  in  Greece' 

De  Monts  first  made  the  land  near  the  present  site  of  rf 
pool  in  ^ova  Scotia.    It  was  on  the  6th  of  M.v  ]6M     s    r 
amund  Cape  Sable,  he  entered  the  Bay  of  Fund'v  a^'  crt^  '"'^ 

piotectuig  lulls,  and  yet  opening  to  fertile  valleys.     This  place 


:J 


82 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


wa.  selected  for  the  location  of  a  small  colony,  and  it  received 
the  name  of  Port  Royal.  Subsequently,  upon  the  province 
being  ceded  to  England,  the  name  was  changed  to  Annapolis, 
m  honor  of  the  British  queen  Anne,  This  was  in  the  extreme 
west  ot  the  present  province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

De  Monts,  leaving  a  companion,  M.  Poutrincourt,  in  charge  of 
the  colony,  continued  his  voyage.i  Crossing  the  I  r  of  Fund v 
to  whah  ,s  now  New  Brunswick,  he  discovered  a  large  river  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  John,  which  name  it  still  retains. 
He  then  continued  his  course  to  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  now  the 
extreme  eastern  border  of  the  State  of  Maine.  He  explored  this 
bay  and  ascended  the  St.  Croix  and  Schoodic  Rivers  to  an  island 
containing  about  fifteen  acres.  It  being  late  in  fall,  De  Monts 
decided  to  pass  the  winter  there.  Selecting  a  spot  easy  of 
de.ence,  in  the  midst  of  a  grand  forest  which  afforded  shelter 
trom  the  piercing  northern  winds,  he  built  several  log-cabins  for 
his  men.  ° 

The  winter  wag  very  severe,  so  that  they  kept  much  of  the 
time  withm  their  dwellings.  Occasionally  savages  were  seen  ; 
aiid  It  would  appear  that  De  Monts  stood  in  great  fear  of  them. 
He  planted  cannon  to  command  the  approaches,  kept  a  constant 
watch  night  and  day,  and  seems  to  have  discouraged  all  advances 
on  the  part  of  the  Indians.  He  was  probably  unwilling  to  have 
them  know  his  weakness.  His  people  suffered  terribly  from 
the  scurvy.  Out  of  a  ship's  company  of  about  eighty,  thirty-six 
died  during  the  winter.2  "^  ^ 

It  was  not  until  the  middle  of  May  that  the  survivors  were 
able  0  re-embark  in  search  of  a  milder  climate.  Coasting  west- 
wardly,  they  entered  Penobscot  Bay.  Thence,  continuing,  their 
ci-uise,  they  cast  anchor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.  Here 
De  Monts  ra.3ed  a  cross,  and  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the 
name  of  the  King  of  France.  He  traversed  Casco  Bay,  occa- 
sionally casting  anchor  at  attractive  spots  along  the  silent 
shores,  which  seemed  to  invite  a  settlement.  But  his  company 
being  greatly  diminished,   and   the   Indians   being   manifestly 

1  In  reference  to  this  settlement,  see  Holmes's  Am.  Ann,  p  148 

Col     v\7  1  EsST  ^'''""'''  ?T  ''^^'  ^'^""•''°*'  ^^^-^^^^'l  -  Churchill's 
1-011.,  p.  7%.    L  Escarbot  accompanied  De  Monts  on  this  expedition. 


THE  niSTORr  OF  MAINE. 

fort,  built severaUog-housfa"!'.'."^-    ""^  ^''""■•"oted  a 

created  alarm.  The  Eari  of  sL^r  .  °"'°"'"'  "■°™  '=■>""'"«''. 
others,  under  the  patate  „' th?  '  ""«  ''°''''  ^™"''^'  ""'^ 
visit  these  coasts.  The  Xt  ,1  ,  °7'  "'""*  °'"  »  »'"P  "> 
-est  passage  to  Indl  ^^t'  t'";  ■  T  '°  """"  "»'■"'- 
proeeedings  of  the  French    anri  ^        ''""  '"  '"»'<=''  'he 

estahhshment  of  Engh.h  ellont  '"■'^°''  ""  """^  ''"■  "=e 

saitdtr^;rs;:*^^^^^^^^^^^^  f- "--« -^cha„gev.  ■ 

Goorge  Weymouth  was  in  com'^d  ■.  "u'"'''  ^««'^-  ^'''P'- 
white  sands  of  Cape  Codlove  i  'ht  h']-'"'  "'  ""^  '^« 
northerly  toward  the  coast  ol  U:-\  !  """'""o'' ''«  course 
on  island  about  six  mUe  1:1^^^;,  »"  "'^  '^th  '>«  came  to 
anchor  upon  its  north  side  '''    '"^  ••''^°"'  """n  cast 

The  island,  to  his  eyes  weirv  of 
expanse  of  l|,c  ocean,  wn.-ZT7     ,  ^'■""'=   "P™   *''e  d.ear 
i^Ia..d  to  be  al»ut  six  mTs^'ilZ  """""'■    «^  J^^ged  the 
of  a  thousand  acres.   The  anThor,  ""'  ^'^''"="'8  ""  »«» 

"ock  were  caught  in  aburdter  w'f?'"' f"'' ^'^  »"'> ''ad- 
were  hovering  over  the  cliife  w.  ^^"'f  *wl  m  large  flocks 
long-boat,  anci  look  possett,  Zf"'.^'^'  '''"*  °"  «''„re  in  his 
James  I.,  King  „f  EClaTd  "hc  T  '  """"  ""  ""-  °f '""S 
tl>at  the  ChrisUan  reli.'i™;,  "„""':?  '"''""ed  a  cross,  in  tokef 
after  gave  a  very  terrifi  Si  °,^;„  ^  "'""'^'""'-  ""  »» 
h-  mast-head  he  discerned  for  a  "iufe'Tr'  ""'-"•  ^■■°"' 
»f  a  r.dge  of  mountains.     TotheTZd,  "',""=  ""^  P''''''^^ 

.Geo.-.e._   It  i.  nowgenerally  .l::l::;te  ■:  ""=  ""'"^  "'«'• 


island  of  Monlieo-i 


an. 


was  the  nresent 


84 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


After  a  tarry  here  of  two  days,  taking  in  wood  and  water,  on 
Sunday  the  19th  Weymouth  again  spread  liis  sails,  and,  passing 
several  other  islands,  reached  the  mainland  at  the  distance  of 
about  nine  miles.  Rosier,  the  historian  of  the  voyage,  writes: 
"It  pleased  God  to  send  us,  far  beyond  our  expectations,  in  a 
most  safe  berth,  defended  from  all  winds,  in  an  excellent  depth 
of  water  for  ships  of  any  burden,  and  which  was  named  Tente- 
cost  Harbor." 

Weymouth,  with  a  well-armed  party,  explored  the  shores  : 
others  engag-!  in  fishing.  They  obtained  an  abundance  of 
delicious  salmon,  and  other  fishes  in  great  variety.  They  also 
feasted  upon  lobsters  and  other  shell-fish.  Wild  currants  were 
found,  and  luxuriant  vines  which  promised  an  abundance  of 
grapes.  They  found  the  soil  to  be  very  rich.  Digging  a  gar- 
den, they  planted  pease,  barley,  and  other  seeds,  which  in^'sixteen 
days  grew  uo  eight  inches.  This  was  the  first  attempt  made 
by  Europeans  to  cultivate  the  soil  of  Maine. 

Fourteen  well-armed  men  were  sent  out  in  a  boat  on  an 
exploring  tour.  From  the  account  given,  it  is  supposed  that 
they  visited  Squirrel  Island  and  Cape  Newagen.  In  accordance 
with  the  custom  of  the  times,  Weymouth  raised  a  cross  upon 
every  important  point  at  which  he  touched.  On  the  30Lh  of " 
May,  Capt.  Weymouth,  leaving  fourteen  men  in  charge  of  the 
ship,  which  was  carefully  moored,  took  thirteen  men,  in  the 
pinnace,  to  survey  the  channels  and  the  adjoining  region. 

Abou^  five  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  this  day  three  canoes 
were  seen,  in  a  distant  p:.rt  of  the  harbor,  moving  towards  the 
ship.  They  landed  upon  a  point  not  far  from  the  anchorage, 
and  the  men  built  a  fire.  The  crew  of  "  The  Archangel "  tried  to 
make  friendly  signs,  and  beckoned  them  to  come  on  board.  Soon 
a  canoe,  with  three  men,  put  off  from  the  shore.  Drawing 
near,  one  of  the  men,  standing  up  in  the  canoe,  hailed  the  crew 
in  a  loud  tone  of  voice,  but  in  language  which  they  could  not 
understand. 

The  crew  exhibited  knives,  hatchets,  beads,  and  other  trin- 
kets, to  lure  them  on  board.  But  the  Indians  had  doubtless 
heard  of  the  fiendlike  treachery  which  previous  European  vis- 
itants had  practised.     They  dared  not  trust  themselves  with 


THE  niaroRT  of  mains.  .. 

Zj^At'Zlf  "If  f7T^  -'-•  «'  "'-h  even 

we,e  ,„.sed  to  ti.en  Jvhich^'ht':titdT h'  ^  'T,"'"'^' 
but  nothing  could  induce  the™  to  go  o„"  lie  ,  "il""' 
soon  returned  to  their  companion.  L  "he  Zl '"  ""'P'     ^'''^ 

inis  canoe  was  of  birch-barlr       tv.,.  t    i- 
ordinary  size,  and  of  vet'sTLet^^'c  , ';;^^:r  "'Z.X v' 

tenedfJrndiLeckTnd  ::  °' »^''"^'™"«'  Je-»km  fas! 
of  beaver-,.kin  ovcredth.1  ®'"^™?"''^"'""'  kn^^^i  aflap 
leather  h„  k  ns  The  ha  r  o'lr'*  """  '''"  ^'"^  ^'-d  -''' 
and  hound  in  a  tuff  °"  *'  '"^  "^  ^e  head  was  long, 

Tho  next  naorninor,  annarpriflir  *\.^ 

again.    Tl,ey  were'fiX™  'u'c  S  toTon,?"  T  f  "^-''''^ 
ale  heartilv  of  tho  fnn,l  „  i  ■  u  "°  °"  ''oa'-'l-    They 

astonishment  upon  the  vlrtuVT  T^f '' ""''  ^azed  with 

Being  inforn^edfh;  Z^Z^^^.^^t  ^^ed V  "  ^^^'^ 
to  open  a  friendly  trade  with   n,»  t   v  expedition  was 

them  hatchets,  knfvesndottr  \>"^  exchanging  with 
they  seemed  much  pt^ed.  a  d^nel'  tft,*"  """  '""' 
on  the  shore  in  a  very  happ^  frame  If  mind  "  ^"'P^''"'"' 

rint:,:/::LVrcot:tr:r%;:'''''  ^^^"""*'  ■■- »'« 

that  he  entered  Penohsco  Ba  ' td"  '"f  ,'"'°"'  "'"^  ""'"'• 
as  Camdcu  Heights  ^^^1^7,'""^'^°''"'''''  "^^  '""  "»  f"' 
ing.  They  then  fol  wed  fp  the  t"  T"'  '^  ^'^ '"  l"™'- 
Here  the/erected  a  ossf  '^.^uT^Z  '"?"''''  ^''^• 
thing  never  omitted  hy  any  ChiltLn "travel"  ™'"'  "  "^  " 

these  voyagers  all' /hd  XrX"  'V."^  '''''''"'' 
seenery  is  described  as  beauffllTn  t^.  ^  '''''  ""^"'-  '^^^^ 
forests  and  verdant  meadows  The  .  "'  """"'  ^f  ^''^"™°* 
of  erystal  purity.    A  <rtat  vti  J    ,       ^  ™'  ^''''''  '''ep,  and 

fluted  throl^h  fhe  gtCa:rtlll^^^,^'dXl 
were  many  shelfnred  ^rovnq  — •-'  -  ""     "^^^^re 

■       ^™^^''  "^^"  gras^j.  banks,  luring  the  voy- 


86 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


agers  to  the  shore.     In  glowing  phrase  the  journalist  of  the 
expedition  writes,  — 

"  Many  who  had  been  travellers  in  sundry  countries,  and  in  most  famous 
rivers,  affirmed  them  not  comparable  to  this.  It  is  the  most  beautiful,  rich, 
large,  secure-harboring  river  that  the  world  affordeth." 

The  shallop  returned  to  the  ship.  There  is  some  diversity 
of  opinion  as  to  the  spot  of  this  anchorage.  Some  have  supposed 
it  to  be  at  what  is  now  called  Townsend  Harbor  in  Boothbay ; 
others  think  that  the  vessel  was  moored  in  the  harbor  of  what  is 
called  Fisherman's  Island. 

The  Indians  began  to  regain  confidence,  and  soon  twenty- 
eight  appeared.  Gradually  they  Avent  on  board  the  ship. 
Quite  a  brisk  trade  was  carried  on  in  the  exchange  of  knives, 
beads,  and  sucli  articles,  for  the  skins  of  the  beaver,  the  otter, 
and  the  sable.  The  natives  were  quite  astonished  at  the  process 
of  writing,  and  watched  with  intense  curiosity  the  writing 
down  the  names  of  the  articles  bought  and  sold.  The  captain 
excited  their  amazement  by  magnetizing  the  point  of  his  sword, 
and  tlien  taking  up  with  it  needles,  knives,  and  other  such 
articles. 

Two  of  the  Indians  were  invited  to  sup  with  the  captain ; 
and  they  remained  to  attend  the  evening  religious  service. 
They  behaved  with  the  utmost  decorum.  Very  modestly,  and 
with  kind  regard  for  tlieir  Avives  and  daughters,  wliich  Avas 
hardly  to  be  expected,  they  asked  the  favor  that  a  portion  of  a 
delicious  dish  of  pease  might  be  sent  to  the  ladies  It  Avas 
given  to  them  in  pewter  dishes,  Avhich  in  their  eyes  were  more 
splendid  than  plates  of  gold  to  their  entertainers.  The  dishes 
V.  jre  all  carefully  brought  back. 

Some  of  tlie  ship's  company  visited  the  little  Indian  encamp- 
ment on  the  shore.  They  Avere  treated  Avith  all  the  hospitality 
which  could  possibly  be  shown.  A  large  fire  was  built,  around 
which  the  Indians  silently  and  respectfully  gathered.  Seats 
were  carefully  prepared  for  the  guests,  Avith  cushions  of  deer- 
skin. The  Indians  had  no  delicac'es  Avvih  Avhich  to  feast  them, 
but  they  offered  pipes  and  tobacco.  The  interview  was  a  very 
pleasant  one,  though  it  could  only  be  carried  on  by  signs.     The 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  37 

bows,  arrows,  and  javelins  of  the  Indians  were  examined.  The 
bows  were  very  strong:  a  feeble  arm  could  scarcely  bend  them 
bnt  smewy  muscles  would  throw  an  arrow  to  a  great  dis  an"' 
The  javehns  were  very  skilfully  made  of  wood,  whirhad 
aWt  the  toughness  and  flexibility  of  steel.  They  wr  barb  d 
witli  some  very  hard  bone.  "JroeQ 

fn^r  "^^  'w  '''if''  "™l'™y'  °"'™  ^J'iffin.  ™  left  on  shore 
for  the  mght.     He  was  watchfully  to  observe  every  movement 
to  see  ,f  there  were  any  indications  of  treachery^   Three  of 

fetvorGrffl"  'tr  '"'  '°  ""  '"P  ^  "-'"g-  f     ti« 
afety  of  Gnffln.    The  sumptnons  conch  prepared  for  the  sav- 

ofloVrck  "rr"  °'  °"'  "'"  'P"-'"'  °"  ^-'  '»  -"el  the 
oilop  deck.     There  were  one  or  two  dogs  on  board.     It  would 

seem  that  these  Indians  were  not  very  kindly  received  by  tie 

an7lSt°o  ^t^  '■    *'"^  ''°'"  "■  g-'  'errorof  tC 

and  feaiei   to  move  about  until  the  dogs  were  tied  up. 

Sunder  '''"''  "/  °°™''  ^'""^  """""S  "f  'he  sahbath.     On 
Sund.ay  monnng  five  or  six  canoes  came  out,  as  usual,  for  traffic 

vi,"    ,     ,,:™°"'^'™"  "-'^-e- parties  of  Indians  wer! 

aim  ng    at    the.r  encampment.     Capt.  Weymouth  waved   a 

.gnal  for  the  eanoes  to  retire.     Though  the  leason  m^t  hav! 

".een  .a  great  mystery  to  them,  they'all  obeyed  prompt,  a,  d 

dK  not  return  to  the  ship  again  during  the  day.  ' 

iiut  .t  was  .a  picturesque  scene,  as,  in  the  sunlight  of  that 
oa  m  June  sabbath,  the  voyagers   gazed   upon  the  panor  m- 
wh,eh  enon-eled  them.     The  ship  was  at  anchor  upon  ten  " 
rored  wafers  of  a  solitary  cave,  far  away  in  the  New   Vo.ld 

til?  '"  f  r'  "'"■'"''  ""■"  ""^"'"8  '"  »"  di-tio  I  behi  'd 
them.  lJ,reh  canoes  filled  with  Indian  men,  women,  and  ehil 
d,-en  dr,ven  by  the  paddle,  were  gliding  trom  sho,^  ^  h  " 
Not  far  from  he  sh,p,  on  the  land,  were  the  few  frail  wi.wl: 
.hch  the  Indians  had  reared.  The  Are  at  which  the  « 
were  cooknrg,  the  ascending  smoke,  the  groups  gathered  arold! 
all  comb  ned  to  present  a  picture  as  novel  as  it  was  attractive 
Eaily  the  next  mornmg,  June  8,  the  canoes  of  the  natives 

them  to  .igmfy,  by  theu-  signs,  that  their  chief,  with  many  of 


88 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


his  followers,  was  at  a  little  distance  up  the  bay,  with  many 
lurs.  The  captain  manned  one  of  his  boats  with  eight  stronc^ 
rowers.  First  they  rowed  towards  a  point  of  land  where  the 
smoke  of  Indian  fires  was  seen. 

There  was  a  birch  canoe,  propelled  by  but  tliree  paddles, 
which    brought   the    invitation   to    Capt.    Weymouth    to   visit 
the  chief.     It  was  noted  that  the  Indians,  apparently  with  the 
greatest    ease,  could    outstrip    the    boat,  notwitlistandino-   the 
utmost  efforts  of  the  rowers.     The  savages  would  run  ahead, 
drop  behind,  circle  round  the  boat,  and  play  all  manner  of  simi- 
lar antics.     Capt.  Weymouth,  who  soon  after  proved  himself 
capable  of  committing  the  most  atrocious  acts   of  tieacherv, 
naturally  suspected  treachery  on  the  part  of  the  Indians      He 
thei-efore  sent  Owen  Griffin  on  shove  in  the  canoe,  while  he 
retained  one  of  the  Indians  in  the  boat  as  a  hostage.     Griffin 
was  carefully  to  reconnoitre  the  encampment  of  the  chief,  and 
to  bring  back  his  report. 

The  Indians  seemed  to  attempt  no  disguise.     There  were  two 
hundred  and  eighty  with  the  chief.     They  all  had,  as  a  matter 
ot   course,  bows   and  arrows.      There  were    dogs  and  tamed 
wolves  with  them.     It  did  not  seem  that  they  had  any  furs  at 
the  point  of  laud  for  traffic;  but  they  urged  him  to  go  farther 
up  the  stream  now  called  Little  River,  where  they  said  that 
their  articles  were  stored.     Griffin  did  net  dare  to  go.     But  he 
was  just  as  much  in  their  power  at  the  point  as  half  a  mile  far- 
ther back  ;  and  the  Indian  hostage  was  still  in  the  boat.     Had 
the  Indians  any  tiling  to  conceal,  they  would  hardly  have  invited 
him  to   a   more   thorough    examimition   of  their  strength  and 
resources. 

Griffin  returned  to  the  boat  with  the  report  which  his  timidity 
sugges^d.  Under  these  circumstances  Capt.  Weymouth  did 
not  think  It  safe  to  land.  There  seems  to  have  been  no  proof 
whatever  of  treachery  :  still,  as  the  Indians  might  not  be  more 
reliable  than  the  Europeans  were,  it  was  necessary  to  practise 
the  utmost  caution.     The  boat  returned  to  the  ship. 

That  day  tlie  crew  caught,  from  the  ship's  side,  a  largo  num- 
ber of  cod  and  liaddock.  Tliey  also  took  many  large  lobsters. 
A  party  was  sent  on  shore  for  water,  and  returned  with  their 


ll 


THB  BISTOBT  OF  MAIX&  jj 

amo„i'"tt'rk  '  "'T^'''*"^  ''""«■      *'"-^''    "bounded 
amo,,,   the  .ocks,  and   m  many  of    them  they  found  small 

It  appear,  that  the  native,,  from  some  unexplained  reason 
had  their  suspicions  again  aroused,  that  Capt.  Weymouth  nlu 
prove  a  foe  in  disguise.     Two  canoes,  contiUning    Smen  S 

boaid  At  length  two  ventured  to  ascend  the  ship's  side 
Capt.  Weymouth  endeavored  to  lure  the  rest  on  board  butt 
vain.     He  exhibited  to  them  a  plate  of  savory  pease,  of  wl  ioh 

hey  were  very  fond:  still  they  shook  their  he'ads.  He  tve 
ftem  the  pease  Rapidly  they  paddled  ashore,  and  ate  them 
Having  finished  their  repast,  one  of  the  India,  s,  a  vet  ™d' 
some,  at  iletic,  bold  youth,  returned  with  the  ca^  to  tfe  ll  o' 
He  was  ured  to  join  the  two  in  the  cabin  below,  who  e  tW 
were  entertained  with  food,  and  the  exhibition  of  a  des  to 
excite  tlieir  wonder.  They  know  not  that  the  ciL  door  was 
lettidSpi^d.''"™'  -"  "-■"^"'^  ^-'-  treaehe-rt:;' 

Win  ^^^r..^::rj::::::::^-z;t^i " 

in  the  cabin.     As  the  boat  touched  the  land  oL  n   !i      ?  r 

presented  them  witli  another  can  of  pease.    They  all  at;    o 
gether  in  tlie  most  friendly  manner  ^ 

fouTilf  ll ""  ""''"■  °PP""""'3',  and  dividing  their  force,  suddenly 
foui  of  tho  crew  sprang  upon  each  one  of  their  victims     The 

ciothi;  wa's'::!!;;  to^^ iinZr  zi.;,"  iiir- """-  ^"" 

raen-stealers,  they  were  draped  t^  tl  l'         '"  »'''"''  "^  ""> 

sliin      H.,..  ti  ,  «'-«g«t  to  tlie  boat,  and  rowed  to  the 

Bu    the       d      ™"™''"™  ''"'^'^'^  '""^  shrieks  were  renewed 
But  the  Indians   were  seizeil   by  tLe  hair  of  the  hcarand 


40 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


ii 


I        ' 


I 


dragged  on  board.  "  Thus,"  writes  Rosier,  the  historian  of  the 
voyage,  "we  shipped  five  savages  and  two  canoes,  with  all 
their  bows  and  arrows."  ^ 

Edmund  Burke  says,  that  to  speak  of  atrocious  crime  in  mild 
language,  is  treason  to  virtue.  Every  honest  man's  blood 
should  boil  with  indignation  in  contemplating  a  crime  so 
utterly  atrocious  and  inexcusable  as  this.  These  young  men 
had  come  froi. .  their  homes  at  Pemaquid  to  visit  the  strangers, 
the  tidings  of  whose  arrival  had  reached  them.  One  of  them 
was  a  chief.     They  were  all  men  of  rank. 

The  first  Indian  who  visited  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Ply- 
mouth, was  Squantum,  one  of  these  unhappy  captives.  Fortu- 
nately he  fell  into  kind  hands  in  England,  and,  forgetting  the 
crime  of  the  men  who  stole  him,  became  the  warm  friend  of 
those  who  proved  his  benefactors.  By  them  he  was  restored  to 
his  native  country.  It  is  believed  that  he  became  a  sincere 
Christian.  His  final  career  is  quite  fully  given  in  the  Life  of 
Miles  Standish,  as  given  in  the  "  Pioneer  and  Patriot "  series. 
With  dying  breath  he  prayed  that  the  Lord  would  receive  him 
to  tha  Englishman's  heaven. 

Scarcely  had  these  captives  been  made  secure  below,  when, 
about  one  o'clock  at  noon,  two    large    and  highly  decorated 
canoes  were  seen  approaching.     They  composed  a  royal  embassy 
sent  by  the  head  chief  of  the  Pemaquid   tribes.     They  were 
painted  and  dressed  in  the  highest  style  of  the  barbarian  court. 
One  of  them  wore  a  very  ingeniously  constructed  coronet,  indi- 
cating that  he  was  of  royal  blood.     They  came  with  an  invita- 
tion for  Capt.  Weymouth  to  visit,  with  his  ship,  the  home  of 
their  chief,  which  was  distant  but  a  few  leagues.     Little  did 
they  imagine,  as  they  trod  the  deck  of  "  The  Archangel,"  bear- 
ing this  kind  invitation    to   the   strangers,   that  five  of  their 
noblest   men   were   languishing   in    a    dark   dungeon    in    the 
hold. 

Weymouth,  who  was  now  anxious  to  get  away  from  the  region 
as  soon  as  possible,  before  the  knowledge  of  his  villany  should 
be  spread  abroad,  declined  the  invitation.      He   allowed   the 

1  2  Belk.  Biog.,  135.  Smith's  Hist,  p.  18.  Prince's  Ann.,  p.  15.  Ancient 
Dominions,  p.  68. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  41 

embassy  to  retire  unmolested.  Probably  he  had  not  room 
enough,  in  Ins  small  and  crowded  ship,  for  more  than  five 
captives. 

Immediately  he  made  all  sail,  directing  his  course  westerly. 
There  are  nowhere  on  the  North-American  continent,  shores  of 
more  picturesque  and  sublime  beauty  than  on  the  coast  of  Maine 
No  description  can  do  justice  to  the  wonderful  variety  of  scenerv 
presented  by  islands,  craggy  promontories,  forest-crowned  cliifs 
inlets,  bays,  and  coves.  In  the  pleasant  summers  of  Maine,  there 
can  be  tound  no  region  on  ^'arth  more  dclio-htful. 

Through  these  charming  views  "  The  Archangel  "  moved  cau- 

lously  along  about  twenty-six  miles,  until  the  mouth  of  the 

Kennebec  then  called  the  Sagadahock,  was  reached.    It  appears 

that  the  Kennebec  and  the  Androscoggin  in  the  days  of  the 

Indians  were  considered  as  terminating  at  what  is  now  called 

called  the  Kennebec,  was  then  called  the  Sagadahock.  The 
Androscogg,n  from  Lewiston  Falls  to  Merrymeeting  Bay,  was 
formerly  called  the  Pejepscot.i  ^       •^' 

Prince  says  that  Weymouth  entered  the  Sagadahock  through 
Pemaquid  River.     This  is  a  small  stream  but  fourteen  miles  in 
length  from  its  source  in  Pemaquid  Pond  to  its  mouth.^     Thu 
by  wh,t  may  be  called  an  inland  passage,  he  reached  the  solitary 
waters  of  the  river  which  may  now  be  considered  the  second  n 
nnportance  in  Maine.     The  historian  gives  a  glowiL  ac  otn' 
of  the  grandeur  of  the  scenery  continually  opening  beFor  Tm 
It   was   the   season   of  pleasant   June.      The   richest  ve  duTe' 
crowned    the    banks    and    headlands.      The  windin/s^  earn 
preseiited   many  lovely  coves   and   soft  green  meadows     Z 
m^^^the    distance    the   summits  of    towering   mountains  were 

r^^:^^ri:^^:;:::;jL:^^     t^-  -.^^  -t, 

three  quarters,  and  a  half  at  the  narToTvost      And  Tu'  '"'''''^'' 

under  four  or  five  fathoms  water  Crd   bv  thell  ^      ?'"  ^'^  ^^^' 
over,  haK  mile,  very  gallant  coves.''  ^         '''"'''  '"'  '"  '^"^  ''^''' 

1  ™f'^^^'^  Hist,  of  Maine,  veil.  pp.  42-46. 

2  New  England  Cbron.,  p.  15.  ^  ^^ 


42 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Soon  after  entering  the  river,  "  The  Archangel  "  cast  anchor  • 
l^ed  ;?'""  '""f  '^  '^^^'  '""'^  ''''''  ^  --^  «f  seventeen     el' 

trirzr  """^^  ""^  "^  ^^^  ^^^•^''^™-  ^hen,  touch. 

i"g  the  ohore,  six  men  were  left  to  guard  the  boat,  ^yhile  the 
enuunng  c  even,  the  captain  included,  set  out  to  explore 

the. hip,  but  which  proved  to  be  at  a  much  greater  distance  than 
had  been  supposed.     They  travelled  five  mile.  -.J.^.d.  through  a 
region  which  seemed  to  them  exceedingly  be  .  •    ,         The  lis 
torian  writes,  in  the  quaint  style  of  ancient  da>      ■  • 

tree,1;«V  l2  "  "n    "",? ^M"  »  »"='y  P"*.  w'-ei^  appear  some  old 

sp    ad  fields  t™  hundred  and  seventy  years  ago,  in  the  vieinity 

bl      iZ,  ';^'""""   »■'  ""■'%  <=i'r  of  Bath.    Soon  after  the 
boa     etnrned  from  this     ...loring  expedition  to  the  ship,  an 
Indian  canoe  appeared,  rapidly  approacliiiig  from  one  of  the 
numerons  ndets  on  the  east.     It  was  propelled  by  the  paddle 
o    nany  „en,  and  eontained  the  royal  ambassador  who  had  eon- 
vejed  the  iiivilation  to  Capt.  Weymouth  tc  visit  the  head  chief 
He  had  heard  of  the  eaptain's  treachery  and  of  the  captivity  of 
h.s  blends.     Eager  eyes  had  watched  the  course  of  the  sliip 
This  Indian  prince  had  followed  in  her  track,  that  he  mh-lit  if 

Cosibir^T'tf  ''■'';'"''P'''  countrymen,  and,  if  that"  w'ere 
rnipossible,  that  he  might  warn  other  families,  of  the  fiends  who 
were  hovering  along  their  coasts. 

Their  tears  and  supplications  were  all  in  vain.  They  were  as 
powerless  as  the  lamb  in  the  jaws  of  the  wolf.  With  I  h,^ 
they  returned  to  the  families  of  the  kidnapped  men  with      e  M 

hi™  rL"f  f"" """?""' "" ' ''"'™"  ■""- '" »-« '"- " 

and  tilt  if"       7""""^  ''""■''  "  "'"  ■"'»'  ^■»°™°>'»  ■■•■P'ile; 
a,     th,.t  It  was  the  consequent  duty  of  the  Indian  to  kill  th. 

white  man  whenever  and  wherever  he  could. 


THE  niSTOBY  OF  UAJNE.  43 

Weymouth  had  been  seat  to  thia  country  by  good  men     Th»v 

w.th    he  Indians,  their  brother  men  ;   to  do  then,  good  tal 
respects,  and  to  engage  hi  traffic  with   them  which  limnd  I 
mutually  advantageous.     And  such  were  the  a  to     at  mcas 
o^^ctl  ^''"™*  P™^^  '"'  "-  P™-«0"  of"ueTe 

The  lapse  of  a  century  could  not  efface  from  the  minds  of  the 
nd,ans  a  sense  of  the  outrage  of  which  they  had  b"  „    he" 
tims.    The  story  descended  from  father  to  son.    Desire  fo   v™ 
geance  burned  u,  the  Indian's  breast.   The  very  name  of  En,H  h 
men  became  hateful.    The  sight  of  an  Englishman,  with  hU  lot 
a„dghtte„„gs>vord  and  bis  death-dealing  bulle.,  appalled  1  em 
If  Weymouth  had  intended  to  render  all  futur    f  lend  ,  i2 
course  w.th  the  Indians  impossible,  be  could  not  ha      ad     ted 
measures  better  adapted  to  accomplish  bis  ends.  ' 

cog„,„.     Ihere,  with  religious  ceremonies,  he  planted  the  crns^ 
the  aifecting emblem  of  Jesus  Christ  -of  tb.t  [     ' 

fundamental  principle  is  that  On,!  .  *^'°"  ''''°'*'' 

men  are  brotliers.  '  tLu         ^aid  IZTT"  'I'"-'  ""'  "" 

name  of  Jesus  Christ  that^^:a^l:L:^lry::;;.  ^it^r-it't 

Christianity  which  authorizes  these  deeds     Smne  If 
ti,^en  will  soon  appear  to  teach  you  trtbi'r  h fiXio:-.- 
Weymouth  now  made  preparations  to  return  to  EmZd 
Early  in  the  morn  ng  of  the  14tli  of  l„„„  ■    »        ,      ,^"81''nd. 

i.iB  uue,  out  not  the  wind,  was  in  bis  fuv,„.      t 
boats  aheiul  towed  "The  Arehin.T„1  ••  .1'         !l  ^'™ 

noon,  wlien  the  anchor  wis  aSst  t  '\%''"-'=™  «"*" 
favoring,  "  The  Areha„r  1"  Cb^  '  t„^  "/  ^"^'  ""^  "'^"^ 
On  Sunday,  June  16,  im,  wXmruth  wiT,: ,  ■°'""/"^''°'»=^- 
his  sails  for  England.  <=3'mouth,  w.th  bis  captives,  spread 

of!lt::lTeii'nr"T,''"""'™''"''^°""=  *^  '"--  •-■'"'y 

«ed  to  :ir:;.u;:;tisl  lt:;:;;  S"  cTi^:"^-  -"'''■ '"  -^- 

-arch.    It  is  however  safe  to  ^:7: Z  t^S 


II    1 


44 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


thac  The  Archangel  "  entered  its  anchorage  from  Monhegan 
by  Pemaquid  Point  between  Liniken's  Neck  and  Fisherman's 
Is  and.  Anchor  was  then  cast  between  this  and  Squirrel's 
Island.  It  was  probably  on  the  beach  of  this  latter  island,  that 
the  natives  first  appeared  at  their  camp-fires.  The  two  who 
were  captured  by  violence  were  probably  taken  from  the  side 
of  the  clifif  of  Fisherman's  Island.  The  Pentecost  Harbor  of 
Weymouth  was  the  Townsend  or  Boothbay  Harbor.  This  is 
situated  between  the  Sheepscot  and  the  Damariscotta  Rivers.i 

Weymouth  ou  his  homeward  voyage,  when  about  one  hun- 
dred  miles   from   land,   found  the  water    gradually   slioalino-. 
^rom  one  hundred  fathoms  it  dwindled  to  twenty-four  fathoms. 
One  day  lie   was  becalmed.      As  his  vessel  rolled   upon  the 
mighty  swells  of  the  Atlantic,  one  of  the  sailors,  Thomas  Kin- 
cast  out  a  hook.     Almost  instantly  he  drew  up  a  very  large  fat 
codhsh.     Other  hooks  were  cast  out,  and  the  fishes 'were  taken 
almost  as  fast  as  the  lines  could  be  thrown  and  drawn.     Thus 
those  banks  were  discovered,  swarming  with  the  treasure  of  the 
deep,  which  have  subsequently  proved  such  a  blessing  to  man- 
kind,   borne  time  before  this,  continental  fishermen  had  visited 
the  coasts  of  Maine. 

1  Ancient  Doitiinions  of  Maine,  p.  73. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  EXPEDITION  OP  GOVERNOR  GEORGE  POPHAM. 

Ascending  the  Sagadahock  -  The  Colony  located -Scrch%orn.„Pr 

TJPON  tl,e  return  of  Weymouth  to  Englaud,  the  report  of 
y    i;"*  "soovenes  excited  wide-spread  and  deep    uterest.    It 
was  maeed  a  glo>v,„g  aeeount  which  he  could  give ;  for  the  sun 
6h,nes  not  upou  more  lovely  hays  and  islands!  hil  s  and  va 
t^han  Mame  presents  when  reposing  beneath  the  genial  skie    of 
June  and  July     No  one  seemed  disposed  to  question  him  too 
closely  respeotmg  his  mode  of  capture  of  the  Indian  nobles 
Tley  were  all  men  well-formed,  good-looking,  and  of  mue 
native  d.gn.ty  of  demeanor,      The  interest  th  y  excited  wa 

:Xi;;:ri  -■""  "■"'  --  "^ "-  -^  -  -•  -^ 

Three  of  them  were  received  into  the  family  of  Sir  Ferdi- 

Plvmou'tTr  '""™'''f"^'>'  -P°"  "-  "-val  of  the  ship  at 
1 13  mouth.  Gorges,  whose  name  sul«equently  obtained  much 
■enown,  was  governor  of  that  important  naval  depot.  He Tas 
a  young  man  but  thirty  years  of  age,  and  his  eonduet  deveZ 
a  very  noble  and  truly  Christian  character.  SympatfS 
deeply  ,„  the  wrongs  the  captive,  had  suffered,  irdidevv 
thing  1.1  his  power  to  convert  their  calamity  into  a  blessin/ 
Ihe  account  which  he  gives  of  the  character  which  the  "tt 
toied  savages  developed,  is  interesting  and  valuable.  He 
Writes: —  ."  *j^-c.      xie 

46 


46 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


"  After  T  had  those  people  some  time  in  my  custody,  I  observed  in  them 
an  mchnahon  to  follow  the  bette.  sort.  In  all  their  carriages  the  ^  wer^ 
man.fe.tshows  of  great  civility,  far  from  the  rudeness  of  our'  common"  ! 
pie.  The  longer  I  conversed  with  thom,  the  better  hope  they  gave  me  of 
^.ose  j,a.^  where  they  did  inhabit,  for  our  uses,  especially  when  1  learned 

with      These  Indians  were  all  of  one  nation,  but  of  several  families      This 
accident  must  be  acknowledged  to  be  the  means  of  God  of  putting  on  foo 
and  givmg  life  to  all  our  plantations. "  i  ^ 

The  names  of  these  captites  from  the  shores  of  Peraaquid 
were  Nuhanada,  Skitwarroes,  Assecomet,  Tisquantum,  and 
Dehamida.2  The  region  ^yhich  Weymouth  liad  visited  became 
a  subject  of  all-absorbing  interest  in  England.  It  was  deemed 
the  fairest  clime  in  the  New  World,  the  most  desirable  spot  for 
the  location  of  colonies.  It  was  said  that  nowhere  on  earth 
could  be  found  more  sunny  skies,  a  more  genial  clime,  or  more 
ter  lie  soil.  The  forests  were  of  unspeakable  grandeur,  the 
water  of  crystal  purity,  and  it  was  a  luxury  to  breathe  its  salu- 
brious  air. 

Speedily  an  association  of  English  gentlemen  wa^  formed  to 
plant  colonies  in  this  newly  found  Eden.  The  hypocrisy  of  the 
nominal  Christian  Weymouth,  by  no  means  proves  that  there 
might  not  be  other  true  Christian  men,  influenced  by  principles 
of  heartfelt  piety.  The  religion  which  Jesus  taught  undr  liably 
IS,  that,  to  please  God,  men  must  try  to  do  every  thing  that  is 
right,  and  to  avoid  every  thing  that  is  wrong.  There  were 
many  English  gentlemen  of  the  highest  worth,  who  desired  to 
send  the  glad  tidings  of  the  gospel  to  these  their  benighted  breth- 
ren in  the  wigwam  and  the  forest. 

Several  of  these  men  associated  themselves  into  a  band  called 
the  Plymouth  Company.  They  were  intelligent  and  far-see- 
ing men,  who  believed  that  religion  and  civilization  must  go 
hand  in  hand  They  would  send  to  the  shores  of  Pemoquid 
and  the  Sagadahock,  the  farmer,  the  carpenter,  and  the  school- 
master,  with  the  Bible,  the  Christian  teacher,  and  th-^  organized 
cliiirch.  ° 

James  J.  made  a  grant  to  this  company  of  all  the  territory 

1  See  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  chap.  ii.  p.  2 

2  Voyage  of  Weymouth,  by  Joha  McKeen,  Esq.,  p.  .^■?2. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  47 

l^wocn  the  tlurty-fifth  and  the  forty-fifth  degrees  of  north  lati- 
do,  including  all  the  islands  within  one  hundi-ed  miles  of  the 
coast      Iherc  was  at  the  same  time  another  company  organized 
called  tlie  Colony  of  Virginia.  ^o'""zeu, 

Both   companies   were"  united   under   the   supervision   of   a 
comun  tee  of  thirteen  men  residing  in  EnglanI     They  were 

Vi-S     Tl        "°""'  ""'  ^°°'  ""''  "'^"^^'  "^  ^^-  CovLil  of 
Vnginia.     Ihe  government    of    each    colony,   or  its    interior 

affairs,  was  conducted  by  a  council  of  thirteen  select  men 
lesulmg  in  he  colony.  These  rulers  could  coin  money,  import 
Bntish  goods  free  of  duty,  could  lay  taxes,  and  expel  disorderly 
persons  or  intruders.  ^ 

J^f  ^Y";"™  f"''  Sir  Pcrfmando  Gorges  were  prominent 
m  mb  «  o  the  Plymouth  Colony.  The  first  effort  which  was 
m..do  to  Colombo  .seems  to  have  been  very  feeble.  A  large  ship 
was  provKled  and  well  supplied,  but  earrying  only  thirty-one 
men  „.el„d,„g  the  erew.  Henry  Chalons  was  ihe  eapti 
lh.s  was  indeed  a  .mall  number  to  establish  a  colony.  Two  of 
Weymouth  .s  captives,  Dehamaida  and  Asseeomet;  were  also 
place,  on  board  this  ship,  to  be  returned  to  their  Native  la  d 

dd,o  r  T  '"",  I  ?f '""°"  ■""-'  "■•=  "">"*  °f  ">e  Saga- 
dahock.  1  he  .ship  .saded  from  Bristol  in  the  year  1606,  prob- 
ably m  tlio  month  of  May.'  '^ 

England  was  then  at  war  with  Spain.     The  ship  fell  in  with 
a  S,x,msh  fleet,  and  was  captured.     The  Spaniards  were  in  the 

The  sh, p  with  a  1  ,ts  n,mates,  was  carried  as  a  prize  to  Spain. 

Tie  I  ymouth  Company,  uninformed  of  the  disaster  which 
had  befallen  the.r  ship,   very  soon  sent  out  another,  unde 
Thomas  Hanham.    This  ship  bore  a  number    of   addition, 
colomsts  w,th  fresh  supplies.    It  would  seem  that  Hanh™ 
upon  reaclnng  the  Sagadahoek,  and  hearing  no  tidings    "c™: 
ons    returned  to  England.     "He  did  nothing  mofe,"  writes 
Wdhamson,  refernng  to  the  authority  of  Prince,  "  than  to  new 
vamp  and  repeat  the  encouraging  accounts  of  the  countr;  and 
thereby  enhven  and  perhaps  invigorate  the  spirit  of  adventare  " 

1  Strackey,  tlie  historian  of  t.li«  vn,ro. 
Annals  as  Lis  authority,  says  August.    '^ 


m 


says  May.    WiUiamson,  giving  Prince's 


48 


THi     HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


fA 


i 


Lord  Jolin  Popham,  the  most  conspicuous  member  of  the 
Plymouth  Compauy,  was  chief  justice  of  England,  a  man  of 
wealth  and  of  the  highest  rank.  The  next  year,  two  vessels  were 
fitted  out  to  make  another  attempt  to  plant  a  colony  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Sagadahock.  One  of  these,  called  "  The  Gift  of 
God,"  was  commanded  by  George  Popham,  a  brother  of  Lord 
Popham.  Raleigh  Gilbert,  a  nephew  of  Popham,  was  captain 
of  the  other,  which  was  called  ''  The  Mary  and  John."  One 
hundred  and  twenty  "planters"  were  taken  out  in  these  ships, 
and  a  largo  supply  of  needful  tools  and  provisions.  There  are 
some  trivial  diversities  as  to  the  details  which  are  given  of 
these  operations. 

Gorges  says  that  there  were  three  ships  in  the  expedition. 
Others  say,  that,  in  consequence  of  some  disappointment,  two 
only  were  equipped.  The  vessels  sailed  from  Plymouth,  the 
31st  of  May,  1G07.  Their  course  was  directed  to  the  island  of 
Monhegan.  The  voyage  was  long  but  propitious.  On  the 
Banks  they  stopped  to  fish  three  hours.  In  that  time  they 
caught  neai'ly  two  hundred  large  codfish,  and  said  that  they 
could  have  filled  their  ships  in  a  very  short  time. 

About  noon  of  the  31st  of  July  they  came  in  sight  of 
some  island  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  where  they  cast  anchor. 
About  two  hours  afterward  a  boat  was  seen  approaching  from 
the  shore,  containing  eight  Indian  men  and  a  boy.  Tliey  were 
many  leagues  distant  from  Pemaquid.  It  is  not  probable  that 
these  Indians  had  heard  of  the  kidnapping  crimes  of  Wey- 
mouth. At  first  they  were  very  unwilling  to  trust  themselves 
on  board.  Tiiey  rowed  around  the  ships,  gazed  upon  them  with 
much  curiosity,  but  kept  at  a  safe  distance. 

After  this  careful  examination,  they  began  to  returu  towards 
the  land.  Soon  they  stopped,  held  a  short  consultation,  and 
then,  turning,  slowly  paddled  back  to  the  ship.  Three  of  them 
ventured  on  board.  The  other  six  made  for  the  shore,  having 
by  signs  intimated  that  they  would  return  the  next  day.  The 
next  day  they  came  back,  in  another  and  larger  boat,  laden 
with  beaver-skins.  Several  women  were  also  on  board.  It 
would  seem  that  Popham  and  Gilbert  were  very  different  n^en 
from  Weymouth. 


THE  HISTORY   OF  MAINE.  ^g 

Wo   infer  f.om    the   brief  narrative,    that   the   natives  were 
hon„ral,ly  tn-ated,  and  the  trade  fairly  conducted      T? 
raternal    traffic.      The   ship'.   <^<^r.,4  T^^'^^J  ^^^ 

furs;  and  the  native,  retired  delighted' with  the,;     10'^,': 
Jiad  received  in  return.  ^ 

As   the  sua   of  that   blessed  day  was  sinkin^r  ;,.  w 
.lory,  the   moon   rose  full  and  undoild  t   L   e  tt  "tZ 

irlidin"  ovlr  n  n       •      '  ''''^^S:ers  spread  their  sails,  and, 

gliding  over  a  niuon-illuminated  sea,  cruised  alon-  the  shnr« 
towards  the  south-west      Tho  r«^     •  i.    ,  *'  ""^® 

ir.ft?    .  1  .  morning  of  the  3d   of  Aurrnst 

1007,  diiwned  beaut  fully  unon  thf.m      Ti  ^vu^ust, 

Loundarie.  of  Sagadal.oclc  Bav  ''x     "ebb  T„^  fll  "n,°V',''° 
are  l,e>e  remarkably  stro,,..     Thev  clt  ,„.'  T      u "  '"''' 

a.,  island,  a  few  miles  east'.f  ,1,7  ^      '  ""'"'"■  ""'  '<'«  "^ 

ana  John,    to  be  returned  to  his  friends      Ho  T     ,       ^ 

fan.iliar  with  „H  the  localiti      „     hfs  re^t,      C    r^r  h''^ 

;:iri:^^aerttr^"^"•T^'^^-^ 

S^itwarroe,  elreted  fl^'nt  "a"  r:  oT'^^ ■""^"'''• 
co,,.a,„i,,,  about  a  hundred  men,  wotnenfa,:!  Jhi  "="^™'"^ 

Capt.  Chalou,  t^bTr^ltd  t'rtl! f^  ^ td  "' Tr\"^ 
™  taken  by  the  Spaniard,  and  they  were  lltd  t  Spa^.l^ 

1  Aueient  Dominions,  p.  34. 


50 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


;   J. 


those  days  there  were  many  private  expeditions  fitted  out  to 
the  American  coast  for  fishing  and  trading.  In  some  unknown 
manner  Nahanada  bad  found  liis  way  back  to  his  childhood's 
home.  He  was  a  chief  of  high  rank,  and  chanced  to  be  at  that 
time  in  this  little  village.  It  is  supposed  that  this  was  within 
the  limits  of  the  present  town  of  Bristol. 

As  soon  as  the  Indians  caught  sight  of  the  white  men  they 
were  terror-stricken.  The  women  and  children  shrieked  and 
ran ;  the  men  seized  their  arms.  The  dispersion  was  like  that 
caused  by  the  leap  of  the  wolf  into  the  fold.  Tlie  kidnapping 
Weymouth  had  taught  them  that  the  strangers  were  as  much  to 
be  feared  as  demons  from  the  world  of  woe.  The  terrified 
Indians  did  not  recognize  Skitwarroes  in  his  European  garb, 
and  in  the  tumult  did  not  distinguish  his  voice,  calling  out  to 
them  not  to  be  alarmed. 

But  Nahanada  caught  sight  of  his  fellow-captive,  and  the  two 
instantly  recognized  each  other.  The  most  impressible  white 
men  could  not  have  manifested  more  joy  than  these  two  Indian 
chiefs  displayed,  in  thus  unexpectedly  meeting  again.  They 
threw  themselves  into  each  other's  arms,  and  the  fabled  stoicism 
of  the  Indian  entirely  disappeareu.  The  influence  of  the  two 
soon  restored  tranquillity. 

Both  of  these  outraged  chiefs  had  received  in  England  the 
kindest  treatment.  They  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  true 
Christians,  who  fed  them,  clothed  them,  and  instructed  them. 
Every  thing  was  done  which  could  be  done  to  repair  the  wrong 
which  they  endured.  They  had  forgotten  the  crime  of  Wey- 
mouth in  gratitude  for  the  favors  which  had  been  lavished  upon 
them  in  London.  Thus  the  title  of  Englishmen  became  a  pass- 
port to  their  hearts. 

Two  happy  hours  were  passed  in  the  interchange  of  cordial 
greetings,  and  the  reception  by  the  strangers  of  such  hospitali- 
ties as  the  Indians  could  furnish.  The  boat's  crew  then  returned 
to  the  ship,  and  all  hearts  were  serene  and  joyous. 

The  next  day  was  the  sabbath.  It  was  the  9th  of  August, 
1607.  It  was  a  memorable  day  ;  for  it  was  probably  the  first 
time  since  the  world's  creation  that  God,  as  revealed  to  us  in 
the  person  of  Jesus  Christ  his  Son,  was  worshipped  upon  that 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  gj 

portion  Of  the  globe's  surface  now  called  Maine,     Gloriouslv 

that  sabbath  morning's  sun  rose  over  the  magnificent  expans; 

of  Inlands,  promontories,  and  bays  of  a  yet  unexplored  world 
Boats  were  manned  from  both  of  the  ships,  conveying  a  party 

of  fifty  men  to  the  shore.  They  were  all  well  armed.  The 
pomt  of  land  to  which  they  directed  their  boats  is  supposed  to 
have  been  what,  now  called  Parker's  Island ;  though  they  soon 
aftei  disembarked  on  Stage  Island,  but  a  short  distance  to  the 
east      At  this  point  Weymouth  had  raised  one  of  his  crosses. 

When  the  natives  saw  so  formidable  an  armed  force  approach- 
ing,  their  fears  were  very  naturally  again  aroused.  But  two 
years  had  passed  since  Weymouth,  with  protestations  of  friend- 
ship and  the  foulest  treachery,  had  torn  five  of  their  countrymen 

othpr   r'   rr{     ^r  °"^^  ^^-^^^  ^■^'"^■"^^'     ^o  what  fat;  the 
other  three  had  been  doomed  they  knew  not 

Nahanada  had  also  learned,  during  his  residence  in  London, 
rtia    nommal  Christ  ans  might  be  the  greatest  villains  in  the 
woild.      His   apprehensions  were  excited  in  seeing  the  boats 
approacluiig  the  shore,  manned  with   bands  so  fofmidable  t 
numbers  and  so  thoroughly  armed.     It  is  intimated  that  Wey^ 
mouth  s  crew  outraged  the  wives  and  daugh  ers  of  the  Indians 
most  infamously.     In  this  hamlet  of  one  hundred  natives  there 
might  have  been  twenty  men,  with  bows  and  arrows  o^lyfo 
Se  mZ'^rr      '  ^!^TP^^-^'^-  ^^-^^  the  bullets  of  the 
Joutggids.    ^^"^•^"^'^^"^-•^^-•«  ^-"^en,  with  little  boys  and 

Well  might  the  Indians,' after  the  experience  they  had  parsed 

M  Ce     It  nn  .f  r'?  '"'"''^  ^'^''^^  '^^'^''^^  the  little 

excited,  01  that  he  wished  to  persuade  the  strangers  to  pursue 
a  course  ess  menacing  in  its  aspect  to  his  friends.  He  ouJd 
speak  and  understand  Englisli  perfectly  well 

Capts  Popham  and  Gilbert  were  both  in  the  boats.  As  they 
no^rod  the  and,  Nahanada  came  down  upon  tlie  beach,  and  tZ 
ang  them,  begged  them  not  to  come  on  shore  in  sJch  sU"g 

i  Williamson,  vol  1.  p.  ins. 


52 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


military  array,  for  the' natives  were  greatly  alarmed.     The  t-ft-o 
captains  seem  to  have  been  very  judicious  and  excellent  men. 
They  were  visiting  the   shore  for  divine  worship.     The  crews 
were   weary  of  the  long  voyage.      The  land,  with   its  green 
mounds  and  cool  springs  and  shady  groves,  seemed  like  an  Eden 
m  their  view,  as  it  was  illumined  with  all  the  splendors  of  the 
early  autumnal  sun.      It  would  have  been  a  great  and  cruel 
disappointment  to  them  to  have  been  forbidden  to  land. 
^    The  boatmen  rested  upon  their  oars,  and  an  hour  was  spent 
in  negotiations.     Then  it  was  agreed  that  the  crew  might  land, 
but  all  the  Indians  prudently  withdrew  into  the  forest.     Even 
Skitwarroes  went  with  them.     He  might  have  feared  that  the 
sailors  would  be  guilty  of  outrages  which  their  captains  could 
not  restrain.     Or  it  might  have   been  his  object  to  assure  his 
friends  that  their  alarm  was  groundless,  and  that  these  white 
men^  could  be  safely  trusted.     It  would  seem  that  Capt.  Pop- 
ham's  suspicions  were  now  aroused.     He  knew  not  how  numer- 
ous   the    Indians    might    be    in    that    vicinity.      The    distrust 
shown  by  the  natives,  and  their  entire  withdrawal,  led  him  to 
fear  that  they  might  have  gone  for  re-enforcements,  and  that  a 
band  of  hundreds  of  warriors  might  come  rushing  upon  him. 
He,  however,  ventured  to  land.     Religious  services  were  held 
beneath  the  cross  which  Weymouth  had  reared.     Rev.  Richard 
Seymour,  the  cliaphiin,  preached  the  sermon.      Thus  it  was  an 
Episcopal  clergyman  from    the    sliores  of   En^dand,  who    first 
preached  the  gospel  of  the  Son  of  God  upon  the  shores  of  Maine. 
It  was  an  occasion  to  have  raised  a  man's  soul.      Deep    must 
have  been  the  emotions  excited,  as  the  melody  of  their  hymns 
blended  with  the  soft  voice  of  the  wavelets  rippling  upon  the 
beach,  and  the  pensive  whisperings  of  the  breeze  throuo-h  the 
fibrous-leaved  pines.  ° 

After  this  service  Popham  re-embarked  his  crews,  and  rowed 
to  the  other  side  of  the  water,  where  he  encamped.  Sewall 
thinks  that  this  was  probably  the  Boothhay  shore,  near  Hodn-- 
don's  Mills.i  But  it  is  impossible  to  extn\:.re  the  details  whicli 
are  given,  from  some  entanglement.     This  might  have  been  a 

1  Ancient  Dominions  of  Maine,  n.  lo. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  jj 

prudential  movement  to  guard  against  attack.  It  i,,  however 
more  probable  that  t  was  intended  to  relieve  the  na  ives  from 
tbeir  patnful  apprehensions.  Popham  might  have  made  th! 
comp,.om,se  wth  Nahanada,  that  he  would  land  his  etew  for 
rehgious  servtee  only,  beneath  the  erosa  of  Weymouth,  and  tha 
then  they  would  retire. 

The  whole  of  the  10th  and  11th  was  spent  at  this  eneamp- 
ment,  whde  a  party  explored  the  Damariscotta  River  in  seareh 
of  a  suttable  oeatton  for  the  establishment  of  their  colony  I„ 
theevemng  of  the  llth,  the  boats  returned  to  the  ships,  which 
were^stdl  r.d.ng  at  anchor  under  what  they  called  St.  Geo^et 

The  morning  of  the  12th,  the  ship,  weighed  anchor,  and  set 
sad  to  enter  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahock."  The  next  morning 
found  them  south  of  Seguin,  at  the  distance  of  but  three  mi lef 
There  was  a  dead  calm,  and  they  could  move  in  no  di  Jtion 
At  m.dntght  a  fierce  storm  aro»e.  "  Off  Seguin  "  is  notoriouX 
a  rough  po„,t.  The  gale  was  blowing  directly  upon  the  Ze 
In  the  darkness  of  the  night,  amidst  Ihe  roaring  of  tl  e  temnes" 
and  the  dashmg  of  the  waves,  they  were  in  intminent  perif 

tempestuous 


winch  they  could  run.  During  the  hours  of  this  tempestuous 
n.ght  they  stood  off  and  on,  momentarily  fearing  tifat  "h" 
might  be  driven  upon  the  rocks.  The  morning  of  the  4  h 
^uvncd  lundly  upon  a  storm-tossed  sea.  With  its  earliest  ra^ 
they  looked  for  some  spot  where  they  could  thrust  in  the  shiL 
to  save  then-  lives.  ^ 

Putting  up  the  helm,  they  stood  in  for  the  shore,  where  thev 
soon  saw  two  small  islands.     Under  the  shelter  of    ne  o  ftl  em 
perhaps  at  George  s  Island  Harbor,  they  found  good  ancho  i;:.' 
The  St   George  s  Islands  consisted  of  a  group  of  about  twenty 
many  of  them  mere  rocks.     The  storm  ere  long  ceased  and  S 
wind  came  in  Mr.     A  party  took  a  boat,  an3  cru   ed  aLnd 

uZ'ther  ''^"';'  ^' ''-'' ''-'  -^^^'  and  :f  mr:' 

them  there  was  a  dense  growth  of  hemlock,  spruce    firs  and 
I-^.^^  Upon  one  they  found  four  natives,  one  Jl  them  bl^a 

The  ne::t  morning,  the  loth,  though  the  wind  was  rather 


54 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


unfavorable,  "  The  Gift "  worked  its  way  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Sagadahock.  A  calm  ensued.  Capt.  Popham  sent  his  boats, 
and,  aided  by  the  tide,  towed  in  "  The  Mary  and  John,"  and 
anchored  her  by  the  side  of  "  The  Gift."  This  occupied  the 
day. 

The  autumnal  sun  rose  bright  and  clear  the  next  morning, 
the  16th.  Capt.  Popham  took  thirty  men  in  his  pinnace,  and 
Capt.  Gilbert  eighteen  in  his  long-boat,  and  commenced  row- 
ing up  the  stream,  between  the  banks  of  the  silent,  solitary, 
beautiful  Sagadahock.  They  ascended  the  deep  and  "  gallant "' 
river,  as  they  termed  it,  far  into  the  interior.  They  passed 
many  goodly  islands  and  branches  of  inlets  and  mouths  of 
streams  or  bays  opening  into  the  river.  In  the  evening  the 
boats  returned,  having  found  no  place  for  the  establishment  of 
the  colony  which  they  deemed  more  favorable  than  the  one 
before  them. 

Accordingly  the  next  morning,  the  18th  of  August,  1607,  all 
went  on  shore  to  select  a  spot  for  their  plantation,  and  to  com- 
mence their  works.  The  point  chosen  seems  to  have  been  near 
the  mouth  of  Sagadahock,  at  the  south-western  extremity  of  the 
peninsula  called  Phipsburg.     Williamson  says  — 

"  The  Indians  called  this  promontory  Sabino,  from  the  chief  whose 
authority  was  reco-nized  there.  They  selected  a  pleasant  and  convenient 
site  on  the  south-east  side  of  a  creek,  near  what  is  now  called  Atkins  Boy 
which  stretches  west  into  the  land  half  a  lea-ue,  and  forms  a  peninsula  at 
the  southerly  corner  of  the  present  town  of  Phipsburg."  i 

The  critical  reader  will  perceive  that  the  date  of  the  landing 
here  given  differs  from  the  dates  in  some  other  histories.  The 
cause  of  this  discrepancy  probably  is,  that  the  landing  at  the  dif- 
ferent points,  to  which  we  have  already  alluded,  has  been  con- 
founded with  this  final  landing.     The  recently  discovered  man- 

1  Coolldge  and  Mansfield  say,  in  their  valuable  History  of  New  England  that 
some  suppose  that  the  landing  was  made  at  Parker's  Island,  othe-s  at  Arrowsic 
and  others  at  Georgetown,  but  that  the  recent  discovery  of  the  MS  of  William' 
Strackoy  leaves  scarcely  room  for  doubt  that  they  landed  on  the  Phipsburg 
Peumsula.  ^        " 

The  narrative  given  in  the  text  is  doubtless  the  correct  one.    There  were  sev- 
eral landings,  and  the  liual  one  was  on  the  peninsula. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  55 

tltthetf'''"l'"  f  ^^^^^^ -«-«  t-  -nder  it  almost  certain 
that  the  chronology  here  given  is  correct.^ 

The  settlement  took  the  name  of  the  Sagadahock  Colony 
The  inauguration  of  the  colony  was  solemnized  by  relic^ious  ser 
vices     Rev.  Richard  Seymour,  of  whom  we  have  befor^e  spoked 
preached  on  the  occasion.     The  promontory  contained  one  01' 
wo  hundred  acres      The  Plymouth  Company  had  given  sealed 
duec  ions  contaimng  the   general   laws  they  wished  to  have 
established,  and  a  list  of  the  rulers  they  had  appointed  to  exe- 
cute  them      This  colony  was  organized  under  the  influence  of 
the  British  nobihty.     They  were  fully  satisfied  with  the  mon- 
archy  of  their  native  land.      The  idea  of  establishing  a  repub- 
lican government  they  had  not  even  remotely  cherished.     The 
company  represented  the  crown;  and  all  the  laws  were  enacted, 
and  the  officers  selected,  by  the  company.     Capt.  George  Pop- 
ham  was  appointed  governor ;  and  seven  men  were  designated 
as  his  assistants,  with  the  several  titles  of  admiral,  master  of 
ordnance,  commander  of  the  militia,  marshal,  commander  of  the 
tort,  secretary  of  the  colony,  and  searcher. 

While  thus  laying  the  foundations  of  their  little  settlement 
far  away  in  the  solitudes  of  a  world  as  yet  but  little  knoAvn 
and  s  ightly  explored,  three  canoes  full  of  natives  were  seen  on 
the  distant  waters.  Cautiously  the  Indians  gazed  upon  the 
strange  spectacle  thus  opening  before  them,  but  they  did  not 
venture  to  draw  nigh.  They  soon  vigorously  plied  their  pad- 
dies,  and  were  lost  to  sight  beyond  the  reaches  of  the  river 

All  hands  were  now  summoned  to  work.  They  commenced 
operations  about  the  same  time  upon  a  fort,  a  large  storehouse 
several  log-cabins,  and  a  small  vessel  to  cruise  along  the  coast' 
and  explore  the  rivers.  The  name  of  "  Virginia  "  was  given  to 
this  first  vessel  built  upon  the  shores  of  Maine.  Her  size  was 
thirty  tons.  The  governor  was  invested  with  almost  absolute 
power,  and  he  superintended  all  the  works.  They  called  the 
lort  bt.  George.  The  settlement  also  was  frequently  called  by 
the  same  name. 


I 


f,  i*C 


06 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


oS^     \'     .  '^''   "^^"'^   ^"P*-    ^'^^«r^  t««^^  a  boat's 

crew,  and  set  out  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  towards  the  Avest. 
He  sailed  hrough  Casco  Bay,  admiring,  as  well  he  might,  its 
cluster  of  beautiful  islands,  and  anchored  his  shallop  at  ni^ht 
under  a  headland  which  the  Indians  called  Semiamis,  but 
which  IS  novv  known  as  Cape  Elizabeth.  He  inferred  that  the 
land  must  be  very  fertile,  from  the  gigantic  growth  of  trees 
.which  sprung  from  the  soil. 

During  the  day  several  native  canoes  were  seen;  but  the 
Indians  carefully  avoided  approaching  the  shallop.  They  had 
doubtless  heard  of  the  treachery  of  Weymouth,  and  regarded 
the  white  man  as  a  fiend,  to  be  avoided  and  resisted  at  every 
hazard.  After  an  uneventful  cruise  of  three  days,  the  shallop 
returned  to  lort  George,  again  traversing  the  beautiful  Bay  of 
Lasco  and  sailing  by  "  many  goodly  and  gallant  islands." 

Had  It  not  been  for  the  crime  of  Weymouth,  any  number  of 
Indians  might  have  been  hired  to  work  upon  the  fort,  to  draw 
timber  from  the  forest,  and  to  aid  with  spade  and  hoe  in  break- 
ing  up  the  ground  for  seed.     A  hatchet  or  a  knife  would  repay 
an  Indian  amp  y  lor  many  days'  labor.     The  French  in  Canada 
treated  the  Indians  a.  brothers ;  and  they  found  no  difficulty  in 
securing  their  services  to  bear  burdens,  and  to  toil  in  the  field 
and  the  slnp-yard      But  Weymouth's   crime   so  appalled   the 
Indians  of  Maine,  that  not  one  was  willing  to  lift  his  hand  to  aid 
the  white  men.     No  smiles,  no  kind  words,  no  hospitality,  could 
efface  the  impression  which  the  kidnapper  had  cut  deep  into 
tneir  hearts.  ^ 

About  noon  of  the  30th  of  August  nine  canoes,  filled  with 
lorty  Indians,  were  seen  approaching  the  fort  from  Pemaquid, 
which  was  distant  but  a  few  leagues  on  the  east.  Several  of 
these  natives  Avere  women  and  children.  Without  any  hesi- 
tancy,  they  paddled  to  the  beach,  and  all  landed.  The  mystery 
ot  this  apparent  boldness  was  soon  explained.  The  little  fleet 
was  led  by  the  Pemaquid  chief  Nahanada.  He  had  also  with 
him  ..utwarroes,  and  another  subordinate  chief,  Sasanoa 

Gov.  Popham  received  them  with  the  greatest  hospitality, 
and  did  every  thing  in  his  power  to  dispel  their  suspicions. 
Ihe  Indians  remained  for  three  liours  ;  but  nothing  could  in- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  57 

duce  them  to  leave  themselves  in  the  power  of  such  d«r.^o. 
v,.to.s  through  the  night.     As  the  J  J :1^^^X'SZ 
p.ne.crovvned  islands  of   Casco   Bay,    they  nearl/  al      ^  ' 
their  canoes,  and    paddled    across    the  water    to   fhl       T 
ban.  of  the  Sa,adah„ok.     He.e  .he,  .e:Tk: ^^  ^^ 
built  their  fires,  and  encamped.  a'leiteis, 

10  t.  Capt  Gilbert,  to  show  the  Indians  that  he  reposed  e«„ 
fidenee  ■„  them,  and  perhaps  emboldened  by  the  eonWctTon  t 
there  ,vere  two  or  three  Indians  in  the  f„rt,'^>vho  ,v  I  Id  he  M 
as  hostage.,  for  his  safe  return,  took  a  boat,  and  with  two  othe« 
milif  S";"™",,''™""'!.  R»l'«=rt  Davis,  eommander  of  the 
m,ht,a,  and  Elhs  Bert,  marshal,  rowed  across  the  river  and 
passed  the  n.ght  in  the  native  encampment 

It  was,  however,  very  evident  tliat  the  cantious  Indians  did 
not  deem  .t  safe  to  enter  into  any  very  intimate  rela  oLof 

took",!o  7b      ''°  ''"="'",'"^"-    ^^''^  *«  "-'  morning  they 
P II  took  to  their  canoes,  and  returned  to  Pemaquid 

A  week  of  energetic  labor  npon  fort  and  dwe'llin.>s  passed 
a^vay;  and  on  the  8th  of  September  Capt.  Gilbert  a^aiif  toot 
the  shallop,  and,  with  twenty-two  men,  set  out  oir  Inotler 
exp  oring  tonr,  toward  the  east  in  search  of  the  Penobscot  Rivt 
tl  al  th    „ff      '  7  IT-  "'  r  """  ^"^"'^  »'  '«»  *«'»"-  of  time 
wisdom.     The  location  was  on  a  sandbank,  bleak  and  !,„,. 
ran,  with  no  surrounding  region  of  fertility.     The  eyerie  ,e^V 
one  winter  led  them  to  report,  that  "  the  count  y  k  in  kilj 
:  ttr-V'r'^":'"?'*^:  """  "-"  habitable  lyo^itgrn. 

The   explorers   in   the  shallop  were  retarrlprl  U.r   .  i 
head  Winds,  and  did  not  reaci  Pem^rrti'l:^":  t 


1  Pnneo's  ^innalei,  p.  35. 


58 


THE  HISTORY  OP  MAINE. 


niormng  of  the  11th  of  September.  They  fou.id  tlie  Indian 
VI  lage  entirely  deserted,  and  nothing  remained  but  silence  and 
solitude.  It  13  probable  that  the  natives  who  had  visited  Fort 
George  were  alarmed  by  the  fortifications  which  were  risino- 
there,  so  massive  in  their  eyes,  and  by  the  other  indications 
of  a  strong  and  permanent  settlement.  They  deemed  it  safe  to 
retire  back  into  the  country,  that  they  might  be  at  a  greater 
remove  from  neighbors  whom  they  deemed  so  dangerous. 

For  several  days  the  voyagers  cruised  along,  exploring  many 
bays  and  inlets  of  this  wonderfully  indented  coast,  but  search- 
ing in  vain  for  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot.  They  did  not 
return  from  their  fruitless  expedition  until  about  the  20th. 
On  the  23d  Capt.  Gilbert  again  embarked  in  the  shallop,  tak- 
ing with  him  nineteen  men  to  ascend  the  Sagadahock  to  Merry- 
meeting  Bay,  and  thence  to  explore  the  Kennebec  to  its 
navigable  source. 

The  party  reached  the  bay  on  the  24th,  and  turning  to  the  left 
instead  of  the  right,  entered  the  Androscoggin  River,  instead  of 
the  Kennebec.  Early  the  next  morning  they  reached  the  falls 
at  Brunswick.  Their  description  of  the  country,  and  of  the 
low  flat  island  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  falls,  can- 
not be  mistaken.  The  falls  then  consisted  mainly  of  a  series 
of  rapids,  through  which,  by  aid  of  a  strong  rope,  they  with 
difficulty  drew  their  boat.  Rowing  up  the  river  about  three 
miles  beyond  these  rapids,  they  landed,  and  camped  for  the 
night. 

As  they  were  constructing  their  camp,  and  kindling  their  fire, 
they  heard  the  shouts  of  Indians  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the' 
river.  The  Englishmen  responded;  but  the  shouts  on  both 
sides  Avere  alike  unintelligible.  The  next  morning  a  canoe 
crossed  the  river,  bearing  an  Indian  chief  by  the  name  of 
Sebenoa,  and  four  natives.  The  chief  was  a  friendly,  cour- 
teous  man,  but  deemed  it  necessary  to  guard  against  treachery 
He  would  not  land,  and  thus  place  himself  in  the  power  of  the 
strangers,  until  they  placed  one  of  their  men  in  his  canoe  as  a 
hostage. 

The  report  whicli  is  given  of  the  subsequent  conduct  of  the 
Indians,  if  we  credit  it  precisely  as  given,  is  utterly  incompre- 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


59 


hensib  e.  It  would  seem  that  there  must  have  been  some  ffreat 
misunderstanding  on  the  part  of  the  English  in  their  interpreta- 
tion of  facts  which  are  unquestionable.  If  the  report  of  the 
historian  is  to  be  accepted  as  accurate  in  all  its  bearings  it 
would  prove  that  the  Indians  behaved  lUce  idiots, -a  character 
which  they  never  developed  before. 

As  soon  as  the  hostage  was  received  into  the  canoe,  knd 
bebenoa  the  chief,  had  by  invitation  taken  a  seat  in  the  shallop 
where,  it  will  be  remembered,  he  was  surrounded  by  nineteen 
white  men,  the  four  Indians  began  to  paddle  very  rapidly  up  the 
river.  The  annalist  assumes  that  tluiy  treacherously  were  mak- 
ing an  effort  to  run  away  with  the  hostage  as  their  captive. 

The  supposition  is  absurd.  The  Indians  surely  would  not 
surrender  their  chief  in  exchange  for  a  common  man.  The 
chief  himself  would  not  consent  to  so  silly  a  sacrifice.  Neither 
could  four  men  hope  to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  nineteen 
whose  guns  could  throw  the  death-dealing  bullet  so  great  a 
distance.  The  tidings  of  the  power  of  the  white  man's  musket 
had  spread  far  and  wide  among  the  tribes. 

Unquestionably  the  chief  had  invited  the  white  men  to  visit 
his  encampment.  As  they  could  converse  only  by  sio-ns  his 
invitation  had  not  been  understood  by  Capt.  Gilbert.  But  the 
Indians  supposed  that  it  was  understood  and  accepted.  Imme- 
•  diately  upon  the  friendly  exchange  having  been  made,  the  white 
man  being  in  the  canoe,  and  the  chief  in  the  shallop,  the  In- 
dians  commenced  paddling  up  the  river  toward  their  villa-e 
The  birch  canoe,  light  as  a  bubble,  was  driven  with  great  rapkl- 
ity  over  the  waters.  It  was  with  difficulty  that  the  heavily 
laden  shallop  could  keep  up  with  it. 

We  are  informed  that  great  care  was  taken  that  the  hosta^re 
chief  should  not  leap  overboard;  but  there  is  no  intimation  that 
he  made  any  such  senseless  attempt.  What  could  one  poor 
nian  do,  struggling  in  the  water,  with  nineteen  men  at  hand  to 
brain  him  with  their  oars?  Escape  under  those  circumstances 
was  impossible. 

Apparently  Sebenoa  sat  in  the  shallop  with  tranquil  mind 
entirely  unconscious  of  the  alarm  which  his  hospitable  invita' 
tion  had  given.     The  cuuoo  led  the  way.     A  few  rods  behind 


60 


THE  HISTORY  Of  MAINE. 


came   the   shallop.     Having  ascended   the    river  al)out   three 
miles,  the  canoe   landed.     The  four   Indians,  with   their  one 
wlute  companion,  entered  a  trail  whi^l^  led  hack  to  their  viUajre. 
^    Capt.  Gilbert  hurriedly  ran  his  boat  ..,.on   tlie  shore.     Leav- 
ing nine  men  to  guard  the  shallop,  he  took  the  other  nine  with 
him,  and  follosved  rapidly   along  the  trail  to  rescue  the  man 
whom  he  supposed  the  India,.>s  had  kidnapped.     Sebanoa  min- 
gled  with  them,  giving  no  sign  that  he  suspected  that  he  was 
watched    or  that  he   was  thought  to  be  practising  treachery. 
The  well-trodden,  narrow  path  led  picturesquely  around  tlu) 
forest-crowned   hills   of  the   Androscoggin,    for   a   distance  of 
about  a  league.     Here  they  came  upon  the  little  hamlet  of  the 
chiet.     The  white  hostage  was  there  unharmed.      The   vhole 
village-  was,  of  course,  thrown  into  great  commotion  bv 
gular  an  event.     The  historian  writes:  — 


so  oin- 


"Here  we  found  near  Mty  able  men,  very  strong  and  tall  :  «„ch  as  their 
hke  before  we  had  not  seen.     AH  were  newly  painted,  and  armed  with  bows 

As  there  were  fifty  warriors,  the  village  must  have  contained 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty  inhabitants.  They  could  not  have 
been  armed  m  anticipation  of  this  visit ;  for  thoy  had  no  more 
reason  to  expect  it,  than  they  had  to  think  that  angels  would 
descend  among  them  fi.m  heaven.  They  had  made  no  collec- 
tion of  furs  for  trade;  fo.  the  idea  of  such  a  chance  for  trade 
had  not  entered  their  minds. 

But  here  were  nine  men,  three  miles  from  their  boat,  surrounded 
by  fifty  well-armed  and  very  powerful  warriors.     If  treachery  had 

ttm  off "  T.  '  'Tl"^  T'^  '''^^^  ^^^"  "°^^  '^^y  ^han  to  cut 
them  off      Ihey  had  no  longer  any  hostage  ;  for  Sebenoa  was  in 

his  own  home  and  at  the  head  of  his  band.  There  were  many 
opportunities  for  lying  in  ambush  among  the  rocks  and  forest- 
trees  and  thickets  which  fringed  the  narrow  trail.  Thus  every 
white  man  could  have  been  pierced  with  arrows,  with  scarcely 
tue  opportunity  to  make  any  resistance.  And  yet  not  one  of 
these  'very  strong,  tall  savages  "  gave  the  slightest  indication 
of  hostih  y.  There  was  not  a  frown  seen,  not  a  menacing  word 
h  ^ard,  not  an  arrow  was  placed  upon  the  bowstring. 


T,IE  UUiTORY  OF  a.'AINE. 


ax 


On  the  contrary,  the  reception  was  hospituUe  in  all  respects 
We  are  told  that  "  peaceful  overtiues  prevailed,  and  proposals 
lor  trade  were  made."  After  a  brief  visit,  the  whole  party 
returned  to  the  boat.  Not  the  slightest  attempt  was  discovered 
to  molest  the  strangers,  as  in  siugle  file  they  threaded  the  narrow 
pass,  where  the  Indians,  outnumbering  them  five  to  one  could 
so  easily  in  ambush,  with  one  volley  of  their  arrows,  have  struck 
every  man  down. 

A  few  moments  after  reaching  the  shallop,  sixteen  of  the 
natives  appeared,  apparently  lured  by  curiosity  to  see  them  off 
We  are  simply  informed  that  they  were  "  naf'-ves ;  "  and  it  is  rea 
SDnable  to  infer  that  they  were  men,  women,  and  children 
It  IS  very  certain,  that,  if  there  had  been  any  hostile  intent, 
ifty  warriors  would  never  have  deputed  sixteen  of  their  num- 
ber to  attack  a  band  of  nine  white  men,  while  the  remainder 
lounged  indolently  in  their  wigwams  within  half  an  hour's 
distance  of  the  scene  of  conflict. 

The  treachery  of  the  white  man  had  become  proverbial. 
The  crime  of  Weymouth  had  infused  suspicion  into  the  mind 
of  e.ery  Indian.  Fire-arms  had  then  been  but  recently  in- 
vented. 1  he  musket  which  the  white  man  bore  was  the  an- 
cient  matchlock.     It  was  a  clumsy  weapon,  and  rested  upon  a 

torch  to  the  touchhole.  Just  as  the  boat  was  leaving  the  shore 
where  the  camp-fire  was  burning,  one  of  the  men  lighted  a 
torch  to  fire  the  guns. 

_    An  Indian  standing  by,  undoubtedly  feared  that  in  was  the 
intention  of  the  boatmen,  as  soon  as  tliey  were  at  a  little  dis- 
tance  from  the  shore,  to  fire  upon  the  group  left  behind.     The 
lighting  of  the  match,  under  those  circumstances,  was  a  men- 
ace a  hostile  act.     What  other  possible  motive  could  there  be 
for   bus  malcng  ready  to  fire  their  guns?     Upon  the  impulse 
of  tie   moment,   he   sprang   towards   the   shallop,    seized    the 
lighted  match,  and  thew  it  into  tlie  .vater.     The  crew  instantly 
grasped  then-  guns ;  and  a  man,  at  the  command  of  Gilbert 
leaped  on  shore  to  get  more  fire.     Thus  suddenly  did  a  war 
tempest  seem  to  burst  upon  the  band.     The  terrified  Indians 
now  convinced  that  hostilities  were  threatened,  seized  the  rope 


63 


TnE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


of  the  boat,  and  tried  to  prevent  its  putting  off.  But  as  the 
men  presented  their  muskets,  ready  to  apply  the  glowing,  torch, 
they  dropped  the  rope,  and  the  whole  company  fled  precipitately 

bacV  '^'^  ^''^'  ""'  ""  ''"°^'  '"'"^^^  '''''  ''^^"^^" 

This  was  indeed  an  untoward  termination  of  Gilbert's  visit 
to  bebenoa.  TI.o  shallop  immediately  withdrew  to  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river.  In  this  misadventure  the  natives  certainly 
appear  to  greai  advantage.     It  is  recorded,  — 

t^n'n"^  «*"°<'/«"7<^d  to  excuse  the  hoeH'le  bearing  of  tim  natives.  Gilbert 
kmdly  entertained  the  messages  of  peace,  but  made  the  best  of  his  way 
back  to  the  settlement  and  the  fort. "  ^ 

These  events  took  place  on  the  26th  of  September,  1607 
Capt.  Gilbert  expresses  liis  admiration  of  the  ma<r„ificent 
spruce-trees  he  passed  on  the  way,  suitable  "  to  mast  tlfe  great- 
est  ship  his  majesty  hath."  Clusters  of  ripe  grapes  hung  upon 
the  vines  which  festooned  the  trees,  and  the  waters  seemed  to 
abound  in  fishes  of  great  variety.  The  next  day,  in  a  dismal 
storm  of  rain  and  fog,  the  shallop  returned  to  Fort  Geor-e 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE    FAILURE    OP    POPHAM'8    COLONY,  AND    ITS    ATTENDANT 

KESULTS. 

Indian  Etiquette -Virtues  of  the  Indians -Scenes  in  the  Colony  -  Popham's 
Deatli-luun  in  the  Colony -Atrocious  Cruelty -Revenge  of  the  Indiana - 
The  Explosion -Fears  of  the  Iiulians-The  Colony  Abandoned  -  l>rivate 
Adventui^s- Infamy  of  Poutrincourt-The  Scenery  of  Mount  Desert- Mon- 
hegan  in  us  Glory -Harlow  the  Kidnapper- Valor  of  the  Indians  -  Fate  of 
the  French  Colonies -Adventures  ofEpenow-Hia  Escape -The  Battle  on 
Maltha  8  Vineyard. 

A  WEEK  passed  away.  On  the  3d  of  October,  Skitwarroes 
-^-^  camo  to  the  fort  in  a  canoe,  with  two  or  three  other 
Indians.  The  native  princes  seem  to  have  had  their  rules  of 
courtly  etiquette,  quite  as  distinctly  defined  as  those  which  pre- 
vail at  Windsor  Castle  or  Versailles.  It  would  seem  that  there 
were,  in  that  region,  several  tribes  under  one  head  chief,  who 
was  recognized  as  supreme,  and  was  called  Bashaba. 

Skitwarroes  and  his  companions  had  come  as  envoys  from  the 
Bashaba,  to  inform  Gov.  Popham  that  their  sovereign  had 
sent  his  brother  (Williamson  says  his  son)  as  an  ambassador  to 
visit  the  chieftain  of  the  white  men,  and  that  he  was  on  the 
other  side  of  the  river,  awaiting  the  white  chieftain's  pleasure. 
The  envoy  was  immediately  invited  over,  and  was  received  with 
the  distmction  due  to  one  of  his  rank.  He  spent  the  sabbath 
at  the  fort,  and  with  his  retinue  attended  public  worship,  both 
morning  and  evening.  It  is  recorded  that  they  all  conducted 
reverentially,  and  with  much  decorum. 

The  object  of  this  mission  was  to  establish  friendly  relations 
with  the  new-comers,  and  to  open  a  trade  which  might  be 
exceedingly  beneficial  to  both  parties.  It  would  seem  that 
Ivahanada  and  Skitwarroes  had  made  such  representations  to 

68 


64 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


the  Bashaba,  that  he  generously  overlooked  the  infamous  con- 
duct of  Weymouth,  and  presented  the  hand  of  reconciliation 
and  friendship  to  these  new-comers.     Every  historian  has  ad- 
mitted that  the  conduct  of  the  Indians  in  this  respect  was  very 
noble.     There  is  no  authentic  record,  thus  far,  of  any  act  of 
treachery,  violence,  or  deceit  on  their  part.     The  Indian  Avars, 
which  eventually  ensued,  were  the  undeniable  result  of  outrages 
inflicted  by  individual  white  men,  who  were  beyond    the  re- 
straints of  law,  and  who,  in   utter  godlessness,   had  no  more 
regard  to  future  retribuilon  than  had  the  wolves  and  the  bears. 
The   Indians   were   honest   in   their   dealings,  and  manifested 
much  grautude  for  any  favor  conferred  upon  thorn. 

On  one  occasion  a  straw  hat  and  a  knife  were  given  to  an 
Indian,  by  the  name  of  Ameriguin,  as  a  present.     He  immedi- 
ately, in  return,  presented  the  giver  with  a  rich  beaver  mantle 
which  ^vas  then  worth  from  ten  to  fifteen  dollars  in  London. 

The  works  in  the  settlement  were  driven  so  vigorously,  and 
the  style  of  architecture  was  so  simple,  that  by  the  Oth  of 
October,  only  seven  weeks  from  the  time  of  landing,  the  fort 
was  completed,  intrenched,  and  twelve  cannon  Avere  mounted 
The  storehouse  was  also  finished,  and  fifty  log-cabins  were 
reared.  With  such  imposing  ceremonies  as  the  occasion  could 
furnish,  the  town  was  named  St.  George.^ 

Winter  came  early,  and  with  unusnial  severity.  Storms  of 
sleet  and  snow  swept  the  bleak  expanse  which  had  been  so 
unwisely  selected  for  their  home.  Discontent  arose,  and,  with 
the  discontent,  quarrels  among  the  colonists.  Many  cursed  the 
day  in  which  they  left  their  cottages  in  England,  for  abodes  so 
chill  and  drear  and  comfortless.  They  had  made  no  suitable 
preparation  for  winter.  They  had  only  green  wood  to  burn. 
J  heir  cabins  wore  frail,  and  filled  with  smoke. 

It  was  a  miserable  winter  to  all.  With  wise  foresiglit,  and  a 
Christian  spirit,  the  months  of  snow  and  wind  and  rain  mi-lit 
have  passed  even  agreeably  away.  Then-  cabins  mi-^ht  have 
been  warm  and  cheerful.  Wood  was  abundant.  They  could 
have  laid  m  ample  stores,  and  quite  well  seasoned.  An  iibun- 
dant  supply  of  furs  could  have  been  obtained  of  the  Indians  for 

1  Bancroft,  yo!.  i,  p,  268. 


I 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


65 


clc\ung  and  bedding,  and  couclies  around  the  brightly  blazin^ 
fireside.  The  Indians  wished  to  be  friendly.  They  would 
gladly  have  brought  in  stores  of  corn  and  fish  and  game,  had 
they  been  kindly  treated.  But  sin  reigned  in  the  camp ;  and 
where  there  is  sin  there  must  be  sorrow^. 

Gov.  Popham  died.  It  was,  perhaps,  fortunate  for  him. 
His  heart  would  have  broken,  could  he  have  lived  to  witness  the 
ruin  of  his  colony.  As  the  world  was  receding  from  his  view, 
and  the  sublunities  of  eternity  opening  before  him,  he  said, 
cheered  by  the  hope  that  he  had  planted  a  colony  which  would 
last  while  time  endures,  — 

^iLLTJT^v'  V  u^^  °^'°'  ^'^^  ^'  "^^'^y^  ^soc\^te(i  M-ith  the  first 
planting  of  the  English  race  m  the  New  World.  My  renv  h.s  wiU  not  be 
neglected  away  from  the  home  of  my  fathers  and  my  kindred." 

His  expectations  were  not  realized.  His  colony  perished. 
No  fnendly  hand  conveyed  his  remains  to  England,  that  they 
might  repose  amidst  the  graves  of  his  fathers.  No  monument 
has  ever  been  reared  to  his  memory.  We  now  search  in  vain 
tor  the  spot,  amidst  the  sands  of  the  ocean  sliore,  wliere  his 
body  awaits  that  judgment  trump  at  whose  peal  the  dead  shall 
rise.  The  wail  of  the  tempest,  and  the  dash  of  the  surge,  have 
been  tor  two  hundred  years  his  mournful  requiem 

There  was  no  one  left  in  the  colony  capable  of  filling  the 
place  of  Popham.     His  death  was  followed  by  that  of  three 
other    of    the   most    prominent   men.      Comparative   anarchy 
reigned.     The  Indians  were  grossly  and  wantonly  maltreated. 
1  hey  have   not  been   able  to   tell  their  own   story;   but   the 
records  of  the  white  man's  historians  testify  fully  to  this  fact. 
Ihe  colonists  seem  to  have  been  selected,  or  accepted,  Avithout 
any  reference  to  moral  character.     In  those  days,  there  prob- 
ably  cou  d  not  have  been  found  on  earth  a  more  fiendlike  set 
ot  men  than  the  average  crew  of  a  British  man-of-war.     An- 
parently  many  of  the   colonists  were  reckless  seamen,  picked 
up  Irom  the  wharves  of  the  seaports  of  England.     One  of  their 
outrages  would  seem  incredible  ;  but  we  know  not  that  the  story 
iiiis  ever  been  contradicted. 

It  is  suid  that  a  lurge  number  of  natives  landed  on  one  occa- 

6 


66 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


\\ 


&ion,  at  the  little  settlement,  with  a  few  furs  and  skins  for  sale. 
Ihey  wandered  peacefully  around,  gazing  with  much  interest 
upon  the  new  objects  which  everywhere  met  tlieir  eyes.  They 
were  new-comers  from  the  interior,  and  every  thing  was  stran-e 
to  them.  Some  of  the  men  thought  they  would  amuse  them- 
selves in  seeing  how  the  Indians  would  be  astonished  and  terri- 
fied at  the  report  of  one  of  their  cannons.  They  loaded  one  of 
the  largest  almost  to  the  muzzle,  but  with  powder  only.  They 
attached  two  drag-ropes  to  the  heavy  gun,  and  requested  the 
Indians,  as  a  favor,  to  help  them  draw  the  ponderous  weapon 
from  one  part  of  the  grounds  to  another. 

Joyously,  with  shouts  and  merriment,  the  obliging  natives 
manned  the  two  ropes,  in  lines  directly  before  the  muzzle  of 
the  gun.  As  they  were  rushing  it  along,  one  of  these  colonists 
applied  the  match  to  the  touch-hole.  A  terrible  explosion 
witii  lightning  flash  and  thunder  peal,  took  place.  Several  of 
the  natives  were  killed  outright;  others  were  horribly  burned 
and  mangled. 

The  survivors  returned  to  their  homes,  scatterin^r  in  all  di- 
rections  the  story  of  the  horrible  outrage.     This  was  a  fittin^r 
sequel   to   the   kidnapping   crimes   of  Weymouth.     It   is   not 
strange  that  the  heathen  Indians  should  have  thought  that  the 
Christian  white  men   were  fiends.     Universal  indignation  was 
excited.     The  Indians  met  in  large  numbers,  resolved  to  exter- 
minate the  colonists  wlio  had  thus  brought  blood  and  misery 
and  death  to  their  lowly  homes.     They  made  an  attack -the 
"treacherous  Indians,"  as  they  were  called -upon  the  settle- 
ment.     Tiiey  captured  the  storehouse  which  contained  all  the 
merchandise  and  provisions  of  the  colony. 
_  They  drove  the  garrison,  which  was  greatly  diminished  by 
sickness  and  death,  out  of  the  fort.     One  man 'was  killed  •   the 
others  took  refuge  in  a  sort  of  citadel  at  some  distance  from  the 
magazine.     As  the  ignorant  Indians  were  rioting  throuo-h  the 
captured  fort,  they  knocked  open  some  barrels  containinc?  some 
kind  of  grain,  of  small,  dark  kernels,  such  as  they  had  never 
seen  before.     It  was  not  corn  ;  it  was  not  wild  wheat,  nor  rye 
It  was  powder.     The  grains  were  scattered  over  the  floor      Ac- 
cidentally they  were  ignited.     A  terrific  explosion  of  the  whole 


I 


TnE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  g, 

magazine  ensued.  It  was  a  phenomenon  of  thunder  roar  and 
of  voloan.  ruin,  which  would  have  appalled  any  IZnX 
limbers,  cannons,  merchandise,  and  t^-e  mangled  bodroftfe 
Indians  were  blown  high  into  the  air,  but  to  M  ba"  '  fco  a 
crater  of  devouring  flame. 

all^nl'T'"",''  ^'.'P'^''^""""'^  '"'"""^  ^vero  appalled  beyond 
all  conception  by  th«  carnage.  Had  fiends  come  to  the  afd  of 
the.r  brehren  tl.  white  men?  Wax  the  Great  Spiri  a„„r' 
w.th  the  Indians  for  their  attack  upon  the  colony?  and  had  he 
m  consequence  sent  thi,s  terrible  punishment  upon  them  ?  Ti  y 
were  bewildered,  terrified.  ^ 

They  had  not  been  struck  down  by  bullet  or  arrow  or  club 
tLr  t.,7^^-"f  "-1'  ----lous  power,  which  had  assailed 
hem      They  had  conquered  the  white  man  ;  and  then  this  new 

^^y  oulTnlt "  '?  Y'  ^!^^^^^-l--^  ^'-  -ith  destructil' 
Ihey  could  not  contend  against  thunderbolts,  and  upheavino- 
earthquakes,  and  bursting  flames.  It  mattered  not  Them'' 
whether  these  tremendous  energies  were  wielded  by  bad  sS 
or  good  :  then,  only  safety  was  in  immediate  flight.  TheyCk 
to  their  canoes,  and  paddled  swiftly  from  the  settlemen  wUh 
no  disposition  to  approach  it  again. 

Such  is  the  story  which  has  descended  to  us.     It  may  not  be 

eTr:s      t!f^',    It  unquestionably  is  true  in  its  es^ntia 

eatuies.     We    ave  found  no  historian  who  discredits  it.     "  It 

s  certain,"  Wilhamson  says,  "that  it  was  believed  to  be  irue 

by^ the  ancient  and  well-informed  inhabitants  on  Sagadaiiock 

The  colonists,  who  had  thus  sown  the  wind,  were  now  in 
^.e  righteous  judgment  of  God,  reaping  the  whiHw^^     T I'e  ^ 

.nZMetT  wl "'  ''"'  T  r""'  ^^^^'"'  --^  ^'  Philanthro  ; 
and  piety,  who  mourned  and  wept  over  these  calamities.     But 

m  IS  a  far  more  potent  agent  of  action  than  holiness.     A  few 

tZ^C^T  "'!  '"'"^  ''^  ""^^  ^^^^''"^^  ^---     The  life 
vh,di  Gods  love  has  gradually  developed    through  the  lone 

d  ;r :  tT''^  '''''"°''  ^^^^  ^^^^^^'  *°  ■----  n^anhood "!: 

d.  ggei  of  the  assassin  may  destroy  in   an  instant.     The  citv 
which  the  industry  of  a  centnrr  lio«  r-      i      i  "«  Licy 

.  ^      ,.  ,    -^"^  "■  '-^nturj  lias  reared,  the   torch  of  the 

mcendiary  may  lay  in  ashes  in  a  few  hours. 

i  See  Supplement  to  King  Pbilip'a  War,  1G7/5,  p.  75. 


68 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


There  may  have  been  even  a  niajorit7  of  the  colonists  good 
men.  But,  were  one-thirtl  of  their  number  thoroughly  bad,  they 
could  have  thwarted  all  the  measures  of  the  good.  They  could 
cheat  the  Indians,  rob  them,  shoot  them,  insult  their  wives  and 
daughters,  and  thus  inflict  an  amount  of  injury  which  all  the 
efforts  of  the  true  Christians  could  not  repair.  One  kidnapping 
Weymouth  can  arouse  an  liostility  which  many  honest  voyagers 
may  vainly  endeavor  to  appease. 

The  colonists  were  now  freezing,  starving,  and  quarrelling 
among  themselves.  In  tliose  dreary  log-cabins  there  was  no 
happiness.  Frowns  were  upon  every  brow,  murmurs  upon  all 
lips,  gloom  in  every  heart.  It  is  to  be  inferred  from  the  brief 
narrative  we  have,  that  the  two  vessels  which  had  conveyed  the 
colonists  to  the  Sagadahock  had  returned  to  England.  Tliese 
ships  could  have  carried  back  only  the  tidings  of  the  successful 
landing  of  the  colony.  The  Plymouth  Company  promptly  fitted 
out  another  ship,  with  supplies.  Early  in  the  spring  this  ship 
cast  anchor  before  the  already  dilapidated,  impoverished,  decay- 
ing town  of  St.  George.  The  colonists,  instead  of  landing  the 
supplies,  rushed  on  board  the  ship,  determined  with  one  accord 
to  return  to  England. 

The  Indians,  bitterly  hostile,  could  not  be  induced  to  venture 
into  their  settlement  with  any  provisions.  It  was  only  at  the 
imminent  peril  of  their  lives  that  the  English  could  leave  their 
rampart  of  logs,  to  penetrate  the  interior  on  foraging  expedi- 
tions. Their  storehouse  was  burned.  They  had  no  articles 
left  for  traffic.  Whatever  they  obtained  they  would  be  com- 
pelled to  grasp  with  robber  hands. 

Thus  influenced,  they  all  abandoned  the  colony.  Their 
return  to  England  excited  the  surprise  and  the  deep  regret  of 
the  Plymouth  Company.  They  carried  back  the  most  deplora- 
ble report  of  the  character  of  tlie  countrj^  its  climate,  its  soil, 
and  especially  of  its  inhabitants.  "The  native  Indians,"  they 
said,  "  are  the  outcasts  of  creation.  They  have  no  religion,  but 
are  merely  diabolical.  They  are  the  very  ruins  of  mankind ; 
the  most  sordid  and  contemptible  part  of  the  human  species." 

On  the  other  hand,  the  French,  who,  not  many  years  after, 
established  a  settlement  among  the  Indians  of  the   upj.er  Ken- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


69 


nebec,  and  who  lived  with  them  not  only  on  terms  of  peace, 
but  of  strong  personal  friendship,  wrote  of  them,  — 

"The  Indians  are  docile  and  friendly,  accessible  to  the  precepts  of 
religion  strong  in  tlieir  attachment  to  their  friends,  and  submissive  to  the 
rites  and  ceremonies  of  the  Catholic  faith."  i  ' 

The  disastrous  issue  of  this  attempt  to  establish  a  settlement 
in  Maine  checked  the  spirit  of  colonization  for  several  years. 
There  were  still  many  private  expeditions  to  these  watei-s  for 
the  benefits  of  the  fishery,  and  to  purchase  furs  of  the  natives 
along  the  coast.  Lord  Pophara,  the  most  prominent  member 
of  the  Plymouth  Company,  died;  but  his  son.  Sir  Francis 
Popham,  for  several  years  sent  a  ship  annually  to  the  coast 
of  Maine,  for  fishing  and  traffic.  He,  however,  was  not  suc- 
cessful, and  at  length  abandoned  such  operations.  But  it  is 
confidently  asserted  that  other  adventurers  were  frequently 
visiting  the  coast,  though  no  record  was  made  of  these  private 
voyages.2 

The  Frencli  were  in  Canada  prosecuting  a  very  successful  fur- 
trade  with  the  Indians.  There  was  a  strange  sort  of  telegraphy 
by  which  the  Indians  conveyed  tidings  of  important  eve°nts  to 
the  remotest  tribes.  Unquestionably  the  Indians  of  Massachu- 
setts had  heard  accounts  of  the  conduct  of  the  English  in 
Maine. 

A  Frenchman,  by  the  name  of  Poutrincourt,  was  in  command 
ot  tlie  French  trading  post  and  mission  at  Port  Royal,  now 
Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia.  It  must  be  remembered  that  at  that 
time  there  were  no  distinct  territorial  lines  drawn.  The  whole 
of  this  region  was  called  Acadia.  Poutrincourt  seems  to  have 
been  a  very  reckless,  passionate  man,  with  but  little  regard  for 
Christian  principle.  He  quarrelled  with  his  clergy,  and  said 
fiercely  to  them,  "  It  is  my  part  to  rule  you  while  on  earth,  and 
it  IS  your  part  to  guide  me  to  heaven." 

The  clergy  had  a  difficult  part,  in  this  respect,  to  perform,  if 
all  reports  are  true  respecting  the  conduct  and  character  of 
Poutrincourt.     He  went  on  an  exploring  and  trading  tour,  along 

1  History  of  Norrldgowock,  by  William  Allen,  p.  12. 

a  Hubbard's  Now  England,  p.  a7;  i'riiices  ^ymals,  p.  25. 


70 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


the  coasts  of  what  are  no^y  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  as  far 
south  as  Cape  Cod.     There  he  fell  into  an  altercation  and  a 
fight  with  the  natives.     We  know  not  who  was  the  aggressor, 
or  what  was  the  cause  of  the  conflict.     Poutrincourt  does  not 
intorm  us,  and  the  Indians  had  no  one  to  tell  their  story.     Two 
of   the   Frenchmen  were  killed,  and   others  wounded.     What 
slaughter  was  inflicted  upon  the  Indians  we  know  not.     Pou- 
tnncourt  continued  his  cruise  several  leagues  farther,  until  he 
cast  anchor  where   the  natives  had  not  heard  of  his  battle  with 
the  Indians.     Five   of  these  innocent,  unoffending  men  came 
conh.ungly  on  board  his  vessel,  and  offered  some  furs  for  sale. 
He  seized  them,  and  put  them  all  to  death,  probably  hanoin^ 
them   at   the  yard-arm.     This   was   his   retaliation.     Theie  is 
implanted  in  the  bosom  of  most  men  a  sense  of  justice,  which 
leads  them,  in  view  of  such  crimes,  to  find  some  degree  of  com- 
fort in  the  thought,  that  there  is  a  day  of  judgment  to  come, 
aiid  that  the  wicked  shall  not  go  unpunished.     It  is  recorded 
that  this  circumstance  led  Poutrincourt  to  form  a  very  unfavor- 
able ojnnion  of  the  disposition  of  the  Indians. 

After  such  an  occurrence  it  is  not  strange,  that  when,  a  few 
years  later,  our  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  upon   Cape   Cod,  thev 
should  have  been  attacked  by  the  natives.^     It  is  thus  that  one 
bad  man  can  inflict  an  amount  of  injury  which  many  good  men 
cannot  repair.     Poutrincourt  returned  to  Port  Royal,  where  he 
and  Ins  companions  lived  in  such  revelry,  probably  outraoin.. 
the  Indians  in  various  ways,  that  the  clergy,  who  were  sincerely 
devoted  to  the  welfare  of  the  natives,  refused  to  remain  in  the 
settlement      Biencourt,  the  son  of  Poutrincourt,  was  even  worse 
than  his  father.     Ruling  in  the  place  of  his  fotlier,  who  had 
gone  to  England,  his  conduct  was  infamous.     Annoyed  by  the 
rebukes  and  remonstrances  of  the  missionaries,  he  threatened 
them  with  corporal  punishment.     They  abandoned  Port  R(,val 
and  removed  to  Mount  Desert,  where  they  were  received  by'the' 
natives  as  friends  and  brothers.     The  names  of  these  two  go-  d 
men,  Messrs.  Biard  and  MassO,  deserve  to  be  perpetuated  ^ 
Mount  Desert  is  the  largest,  and  certainlj.  the  most  beautiful 

\  See  narrative  of  the  first  encounter  in  the  Life  of  Miles  Stan.lish 
Uaird  3  Kelation,  L'Escarbot's  Histoiro,  Charlevoix's  Histoire.    " 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


71 


island  on  the  coast  of  Maino.  It  has,  indeed,  but  few  rivals  on 
this  globe.  The  island  is  fifteen  miles  long,  and  se>  en  miles  in 
average  breadth,  containing  sixty  thousand  acres.  The  scenery 
is  surpassingly  beautiful.  The  towering  mountains  of  the 
interior  raise  their  forest-crowned  brows  so  high,  that  they  can 
be  discerned  at  the  distance  of  sixty  miles  at  sea.  Separated 
from  the  main  land  but  by  narrow  serpentine  creeks,  which 
were  slieltered  from  winds  and  waves,  and  were  abounding  with 
fin  and  shell  fish,  it  had  been,  for  centuries  which  no  man  can 
count,  a  favorite  resort  for  th    Indians. 

The  sublimity  and  loveliness  of  the  scenery  pleased  the  eye 
of  the  natives.  Here  they  reared  their  comfortable  cabins,  and 
lined  them  with  furs.  Wood  was  abundant  lor  their  winter 
fires.  There  was  a  great  am  ,uit  of  game  in  the  mountains, 
consisting  of  bears,  raccoons,  foxes,  rabbits,  and  fowls  of  various 
kinds.  The  marshes  and  meadows  were  stocked  with  beaver, 
otter,  and  musquash.  The  sunny  valleys,  walled  in  by  moun- 
tains and  forests,  were  rich  in  verdure,  and  blooming  with 
flowers.  They  often  waved  with  harvests  of  golden  corn.  Over 
the  placid  waters  of  numerous  creel  ,  and  inlets  and  bays,  the 
buoyant  canoe  of  the  native  could  glide  in  perfect  safety. 
There  were  many  lakelets  open  to  the  sea,  to  which  the  ale- 
wives  in  the  spring  resorted  in  enormous  numbers,  to  deposit 
their  spawn.     It  has  been  well  said,  — 

"  Mount  Desert  is  remarkable  for  its  size,  its  singular  topogi-apliy,  its  bold 
and  wild  scenery,  and  still  more  for  its  wilder  and  stranger  history.  yVho- 
ever  visits  it,  if  he  is  familiar  with  its  earliest  records  and  legends,  will,  as 
he  sits  upon  some  bold  pinnacle  of  its  mountains,  and  glances  over  its  sea- 
cradled  islands,  its  sun-burnished  creeks,  its  mountain  lakes,  and  its  Alp- 
like ravines,  almost  expect  to  see  the  savage  emerge  from  some  glen,  or  to 
see,  lying  at  anchor,  the  rude  shallop  of  two  hundred  years  ago  ;  or,  stranger 
still,  to  behold  some  wanderer  from  England,  Frmico,  or  Spain,  in  the  habil- 
iments of  his  time,  witli  ptccplc  hat,  peaked  beard,  slashed  doublet,  and 
sword  by  his  side,  climbing  the  sea  wall  thrown  up  by  the  ocean,  to  seek  his 
rude  cabin  on  tiie  shore. ' '  ^ 


II 


There  is  a  large  cluster  of  islands  here,  separated  but  by 
narrow  channels,  the  intricacy  of  whose  waters  it  would  be 

1  History  of  New  England,  by  Coolidge  and  Mansfield. 


I    *l 


72 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


II 


difficult  to   describe.     These  islands,   Great   Cranberry,  Little 
Cranberry,  Lancaster,  and  Duck,  contain  from  fifty  to  six  hun- 
dred acres  each.     Several  families  now  resiue  upon  them.     Be- 
tween Great  Cranberry  and  Lancaster  Islands  there  is  a  fine 
harbor   called   The   Pool,  which   affords   excellent  anchorage. 
Here,  it  is  supposed,  Messrs.  Biard  and  Massd  located  themselves 
in  the  year  1609.     The  ruins  of  an  old  settlement  at  this  place 
are  still  visible.^     In  the  solitudes  of  this  profound  wilderness, 
those  self-denyincr  men  reared  their  lowly  huts,  cultivated  their 
ittle  garden,  and,  uncheered  by  the  presence  of  wife  or  child 
iving  upon  Indian   fare,  and  conforming  to  Indian  customs! 
labored  with  untiring  zeal  for  five  years,  to  instruct  the  Indians, 
and  to  lead  tliem  to  the  Lamb  of  God  which  taketh  away  the 
sins  of  the  world.     These  men  were  Christians.     It  matters  not 
to  what  denommation  they  belonged.     "  By  their  fruits  shall 
ye  know  them." 

The  disastrous  result  of  Popliam's  colony  seemed,  for  a  time, 
almost  entirely  to  e:ciinguish  the  desire  to  form  settlements  in 
this  part  of  the  New  World.  But  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  soon 
recovered  from  the  blow.  Probably  his  investigations  convinced 
him  that  the  fudure  was  entirely  owing  to  the  folly  of  the 
colonists,  and  that  Maine  was  a  goodly  land,  yet  destined  to  be 
the  abode  of  wealth  and  culture.     He  wrote,  — 

the  ^vtl  1°  /^l  'f -'Tr  '^,  i-»>e  oliraatc,  I  have  had  too  much  experience  in 
1  ,'7    ',  ^'•'^■l^t<-'»"\--th  such  a  blast.     Many  groat  kingdoms  and 

t;  eniftlv  r?-r?".""'''"^^  •"''^*"''  ""•'  ^'y  "'any  degrees  "colder,  are 
tie?  i  '  !  '  ?''''  "^  *^"'^  ^""^  '''''''''  ^^•'^•''  ""  better  comn  odi- 
ties  than  thes.  parts  afford,  if  like  industry,  art,  and  labor  be  used."  ^ 

Gorges  purchased  a  ship,  employed  Richard  Vinec  ,s  captain, 
bu  sought  in  vain  for  colonists.  The  region  was  now  in  such 
bad  repute  that  none  wished  to  seek  in  it  a  new  home.  There 
was  much  solicitude  in  the  English  court,  lest  tlie  enterprising 
I rench  should  plant  their  settlements  along  the  coast,  and 
obtain  the  entire  control  of  the  country.     Their  colony  at  Port 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


78 


Royal  was  for  a  time  quite  successful.  The  colonists  were 
carrying  on  a  very  profitable  trade  with  the  Indians  in  furs, 
and  were  supplied  by  them  with  an  abundance  of  corn  and 
venison. 

Gorges  seems  to  have  found  but  little  difficulty  in  hiring 
men  as  sailors,  to  visit  the  coast  for  the  purposes  of  fishing,  and 
purchasing  furs  of  the  natives.  Many  such  voyages  were°made 
by  the  agents  of  Gorges  arid  others.  Some  of  these  enterprises 
proved  very  successful.  These  adventurers,  the  common 
sailors,  were  generally  rude,  unprincipled  men,  more  brutal  far 
than  the  natives  whom  they  contemptuously  called  savages. 

Monhegan  became  the  prominent  point  for  traffic  "on  the 
coast  of  Maine.  At  this  island  the  vessels  first  made  the 
land.  Here  they  cast  anchor,  and  established  their  rendezvous. 
In  the  quaint  language  of  the  times,  this  was  described  as,— 

"  The  remai-kablest  isle  and  mountains  for  landmarks,  a  round  high  isle, 
with  little  Monas  by  its  side,  betwixt  which  is  a  small  harbor,  where  our 
ships  can  lie  at  anchor." 

A  man  by  the  name  of  Abraham  Jennings  claimed  to  have 
purchased  this  island  of  some  Indians.  It  is  not  probable  that 
his  title-deed  would  bear  any  very  close  investigation.  He 
was  a  fish-merchant  from  Plymouth,  Eng.,  and  was  in  partner- 
ship with  Abner  Jennings  of  London.  They  had  opened  quite 
a  lucrative  trade  in  this  coast,  employing  many  vessels 
annually  in  cod-fisheries  and  the  purchase  of  furs.  These  men 
had  stations  on  the  neighboring  mainland  of  Pemaquid,  and 
probably  also  on  some  of  the  islands  which  encircle  and  thus 
create  Boothbay  Harbor. 

These  stations  amounted  merely  to  points  which  they  period- 
ically visited  in  the  summer  months,  to  dry  their  fish,  and  to 
trade  with  the  Indians.  Thus  Monhegan  became  not  only 
the  prominent  landmark  for  voyagers,  but  the  important  depot 
for  all  the  fishing  and  trading  vessels. 

In  the  year  IGll  Samuel  Argal,  who  subsequently  became 
governor  of  South  Virginia,  while  on  a  voyage  to  that  colony 
was  driven,  by  a  series  of  gales,  far  away  to  the  north.  Find- 
ing himself  near  tlie  coast  of  Marac,  ho  decided  to  visit  the 


74 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


fishing-grounds  of  M„.,l  gan,  of  which  he  had  heard  much. 
He  first  mude  the  h-id  in  the  vicinity  of  Penobscot  Buy  :  tliore 
he  found  a  small  isl.nd  so  abounding  in  seals  that  he  called  it 
beal  Kock.  This  name  it  still  retains.  Mo  was  in  the  vicinity 
of  Mount  Desert.  We  know  but  little  more  respecting  this 
voj-ago ;  but  the  familiarity  he  thus  gained  with  these  waters 
enabled  him,  three  years  later,  successfully  to  prosocute  one  of 
the  most,  important  expeditions  of  the  times,  whatever  may  be 
the  verdict  as  to  its  justification.  We  shall  soon  uliuao  to  this 
enterprise. 

About  the  same  time  Capt.  Edward  Harlow  was  sent  to 
explore  Cape  Cod  and  its  surroundings.  He  di. ected  his  course 
hrst  to  Monhegan,  and  took  shelter  in  its  snug  harbor.  The 
natives  were  now  in  the  habit  of  visiting  the  island  in  larcre 
numbers,  eager  to  traffic  with  the  newly-arrived  ships.  This 
man,  without  any  provocation  whatever,  villanously  enticed 
Uiree  Indians  on  board  his  ship,  and  seized  them  as  captives. 
One  of  the  three,  Peckmo,  being  a  very  stronn  ^an,  after  a 
desperate  struggle  broke  away,  and,  plunging  .  verboard,  swam 
to  the  shore. 

Immediately  he  aroused  all  the  Indians  aroun.l  to  the  rescue. 
Ihe  valiant  men,  with  arrows  alone  for  their  weapons,  put  off 
m  their  canoes  to  rescue  their  friends  thus  treacherously  im- 
prisoned in  the  oak-ribbed  ship.  Their  heroic  efforts  were  of 
course,  unavailing.  The  long-boat  of  the  ship  was  floating  at 
Its  stern.  The  Indians,  sweeping  the  deck  with  a  shower  of 
arrows,  succeeded  in  cutting  away  the  boat,  and  carryino.  it 
ashore.  As  they  knew  that  Harlow  would  make  an  effort  to 
recover  it  they  filled  it  with  sand,  having  placed  it  in  a  position 
wWe  with  their  arrows  they  could  defend  its  approaches. 

Harlow  sent  an  armed  band  on  shore  to  recover  the  boat. 
Ihe  exasperated  natives  fought  with  desperation.  We  know 
not  how  many  Harlow  succeeded  in  killing  ;  but  we  are  liaj.ny 
to  know  that  the  natives  drove  Harlow  off  without  his  boat. 
In  this  conflict,  so  disgraceful  to  Harlow,  three  of  his  men  were 
sorely  wounded.  The  kidnapper,  however,  carried  off  two  of 
his  captives,  Monopet  and  Peckenine.  Then,  spreading  his  sails 
lor  Cape  Cod,  the  miscreant  repeated  the  crime  there.     Three 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


n 


unoffending  Indians,  who  had  come  from  a  distaneo  to  the 
anchorage,  w.re  lured  to  ascend  his  deck,  witli  offers  of  traffic. 
The  unsuspecting  victims  were  enticed  into  the  cabin,  and  the 
oaken  doors  were  locked  against  them.  J^  capo  was  as  iu.possi- 
ble  as  from  tlio  stone  and  iro.i  dungeons  oi'  the  Tower.  These 
t^iree  unhappy  victims  of  villuny  wo.^  .idled  Sackaweston, 
Coneconiim,  and  E[    now. 

All  five  were  carried  to  London.     Harlow  oxhi!  .ted  Epenow 
as  a  show,  as  if  he  liad  been  a  monkey  or  a  gorilla.         le  Cape 
Cod  Indians  and  the  naiives  from  Monhegan,  with  abodes  so 
widely   apart,   <  ould   not   under  land    each    other's   language. 
Upon  tlieir  arrival   in  England    tiiey  M'ere  distribiitrd  in  dif- 
ferent  places.     Some    of    them    found    Christian     Viends    who 
sympathized  deeply  with  them  in  their  wrongs.     Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  interested  liimself  in  their  welfare.     He  rescued  Assa- 
comet,  one  of  tlie  victims  of  ^\      mouiii's  perfidy,  Avho  had  then 
becii    sevon  years   in    1m    land ,   and  it   would   soem    that    he 
and  Epenow  were  both  taken  under  hi^  protect!' 
^According    to   tho    narrative   which    has   descended   to   us, 
Epenow  was   a  very  shrewd    man.     Perceiving   in  Avhat  high 
estimation  gold  was  held  by  the  English,  ho  thouglit,  that,  if  he 
could  make  tlso  English  believe  that  he  knew  of  a  gold-mine  in 
his  own  countr^v,  he  might  b«    employed  to  accompany  a  party 
to  his  native  land,  that  lie  might  guide  them  to  the  pretended 
mine.     He  communicated  his  plan  to  Assacomet.     We  know 
not  Avhy  this  man  had  been  detained  in  England  so  long,  when 
vessels  wer.;  every  year  sailing  to  the  North-Am.    ican  coast. 
Both  of  those  men  agreed  in  their  story  about  tl  Id -mine. 

Thus  a  decided  impulse  was  given  to  the  interest  iu  the  region 
from  which  fhey  came.  The  reader  will  be  interested  in^.he 
account  which  Sir  F  rduiaudo  Gorges  giv<'s  oP  Epenow. 

"  While  I  was  laboring,  by  n  uat  means  I  miifht  best  continue  life  in  my 
languishing  ho]ios,  tliero  came  one  Harlow  uuto  mc,  brin,:,ang  with  him  a 
native  of  the  island  of  Capawick,  a  place  seated  to  the  ithward  of  Cape 
Cod,  whose  name  was  Epenow.  Ho  was  a  person  of  goodly  statm-e,  strong 
and  well  proportioned.     This  raau  was  taken  upon  the  main,  by  force,  with 


1  rriucc-3^nna!^  p.  7-^    Belknrii/::  Biography,  p.  SOC. 


76 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


i, 


-ml 


omc  t^vcnty-„lno  others.^  by  a  sl.ip  of  London,  which  endeavored  to  sell 
them  as  slaves  ni  Spam.  But  it  being  understood  tlutt  they  were  Amer" 
cans,  and  uni.t  for  H.eir  uses,  they  would  not  meddle  with  them  Thi8 
Lpenow  was  one  of  them  whom  they  refused;  wherein  they  exp-essed  more 
worth  than  tliose  that  brought  them  to  the  market. 

"  "»w  ^''ipt.  Harlow  came  to  bo  in  possession  of  this  savage  I  know 
not;  but  I  understood  by  others  how  he  had  been  sliown  in  London  for  a 
wonder.  It  ,3  true  as  I  have  said,  that  ho  was  a  goodly  man,  of  a  brave 
aspect  stout  and  sober  in  liis  demeanor,  and  had  learned  so  nmch  Engr.h 
as  to  bid  those  that  wondered  at  him,  '  Welcome,  welcome  I '  " 

^    In  the  moan  time  the   English  were  watching,  with   cri,    t 
jealousy,  the  advance  of  the  French  colony  at  Port  Royal,  n    .v 
Annapolis.     There  was   a  French  lady  of  deep  religious  feel- 
ing,  Madame  de  Guercheville,  who  was  strongly  moved  with 
the  desire   to   send   the  glad   tidings  of  the  gospel    to  these 
benighted  Indians.     She  was  a  lady  of  wealth,  and  of  influence 
at  court.     Having  obtained  from  De  Monts  a  surrender  of  his 
royal  patent,  which  it  will    be  remembered  granted  him   the 
whole   territory  called  Acadia,  extending  from   the  fortietii  to 
the  forty-sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  she  had  the  title  of 
this  truly  imperial  territory  confirmed  to  her  by  a  charter  from 
the  i'rench  monarch. 

Thus  this  lady  became  nominally  the  possessor  of  the  whole 
seacoast,  from  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia  to  the  distance  of 
more   than  a  hundred   miles   north   of   Halifax.      The   re-ion 
extended  indefinitely  into  the  interior.     It  had  no  limits  but^he 
Pacific  Ocean.2    In  the  spring  of  1613  Ladv  Guercheville  sent 
her  agent,  M.  Suassaye,  to  take  possession  of  the  land  in  her 
name,  and  to  set  up  her  anus.     He  made  a  visit  to  Port  Royal 
and   thence  sailed  for  Mount  Desert.     Here  he   landed,  with 
twenty-five  colonists,  and  built  a  small  fort  and  several  log-cabins. 
The  crew  of  the  vessel  which  brought  over  tins  colony  consisted 
of  thirty-five  men.     They  all  co-operated  with  great  ener-y  in 
rearing  the  habitations.     They  planted  a  cross,  and  named  the 
place  Dt.  baviour. 

1  It  is  8uppo.-,ea  that  Gorges  here  confonnrts  those  .stolen  l.y  Harlow  with  those 
soon  a  tor  .se,.e,l   w  th  equal  villany.  by  Hunt,  in  the  re,io„  of  the  Sa^n  laho  k 

2  lie  ,vlK.,e  of  ,l,i.s  re,narkahle  gi-.nt,  or  patent,  will  he  found,  in  i'  ^nch  in 
Hazard's  Historical  CoUeetion,  vol.  i.  p.  4r,.  ' 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


77 


It  is  uncertain  whether  this  settlement  was  on  the  eastern  ov 
southern  portion  of  the  ishind.  Tlie  lonely  missionaries,  Hiard 
and  Masse,  had  reared  their  huts,  as  it  will  be  remembered, 
upon  the  southern  shore.  The  intelligence  of  this  movement 
was  speedily  communicated  to  the  magistrates  of  the  Virginia 
colony.  They  determined  to  ex-n:!  these  Frenchmen,  as  inrrud- 
ers  upon  soil  which  the  English  claimed.  Eleven  vessels  were 
equipped,  manned  by  sixty  soldi.rs,  and  with  an  armament  of 
fourteen  pieces  of  cannon.  It  was  a  formidable  army  for  such 
an  enterprise,  and  entirely  resistless  by  the  feeble  colony. 

The  French  were  taken  quite  by  surprise,  as  this  war-fleet 
entered  .heir  harbor.  Their  cannon  were  not  in  position  ;  and 
most  of  the  men  were  absent,  engaged  in  the  various  industrial 
employments  their  situation  demanded.  There  were  two  French 
vessels  riding  at  anchor.  They  were  both  taken  without  resist- 
ance. The  English  Imded.  In  the  confusion,  one  of  the 
French  missionaries  was  sshot ;  a  few  others  were  wounded.  The 
small  number  who  were  in  the  fort  escaped  through  a  private 
passage,  and  fled  into  the  woods.  The  victors  tore  down  the 
French  cross,  and  erected  another,  upon  which  they  inscribed 
the  name  and  the  arms  of  the  King  of  England.  The  next  day 
all  of  the  French  colonists  came  in.  and  surrendered  themselves 
and  their  stores  to  the  English. 

Terrible  must  have  been  their  disappointment  in  finding  their 
anticipations  thus  suddenly  and  unexpectedly  blighted.  Capt. 
Argal  allowed  his  prisoners  their  choice,  either  to  return  to 
Franco  in  the  French  vessels,  or  to  go  with  him  and  join  the 
colony  in  Virginia.  Fifteen  decided  to  go  with  him,  including 
one  of  the  missionaries. 

Argal,  thus  victorious,  directed  the  course  of  his  fleet  east- 
ward, and,  having  crossed  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  cast  anchor  in  the 
harbor  of  Port  Royal.  Here  again  the  French,  unconscious  of 
any  danger,  were  found  unprepared  for  any  conflict.  They 
were  busily  employed  in  felling  trees,  rearing  buildings,  and 
preparing  the  soil  for  crops.  The  sight  of  eleven  war-vessels 
suddenly  enteiing  their  harbor  astounded  them.  No  resistance 
was  attempted.  Argal  sent  his  armed  boats  ashore,  applied  the 
torch,  and  in  two  hours  the  whole  flourishing  village  was  in 


'^iB.i' 


78 


THE  rr/STOsr  op  Maine. 


tfil   *         "     """'  ""P"-'^!*^.!  and  utterly  ruined,  were 
could.     Argal  took  a  French  piunaee,  wl.ich  was  in  the  f,  ubo, 

relrnocufvir;!,!:'"  "  '"  """  "''''"''  ^™™  "^  «-"-. 

Iand''"'Thr'  "'  """  f'"°'  ""  "■■"■  ''''''''=^°  I''™''^  and  En^- 
iand.     1  here  seems  to  have  been  no  effort  to  settle  the  disputed 

danns  by  ,r,endlj  eonference.     The  only  reason  assl    'd  for 

F  relate"  rl::" "'  ™'"'"''-""°"'  »"''  "°«''  ^^^^  '^ 
^■ench  we.e  t.espass.ng  upon  territory  which  England  claimed 

Many  condemned  tire  transaction  as  not  o,,Iy  i.rflicHn"  "eed 
lessly  great  suffering,  but  as  contrary  to  the  law  of  ,a  ,W 

The  next  ,-ear  (1C14)  Captain  Hobson,  in  the  en",  loV  of 
Gorges,  set  sad  in  June  for  Cape  Cod.     Ho  took  Juh  him 
Epenow  and  Assacomct,  as  guides  to  the  gold-mine  o    wl 
they   had  spoken.     There  was  a  third  Indian    captive         1 
acoompan.ed  them,  by  the  name  of  VVanope,  who  difd  oil  sWp! 

It  would    seem,  from   Gorges'  narrative,  that  Epenow  and 
Amcomet  were  held  as  prisoners.     When  ihe  ship  aTe/at 

iiatohed,  lea  they  should  make  their  escape.    As  soon  as  ih'o 

;:  w^%o■°'""^,"'^  ■'■"'"■p"'  '-"'"'''■"^  oi:" i^d !: 

The"  •  •  I  °  ""  '"■""'^■'■■'  °f  El«now  were  with  thcnf 
The  captam  treated  them  all  kindly,  but  kept  a  vi.nhn  tcve 
ui3on  h,s  capfves  that  they  should  not  go  on  sI,ore  „  til 
evenmg  the   little  fleet  of  canoes  left  tl.e  shii      t L  ,  ^tiv 

.ar.it,  nn;tt'  L"hoT;:ri;r  ;■  :;■  izj  *;;;;::" "'-  ""■  '°- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


79 


_  Notwithstanding  allthis,  his  friends  being  all  come  at  the  time  ap- 
pointed with  twenty  cauoes,  and  lying  at  a  certain  distance  with  their  bows 
ready,  be  captain  calls  to  them  to  come  on  board.  But,  they  not  moving 
he  speaks  to  Epenowto  come  unto  liim where  lie  was  in  the  forecastle  of  the 
ship  Epenow  was  then  in  the  waist  of  tlie  ship,  between  the  two  gentle- 
men  that  had  him  in  gnard.  Suddenly  he  starts  from  them,  and,  coming 
to  the  captain,  calls  to  his  friends  in  English,  to  come  on  board.  In  th! 
interim  he  slips  himself  overboard. 

"  And  although  he  were  taken  hold  of  by  one  of  the  company,  yet,  beinc. 
a  strong  and  heavy  man,  he  could  not  be  stayed.  He  was  no  sLer  n  th^ 
water,  but  the  natives,  his  friends  in  the  boats,  sent  such  a  shower  of 
arrows,  and  came,  withal,  desperately  so  near  the  ship,  that  they  carried  him 
away  in  despite  of  all  the  musketeers,  who  were,  for  the  number,  as  good  ^ 

Idrvrirdtlter  '''^''''''  -''-'-  ''  ''-'  Particula/voyage 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  this  Avas  an  heroic  achievement  of 
the  Indians,  in  rescuing  one  of  their  friends  from  the  kidnap- 
pers. We  learn,  from  other  sources,  that  the  musketeers  killed 
several  of  the  natives,  and  wounded  more.  How  great  their 
loss  in  this  action  so  unjust  on  the  part  of  the  English,  we  do 
not  know ;  but  it  is  distinctly  stated  that  Capt.  Ilobson  and 
many  of  his  men  were  Avounded.^ 

It  is  supposed  that  Capoge,  the  native  place  of  Epenow  was 
what  IS  now  called  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  that  the  events  h^re 
recorded  took  place  there.  It  may  be  well  to  state,  in  this  con- 
nection, that  five  years  after  this,  in  1G19,  Capt.  Dermer,  in  the 
employ  of  Sir  Ferdinand  Gorges,  visited  this  island.  He  met 
Epenow,  who  could  speak  English,  and  who  rather  triumphantly 
told  him  of  the  manner  of  his  escape.  Dermer  had  come  on 
shore  with  a  well-armed  boat's  crew.  Epenow  and  his  friends, 
m  some  way,  had  received  the  impression  that  Dermer's  object 
was  again  to  seize  him,  and  carry  him  back  to  England.  A  bat- 
tle ensued.  The  captain  was  severely  woundedrand,  with  his 
crew  was  driven  back  to  the  ship.  This  was  the  last  conflict 
w  ncli  took  place  upon  that  beautiful  island,  between  the  native 
inhabitants  and  the  adventurers  from  the  Old  World.  It  is  said 
that  Squantuin,  whom  Weymouth  had  stolen  and  carried 'to 
England,  and  who  the  next  year  became  the  friend  and  inter- 

1  Smith's  New  England;  Morton's  New  England  Memorial,  pp.  58.  59. 


t 


80 


TITE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


preter  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth,  was  with  Capt.  Dermer  on 
this  occasion,  and  saved  liis  life.     Tlie  captain  writes,  - 

in^^^.^'if^'T'""?^^''''^''^''*"'''^^  Squantum  entreated  hard, 

m  my  behalf.  Their  desire  of  revenge  was  occasioned  by  an  Englishman 
^lio,  having  many  of  them  on  board,  made  great  slaughter  of  them  with 
their  murderers  and  small  shot,  when,  as  they  say,  they  offered  no  injury  on 


Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  ii.  pp. ;!-: 


18. 


CHAPTER  V. 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SETTLEMENTS. 


John  Smith's  Career  — Exploring  the  Coast— England  and  France  at  War  — 
The  War  of  the  Natives,  and  the  Plague- Zeal  of  Gorges  — Vines' s  Expedi- 
tion—Conflicting Claims  —  Daniariscotta  and  its  Surroundings  —  Levett's 
Expedition  —  Views  of  Matrimony  —  Saco  —  General  Lawlessness  —  Laconia 
Company  — Various  Trading  Posts  — Pemaquid— Tact  of  the  French  —  The 
Sack  of  Bagaduce  — Scene  in  the  Kennebec  —  Testimony  of  Gov.  Bradford. 

TDROBABLY  all  our  readers  are  in  some  degree  familiar 
-L  witli  the  history  of  Capt.  John  Smith,  whose  life  was 
mvcA  by  Pocahontas,  the  daughter  of  the  Indian  chief  Pow- 
hatan. In  the  year  1G14  Capt.  Smith  sailed  from  England  for 
the  Hagadahocic,  with  two  vessels,  a  ship  and  a  bark.  The 
object  of  his  voyage  was  to  explore  the  country,  and  to  engage 
in  the  wii#le^«hery,  and  in  traffic  with  the  natives. 

Smith  w  '  t  thirty-five  years  of  age.  He  had  already 
obtained  mi,< ;,  , .  ,^,wn  as  a  traveller.  Six  years  before  this  time, 
he  had  been  president  of  the  colonial  council  of  Virginia.  Tlie 
two  vessels  sailed  from  London  on  the  3d  of  March,  1614,  car- 
rying but  forty-five  men.  Smith  commanded  the  ship,  and 
Capt.  Thomas  Hunt  the  bark.  The  two  vessels  reached  Mon- 
hegan  the  latter  part  of  April,  and  soon  after  continued  their 
course  to  the  mouth  of  tlie  Kennebec.  Makifig  this  anchorage 
his  central  station,  he  sent  out  his  boatn  in  all  directions,  to  fish 
and  trade.  In  Penobscot  iJay  one  of  his  U)ats  came  into  col- 
lision with  the  natives.  We  know  not  what  iwir.KJuced  the 
strife.  Several  of  the  English  were  slum,  and  priwWbly  many 
more  of  tlio  natives.  Ihe  voyage  pr./vef'  j^rotitabh;.  Capt. 
Smith  says,  — 

0  M 


5?'i 


82 


TEE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


pickle.".  ""'■  ''°"''  '""■'y  *ousa„<|  fi^h,  ,„„„j  ^^  j,, 

The  net  proceeds  of    this    exnetlitio..    (a  tl,„ 
amounted  to  about  seven  thonsan'i  d  I,'.     This  T'"'     "' 
handsome  sum  in  those  days,  when  a  doll!   was  '  ort    as  mlh 

Penobscot ;    and    the  reason  assi-ned   wis    Hv.f   .       i?        , 
j;_-.^^^e..e  paid  the  Indians  m.h  ^  rar^^Jt 

hoa^lureigh'' mf  "if  t^t  1  "T^  '™""=^  ^-"-°"-  ■•"  ^ 

climate  of  the  seZoast  of  Mai  itt  Z'"::;"'""'";  v?^ 
fni      T"!  •,-  -L'-iame  etc  tnat  season  is  dpi  olit 

lul.     Tlie  magnificent,   headlands  and  Eden  HI-p  ,•  i      i 

giowin,  „i,H  the^i'^i^  te':::rc  °' ''"'""  ^'"^" 
-es.  f;^ ,,  i-.-:-::d  ^;tL -— a^ir 

toms,  and  condition.     The   treaclimv  „f   d..      i  . '  =     °'"  '-"^■ 
i..spired  them  generally  witi  X  .7  Thv  ""'  '''"' 

sh  p  to  Enghmd.     He  left  the  ba.k  at  the   mouth   o    t     t    . 
nebec,  under  the  command  of  Cant.  Thom-,s  H„„       H 

p:r  tr:e':cr:;:i^tr°i'f^^^^^ "--,  "•- 

been  a  very  worthy  man,  and  to  have'Ie'r^XVin"  ul 

.  II»cHpU„„  „,  N.„  K,«l,u„  b,  cap,.  J„L„  s,„itL.    L„„,„,,  ,„,„. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


88 


power  to  win  and  to  merit  the  confidence  of  the  natives      He 
writes,  — 


"One  Thomas  Hunt,  the  master  of  this  ship,  when  I  was  gone   thinking 

^prevent  the  intent  I  had  to  make  a  plantatic^.  theve,  and  tSy       k^ep 

his  aboundmg  country  still  in  obsounty,  that  only  he  and  some  few  mer! 

chants  might  enjoy  wholly  the  benefits  of    the  trade  and  profit  of  ^h  s 

3  di',  T'^'T-T'  '"^'^^^"^  "^''^^  P^""-  --^-  aboard'hif  h  p.  and 
n^ost  dishonestly  and  mhumanly,  for  their  kind  treatment  of  me  and  all  our 
men,  carried  them  with  him  to  Malaga,  and  sold  them." 

These  poor  creatures  were  caught,  in  small  numbers,  at 
different  points ;  several  of  them  were  taken  on  the  Kennebec. 
They  were  all  sold  in  Spain  for  one  hundred  dollars  each.  Capt. 
Smith,  in  his  history  of  his  adventures,  gave  the  country  the 
name  of  "New  England."  It  was  supposed  to  comprehend  the 
whole  region  between  the  Hudson  River  and  Newfoundland. 

The  pecuniary  success  of  these  enterprises  to  the  coast  of 
New  E.igland  revived  a  general  interest  in  the  country.  The 
zeal  of  Gorges  was  roused  anew.  The  next  year  (1615)  he  and 
some  of  his  friends  equipped  two  ships  for  these  shores.  They 
were  placed  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Smit  h.  He  took  with 
him  sixteen  colonists,  with  directions  to  establish  a  settlement 
on  some  favorable  point  which  he  might  select. 

But  in  this  sad  world  war  had  agahi  broken  out.  The  mll- 
hons  of  England  and  the  millions  of  France  were  grapplincr 
each  other.  They  were  killing,  burning,  and  destroying  at 
be^t  they  could.  Smith  and  iiis  companions  were  captured  by 
a  French  ship,  and  carried  prisoners  to  France.  The  savao-es 
were  no  better  than  the  Christians.  They  also  decided  "to 
summon  all  their  energies  to  destroy  one  another. 

The  Penobscot  Indians  were  arrayed  against  the  Kennebec 
Indians.  Of  the  origin  of  this  war  we  know  nothino-  •  of 
Its  details,  very  little.  The  Indians  had  no  historians.''  We 
simply  know  that  niurdunuis  bands  prowled  through  all  the 
forests.  The  hideous  ^var-wlioop  resounded  far  and  wide 
lomahawks  gleamed,  barbed  arrows  tore  their  way  throun-h 
quivering  nerves,  villages  blazed,  blood  flowed,  and  women  and 
children  shrieked  beneath  the  war-club.      Now  the  wavea  of 


84 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ruin   and  woe  surged  in  one  direction,  and  again  in  another 
Everywhere  misery  and  death  held  high  carnival 

'"Tis  dangerous  to  rouse  tlie lion, 
Defully  to  cross  the  tijrer's  path;' 
But  the  most  terrible  of  (errors' 
Is  man  himself  iu  his  wild  wrath." 

England.    No  seeds  were  planted  ,  no  harvests  were  gathered 

Ihe  men  could  neither  hunt  or  fish.     All   their  ener^ie    were 

^nployed  m  attack  or  defence.     Their  families,  dri^e,?  fll 

henhlazmg  cabins,  wandered  in  wretchedness   throu"htr 

forests.     Nearly  all  the  warriors,  on  both  sides,  were  slain. 

rav^'"es":f  T,    ''''"'"''°''  "^  '''  ^""^'"'"''y  '''-  ™«'-'.  flowed  the 

Manj    tubes  were   quite   anniiulated.      This   terrible  sco!,r.ve 
flapped  us  malarious  wings  from  the  Penobscot  Eiver  to  NW, 
ganset  Bay.    There  were  not  enough  left  liMnV  to  Lur;  t he 
dead.    For  many  years  their  bones  were  seen  ble.^cl.i..-  arou,^ 
«>e  rums  of  their  homes.    No  one  knows  what  this  dis^earw.". 
Many  have  supposed  it  to  have  been  the  .small-pox,  since  H  Its 
descr,bed  as  very  loathsome.     Others  have  beli  vej  it  ,o  have 
be™  somethrng  like  the  yellow  fever,  as  it  w.rs  said  .Lie 
«ck  a,,d   dead,   ,n   color,  resen.bled   saffron.      Morton  write 
respecng  ,h,s  almost  miraculous  destruction  of  the  In'lil^^!: 

living,  wl,„  wore  able  to  sl.ift  to  tl  3„,    , '1  J  "  '"  ""="'  "??■'"'  "'" 
die,  a„„  ,o„.o  their  carcasse,  a  We  ;:;';;  I' '  C,:"'},;  T''  T" 

Uit3ie.st,  the  livinq- being  not  able  to  biirv  tl.o  ,l,..i,)      'in  ^'"Y""'^  °^ 

'  Morton's  New  English  Canaan.    Amsterdam   1kw     in^ 
country  in  1022.)  ^^^uisieiaam,  1837.    (He  came  over  to  this 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


80 


It  GO  happened  that  Capt.  Richard  Vines,  with  a  vessel's  crew, 
passed  tliis  winter  near  Saco.  He  had  been  bred  a  physician^ 
and  was  in  command  of  one  of  Gorges'  trading  vessels.  It  is 
singular,  that,  while  the  natives  were  dying  all  around  him,  his 
ship's  company  enjoyed  perfect  health. 

"Though  the  mortality,"  Gorges  writes,  "was  the  greatest  that  ever 
happened  within  the  memory  of  man,  yet  not  one  of  them  ever  felt  their 
head  to  ache,  so  long  as  they  etaid  there. "  ^ 

Capt.  Vines  named  the  place  Winter  Hai-bor.  He  had  been 
directed  by  Gorges  to  pass  the  winter  there,  that  he  mio-ht 
report  respecting  the  climate.  Gorges  had  no  faith  in  the 
gloomy  accounts  of  Popham's  colonists,  who  represented  Maine 
as  unfit  for  human  habitation.  It  is  manifest  that  Vines  was 
well  pleased  with  both  the  country  and  the  climate,  for  he  sub- 
sequently too;c  up  his  residence  there.  His  dwelling  was  reared 
upon  a  beautiful  location  on  the  west  side  of  Saco  River,  in 
what  is  now  the  town  of  Biddefovd. 

In  the  year  1620  the  Pilgrims  from  England  landed  upon 
Plymouth  Rock,  and  commenced  their  colony,  now  world- 
renowned,  and  whose  fame  can  never  die.  That  same  year 
seven  English  ships  made  voyages  to  tlie  coast  of  Maine,  for  fish 
and  furs.  The  limits  of  the  territory  granted  to  the  Plymouth 
company  by  the  crown  had  not  been  very  clearly  defined. 
Through  the  influence  of  Gorges,  a  new  patent  was  obtained, 
increasing  the  powers  and  privileges  of  th«.  company. 

The  new  charter  was  issued  Nov.  3,  1620.  Forty  noblemen, 
knights,  and  gentlemen  constituted  its  corporate  members! 
The  territory  conferred  upon  them  consisted  of  the  whole  sea- 
coast  extending  from  the  fortieth  to  the  forty-eighth  degree  of 
north  latitude,  and  running  back  "  from  sea  to  sea,"  Uiat  is, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  shores.  Tuus  their  domain' 
extended,  according  to  this  grant,  from  the  latitude  of  Philadel- 
phia to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  swept  across  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  continent,  about  three  thousand  railes.^ 

1  Araerioa  Painted  to  the  Life,  by  Fenl.  Gorses,  Esq.    4to.    Lon.lon,  1050 
vol  i       ooo        ^''^°'"^'  "*  ^^^^'  J^XfJland,  p.  G20;  WUliaiuson's  History  of  MuiiK', 


86 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The   breadth   of   the  continent   was,   however,   at   that   time, 
entirely  unknown. 

It  was  well  known  that  France  laid  claim  to  a  large  portion 
of  h.s  territory  and  had  many  flourishing  trading  posts  within 
Its  limits  lerhaps  on  this  account  it  was  stipulated  that  no 
Catholic  should  be  permitted  to  settle  here.  The  company  had 
the  exc  usive  right  to  trade  and  to  the  fishery  within  these  ter- 
ritorial limits,  and  the  power  to  expel  all  intruders.^ 

About  t^yenty  miles  north-west  from  Monhegan,  on  the  main, 
there  is  a  short  but  broad  and  deep  river,  almost  an  arm  of  the 
sea,  called  the  Damariscotta.     It  is  navigable  for  large  ships 
for  a  distance  of  about  twelve  miles.     A  little  south-west  from 
.Ije  mouth  of  this  river,  there  is  a  group  of  five  or  six  small 
islar,ds,  which  have  become  quite   noted  in  history,  called   the 
Damariscove  Islands.    One  of  these.  Fisherman's  Island,  contains 
about  seventy  acres.     There  was  a  very  good  harbor  here,  and 
It  was  considered  an  important  rendezvous  in  conducting  the 
fisheries.     About  a  mile  south  there  is  a  larger  island,  called 
Wood  or  Damariscove  Proper.     It  is  two  miles  long,  and  half  a 
mile  wide. 

During  the  year  1622  thirty  English  vessels,  engaged  in 
fishery  and  the  fur-trade,  cast  anchor  at  the  Damariscove 
Islands  One  of  these  vessels,  "  The  Swallow,"  sent  its  shallop 
to  visit  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth.  Gov.  Winslow  also  repaired 
to  the  island  to  obtain  supplies  for  his  famishing  colonists.  He 
wrote,  — 

"I  found  kind  entertainment  and  good  respect,  with  a  willin-ness  to 

z ^r; T'^' "'".' "^^ '""  ^'^  '"^^ ^' ^^'^'^'^^  -^ would  not  ak: 

any  bilk  for  the  same,  but  did  what  they  coidd  freely.  "2 

This  region  was,  at  that  time,  far  more  conspicuous  and  impor- 
tant than  Plymouth,  in  its  silence  and  solitude,  with  its  feeble 
and  apparently  perishing  colony.  During  the  summer  months 
quite  a  ileet  of  vessels  rode  at  anchor  in  its  waters.  Well- 
manned  boats  were  gliding  in  all  directions  among  the  islands 
and  along  the  shores.     Notwithstanding  the  great  depopulation 

i  Belknap's  History  of  Xew  Hampshn-e.        ^  Young's  Chrouioles,  p.  293. 


I 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


87 


of  the  country  by  the  plague,  there  were  the  remnants  of  many 
tribes  left.  From  the  borders  of  Canada,  and  from  scores  of 
miles  in  the  west,  they  came,  eager  to  exchange  their  furs  for 
the  hatchets,  knives,  and  iron  kettles  of  the  strangers. 

The  account  which  Winslow  gives,  certainly  indicates  that 
there  was  an  enterprising  and  thrifty  population  gathered  here. 
Their  log-cabins  were  scattered  around  upon  the  islands  and 
the  shores  of  the  mainland.  They  were,  however,  all  mere 
adventurers,  coming  and  going,  with  no  attempt  at  a  permanent 
settlement.  When  the  storms  of  winter  began  to  sweep  those 
bleak  cliffs,  they  had  all  disappeared  with  the  robins  and  the 
swallows. 

At  the  south-western  extremity  of  Damariscove  Island,  there 
is  a  deep,  slieltered  bay,  which  is  entered  by  a  narrow  chann  :, 
bounded  by  precipitous  rocks.  This  bay  afforded  an  admirable 
harbor  for  fisliing-vessels.  It  is  said  that,  on  the  south-eastern 
slope  of  the  island,  there  may  still  be  found  the  remains  of  for- 
tifications which  were  reared  in  those  days.  There  were  at  this 
time  two  prominent  points,  where  these  trading  and  fishing  ves- 
sels rendezvoused,  and  from  which  they  pushed  out  in  their 
various  excursions.  These  were  the  region  around  Monhegan, 
which  included  Pemaquid  and  the  Damariscove  Islands  ;  and 
next  in  importance  came  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahock. 

In  the  year  1G23  Capt.  Levett  sailed  along  the  coast  in  search 
of  a  place  to  establish  a  colony.  He  landed  at  Pemaquid. 
There  he  met  an  Indian  chief,  one  of  the  lords  of  Pemaquid, 
by  the  name  of  Saraoset.  The  intelligent  reader  will  remember 
that  this  man  is  renowned  in  the  annals  of  the  Plymouth  Colony. 
He  had  been  stolen  by  the  kidnappers,  and  carried  to  England. 
Thus  he  had  been  saved  from  the  ravages  of  war  and  from  the 
plague.  In  England  he  met  with  Christian  friends,  who  treated 
him  with  the  utmost  kindness,  and  finally  restored  him  to  his 
country.  In  gratitude  he  became  the  warm  friend  of  the  Eng- 
lish colonists. 

But  ii  few  miles  west  of  Damariscotta  River  there  is  Sheep- 
scot  River,  with  bays  and  inlets,  sprinkled  with  islands.  The 
whole  region  presents  an  aspect  of  wonderful  picturesque 
beauty.     It  is  doubtless  destined,  in  the  future  history  of  this 


88 


Tin:  iiisroiiY  of  .i/.i/.va; 


10 


I'ms.M.t  im  scniory  to  rival  il.  "oium,  um 

♦'-••'•-   -no  ships  .nc.Iu.n..!   nnuMo,:;,.Hn^^^^.^::^^^^^^ 

;;:'^;-7  "•  "■^'•-•^  ••<'  — ..i-.m  .i,....,  ,•.,„, ,,,,,  „  ;\;;^ 

v^s.M    ,vn.,u,voftl.onu.iv..swi.h    .h.i.Mvivvs  an.i   Hn   1 
A    nan    Ly  .ho  nam.   of  ('ok.  I.a.l   osluhlishoa  whu.  wo  shonM 
'•''^'-;--''.y-slo.v.at.hohoa.lofonoorn.ooovos.     lu'e    . 
nurnn      on    u    hnsk    ..-a-h,  wi.h    ,ho    saih,.-s    an.ltho    na  iv 
N«v..al  o    ,ho  oh.ols  ,a.horo.l  ahoni  (^ap(.  l.-vo,,  :  an.f  ho  .lit" 
-l.ono.ahIvwuh<ho,uas,owin(hoirlnlIoonlMonoo 

.1.  hosa.lo.ss,oh.  thou..  I.-vott  maWo  ovo.v  possibh. 
''^>  "';-''•<-'  "-  •l.-vos.aml  rooovov.ho,n.nU-n.,  ,an. 
NU.koa.hooal.msan.l  ,h.  oho.ls,  luU   all   in  vain.     Tho   o,h>.1- 

'"'""""  ''""'^''•'H»:unha.iaono  all   ,har  oonh!    ho   dosin.l 
;'--vovU.  stolon   rn.s.thoy,n^^^^ 

NNon..vonoannot.n,a,luMn.     Tho  roguos  havo  oaniod   ihon 
oil  into  I  ho  woods,  ami  hid  thoni." 

Tl.oy    woro   so   nu.oh   ploaso.l  uith   (^.p(.    !.,,„(    „,^,    „,    . 

-•Koahnutorouuinanasottio   in  thoi.- oonntn-.      VU,   A,,  n,^ 

lj\^.      »  H-- or  tour  of  tho  ohiotsoamo  to  him  ana  saia?- 
>Miy  w.U  yon  go  i,,,i,   ,,,   vonr  own   oonntrv?     Whv  oan 
yon  not  romam  witli  ns?"  "  • 

go  Inu'k  to  toloh  hor. 

••  nH«  aogs   tako  yonr  witV  .'  -  tl»ey  oxohumoa.     •'  If  sho  will 
not  ..lH^>-  your  nu-ssago,  ana  oon.o.  givo  hor  a  gooa  boating." 

l>ut  (n>a.     I  apt.  l.ovott  roplioa.  ••  wonkl  bo  aisplousoa  with 
n»o  woro  I  to  do  that."  ^ 

••  Thou;- saiat  hoy...  U-avo  hor  ulouo,  ana   tako  another  wit\> 

^T   .^^V'V;     /■''"''"•    ^'"^    ^'^'^''^""'  ^•o.uinuea...vonrson 
-Hi  tuuu.  .ha  I  bo  brotho..,  and  thoro  shall  bo  frionaship  be   v 
u.  until  Deach  ootuos  to  take  us  to  his  wigwam."i 

I  r.0Nt.tts  Vov:,^o.     M.viuo  Hl>:.  S.v..  vol.  ii.  p.  «. 


TifF  nisTonr  of  ma.nk. 


89 


T.ev.-tf,  .ted   slowly  along  tho  Hhorc,  until  he.  camo  to  a 

MHiill  >.'Kl,.,nont  tlion  call.-rl  Qiiaok,  now  Vork.     It  would 

Hwni  1,  i,.-  i.ad  insj.iml  tho  nauves  with  so  much  confidence 

">  limi  I    ',(.y  had  no  I'  arsoC  bejntr         uipped.     Ho  writes,— 

Til"  nnxt  .lay  Hu,  wi.ul  can,,.  ,  ..iHej  f„r  Quack  with  tl.o  king, 

qi«'"  n,  i.    I  i.n,„M..  u„w  nn.l  ;u  rows,  .1..^  an  I  kitten,  in  my  boat.     His  noblo 
jutemliiiiis  rowed  \>\  i^  i^  thoir  ('.'inoea." 

Much  as  Lc.ott  \N  .s  pleased  with  tho  i)icturesquo  heauty  of 
the  n-i(,n  al.ont  Penuuiuid,  he  did  not  deem  it  a  suitable  loca- 
tion  loi-  the  estahlishuKMit  of  a  colony.  The  .soil  was  evidently 
not  fertde;  and  the  foresls,  composed  mainly  of  evei-reeu  trees, 
did  not  aflord  suitable  timber  for    'lip-buddi^'^^ 

It  is  said,  that,  during  tho  yeai  J3,  Richard  Vines  and  others 
comnu'uced  a  permanent  settlement  at  Saco.  Jol,,,  01,li,am,  a 
gentleman  of  property  and  high  position,  took  p  his  residence 
there  with  his  servants.  During  the  next  six  years  he  trans- 
ported many  colonists  to  liiat  i)lace  at  his  own  expense.^ 

It  is  probable,  that,  during  tho  year  1(5:2:5,  individuals  com- 
menced a  i)ormanont  residence  ui)on  Arrowsic  Island,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc,  and  upon  tho  mainland,  at  the  entrance 
ol  the  river  at  Shcepscot,  at  Damariscotta,  at  Pemaquid,  and  at 
St.  (Jeorge's  ltivi>r.2  Seven  years  afier  this,  it  was  reported  that 
eighty-lour  tamilies,  besides  fishermen,  were  residing  alono-  the 
coast  in  this  region.  ^ 

Thes(;  men  were  generally  reckless  adventurers.  Some  were 
runaway  seamen,  some  fugitives  from  justice,  and  some  those 
vagrants  of  civilization,  who,  by  u  strange  instinct,  seek  seclu- 
sion Irom  all  civil  and  religious  restraints.  The  state  of  society 
was  distinguislu.d  for  its  lawlessness.  Every  man  followed  his 
own  imi)ulses  unchecked.  Tho  grossest  immoralities  prevailed. 
The  Indians  were  cheated  and  outraged  in  everv  way  to  which 
avarice,  appetite,  or  passion  could  incite  depraved  hearts. 
There  was  no  sabbath  here  ;  no  clergy  to  proclaim  the  gospel 
ot  Jesus  Christ,  with  its  alluring  promises  and  its  fearful  re tribu- 
tions.  Some  royal  commissioners  were  sent  out  to  investigate 
affairs.  Their  report  was  appalling.  This  led  the  Plymouth 
i  Sullivan,  p.  219.  a  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  2m 


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TUE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


fl 

'^^" 


Company  to  adopt  vigorous  measures  to  reducp  soci.tv  fn 
condition  of  law  and  order.  ^  *°  ^^'^^ 

Three  gentlemen  were  sent  over  —  7?nl.«rf  n 
Francis  West  as  admiral   and  r'      ^"^^.^*  ^^J«« '^^^  governor, 

with  authority  to  man^  pubhc  "Zs  "t/  ""'  ^'^^^^^^^^ 
quite  absolute.  They  wL  fnstnLt^  /  7  I  ^''^''  '''"^^ 
think  just  and  fit  in  «lT  '    '°'*'"'^^     *°  ^^^  what  they  should 

itary.''  Re,  WilHam  M  ?,  "'''i  '"™^"^^'  '^^^"'  ^"^  -^1" 
con^nissiotd  to  e       avo^t^^^^^^^  ^l-^^-n,  was 

amono-  this  rude  nponl  J     i     ^'^^'''''^^'  '^'"^  institutions  of  religion 

than  C'^r"^:"^:^  rr ' -fh^^^^  'i '-  ^^^---^ 

that  he  soon  abandoned   he  effo      as  hooi  '   ""',  '  "^^P^^^"' 
England  in  disgust.  °^'^''''  '""^^  ^^^"^'"ed  to 

It  was  probably  during  this  vearth If  s;,VT?    ^-        ■.     ^ 

twe„ty-fo„r  thousand  acres  of  latd  Ttjf  o  r'^",'"^''' 

,  the  river,  and  sent  one  „  „„?  ™e-ialf  on  each  side  of 

with  oxe'n  and  a,  needfu  tlr°Tr""""'"  """'  '''™^»- 
colony  was  intrusted  to  Ss  gXrP 'T°T'°.'  ''  *^ 
young  ,na„  of  rank  and  sup  rif  aMi^;  ^jT"  ,,''"''''"'  " 
man.  Col    Nnri-n-n    „  u  auiiities,  and  to  another  youno- 

him^otdefabl"  ^n':"  The""r"'^  "'"'  ^'^-"^  ™>  f^^ 
the  eastern  side  ofTirverynrr^rr^-  "'""™^"-<'  °" 

to  Gorges,  MasL,  and  Jn:I^Z7l2:.rT '"'''''  "  «'»' 

British  merchants,  of  the  whot    er  ito^  l;:!""!::  k"""" 
bee  and  the  iVIerrimaok  Rlvsr,     t.  ""tween  the  lienne- 

nia.     The  wealthy  prrpri^t.;":  ''"■°",  ""•'  °""^^  ^»"°- 
of  this  country     1(111^,7?  very  glowing  description 

"uiiiry.    it  was  in  their  view  an  earthly  Daridko      ti 
climate,  midway  between  tronie  heat  and  „m--^  ^''« 

The  soil  was  fertile,  rewardil  tit  s  i'ht  W„  T,'.™?  "''*"'■ 
■nan  with  abundant  harvest      The  t~  f  '"'"""^■ 

furnishing  the  best  shipl:  her  hi  thlwol"™, "'"=""'«"»'• 
with  game.  The  bays  a'nd  rW^JtZ^^^'l^^  '"'' 
variety,  including  an  abundance  of  the  moiriuluf  7Z 

i  Belknap's  Birg.,  vol.  ii.  p.  322. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


91 


fishes,  the  trout  and  the  sahnon.  The  atmosphere  was  invigor- 
ating  and  healthy  m  the  highest  degree,  and  the  skies  outrivalled 
in  splendor  the  far-famed  skies  of  Italy.  It  is  not  strange  that 
such  representations,  spread  broadcast  over  the  land,  should 
greatly  have  revived  the  zeal  for  emigration.^ 

Settlements  began  rapidly  to  increase  along  the  coast,  and  to 
spread  mland.     The  Pilgrxms  at  Plymouth  Established  a  trad- 
ing  house  on  the  Penobscot,  and  another  at  the  mouth  of  the 
bagadahoc  near  the   site  of   Popham's   settlement.      They  se- 
cured  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  which  seemed  then  to  be 
called  both  Kennebec  and  Sagadahoc.      A  few  miles  up  the 
river  they  established  a  post,  where  they  kept  a  store  of  corn 
and  merchandise  in  deposit.     Quite  a  lucrative  trade  was  car- 
ried on  with  the  natives  for  furs.     The  celebrated  "  wampum  " 
was  mtroduced  as  the  representative  of  money,  or  Lhe  currency 
medium.     This  consisted  of  belts,  very  gorgeously  embroidered 
-with  blue  and  white  shells.     Subsequently  brilliantly  colored 
beads  were  substituted  for  shells.2 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  fix  with  precision  the  dates 
of  opera  lons,  thus  gradual  in  their  inception  and  growth.  It 
was  probably  in  the  year  1628  that  these  movements  were 
vigorously  commenced  upon  the  Kenuebec.s 

At  this  time  Pemaquid  was  probably  the  most  busy  spot  upon 
the  New  England  coast.  Two  British  merchants  had  .urchased 
It,  on  condition  that  they  would,  at  their  own  cost,\ransport 
coloniss  here  and  establish  a  settlement.  A  court  was  ere 
ong  established.  Thus  Pemaquid  became  the  centre  both  of 
law  and  tracle.  It  is  said  that  it  was  then  a  more  important 
port  than  Quebec,  the  capital  of  Canada.  Its  population  was 
estimated  at  five  hundred  souls.'' 

The   situation   of   Pemaquid,  which  was   the   most  eligible 
mainland  site  near  Monhegan,  was  very  alluring.     The  harbor 

2  Young's  Chronicles,  p.  14;  Sewall's  Ancient  Do2ninion8,  p.  113 
bee  o   ""C'T^V:^'''''''  '''''  ^'•'^'"ng-l'onse  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kenne- 
W  L^;:U,t  m  "■^'"""'^^'  ""''■    '"  ^''''''  Chronological  m.tlTof 

*  Thornton's  Pemaquid,  p.  05. 


92 


THE  mSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


■  wan  a  small  circular  basin,  formed  by  the  gently  flowincr  river 
befove  its  waters  entered  the  ocean  through  a  channel  but  a 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide.  This  bay  was  many  fathoms  deep. 
It  was  encircled  on  the  west  by  rocky  eminences,  with  a  clump 
oi  trees  upon  the  extreme  outmost  point.  This  point  was  the 
site  of  the  r.ncient  town  and  harbor  of  Pemaquid.  Mr.  Sewall 
writes,  — 

"The  peninsula  has  evidently,  at  some  period,  been  entirely  circumval- 
lated  with  water,  and  thus  separated  from  the  main,  with  which  it  was  prob- 
aby  connected  by  an  artificial  way.  It  has  also  been  walled  in.  The 
outline  of  Its  defences  can  still  be  traced,  lis  streets  were  paved  with  peb- 
ble-stones, and  many  of  its  buildings  were  of  like  material.  The  principal 
street,  passnig  longitudinally  between  the  extremes  of  this  peninsula  north 
and  south,  was  paved,  and  is  still  to  be  traced,  though  nearly  overgrown  with 
grass  or  covered  with  earth.  The  outlines  of  the  fort,  and  the  position  of 
Its  tower,  in  the  soutlvwesterly  extreme  of  the  peninsula,  and  immediately 
fronting  the  harbor's  entrance,  are,  in  distinct  detail,  traceable  in  every 
curve  and  square,  amid  mouldering  lime  and  rock,  the  fragments  of  its 
masonrj'. "  i  '  o  .-o 

It  is  indeed  an  interesting  locality,  net  only  from  its  ruo-«Ted 
and  picturesque  scenery,  where  the  .ocean,  broken  into  lakelets 
and  where  islands  and  headlands,  add  charms  to  the  view,  but 
from  the  historic  associations  which  meet  the  visitant  at  almost 
every  footstep.     The  writer,  with  a  party  of  gentlemen  inter- 
ested in  antiquarian  research,  visited,  a  few  years  ago,  this 
locality,  by  far  the  most  memorable  upon  the  coast  of  Maine 
A  luxuriant  mowing-field  now  covers  the  ground,  where,  two 
hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  the  hamlets  stood,  in  whose  streets 
the  moccasnied  Indian  and  the  European  adventurer  met  in 
eager  traffic.     There  is  a  small  space  enclosed  where  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  repose. 

"  Life's  labor  done,  securely  laid 
In  this  tbeir  last  retreat, 
Uuheeiled  o'er  their  silent  dust 
The  storms  of  life  shall  beat." 

With  eloquence  Mr.  Sewall  writes  of  this  region,  now  so 
silent  and  solitary :  — 

-About  this  devoted  spot,  armies  have  gathered  like  eagles  to  the  carcass, 
and  the  dm  of  war,  in  all  its  accumulated  horrors  of  blood  and  carnage,  ha^ 

1  Ancient  Dominions  of  Maine,  p.  lie. 


THE  HIS-ORY  OF  MAINE. 


98 


raged.  The  ships  of  contending  nations  have  tinged  its  waters  ^vith  humau 
gore,  and  poured  their  iron  hail  in  destructive  broadsides  upon;  its  fortified 
places,  till  the  ruthless  storm  has  swept  its  streets,  and  crushed  out  at  once 
the  life  and  energy  of  its  defenders.  Here  the  red  man  with  a  howl  of  deQ- 
ance,  and  tlie  white  man  with  the  subdued  voice  of  prayer,  have  bitten  the 
dust  together,  amid  tin;  shrieks  of  forlorn  women  and  helpless  children." 

Th  region  having  passed  into  the  proprietorship  of  Brit- 
ish merchants,  rapidly  increased  in  population;  and  a  better 
class  began  to  appear  than  the  rude  sailors  of  former  years. 
Mechanics  and  farmers  came.  The  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  were 
gaining  strength,  and  their  fields  were  waving  with  corn.  A 
brisk  trade  was  opened  between  Plymouth  and  Pemaquid,  shal- 
lop-loads of  corn  being  exchanged  for  furs. 

There  was  peace  between  the  settlers  and  the  natives.  Still 
there  was  no  cordial  fr-iendship.  With  tlie  French  in  Canada  it 
was  dift'erent.  They  lived,  in  general,  with  the  natives,  affec- 
tionately as  brothers.  They  sold  powder  and  fire-arms  to  the 
Indians  as  freely  as  any  other  articles.  TL  ;  travelled  among 
them  as  confidingly  as  they  would  have  journeyed  through  the 
l^^vinces  of  France.  But  the  English  did  not  dare  to  trust 
the  natives  with  pistols  and  muskets.  They  seldom  ventured 
any  distance  from  their  fortresses  unarmed.  Even  a  royal 
proclamation  was  issued,  forbidding  the  sale  of  fire-arms  to  the 
natives.* 

Any  attempt  to  describe  the  various  grants  at  this  time,  made 
to  individuals  and  companies,  would  but  weary  the  reac^er.  The 
Saco  settlement  was  prosperous,  and  had  the  reputation  of  being 
highly  orderly.  In  the  year  1630  a  patent  was  obtained  grant- 
ing a  territory  called  Lygonia.  It  is  said  to  have  extended  from 
Kennebunk  on  the  west,  to  Harpswell  on  the  east.  Three  Lon- 
don gentlemen  were  the  proprietors.  To  encourage  emigration, 
they  published  very  glowing  accounts  of  the  region.  In  scene- 
ry, climate,  soil,  timber,  fish,  and  game,  it  was  every  thing  that 
was  desirable.  Thus  influenced,  a  company  of  emigrants  landed 
in  Casco  Bay,  at  some  point  now  not  with  certainty  ascer- 
tained.2  They  remained  but  a  year,  when,  dissatisfied  with  the 
country,  they  scattered  and  disappeared. 

1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p  2;J4. 

a  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  239;  Sullivan,  p.  305;  Hubbard's  New  England,  616. 


94 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


*-'j(j 


J 


About  the  same  time  another  patent  was  issued,  which  subse- 
quently attained  much  note  as  the  Waldo  Patent.  It  covered 
a  region  of  thirty  square  miles,  and  extended  from  the  Muscon- 
gus  to  the  Penobscot.  *  Its  principal  object  was  to  confer  the 
right  of  exclusive  trade  with  the  Indians.^  The  various  patents, 
granted  by  the  Plymouth  Council,  extended  along  the  whole  sea- 
board, from  the  Piscataqua  to  the  Penobscot,  excepting  the  small 
region  between  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  and  Damariscotta. 

The  territory  of  Sagadahoc,  extending  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Kennebec  to  Damariscotta,  was  about  fifteen  miles  in  width. 
All  along  the  coast,  emigrants  were  gradually  pushing  their  way 
back  into  the  country.  There  was  a  region  called  "  Sheepscot 
Farms,"  where  fifty  families  were  gathered.  In  what  is  now 
called  Boothbay  and  in  Woolwich,  many  fishermen  had  reared 
their  huts.  Various  incidents  of  minor  importance  must  be- 
omitted  in  a  narrative  covering  so  much  space  as  is  included  in 
this  history.  One  event  occurring  at  this  time  merits  especial 
notice. 

A  trading  port  had  been  established  on  the  Penobscot  at  a 
point  called  Bagaduce,  now  Castine.2  A  very  lucrative  trade 
was  carried  on  with  the  Indians,  mainly  in  furs.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  there  was  a  dispute  as  to  the  proprietorship  of 
this  region,  it  being  claimed  alike  by  the  French  and  the  Eng- 
lish. A  small  French  vessel  entered  the  bay,  and,  finding  the 
port  defenceless,  plundered  it  of  all  its  fu"s,  which  were"  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  two  thousand  dollars.  Gov.  Bradford, 
of  Plymouth  Colony,  gives  the  following  description  of  this 
event : — 

"  It  was  in  this  raanner:  the  master  of  the  house,  and  part  of  the  com- 
pany with  lum,  were  come  with  their  vessel  to  the  westward,  to  fetch  a 
supply  of  goods,  which  was  brought  over  for  them.  In  the  mean  time  comes 
a  small  French  ship  into  the  harbor,  and  amongst  the  company  was  a  false 
hoot.  They  pretended  that  they  were  newly  come  from  the  soa,  and  knew 
not  where  they  were,  and  that  their  vessel  was  very  leaky,  and  desired  that 
they  might  haul  lier  ashore,  and  stop  her  leaks;  and  many  French  ccmpli- 
ments  they  used,  and  conges  they  made. 

»  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  243. 

a  Some  spell  this  Biyuyduce,  deriving  the  name  from  a  Frencliuiaa  who  once 
resiaeu  there. 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


95 


"In  the  end,  seeing  but  three  or  four  simple  men  that  were  servants,  and 
by  this  Scotchman  understanding  that  the  master  and  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany were  gone  from  home,  they  fell  of  commending  their  guns  and  muskets 
that  lay  upon  racks  by  the  wall-side.  They  took  them  down  to  look  at 
them ,  asking  if  they  were  charged.  And,  when  tkoy  were  possessed  of  them, 
one  presents  a  piece  ready  charged  against  the  servants,  and  another  a  pis- 
tol, and  bid  them  not  stir,  but  quietly  deliver  up  their  goods.  They  carried 
some  of  the  men  aboard,  and  made  the  others  help  to  carry  away  the  goods. 
And,  when  they  had  taken  what  they  pleased,  they  set  them  at  liberty,  and 
went  their  way  with  this  mockery,  bidding  them  teU  their  master,  when  he 
came,  that  some  of  the  Isle  of  Rye  gentlemen  had  been  there." 

It  would  seem  that  such  acts  of  piracy  were  not  infrequent 
in  those  lawless  days.  A  miscreant,  by  the  name  of  Dixy  Bull, 
gathered  a  piratic  gang,  and,  raising  the  black  flag,  ravaged  the 
coast  of  Maine,  capturing  several  vessels,  and  plundering  the 
unprotected  plantations.  The  freebooters  attacked  Peraaquid. 
Though  one  of  the  gang  was  shot  from  the  palisades,  still  they 
succeeded  in  rifling  the  port. 

For  several  months  Bull  continued  his  ravages  along  the  east- 
ern coast.  Four  vessels,  with  forty  armed  men,  were  sent  out 
in  search  of  him.  Bull,  thus  pursued,  fled  from  those  waters, 
and  continued  his  piracies  farther  south.  At  length  his  gang 
dispersed,  and  he  returned  to  England  quite  enriched.  But 
there  he  was  arrested,  tried,  and  executed.^ 

Another  very  serious  difficidty  occurred  this  year,  on  the  Ken- 
nebec River,  between  the  "  Plantation  of  Piscataqua  "  and  the 
"  Plymouth  Colony."  This  latter  colony  claimed  the  Kennebec 
River,  and  the  exclusive  right  to  trade  with  the  Indians,  for  a 
distance  of  fifteen  miles  on  each  side.  A  man  by  the  name  of 
Hocking,  or  as  some  spell  it  Hoskins,  from  Piscataqua,  entered 
the  Kennebec  with  a  boat-load  of  goods  to  exchange  for  furs. 
SaiUng  directly  by  the  two  trading  ports  of  the  Plymouth  peo- 
ple, one  of  which  was  at  the  xiiouth  of  the  river,  near  the 
ancient  Popham  fort,  and  the  other,  as  we  have  mentioned, 
probably  just  above  Merrymeeting  Bay,  he  ascended  the  river 
to  Cushnoc,  or  Cushenoc,  as  it  is  sometimes  spelled.^     This  was 

1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  252;  Ancient  Dominions,  p.  118;  Varney's  History  of 
Maine,  p.  03. 

2  See  Williamson,  p.  253. 


41- 


•it' 


96 


THE  n J  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


where  Augusta  now  stands.  The  importance  of  the  trade  of 
this  region  may  be  inferred,  from  the  fact  that  forty  hogsheads 
of  beavcr-skins  were  takon  from  the  river  during  this  year. 
There  is  some  discrepiyicy  in  the  details  which  are  given  of  this 
transaction,  but  none  whatever  in  the  general  facts.  A  boat 
with  armed  men  was  sent  up  the  river,  to*  expostulate  with 
Hocking  upon  his  illegal  act.  We  cannot  give  the  result  more 
accurately  than  in  the  language  of  Gov.  Bradford :  — 

•'  But  all  in  vain.  He  could  get  nothing  of  him  but  ill  words.  So  he 
considered,  that  now  was  the  season  for  trade  to  come  down,  and  that,  if  he 
should  suffer  Hocking  to  take  it  from  them,  aU  their  former  charge  would 
be  lost,  and  tliey  had  better  throw  all  up.  So  consulting  with  his  men,  who 
were  willing  thereto,  he  resolved  to  put  him  from  his  anchors,  and  let'  him 
drift  down  the  river  with  the  stream;  but  commanded  the  men,  that  none 
should  shoot  a  shot  upon  any  occasion,  except  he  commanded  them. 

"  He  spoke  to  him  again,  but  all  in  vain.  Then  he  sent  a  couple  in  a 
canoe  to  cut  his  cable,  the  which  one  of  them  performs.  But  Hocking  takes 
up  a  piece  which  he  had  laid  ready,  and,  as  the  bark  sheered  by  the  canoe 
he  shot  him  close  under  her  side,  in  the  head,  so  that  he  fell  down  dead 
instantly.  One  of  his  fellows,  who  loved  him  well,  could  not  hold,  but  with 
a  musket  shot  Hocking,  who  fell  down  dead,  and  never  spake  a  word."  i 

This  event  caused  a  great  deal  of  trouble.  It  was  finally  set- 
tled without  the  clash  of  arms.  Lords  Say  and  Brook  wrote  to 
the  governor  of  New  Plymouth  :  — 

"We  could,  for  the  death  of  Hoskins,2  have  despatched  a  man-of-war, 
and  beat  down  your  houses  at  Kennebec  about  your  ears.     But  we  have 
thought  another  course  preferable.     Let  soma  of  Iho  Massachusetts  magis- 
trates, and  Capt.  Wiggin,  our  agent  in  Piscataqua,  review  the  whole  case 
and  do  justice  in  the  premises. "  '  ' 

The  case  was  brought  before  the  Court  of  Colonial  Assistants 
in  Boston.  It  was  decided  that  the  Plymouth  Colonists  had 
the  exclusive  riglit  of  sale  within  their  patent.  It  w::s  adjudged 
that  the  act  of  shooting  Hocking,  though  in  some  degree  a  vio- 
lation of  the  sixth  commandment,  was,  on  the  whole,  excusable 
homicide.  * 

1  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation;  also  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.,  vol  v.  n  109  '>d 
series.  i"       ,  -« 

2  They  so  swelled  it,  while  Bradford  spelled  it  Hockins. 
«  WintLrop's  Journal,  p.  04;  Hubbard's  N.  E.,  p.  108. 

*  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  253. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

PROGRESS  OF  SETTLEMENTS. 

Capture  at  Machias  — The  Career  of  Bagnall  — The  Two  Retaliations  — Men- 
acing Aspect  of  Affairs  — The  Twelve  Provinces  —  Fcrdlnanclo  Gorges  Gov- 
ernor of  all  New  England- Expedition  of  D'Aulney  — Energy  of  Miles 
Standisli— The  Administration  of  William  Gorges  —  Agamenticus  —  Popu- 
lation of  Maine  —  The  New  Grant  to  Gorges  —  The  Province  of  Maine  — 
Thomas  Gorges  — The  Constitution— Religious  and  Political  Principles- 
Woman's  Rights. 

TN  the  year  1633  the  English  established  a  trading-post  east 
-L  of  the  Penobscot,  near  where  Machias  now  stands.  The 
station  was  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  a  little  above  Cross 
Island.  Mr.  Vines  of  Saco  was  one  of  the  principal  owners 
of  the  merchandise  collected  there.  The  property  Avas  placed 
under  tlie  guard  of  five  or  six  well-armed  men.  In  establishing 
this  post,  it  was  doubtless  one  of  the  objects  of  the  colonial 
proprietors  to  hold  possession  of  the  country. 

Claude  de  la  Tour,  the  French  commandant  at  Port  Royal, 
considered  this  movement  as  a  trespass  upon  territory  which 
had  been  granted  to  him  by  the  king  of  France.  He  made  a 
descent  upon  the  place,  and  captured  it  after  a  slight  defence, 
in  which  two  of  the  English  were  killed.  With  his  prisoners, 
and  booty  amounting  to  about  twenty-five  hundred  dollars,  he 
returned  to  Port  Royal.  The  Plymouth  Colony  sent  an  agent, 
Mr.  Alierton,  to  that  place,  to  endeavor  to  recover  the  prisoners 
and  the  property,  and  to  ascertain  whether  La  Tour  acted 
under  the  authority  of  the  French  Government.  He  defiantly 
replied,  — 

•»  I  have  taken  them  as  lawful  prize.     My  authority  is  from  the  king  of 
France,  who  claims  the  coast  from  Cape  Sable  to  Cape  Cod.     I  wish  the 
7  97 


as 


TUE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Sr,« 


i'i- 


English  to  understand,  that,  if  they  trade  to  the  eastward  of  Pomanuid,  Ishall 
se^e  them.    My  sword  is  all  the  commission  I  shall  show.     When  I  wan 
help  I  will  produce  my  authority.    Take  your  men,  and  be  gone. " 

^    Whether  the  prisoners  were  released,  or  were  sent  to  T?rance 
IS  uncertain."!     Many  of  the  traders  were  very  worthless  char- 
acters, who  deemed  it  no  sin  tp  cheat  an  Indian.     There  is  in 
Casco  Bay,  but  a  short  distance  from  Cape  Elizabeth,  an  island 
called  Richmands,  sometimes  spelled  Richman's  Island.     It  is 
about  three  miles  in  circumference,  and    contains   about  two 
hundred  acres  of  pretty  good  land.     In  the  year  1628  an  Encr- 
hsh  emigrant  by  the  name  of  Walter  Bagnall,  took  possessio'k 
of  this  island  without  any  title.     His  sole  object  seems  to  have 
been  to  trade  with  the  Indians.     "  Bagnall,"  writes  Winthrop 
"  was  a  wicked  fellow,  and  had  much  wronged  the  Indians."  2    ' 
He  had  several  boon  companions  with  him,  and  became  quite 
notorious,  under  the  nickname  of  "Great  Walt."     In  a  three- 
years'  trade  he  had  amassed  what  was  then  considered  a  lar^e 
amount  of  property.     The  Indians  became  much  enra-ed  bv 
the  wrongs  inflicted  upon  them  by  this  unscrupulous  ganc     In 
the  year  1631  a  chief,  by  the  name  of  Squidrayset,  or  as%ome 
call  the  name  Scitteiygiisset,  with  a  few  warriors,  went  to  the 
island,  killed  the  Englishmen,  plundered  the  house,  and,  apply- 
ing the  torch,  left  behind  them  but  smoulderincr  ruins      The 
savages,  who  had  committed  this  crime,  or,  as  they  considered 
it,  performed  this  act  of  justice,  retired  with  tlieir  booty 

Walter  Neal  was  the  agent  of  the  London  proprietors,  Gor- 
ges, Mason,  &  Co.  He  had  two  residences.  One  was  at  Kit- 
tery  Point,  and  the  other  at  Portsmouth,  then  called  Strawberry 
BauK.  Five  men  were  associated  with  him.  They  carried  on 
quite  extensively  the  business  of  trade,  fishing,  salt-makin-,  and 
farming. 

As  soon  as  Neal  heard  of  the  assassination  of  Bagnall  and  his 
gang,  he  sent  a  party  to  the  island  in  pursuit  of  the  murderers. 
Ihey  found  a  solitary  Indian  there,  whom  they  seized,  and  hun^r 
by  the  neck  till  he  was  dead;  with  no  evidence  that  he  had 
any  thing  whatever  to  do  with  the  murders.     The  perpetrators 

1  Hubbard's  New  England,  p.  1G3;  Winthrop'a  Journal,  p.  67 
*  Winthrop's  Journal,  p.  30. 


THE  HISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


99 


of  the  crime  were  probably  then  far  away  on  the  mainland.  It 
is  not  strange  that  the  unenlightened  Indians  should,  soon  after, 
have  seized  upon  an  innocent  English  traveUer,  wandering  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Saco,  and,  in  retaliation,  have  put  him  to 
death.*  But  these  outrages,  far  more  excusable  on  the  part  of 
the  ignorant  Indians  than  on  the  part  of  enlightened  Europeans, 
were  rapidly  engendering  a  bitter  hostility  between  the  two. 

The  following  is  the  account  which  Drake  gives  of  this  trans- 
action. It  illustrates  the  difficulty  of  ascertaining  the  minute 
details  of  many  of  these  events,  where  the  general  facts  are 
undisputed.     We  give  the  narrative  slightly  abbreviated  :  — 

"  Manatahqua,  called  also  Black  William,  was  a  sachem  and  proprietor 
of  Naliant.  Out  of  his  generosity  this  Indian  duke  gave  this  place  to  the 
plantation  of  Saugus.  He  was  a  great  friend  of  the  whites.  There  waa  a 
man  by  the  name  of  Walter  BagnaU,  a  wicked  fellow  who  had  much  wronged 
the  Indians,  who  was  killed  near  the  mouth  of  Saco  River,  probably  by  some 
of  those  whom  he  had  defrauded.  This  was  in  October,  ICai.  As  some 
vessels  were  upon  the  eastern  coast,  in  search  of  pirates,  in  January,  1G33 
they  put  in  at  Riclimand's  Island,  where  they  fell  in  with  Manatahqua.' 
Ihis  was  the  place  where  BagnaU  was  killed  about  two  years  before.  But 
whether  Manatahqua  had  any  thing  to  do  with  it  doss  not  appear,  r^r  do  1 
find  tiiat  any  one,  even  his  murderers,  pretended  that  he  was  ia  any  way 
implicated.  But,  out  of  revenge  for  Bagnall's  death,  these  private  hunters 
hanged  Manatahqua.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  particularly  mentioned  that 
BagnaU  was  killed  by  Squidrayset  and  his  men,  some  Indians  belonging  to 
tliat  part  of  the  country.  This  Squidrayset,  or  Scittergusset,  for  whose  act 
Manatahqua  suffered,  was  the  first  sachem  who  deeded  land  in  Falmouth 
Me."  *  ' 

The  tribes,  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  State  were 
intimately  associated  with  the  French,  and  shared  with  them 
their  hatred  of  the  English.  They  were  much  enraged  with 
those  in  the  vicinity  of  Piscataqua,  accusing  them  of  acts 
of  hostility,  and  of  sheltering  themselves  in  a  cowardly  manner 
under  the  protection  of  the  English.  At  one  time  they  fitted 
out  a  fleet  of  forty  war  canoes  to  attack  the  Piscataqua  Indians. 
This  was  in  the  year  1632.  There  were  several  conflicts.  Af- 
fairs were  daily  becoming  more  and  more  complicated,  and  war- 

»  Williamson's  History,  vol.  i.  p.  251;  Hubbard's  History  of  New  England 
p.  142;  Winthrop's  Jonrnul,  p.  30.  «»        » 

2  Drake's  History  of  the  Indians,  book  ii  p.  53. 


100 


TUB  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ft 


clouds  were  rising  in  all  directions.  Thouf^htful  men  among 
the  settlers,  were  filled  with  anxiety  in  view  of  the  incieasing 
perils.  The  Indians  were  becoming  more  and  more  unfriendly! 
The  French  were  exerting  all  their  influence  to  drive  the 
English  out  of  Maine. 

English  pirates  were  sweeping  the  coast.  Robbery  and  vio» 
lence  were  everywhere.  Gorges  became  greatly  disheartened. 
His  long-co!.tinued  enterprises  had  brought  him  no  returns. 
He  testified  before  the  Commons  of  England  in  the  foUowincr 
terms :  —  ** 

"  I  have  spent  twenty  thousand  pounds  of  my  estate,  and  thirty  years, 
the  wliolo  flo\>er  of  my  life,  in  new  discoveries  and  settlements  upon  a 
remote  continent,  in  the  enlargement  of  my  country's  commerce  and  domin- 
ions,  and  m  carryiiig  civiliiiation  and  Christianity  into  regions  of  savages." 

hi  the  year  1G35  the  vast  territory  of  the  Plymouth  Council 
v/ivs  divided  into  twelve  provinces.     The  first  four  of  these  were 
within  the  territory  of  the  present  State  of  Maine.     The  first 
division  embraced  the  country  between  the  St.  Croix  River  and 
Pemaquid.     From  the  head  of  Pemaquid,  the  shortest  line  was 
to  be  struck  to  the  Kennebec,  and  thence  to  follow  up  that  river 
tc  its  source.     The  second  Avas  a  small  division,  extending  only 
from  Pemaquid  to  the  Sagadahoc  River.     The   third  embraced 
the  region  between  the  Kennebec  and  the  Androscoggin  Rivern. 
We  suppose  that  both  these  rivers  were  then  considered  as  ter- 
minating at    Merrymeeting   Bay.      The  Sagadahoc  connected 
that  bay  with  the  ocean.     The  fourth  extended  from  the  Sagada- 
hoc River  to  the  Piscataqua.     It  embraced  the  previous  dis- 
tricts of  Lygonia,   Saco,  and  Agamenticus.     Thus  the   whole 
territory  of   what  is  now  the  State  of   Maine  was  districted 
Irom  the  St.  Croix,  its  north-eastern  boundary,  to  the  Piscat- 
aqua at  its  south-western  terminus.* 

On  the  25th  of  April,  1035,  the  Plymouth  Council  held  its 
last  meeting.  In  surrendering  its  charter  to  the  lung,  it  entered 
upon  Its  books  the  following  melancholy  record :  — 

"  We  have  been  bereaved  of  friends,  oppressed  with  losses,  expenses,  and 
troubles;  assailed  before  the  privy  council  with  gi-oundless  charges,  and 

S^^^^^^HTl^^'''-  '^'^^^^'-^^  ^-ative.  p.  20.;  Willlan.. 


Tn«'  III  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


101 


weakened  by  the  French  and  other  foes  without  and  within  th-j  realm. 
What  remains  is  only  a  breathless  carcass.  Wo  now  th<  fore  rcsii^n  the 
patent  to  the  king,  first  reserving  all  grants  by  us  made,  and  all  vested 
rights ;  a  patent  we  have  holden  about  fifteen  years."* 

The  king  appointed  a  new  company  to  superintend  colonial 
affairs.  It  consisted  of  eleven  of  his  privy  councillors,  and 
they  were  entitled  "  Lords  Commisaionera  of  all  Ilia  American 
Plantations.^'  This  new  company  appointed  Ferdinundo  Gor- 
ges governor  of  the  whole  of  New  England.  There  were  eight 
divisions,  extendir  g  south-west  along  the  coast  to  neai  the  fortieth 
degree  of  north  latitude.  Thus,  according  to  this  ra-rangement, 
New  England  Ijegaa  near  the  Raritan  River,  in  the  present  State 
of  New  Jersey,  and  was  bounded  on  the  north-cast  by  the  River 
St.  Croix.     Its  northern  bonnt  iries  w     e  quite  indeterminate. 

Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  was  a  vigorous,  energetic  man  of  sixty 
years.  He  decided  to  take  up  his  abode  ia  the  extended  realms 
over  which  he  was  appointed  to  rule.  A  man-of-war  was  in 
preparation  to  convey  him  to  his  domains.  By  an  accident  in 
launching,  the  ship  fell  upon  the  stocks,  and  Avas  badly  broken. 
This  delayed  the  voyage,  and  the  feet  of  Gorges  never  pressed 
the  soil  of  that  new  world  which  had  absorbed  so  ra'^ny  of  the 
energies  of  his  long  life. 

It  is  said  that  Gorges  never  took  much  interest  m  New  Eng- 
land affairs,  save  in  the  four  districts  in  the  State  of  Maine  ; 
two  of  the  most  important  of  which  he  could  almost  regard  as 
his  own  personal  property.  In  his  interesting  "  Brief  Narration 
of  the  Advancement  of  Plantations  in  America,"  he  writes  very 
sensibly  and  somewhat  sadly,  in  view  of  past  mistakes, — 

"  We  have  been  endeavoring  to  found  plantations  in  a  wilderness  region, 
where  men,  bred  up  in  villages  and  farms  and  plenty,  could  hardly  be  hired 
to  stay;  or,  if  they  were  induced  to  become  re::iidents,  they  must  be  fed  in 
idleness  from  their  master's  crib,  yet  with  few  or  no  returns.  We  have 
made  the  discoveries,  and  opened  the  fields  for  others  to  take  the  harvest. 
Trade,  fishery,  lumber,  —  these  have  been  phantoms  of  pursuit;  while  there 
has  been  a  criminal  neglect  of  husbandly,  the  guide  to  good  habits,  the  true 
source  of  wealth,  and  the  almoner  of  human  life."  * 


1  This  clocuinent  ia  piven  in  full  in  Hazard's  Historical  Collections. 
Hutchinson's  Collections  of  State  Papers. 
^  Gorges'  Narrative,  pp.  48,  4!). 


See  also 


102 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


. 

1 

t   3= 

•i 

The  French  possessions  in  North  America  were  called  hv  the 
general  name  of  New  France.     Aca.lia,  or  Nova  Scotia,  was 
under  the  military  command  of  Gen.  Razilla,  or  Rosillon,  as  the 
name  is  sometimes  given.     In  the  summer  of  1635  he  sent  a 
man-of-war,   under  Capt.   d'Aulney,  to  take  possession  of  the 
l:'enobscot  region,  and  to  drive  out  the  English.^     Thi^   man 
seemed  anxious  to  re.loem  his  character  from  the  imputation  of 
piracy,  and  to  have  it  distinctly  understood  that  he  was  actin<. 
as  the  agent  of  his  home  government.     He  broke  up  the  set"- 
t  ement,  and  drove  away  the  settlers,  giving  them  a  schedule  of 
tli8  property  he  had  seized.     It  would  seem  that  he  claimed  for 
France  the  whole  New  England  coast.     As  he  dismissed  the 
plundered  traders,  he  said  to  them,  — 

flppf  S'r.Vt- '''"  *^?  P^^"*'^*'«»«  southward  to  the  fortieth  degree,  that  a 

whole  o>tet'''  r  ,  :  "'^'  r '*"*  *'""'  ^^'*^"^  ^  y--'  *°  ^-P^-'^  th^ 
France" ' »  *''"*   "'^  commission   is  from  the  king  of 

Razilla  established  a  garrison  here  of  eighteen  men.  The 
colonists  at  Now  Plymouth  sent  a  large  slup  and  a  bark  to  drive 
out  these  invaders.  Capt.  Girling,  who  was  intrusted  with  the 
command,  was  promised  a  sum  amounting  to  about  two  thou- 
sand dollai-s,  if  he  should  succeed  in  the  enterprise.  But  he 
found  the  Preach  firmly  intrenched.  After  an  unavailin-^  bom- 
bardment, in  which  he  expended  all  his  ammunition,  he  "retired 
aiscomiited.3 

There  is  considerable  diversity  in  the  details  of  many  of  these 
events  which  occurred  two  hundred  years  ago,  when  there  were 

*y.l  "i"  ^f"  ^'le  ^>y">«"th  Colonists  erected  a  trmling-house  at  a  place  called  by 
1630  Mieyu  ere  .lispossessed  by  the  French,  under  D'Aulnev  de  Charni..av  cn.n 

einorKazilhi.    ~  The  Centennial  Celehvation  of  Bawjor  n  'js 

«  Hubbard'8  New  England,  p.  I(i2. 

«  "  The  reason,  undoubtedly,  why  France  at  this  time  extended  her  claims  no 
farther  south  than  the  fortieth  parallel,  was  a  fear  of  excitiu  JtL  "e\loZ\ml 
hostduy  o   the  Spaniards.    Spain,  at  that  time,  was  the  «reat  mi  i  ary  1    n.va 

;-^u..lby.  dr..  Of  Spanish  interfer^nce;.^^^ 


THE  maroRY  of  mains. 


103 


but  few  scholars  in  the  land,  and  when  the  narratives  were 
vague  and  hastily  written.  In  the  annals  of  New  Plymouth  we 
find  it  stated,  that  the  ship  of  about  three  hundred  tons  was 
called  the  "  Great  Hope."  The  name  of  the  commander  is 
given  as  Golding.  Capt.  Miles  Standish,  with  twenty  men,  was 
in  command  of  the  Plymouth  bark.  He  was  to  tender  all  the 
aid  he  could  in  the  recovery  of  the  post,  and  was  intrusted  with 
seven  hundred  pounds  of  beaver-skins  to  be  delivered  to  Gold- 
ing, or  Girlnig,  as  soon  as  he  should  have  accomplished  his  task. 
If  Girling  failed  he  was  to  receive  nothing. 

Capt.  Standish  led  the  way  into  the  harbor.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  impetuous  of  brave  men.  Had  he  held  the  supreme 
command,  he  would  have  made  short  work  of  it.  But  Girling, 
without  any  summons  to  surrender,  much  to  the  indignation  of 
Standish,  kept  at  a  great  distance,  and  unavailingly  bombarded 
the  earthworks  of  the  French,  until  he  had  not  another  shot  to 
throw.  He  then  would  have  seized  upon  the  beaver-skins 
which  lie  had  not  earned,  but  Standish  spread  his  sails,  and 
returned  to  Plymouth.  The  French  kept  the  port,  and  Plym- 
outh kept  its  beaver-skins.i 

It  is  difiBcult  to  reconcile  the  somewhat  contradictory  accounts 
which  are  given  of  this  transaction.  From  some  narratives  we 
should  infer  that  Girling's  vessels  remained  impotently  moored 
for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  before  the  French  ramparts. 
At  length  a  very  polite  official  communication  was  sent  by  the 
French  officers  to  the  Plymouth  colonists,  stating  that  they 
wo  .Id  claim  no  territory  west  of  Pemaquid.  For  many  years 
the  Penobscot  remained  the  tacitly  admitted  boundary  between 
the  French  and  English  possessions.^ 

The  following  is  the  account  which  Gov.  Bradford  gives  of 
the  attempt  of  the  New  Plymouth  colonists  to  regain  the  port 
at  Castine :  — 

"  Girling  would  take  no  advice;  would  neither  summon  the  enemy,  nor 
permit  Capt.  Standish  to  do  so  ;  neither  would  he  have  patience  to  bring  hia 
ship  where  she  might  do  execution,  but  began  to  shoot  at  a  distance  like  a 
n^adman,  and  did  them  no  hurt  at  all.     The  which,  when  those  of  the  plau- 

1  Hubbard's  New  England,  p.  1(52. 

2  Hutchinson's  H.  lory  of  Mas-sachnaetta,  vol.  !1.  p.  1C4. 


104 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


1,1- 


4 


fcation  saw  ihey  were  much  grieved,  and  went  to  him,  and  told  him  he  would 

pistol-shot  of  the  house.     At  last,  when  he  saw  his  own  follv  lie  was  ner 
Buaded   and  laid  her  well,  and  bestowed  a  few  shot  to  good  pJl^i'e        ' 

Sn  hf     17;  I  T"^  '"'  ^  ""^y  ^"^  ^"^  «°"^^  eood,  his  powder  was  gone. 

So  he  could  do  no  good,  but  was  fain  to  draw  off  again;  by  which  means  the 

enterprise  was  made  frustrate,  and  the  French  encouWed.  %or,  al^^^^^^^ 
he  shot  so  unadvisedly,  they  lay  close  under  a  work  of  earth,  and  let  ht 
consume  umself.     He  advised  with  Capt.  Standish  how  he  might  be      p 
plied  wxth  powder,  for  he  had  not  to  carry  him  home.     So  Ca^t.  Standish 

Wm  Ze      Z       r  r.'^'T^'  ^''^"*^*^""'  ^"^  "^^  '-  -'l-vo:-  to  pr  cure 
\2T^l  '"^^°^^tf'^-     ^*  ^derstanding  by  intelligence  that  Girling 
intended  to  sei.e  on  the  bark,  and  surprise  the  beaver,  he  sent  him  the  pow 
der  and  brought  «.e  bark  and  beaver  home.     But  Girling  nev^  aZltld 
the  place  more,  but  went  his  way.     And  this  was  the endof  this  business. ''i 

Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  had  obtained  what  was  considered  an 
absolute  property  in  the  territory  between  Piscataqua  and  the 
Sagadahoc,  called  New  Somersetslaire.  He  sent  his  nephev  . 
William  Gorges,  over  as  governor  of  this  province.  He  was  an 
intelligent,  upright  man,  of  much  executive  ability. 

Saco  was  then  the  most  flourishing  settlement  in  the  province  • 
and  Gov  Gorges  selected  it  as  his  residence.  It  is  estimated 
that  at  t^iat  time  the  population  of  the  place  amounted  to  about 
one  hundred  and  sixty.  The  first  court  was  opened  the  28th  of 
March,  1636.  It  was  held  in  a  dwelling-house  near  the  shore 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  Six  commissioners  aided  in  the 
administration  of  justice.  This  court  continued  its  sessions  for 
about  three  years.^ 

There  were  then  five  settlements  embraced  in  the  province 
of  New  Somersetshire.  The  first  was  Agamenticus,  or,  as  some- 
times called  Accomenticus.  About  eight  miles  north-west  from 
the  present  harbor  of  York,  there  was  a  commanding  eminence 
thus  called  by  the  Indians.  It  was  a  noted  landm..k  for  sea- 
men,  as  it  was  the  first  heigut  caught   sight  of  in  approaching 

1  Gov.  Bra<lford'8  New  Plymouth,  p.  208.  "  Tl,e  govermnent  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  had  given  Plyn.outh  some  encouragement  that  it  would  assist  tS  To  -Sn 
their  tracn.g-lu.„se;  but  when  calle.l  upon  it  had  various  oxen  esolecS 
Plyn  out h  was  m  the  wrong:  the  French  had  merely  taken  posseVsio,  of  tS 
own  ^^o.y.'^~  Centennial  Celebration  of  tke  ScttlcZnt  ofnZ;i,  "'  ''"' 
Chalmers  Pohucal  Annals,  p.  472;  Folsom's  Saco  and  Bidcieford,  1^49. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


105 


that  region  from  the  sea.  It  was  a  majestic  swell  of  land, 
covered  with  a  dense  forest.  From  its  summit  one  commanded 
a  view  of  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Ann  to  Cape  Elizabeth.* 

There  was  a  short  salt-water  river  here,  affording  at  its  mouth 
a  safe  harbor.  Gorges,  pleased  with  the  description  of  the 
place,  had  obtained,  about  the  year  1624,  a  grant  of  twenty- 
four  thousand  acres  of  land  extending  on  both  sides  of  the 
river.  Here  a  small  agricultural  colony  commenced  its  labors. 
The  precise  time  of  this  settlement  is  not  known.'' 

At  Kittery  Point  there  was  another  rambling  settlement, 
called  the  Piscataqua  Plantation.  The  inhabitants  were  scat- 
tered along  the  shore,  and  were  mainly  engaged  in  fishing  and 
in  the  lumber  business. 

The  third  was  called  the  Black  Point  settlement.  It  was  a 
very  feeble  colony,  consisting  of  but  few  families  in  the  present 
town  of  Scarborough.  Capt.  Thomas  Commock,  or  as  some- 
times spelled  Cammock,  with  Henry  Joscelyn,  had  obtained  a 
grant  here  of  about  fifteen  hundred  acres.  The  settlers,  too 
poor  to  purchase  lands,  were  generally  their  tenants. 

The  Lygonian  Phintation,  so  called,  embraced  Richmand's 
Island,  and  a  considerable  extent  of  territory  on  the  mainland. 
Tlie  population  consisted  principally  of  fishermen,  hunters,  and 
traders  .3 

There  were,  at  the  same  time,  on  the  Androscoggin,  on  both 
sides  of  the  falls,  a  few  scattered  hamlets  called  the  Pejepscot 
settlement. 

The  Pemaquid  Plantation  had  been  quite  flourishing  for  five 
or  six  years ;  and  in  various  other  parts  of  the  territory  now 
called  Maine,  settlers  were  scattered.* 

The  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  New  Plymouth,  Connecticut, 
and  even  of  New  Hampshire,  were  in  a  more  flourish'ng  condi- 

»  "Williamson's  Maine,  vol.  i.  p  9fi. 

«  Gorges'  New  Enslaml,  p.  l(i;  Belknap's  Biography,  vol.  ii.  p.  378. 
«  Sullivan's  History,  p.  305;  HuLbard's  Narrative,  p.  2<)4. 
*  Williamson  gives  tlio  following  estimate  of  the  probable  population  of  Maine 
at  that  time:  — 

Piseataiina  settlement,  200;  Agaraenticus,  150;  Saco,  including  Black  Point,  176; 
Casco,  orLygonia  Patent,  and  Pejepscot,  75;  Kennebec  Patent,  100;  SagadaLoc! 
Pemaquid,  Sbeepscot,  St.  Gorges,  and  islands,  500:  Isles  of  Shoals  and  othei  places 
21K):  total,  1,400.  ' 

Possibly  the  whole  number  might  have  been  fifteen  hundred.  —  Vol.  i.  p.  267. 


^•iy#»»'*wswtttato« 


106 


Tnr.  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


tion  than  the  Province  of  Maine.    Gorges  was  anxious  to  indure 

in  July,  168T,  he  made  a  grant  of  eight  thousand  aeres  of 

oil"    T?eT™,','°T,"  "'  ^""d^-ham,  to  Sir  Richard  Edge- 

^mfst'^tp  ,       '  "'™  '"''""8  '"  '^"^■''"'J.  in  hoth  Church 

and  State,  caused  many  to  seek  civil  and  religious  freedom  bv 
em,grat> ug  to  the  New  World.    It  is  esti„,ated  that  dur  nTteu 
years,  more  than  twenty-one  thousand  had  sought  a  re    eat  on 
hese  shores.      Even  Oliver  Cromwell  had  formed  the  resolve 

com  .     The  kmg  became  alarmed  at  the  amount  of  emi<.ratlon 
and  rssaed  a  decree  that  no  one  should  leave  his  re  Im!  w     ouj 

at:?stf  :XSht:r  "--^  °'°^^'"--  "- 

e,-.?",,"^  ^f  t  y-  ^^'^^'  '^"'2  Charles  I.  issued  a  proviu- 
ml  charter  to  S,r  Ferdinando  Gorges,  conferring  upon  him  s«U 
more  ex   .ns.ve  territory  in  what  is  now  Maine,  wifh  ext  amd 
nary  powers  and  privileges.     The  region  embraced  in  St  at 
ter  commenced  w,th  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  River  Jd 
ran  north-easterly  along  the  Atlanl.o  coast  to  the  moutLof  tht 
Sagadahoc;  ,t  then  ascended  through  that  river  and  the  Ken 
nebec,  ■„  a  north-westerly  direction,  a  distance  of  a  hundred  and" 
twentymdes    which  would  make  its  northern  bounda„ 
he  mou  h  of  Dead  River;  it  then  ran  south-westerly  across  tie 
country  to  near  a  point  on  Umbagog  Lake  ;  there  it  met  Tl 
running  north  from  Salmon  Falls  Rfver,  a  «u Ury    r^.e  P.v 
cataqua  a  d.stance  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  milesf   Such  were 
he  hm.ts  of  thts  provi.     ,  so  far  as  we  can  now  ascertaTn  from 
he  descnpfons  of  the  charter.     It  also  included  the    tand    on 
the  coast  within  five  leagues  of  the  main  ^ 

The  region  was  designated  the  Province  or  County  of  Maine 
It  contained  about  one-sixth  of  the  present  area  of  the  State 
S.r  Ferdmando  Gorges  and  his  heirs  were  lord  proprietors  of  the' 
provmce.     They  were  bound  to  take  the  oath'  o    2"^!Jt 
the^crown,  and  a  few  unimportant  claims  were  reserved";  the 

»  flolmos'  Annals,  vol.  i.  p  299 

«  This  charter  is  given  in  full  h.  Hazard's  Collections.  voL  i.  p.  m. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


107 


"  The  articles  of  faith  and  forms  of  ecclesiastical  government,  used  by 
the  Church  of  England,  were  established;  and  to  the  proprietary  was  given 
the  patronage  of  all  churches  and  chapels,  and  the  right  of  dedicating  them 
according  to  Episcopal  usages."  ^ 

There  are  two  reasons  assigned  for  the  name  of  Maine,  which 
was  given  to  this  Province.  The  queen  of  England  had  inher- 
ited a  province  of  that  name  in  France  ;  and,  agaii-.,  there  were 
so  many  islands  in  that  region,  that  it  was  common  to  speak  of 
the  iTMhi  lund,  or  the  Maine.^ 

Thomas  Gorges  was  deputy  governor.     He  was  a  young  man 
of  accomplished  education  and  of  great  social  and  moral  worth. 
He  was  assisted  by  seven  councillors ;  the  state  officers,  properly 
so  called,  consisted,  in  addition  to  the  governor,  of  a  chancellor, 
or  chief  justice;  a  marshal,  who  commanded  the  militia;  a  treas- 
urer ;  an  admiral,  who  had  charge  of  the  naval  force ;  a  master 
of  ordnance,  to  whom  military  stores  were  intrusted;  and  a 
secretary.     The  latter  office  the  go-ernor  took  upon  himself. 
He,  with  his   six  councillors,  constituted   a  supreme  court  of 
judicature,  and  also,  with  eight  deputies  chosen  by  the  several 
counties,  formed  a  legislative  assembly.     Such,  in  brief,  was  the 
constitution  adopted  under  the  charter  of  the  Province  of  Maine.3 
The  Kennebunk  River  divided  the  Province  into  two  dis- 
tricts, —  the  east  and  the  west.     The  first  "  general  court "  was 
opened  at  Saco  on  the  25th  of  June,  1640.     But  four  council- 
lors were  present.     It  is  worthy  of  notice,  that  one  John  Win- 
ter, a  trader,  was  indicted  for  charging  a  profit  of  more  than  five 
per  cent  upon  the  cost  of  the  goods  he  sold. 

Packs  of  wolves  were  howling  through  the  forest.  A  tax  of 
twelve  pence  was  assessed  upon  every  family  between  Piscata- 
qua  and  Kennebunk,  to  be  paid  in  bounties  for  each  wolf  killed. 
All  parents  in  the  western  district  were  also  ordered  to  have 
their  children  baptized  under  penalty  of  being  summoned  to 
appear  before  the  court,  and  answer  for  the  necrlect.* 

'  Williamson's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  2V3. 

2  Williamson's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  2"-. 

«  See  this  Conatitution  more  minute)^'  levoloped  by  Williamson,  vol.  i,  n  2£1 
and  in  Sullivan's  History  of  Maine.  ' 

<  "  Wolves  then  abonndeil  all  along  the  coast.  The  town  of  Wells  was  infested 
with  them.    Tiseir  hideous  howlings  made  niybt  terrible  to  tho  settlers.    TLe  ill- 


■iifcaniT-i.i-i  ,f,->■.^-..■^■»■^.   ^■■-.^^,„..^^f-^f.fi  ^ 


108 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


!  f 


fhp  '  1         "rl"  ^°?''  '^'^  ^°°^^^^^  ^^^'^  «P^^5^^  interest  upon 
he  ^in'f  I  '^'^-'^f^^^''"^-  settlement  at  Agamenticus.     On 
he   10th  of  Apnl,  1641,  he  organized  a  territory  l,ere,  which, 
fiom  the  descnption,  we  infer  to  have  been  six  miles  square 
into  a  town  or  borough.     The  inhabitants  were  allowed  to  elect 
a  mayor  and  eight  aldermen,  and  to  manage  their  own  internal 
aflaus      About  a  year  after  this,  on  the  1st  of  March,  1642,  he 
erected  the  borough  into  a  city,  extending  the  charter  over  a 
region  embracing  twenty-one  square  miles.     This   forest  city 
was  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.     It  had  an  ocean  front  of 
abou    three   miles,  and  extended  seven  miles  back  from  the 
river  s  mouth.i     He  called  this  city  Gorgiana. 

The  officers  of  the  city  government  were,  a  mayor,  twelve 
aldermen,  and  twenty-four  common  councilmen.     It  is  estimated 
that  at  this   une  there  were  seventy-seven  Christian  ministers 
n  New  England  who  had  been  driven  from  home  by  persecu- 
tion ;  and  there  were  about  fifty  towns  or  villages.^    The  rela- 
tions with  the  Indians  were  continually  growing  more  threat- 
enu^      Ihis  was  mainly  caused   by  unprincipled  traders  and 
wretched  vagabonds,  who  were  ranging  the  coast  and  country 
in  all  directions  beyond  the  reach  of  law,  inflictino-  the  most 
in  olerable  outrages  upon  the  natives.     The  governors  of  the 
colonies,  and  the  many  good  Christian  men  in  the  settlements 
were  anxious  to  do  every  thing  in  their  power  to  secure  iust 
treatment  for  the  Indians;  but  it  was  impossible  for  them  to 
restrain  the  reckless  adventurers  who  crowded  to  these  shores 

In  addition  to  the  danger  to  which  the  colonists  were  exposed 
from  the  angry  attitude  assumed  by  the  Indians,  there  were  also 
continual  dispiUes  arising  in  respect  to  boundaries,  with  the 
Dutch  in  ^ew  York,  and  the  French  in  Canada.     Influenced  by 

tie  stock  on  the  farms  was  always  in  npril   ot,,i  «^„- 

guanl  against  their  attacks     T^y  X  Lworit  Si  ^'^.'^''^"f ""  T'  ''''"''''''  '"^ 

to  encounter.    Hitherto  they  hafl.^  re  trs",^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'-^ 

»  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  vol.  1.  p.  480 

a  CoUections  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,'  vol.  1.  p.  247. 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


109 


these  considerations,  the  colonists  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth, 
Connecticut,  and  New  Haven,  entered  into  a  confederacy  in  the 
year  1G43.*  The  Province  of  Maine  was  not  a  member  of  this 
confederacy.  It  is  said  that  this  was  in  consequence  of  the 
strong  royalist  and  Episcopal  tendencies  of  its  rulers. 

The  French  called  their  dominions  in  North  America,  includ- 
ing Canada,  Acadia,  and  Louisiana,  by  the  general  name  of  Nev;r 
France.  For  its  government,  Cardinal  Richelieu  formed  an 
association  called  the  Company  of  France.^  It  was  estimated 
that  about  sixteen  thousand  souls  had  emigratsd  to  these  re- 
gions. The  intolerance  of  the  court  in  England  had  roused  the 
Commons  to  an  appeal  to  arms.  This  at  once  checked  the  tide 
of  emigration.  The  people,  who  had  been  fleeing  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  croAvn,  were  now  disposed  to  remain  at  home, 
and  fight  the  battles  of  freedom  on  their  own  soil.  So  many 
returned  to  England,  tliat  during  the  next  twenty  years  the 
New  England  colonies  lost  more  from  returning  emigrants  than 
they  gained  by  accessions  from  the  mother  country .3 

The  people  of  these  colonies  were  generally  republicans  in 
their  political  principles,  and  dissenters  from  the  Established 
Church  of  England  in  their  ecclesiastical  relations.  Their  sjm- 
pathies  were  consequently  warmly  with  the  Commons  in  its  war- 
fare against  the  Crawn.  The  Commons,  in  gratitude,  voted,  in 
the  year  1642,  that  the  merchandise  of  either  country  should  be 
exchanged  free  of  duty.* 

Jealous  of  the  power  of  the  king,  and  of  the  grants  or  patents 
■which  he  had  conferred  upon  his  favorites,  they  appointed  the 
Earl  of  Warwick,  governor-general,  and  high  admiral  of  all 
the  American  Phiutations.  He  was  to  be  assisted  by  a  board 
of  sixteen  commissioners.  They  were  enjoined  to  watch  with 
care  tliat  the  colonists  were  protected  in  the  true  Protestant 
religion  and  in  the  exercise  of  all  their  political  rights. 

Gov.  Gorges,  a  partisan  of  the  king,  was  much  annoyed  by 
the  attitude  which  public  affairs  were  assuming.  He  determined 
to  leave  the  Province  of  Maine,  and  return   to  England.     The 

1  Winthrop'3  Journal,  p.  270;  Hubbard's  New  England,  p.  4G5. 

2  History  of  the  French  Dominions,  by  Thomas  Jeffreys,  p.  101. 
8  History  of  New  England,  l)y  Daniel  Neal,  p.  218. 

*  Hist.  Coil,  by  Eben.  Hazard,  p.  494. 


110 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


m 


I 


adminirtration  of  affairs  was  intrusted  to  GeorRe  Cleaves  as  hi, 

ci?pe„- ::::;  '^'-'  ^-"-o  ^-  >""<=si!eace,rer:ued 

He  speedily  summoned  a  court  at  Cas.„,  that  he  might  inform 
h    .self  „,ore  mmutely  respecting  the  affairs  of  the  Province 
but  he  found  h,mself  at  once  in  conflict  with  the  govern  nnt 
Gorges  had  established.     Richard  Vines  convened  a  couTdl  a 

Mr  TnclL  toT"'°r'^  "'""''  "'•''''•  ^'^"<''  «->*  "  f'-'»<'. 
m,?.  r  H  "'''  ^  ■"■"P""'  ^bmitting  the  questions  in  dis^! 
pute  to  the  magistrates  of  the  Massachusetts  colony.  Vines 
assadcd  the  envoy  with  abusive  language,  threw^im  " to 
P  .son,  and  d.d  not  .-elease  him  until  he  gave  bonds  to  appear 
at  the  next  court  at  Saco.a  appear 

Though  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  had  now  reached  his  three 
SCO  e  yea.,  and  ten,  his  zeal  for  the  crown  was  such,  that 
u,  he  c.vd  war  then  raging,  he  joined  the  royalist  a  my  „f 
Pnnee  Rupert  dui-.ng  the  siege  of  Bristol.  The  g,.eat  events 
transpmng  ,„  Eugland  threw  British  affai.^  evcywrere  ,1 
ome  degree  of  confusion.     It  would  only  bewilder  the    e  d 

ave  bTn"f  ""'"'"  '"  '"^  entanglements.  There  see.^  to 
have  been  for  so.ne  t.me  quite  a  conflict  between  Cleaves  at 
Poi-tland  and  the  court  at  Saoo.  Cleaves  at 

In  the  year  1047  Ricl.a.d  Vines  had  returned  to  E.,gland 
At  a  session  of  the  court  holden  by  Mr.  Cleaves,  the  Pisc,rtanua 
P lantafous  were  fo,-mcd  into  a  town  called  Kittery.  Its T 
nory,„t  that  thne  embraced  not  on.,,  the  p..esent  town  of 
K.ttery,  but  also  North  and  South  Berwick  and  Elliot  It 
would  seem  from  the  following  curious  memorial  pret em  d  to 

:t:;s.;isp:t'r^'^^' "™-"'» -"-•-  -  ^^^^ 

goats  and  swine,  which,  by  destroying  much  fish  1  .rP,.    T  ?^  u^ 

petitioners  and  others;  and^Iso  spoil  ^h'^^V^^^^^^^^  *^/ 

rendering  it  unfit  for  any  manner  of  use.  ^      "'''*  ''^'^^' 

1  Hutchinson's  History,  vol.  i.  p.  1C3 

2  Hubbard's  History  of  Now  England,  p.  3C9. 


§ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Ill 


"  Your  petitioners  therefore  pray,  that  the  act  of  court  may  be  put  in 
execution,  for  the  removal  of  all  women  from  inhabiting  there;  and  that  said 
Reynolds  may  be  ordered  to  remove  liis  goats  and  swine  from  the  island 
without  delay." 

The  court  ordered  the  removal  of  the  swine,  but  decided,  as 
to  the  complaint  against  the  wife,  "  It  is  thought  fit  by  the 
court,  that,  if  no  further  complaint  come  against  her,  she  may 
enjoy  the  company  of  her  husband."* 

Ferdinando  Gorges  died  two  years  before  the  execution  of 
his  royal  master,  Charles  I.  In  the  year  1635  Razilla,  governor 
of  Acadia,  died.  Two  of  his  subordinate  officers  struggled  to 
succeed  him  in  the  command.  One  of  these,  Charles  de  la 
Tour  established  himself  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  St.  John.2 
The  other.  D'Aulney  de  Charnisy,  took  his  residence  about  a 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  west,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Penob- 
scot, at  the  point  now  called  Castine. 

The  valleys  of  these  two  rivers  were  inhabited  by  two  quite 
powerful  Indian  tribes.  The  king  of  France,  involved  in  a  war 
with  Spain,  paid  but  little  attention  to  the  quarrels  of  two  offi- 
cers in  the  wilderness  of  the  New  World,  separated  from  France 
by  an  ocean  three  thousand  miles  in  width.  The  strife  between 
the  officers  was  imbittered  from  the  fact  that  D'Aulney  was  a 
Catholic,  and  was  sustained  by  the  powerful  influence  of  the 
Jesuits.  La  Tour  was  a  Protestant,  and  looked  for  countenance 
and  aid  to  the  Puritans  of  New  England. 

He  sent  from  his  settlement  on  the  St.  John,  an  agent, 
M.  Rochet,  to  propose  free  trade  between  the  colonies,  and  the 
co-operation  of  Massachusetts  in  the  endeavor  to  drive  D'Aulney 
from  the  Penobscot.  The  result  was,  that  free  trade  was  intro- 
duced, but  the  military  alliance  was  postponed.^ 

The  Jesuit  influence  was  such  that  the  Protestant,  La  Tour, 
had  no  chalice  of  obtaining  support  of  the  throne  of  France,  in 
his  conflict  with  his  Catholic  competitor.  The  Jesuits  succeeded 
ere  long  in  obtaining  a  royal  edict,  which  denounced  La  Tour 

1  Mass.  Hist  Coll,,  vol.  vii.  p.  250. 

2  There  are  two  De  la  Tours  mentioned  in  this  history,  —  Claude,  the  father  and 
Charles,  the  son.  ' 

8  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  vol.  i.  p.  198;  Journal  of  John  WmthroD. 
P.  265.  " 


112 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


J  ( 


'    /'•     'i 


1 

iwrni 

as  an  outlaw  and  a  rcl.el.  Tl,„a  encourasod,  D'Auluey  fitted 
out  an  «pod,t,„,,  against  his  opponent,  of  four  vessels,  wfth  five 
hundred  men.     He  blockaded  the  harbor  of  La  Tour,    ut  off  all 

•  dttreT""'"     ""•  ""  """"'  '"'  ^"™°"  '"  "-  m 

In  the  night  of  the  12th  of  June,  La  Tour  and  hi»  wif. 

escaped  fro.  the  h.ochadcd  port,  and  proceeded  in""a  veLjt 

Boston.    He  was  a  man  of  persuasive  address,  and  he  exerted 

all  las  powers  to  induce  the  government  of  t  ,e  eolony  to  1  d 

ment";    the"    ;"'■"  '°''"-     1'"'"'  ""  ^""^  »  '""™"  '^ 
ment  u,  the  colony,  upon  th,s  subject.    Some  were  warmly  in 

gene.al  ,„  Acad.a.      La  Tour's  friends  in  the  Massachusetts 
Colony  urged  that  he  was  the  legitimate  ruler,  and  that  th 
oommercal  interests,  and  their  religious  principles,  alike  de- 
manded that  they  should  support  his  claims. 

But  the  opponents  urged,  that  they  eould  not  be  certain  as  to 
he  exact  just.ce  of  the  case  ;  that  the  French  cabinet  had  man- 
ifestly vacillated  ;  that  it  was  to  he  feared  that  La  Tour's  Prot 
estantism  was  mainly  the  absence  of  all  religion ;  and  that  ii 
was  not  for  the  honor  of  Massachusetts  to  engage  n  war,  as  the 
followers  of  a  French  adventurer.'  '  wai,  as  tne 

tnttl'  ,"'^,^':'"'^""'"t^  '■>  th''  P'ovince  of  Maine  were  much  a-i- 
ated  by  tins  question.     The  deputy  governor  wrote,  from  Ws 

not  o„i    these  pa.ts  which  a.e  nakel,  bat  J^r:!^^:^: l^^^^^ 
a...a.ge.     He  hath  long  waited,  with  the  expense  of  near  oi-rht  hundred 
pounds  per  n,onth,  for  an  opportunity  of  taking  supplies  fro^W    f  e    td 
should  all  lus  hopes  be  frustrated  throu-h  your  aid   vnn  11  •      '  f     ' 

he  will  seek  for  satisfaction.  "    ^  '  ^°^  ^^^  '°"''^^"  ^^^^™ 

.K  "n  r,  ^^T^'t  ''°'^  "''^^•^  ^^  °^^'^°'  ^""^  he  be   utterly  extirpated   T 
should  hke  ,t  well:  otherwise,  it  cannot  be  thought  but  that  a  soldier  a^d  a 

>  See  these  arguments  in  full,  Haz.  Coll.,  vol.  i.  p.  502-516. 


TnE  nisTORr  of  maine. 


118 


gentleman  will  seek  to  revenge  himgelf,  having  five  hundred  men,  two  shipa, 
a  galley,  and  pinnaces  well  provided.  But  you  may  please  conceive  in  what 
mauiior  he  now  besieges  La  Tour.  His  ships  lie  on  the  south-west  part  of 
the  island,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  John's  River,  within  v/hich  is  only  an 
entrance  for  ships.  On  the  north-east  lie  his  pinnaces.  It  cannot  be  con- 
ceived but  ho  will  fortify  the  island,  which  will  debar  the  entrance  of  any 
of  your  shijis,  and  force  them  back,  showing  the  will,  not  having  the  power 
to  hurt  him. 

••I  suppose  I  shall  sail  for  England  in  this  ship;  I  am  not  yet  certain, 
which  makes  me  forbear  to  enlarge  at  this  time,  or  to  desire  your  commands 
thither. 

"  Thus  in  haste  I  rest  your  honoring  fr-snd  and  servant, 

"Thomas  GonoEs."* 

After  much  deliberation,  the  Massachusetts  magistrates  in- 
formed La  Tour,  that,  though  they  could  take  no  active  part  in 
the  conflict,  he  might  purchase  or  charter  ships,  and  enlist  as 
many  volunteers  as  he  pleased.  It  was  all,  however,  to  be  done 
dt  his  own  expense  Ho  at  once  cliartered  four  vessels  for  two 
months,  at  the  pric>  fo'-  *he  four,  of  two  thousand  six  hundred 
dollars.  One  hundred  and  forty-two  men,  sailors,  and  seamen 
were  placed  on  board,  with  thirty-eight  pieces  of  ordnance. 
The  little  fleet  was  well  furnished  with  provisions  and  ammuni- 
tion. 

To  raise  the  needful  money,  he  mortgaged  his  fort  at  St. 
Johns,  with  all  its  ammunition  and  stores,  and  also  all  his  real 
and  personal  estate  in  Acadia.  The  squadron,  thu"  equipped, 
sailed  on  the  14th  of  July,  1G43.  It  would  seem  that  he  had 
five  vessels  in  his  fleet;  the  "Clement,"  in  which  he  had  entered 
Massachusetts  Bay,  and  the  four  vessels  he  had  chartered, 
namely,  "  The  Seabridge,"  "  The  Philip  and  Mary,"  "  The  In- 
crease, "  and  "  The  Greyhound."  2 

It  will  be  perceived  that  this  trouble  took  place  in  Acadia  a 
year  or  two  before  some  of  the  events  in  Maine,  which  we  have 
already  described. 

1  Hazard's  Hist.  Coll.,  vol.  i  p.  498.         a  Hubbard's  Histc  . ,  voL  {.  p.  IBO. 


-'"'i^wWBSiWii^^^S^S!^^ 


CHAPTER  VII. 

COLONIAL  JEALOFSIES  AND  ALIENATIONS. 

Conflict  between  La  Tour  and  D'Aulu.y-Jts  Strange  Result  -  Attack  of 
Wannerton-  Madame  La  Tour-D'Aulney  attacks  the  Fort  at  st" olm 
LrT^uff  g";:  1^^™%^'^  Tour-nerCapcuro  and  Deat^-T.'a  "of 
IN  «  *H  Godfrey -Purchases  of  Indian  Chiefs  -Boundary  Dlsoutes 
-Final  Set  lement-Submission  of  Godfrey  -  Ecclesiastical  cSt  on  of 
Maine -Sulhvan's  Testimony  -  Dutch  Settlers -Savage  Insolencl 

JT  would  seem  that  La  Tr  r  made  a  sudden  and  furious 
-^  attack  upon  the  vessels  of  D'Aulney,  and  drove  them  from 
their  station,  and  chased  them  into  the  Pepobscot.i  Here 
D  Aulney  ran  two  of  his  vessels  aground,  and  quite  a  brisk 
action  took  place,  in  which  several  Frenchmen  were  either 
killed  or  wounded  on  each  side  ;  but  not  a  man  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts Colony  was  hurt.  The  chartered  vessels  returned  to 
Boston  wit  nn  the  allotted  time.  La  Tour  brought  with  him  a 
ship  of  D  Aulney  s,  which  he  had  captured,  freighted  with  val- 
uable  furs.2  ° 

D'Aulney  was  veiy  indignant  in  view  of  the  aid  the  Massa- 
chusetts Colony  had  rendered  La  Tour.  He  wrote  a  very  an-rv 
letter,  to  which  the  governor  replied,  —  -^      o  j- 

"Had  we  been  molested  in  the  right  of  free  trade,  as  you  threatened  us 
we  should  not  have  been  backward  to  do  ourselves  justice.  But  the  colo^ 
government  of  Massachusetts  has,  in  fact,  taken  no  measures,  nor  grattd 
any  commission,  against  you.  To  admit  La  Tour  to  enlist  and  hire  forces 
with  his  own  money,  violates  no  sound  political  rules.  It  is  a  mere  attri- 
bute  of  our  independence,  while  the  laws  of  Christian  duty  require  us  to 
relieve  all  d  stress.  Yet  surely  nothing  would  be  more  grateful  tolT^i  : 
than  reconciliation  and  peace. "  8  i"  wisuts 

Port  Roy'a^.'''''  ^"'"''"  ""^  Hutchinson.    Winthrop  says  they  were  driven  to 
2  Hubbard's  New  England,  i  .  <iAo. 
8  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  31.^.    t:..  ,1s..  Hubbard's  New  England,  p.  48a. 


THE  HISTOBT  OF  MAINE. 


no 


D'Aulney  applied  to  the  court  of  France  for  aid,  to  take 
revenge  upon  Massachusetts.  He  represented  that  tl»o  French 
colonies  in  Acadia  were  in  danger  of  destruction,  from  an 
expedition  which  Massachusetts  was  fitting  up  againfit  them  ; 
he  also  resolved  to  put  a  stop  to  all  intercourse  whatever  he- 
tween  Massachusetts  and  La  Tour.  Situated  as  he  was,  between 
them  on  the  Penobscot,  he  could,  with  his  ships,  easily  inter- 
cept any  vessels  passing  along  the  coast. 

Three  gentlemen  of  distinction  from  the  English  colonies 
embarked  for  La  Tour's  port  on  the  St.  John  River,  to  settle 
sori.e  pecuniary  claims.  These  were  Vines  of  Saco,  Shurt  of 
Pemaquid,  r.d  Wannerton  (or  Wanerton  as  Winslow  spells  the 
name)  from  New  Hampshire.  When  they  reached  the  Penob- 
scot, D'Aulney  caused  their  arrest  and  imprisonment.  It  was 
with  much  difficulty,  that,  after  several  days  of  confinement, 
they  obtained  their  release.  Neither  of  these  gentlemen  had 
any  connection  with  the  Massachusetts  Colony.  They  were 
detained  simply,  as  Englishmen. 

Wannerton  was  an  impetuous  man,  who  was  thrown  into  a 
fever  of  passion  by  the  outrage.  The  envoys  continued  their 
voyage  to  the  St.  John.  There  they  learned  that  D'Aulney's 
garrison  at  Castine,  or  Biguyduce  as  the  place  was  then  called, 
was  very  feeble.  Wannerton  engaged  a  party  of  twenty  men 
to  accompany  him  to  the  Penobscot,  and  take  vengeance  upon 
D'Aulney.  They  were  all  thoroughly  armed.  D'Aulney  had 
a  well-stocked  farm  about  five  miles  from  his  fort.  The  aven- 
gers landed  in  their  boat,  and  marched  to  the  buildings,  which 
were  not  far  distant  from  the  shore.  It  was  a  time  of  piracy  and 
robbery  of  every  kind. 

It  would  seem  that  the  laborers  saw  the  approach  of  the 
armed  band,  and  rushed  into  the  house  for  defence.  Wanner- 
ton led  his  party,  and  knocked  at  the  door.  It  was  opened,  and 
immediately  a  volley  of  bullets  was  discharged  from  within 
upon  the  assailants.  Wannerton  fell  mortally  wounded; 
another  of  his  party  was  struck  by  a  bullet,  and  one  was  shot 
dead.  The  men  in  the  house,  having  offered  this  resistance, 
threw  down  their  arms,  and  surrendered. 

The  torch  was  applied.     The  house  and  all  the  outbuildinf^s. 


116 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


■■!! 


f 


with  the  furniture,  the  tools,  and  the  farming  stores,  were  la=d 
in  ashes.  All  the  animals  were  killed.  Nothing  was  left 
behmd  but  smouldering  ruins  and  utter  desolation.  The 
destruction  was  entire.  The  proud  avengers  scorned  to  take 
any  booty.^ 

D'Aulney's  rage  passed  all  bounds;  though  Wannerton  acted 
solely  upon  his  own  responsibility,  taking  individual  vengeance 
lor  the  affront  he  had  received,  D'Aulney  breathed  threatenin-s 
and  slaughter  against  all  the  English.  He  proclaimed  loudly, 
that  he  would  make  prize  of  every  English  colonial  vessel  he 
could  find  east  of  the  Penobscot  River;  and  he  issued  commis- 
sions to  that  purport.  The  governor  at  Boston  addressed  to 
him  a  letter  of  remonstrance.  After  reminding  the  enraged 
J^renchman  of  many  acts  of  aggression  of  which  he  had  been 
guilty,  he  added,  — 

"  Yet  I  inform  you  that  no  hostile  act  against  either  French  or  Dutch  is 
allowed  La  Tour  cannot  expect  any  more  succors  from  this  place.  A  mer- 
chant s  trade  IS  permitted  between  us  and  St.  John;  and  rest  assured  it  will 
be  protected. ' '  ^ 

That  whicli  is  done  in  a  passion  is  seldom  well  done.  D'Aul- 
ney soon  became  convinced  that  he  had  committed  a  blunder. 
The  French  Government  was  not  disposed  to  enter  into  a  war 
with  England,  upon  the  issue  which  their  irate  officer,  in  the 
wilds  of  Nova  Scotia,  had  raised.  D'Aulney  was  mildly  re- 
buked by  the  French  cabinet,  and  was  ordered  to  maintain 
IrieiuUy  relations  with  all  the  English.^ 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  the  French  Government  gave  its  sup- 
port to  the  Catholic  D'Aulney,  in  opposition  to  the  Protestant 
J.a  lour.  Ihe  latter  and  his  wife  were  denounced  as  traitors 
and  orders  were  given  for  their  arrest.  Madame  La  Tour  was 
apparently  a  woman  of  sincere  piety,  and  conscientiously  a 
1  rotestant.  She  was  then  in  Boston,  having  recently  arrived 
there  on  her  way  from  France  to  St.  John. 

On  the  4th  of  October,  1044,  D'Aulney  sent  an  envoy,  M. 
Mane,  with  an  imposing  retinue  of  ten  attendants,  to  negotiate 

*  Hiitcliinson'8  History  of  Massachnsetts.  p.  l'>5 

a  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  315.         a  Wmthrop's  Journal,  p.  350. 


ii 


THE  nrSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


117 


a  treaty  with  the  government  of  Massachusetts.  Gov.  Win- 
throp  endeavored  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  between  the 
two  antagonistic  French  parties,  and  to  secure  a  safe  return 
of  Madame  La  Tour  to  her  husband.  But  M.  Marie  ancriily 
replied,  —  °    "^ 

"No!  nothing  but  submission  wiU  save  La  Tour's  head  if  ho  be  taken: 
.^or  will  his  wife  have  any  passport  to  St.  John.  She  is  known  to  be  the 
cause  of  his  contempt  and  rebellion.  Any  vessel  which  shall  admit  her  as 
a  passenger  will  be  liable  to  arrest." 

Under  these  circumstances  the  governor  decided  to  stand 
entirely  neutral.  It  is,  however,  evident  that  his  sympathies 
were  with  La  Tour.  A  commercial  treaty  was  signed,  and  both 
parties  agreed  to  abstain  from  all  hostile  acts.i 

The  inhabitant-:  of  Maine  greatly  rejoiced  over  this  result. 
Ihey  were  quite  defenceless,  and  were  in  much  fear  that  the 
reckless,  passionate  D'Aulney  would  seize  their  vessels,  and 
plunder  their  settlements.  Capt.  Bayley,  the  master  of  the 
ship  which  brought  Madame  La  Tour  from  France,  had  en-aged 
to  leave  her  at  St.  John.  Instead  of  this,  he  had  landed  her 
at  Boston.  She  could  now  return  to  St.  John  only  by  equip- 
ping  a  force  which  would  enable  her  to  cope  with  the  enemy. 
She  prosecuted  for  damages.  The  court,  after  a  four-days' 
trial,  granted  her  a  verdict  for  ten  thousand  dollars.  With  this 
sum  she  chartered  three  London  ships,  and  proceeded  safely  to 
her  home. 

D'Aulney  was  exceedingly  chagrined.  He  had  fully  ex- 
pected to  make  her  his  captive.  His  anger  against  the  Massa- 
chusetts Colony  was  renewed.  He  denounced  the  governor  as 
having  violated  tl-e  treaty  by  allowing  the  ships  to  be  chartered. 
He  obtained  information  that  La  Tour  was  absent  on  a  cruise 
in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  that  there  were  but  fifty  men  left  in  gar- 
rison, and  that  they  had  but  a  small  supply  of  food  and  ammu- 
nition. 

Early  in  the  spring,  when  winter  breezes  still  lingered,  and 
snow  covered  the  ground,  he  took  a  ship  to  capture  the  worko 
at  St.  John.     He  sailed,  with  his  well-equipped  war-vessel, 

^    Journal  of  .TnKn  Xet-nfV.rf.T.    n    ^l" 


118 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


from  the  Penobscot.  Soon  he  overtook  a  New  England  vessel 
which  was  bound  to  the  St.  John  with  supplies.  *  Regardless 
of  the  commercial  treaty,  he  seized  the  vessel,  landed  the  crew 
m  an  open  boat  upon  a  desolate  island,  and  in  his  cruel  rage 
abandoned  them,  without  even  leaving  them  the  means  of  kind- 
ling a  fire.  Very  thinly  clad,  they  succeeded  in  constructing  a 
miserable  wigwam,  where  they  suffered  severely  from  cold  and 
hunger.  Here  they  remained  ten  days,  until  they  were  taken 
off,  and  sent  home  in  an  old  shallop. 

D'Aulney  entered  the  harbor  at  St.  John,  moored  his  ship 
opposite  the  fort,  and  opened  a  vigorous  fire.     But  Madame  La 
Tour  was  already  there.     She  was  a  true  heroine.     Her  intre- 
pidity was  sufficient  to  quadruple  the  strength  of  the  feeble 
garrison.     She  caused  the  fire  to  be  returned,  and  with  so  much 
skill,  that,  in  a  short  time,  the  deck  of  D'Aulney's  vessel  ran 
red  with  blood,  and  was  strewed  with  the  mangled  bodies  of 
the  dead  and  dying.    Twenty  were  killed  and  thirteen  wounded. 
Every  shot  from  the  fort  struck  the  ship.     Her  hull  was  shat- 
tered.    The  water  was  rushing  in  at  the  shot-holes ;  and  still 
the  deadly  fire  was  kept  up  without  intermission,  while  the  gar- 
rison behind  strong  ramparts  remained  unharmed. 
_  D'Aulney  was  effectually  repulsed.     To  save  his  ship  from 
sinking,  he  hastily  warped  her  under  shelter  of  a  bluff,  beyond 
the  reach  of  cannon-shot.     Having  repaired  his  damages,  buried 
his  dead,  and  dressed  the  terrible  wounds  inflicted  by  cannon- 
shot,  he  spread  his  sails,  and,  greatly  crestfallen,  returned  to 
Castine. 

Massachusetts  was  justly  incensed  at  the  gross  violation  of 
the  treaty  in  seizing  a  New  England  vessel.  An  envoy  was 
promptly  sent  to  D'Aulney  demanaing  explanation  and  satisfac- 
tion. .  There  was  an  angry  and  unsatisfactory  interview.  The 
enraged  Frenchman,  losing  all  self-control  in  his  reckless 
charges,  said,  — 

"  You  have  helped  my  mortal  enemy  in  aiding  La  Tour's  wife  to  return 
to  St.  John.  You  have  burned  my  buildings;  you  have  killed  my  animals. 
I  warn  you  to  beware  of  the  avenging  hand  of  ray  sovereign." 

The  envoy  with  dignity  replied,  — 


THE  nrSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


119 


"  Tour  sovereign  is  a  mighty  prince ;  he  is  also  a  prince  of  too  much 
honor  to  commence  an  unjustifiable  attack;  but,  should  he  assail  us,  we  trust 
in  God,  who  is  the  infinite  Arbiter  of  justice." 

The  only  result  of  the  conference  was  the  establishment  of  a 
sort  of  truce  until  the  next  spring.  It  was  evidently  impossible 
to  maintain  peace  and  free  trade  with  both  of  these  French 
generals,  who  were  so  bitterly  hostile  to  each  other.  A  little 
more  than  a  year  passed  away,  with  occasional  diplomatic  cor- 
respondence. In  September,  1646,  three  commissioners  arrived 
in  Boston  from  D'Aulney,  and  demanded  four  thousand  dollars 
damages  for  losses  which  he  professed  to  have  received  from  the 
English.  The  governor  anJ  his  magistrates,  oa  the  other  hand, 
deemed  a  larger  sum  due  to  them. 

While  this  diplomacy  was  in  progress,  the  shrewd  and  implaca- 
ble Frenchman  was  gathering  his  forces  for  another  attack  upon 
St.  John.  It  is  said,  that,  through  the  treachery  of  the  Cath- 
olic priests,  he  kept  himself  carefully  informed  of  the  precise 
condition  of  affairs  there.  Taking  advantage  of  La  Tour's 
absence  on  a  cruise  to  ojbtain  supplies,  he  suddenly  entered  the 
harbor  with  a  strong  naval  force,  and  assailed  the  fort  by  a  can- 
nonade from  his  ships,  and  by  storming  it,  at  the  same  time,  on 
the  land  side.  The  walls  were  scaled,  and  with  the  loss  of 
twelve  men  killed  and  many  wounded,  on  the  part  of  the  assail- 
ants, the  fort  was  taken. 

All  the  inmates  were  mercilessly  put  to  the  sword,  with  the 
exception  of  La  Tour's  wife,  who  was  taken  captive.  The 
plunder  which  the  victor  seized,  consisting  of  materials  of  war, 
plate,  jewels,  and  household  goods,  exceeded  fifty  thousand  dol- 
lars in  value.  This  ruin  of  La  Tour  caused  great  loss  to  many 
New  England  merchants  to  whom  he  was  indebted. 

The  fate  of  the  virtuous  and  heroic  Madame  La  Tour  was 
very  sad.  She  was  a  beautiful  and  accomplished  lady,  of  un- 
blemished piety.  Catholic  persecution  had  driven  her  from 
her  native  land,  and  from  the  many  friends  who  surrounded  her 
there.  Her  new  home  in  Acadia  was  now  in  ruins.  All  her 
estate  had  vanished.  Her  husband  was  outlawed  and  a  wan- 
derer, without  the  slightest  prospect  of  ever  again  regaining  his 
fortunes  ;  and  she  was  a  captive  in  the  hands  of  a  proud  and 


120 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


I 


f 


Mil 


implacable  enemy.  Her  heart  was  crushed.  Day  after  day  she 
drew  visibly  nearer  the  grave.  In  three  weeks  her  spirit  took 
its  flight,  and  entered,  we  trust,  that  world  where  the  weary 
are  at  rest. 

We  regret  to  add  that  La  Tour  subsequently  proved  himself 
to  be  a  man  utterly  devoid  of  principle.  He  went  to  Boston. 
The  tale  of  his  impoverishment  and  his  woes  excited  the  sym- 
pathies of  the  kind-hearted  Bostonians.  Several  of  the  mer- 
chants furnished  him  with  a  vessel,  and  with  goods  to  the  value 
of  about  two  thousand  dollars,  to  enable  him  to  trade  with  the 
natives  along  the  coast.  They  manned  the  vessel  with  a  crew 
of  Englishmen  and  Frenchmen.  It  was  a  generous  deed  of 
charity. 

In  midwinter  of  1647,  La  Tour  sailed  from  Boston.  When 
he  arrived  off"  Cape  Sable,  in  Nova  Scotia,  the  ingrate  conspired 
with  his  own  countrymen,  and,  seizing  the  vessel  and  cargo, 
drove  the  English  ashore.  In  the  conflict  La  Tour,  with  his 
own  pistol,  shot  one  of  the  Englishmen  in  the  face.  These 
unhappy  men,  thus  turned  adrift  upon  the  rocky  and  ice-bound 
coast,  would  inevitably  have  perished  but  for  the  humanity  of 
those  whom  we  call  savages. 

After  fifteen  days  of  awful  suffering  they  chanced  to  meet  a 
small  band  of  Mickmac  Indians.  These  larharians  treated  them 
with  all  the  kindness  which  Christianity  enjoins.  They  took 
the  shivering,  starving  creatures  to  their  wigwams,  warmed 
their  half-frozen  limbs,  and  fed  them  with  delicious  cuts  of  ven- 
ison. The  Indians,  having  thus  taken  in  the  strangers,  and 
given  food  to  the  hungry,  and  drink  to  the  thirsty,  and  clothing 
to  the  naked,  furnished  them  with  a  pilot  to  guide  them  along 
the  sinuous  coast  to  their  distant  home.  This  was  in  Uav 
1646.*  ^ ' 

La  Tour,  with  his  stolen  vessel,  disappeared.     No   one  knew 
where  he  went.     For  two  years  he  was  not  heard  from.     The 

1  "If  tliey  had  not,  by  special  providence,  found  more  favor  at  tlie  hands  of 
Cape  Sable  Indians  than  of  those  French  Clnistians,  they  might  all  have  perished; 
for,  liaving  wandered  llfteen  days  up  and  down,  they,  at  the  last,  found  some  In- 
dians who  gave  them  a  shallop  with  victuals,  and  an  Indian  pilot;  by  which  means 
they  came  safe  to  Boston  about  three  months  after."  -  Hubbard' s  New  Enaland 
p.  4iW.  ^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


121 


fortress  of  D'Aulney  on  the  Penobscot,  was,  at  that  time,  the 
most  prominent  resort  of  the  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  from 
France.  D'Aulney  was  zealous  in  that  cause,  and  for  some 
time  was  the  undisputed  ruler  of  Acadia.  After  three  years 
he  died.  In  one  year  after  his  death,  La  Tour  returned,  and 
married  his  widow,  and  entered  upon  the  possession  of  his  rich 
inheritance ;  a  striking  illustration  of  the  truth  of  the  oft-quoted 
remark,  that  the  romance  of  fact  is  more  strange  than  that  of 
fiction. 

La  Tour  was  now  re-instated  in  all  his  former  possessions  ; 
and  yet  he  made  no  effort  to  pay  his  former  creditors.  He 
seemed  to  surrender  himself  to  a  life  of  conviviality.  He  sel- 
dom left  his  province.  Several  children  were  born  to  him.  The 
French  were  at  this  time  in  occupancy  of  settlements  at  Pen- 
obscot, Mount  Desert,  Machias,^  and  St.  Croix ;  but  none  of 
these  settlements  were  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Province  of  Maine  was 
divided  into  four  political  sections.  Gorges'  region  extended 
from  the  southern  border  to  the  Kennebunk;  then  on  the  east 
came  Ligonia ;  beyond  that  was  the  Sagadahoc  territory  ;  on 
the  extreme  east  came  the  region  between  the  Penobscot,  and 
Passamaquoddy  Bay,  which  was  called  Penobscot.  Civil  war 
was  raging  in  England.  All  political  matters  were  in  a  state 
of  the  greatest  uncertainty.  The  people  of  Maine  were  much 
discouraged. 

Under  these  circumstances  a  general  court  was  convened  at 
Wells  in  October,  1648.  Edward  Godfrey  was  re-elected  gov- 
ernor, and  four  councillors  were  appointed.  The  government, 
thus  organized,  addressed  an  earnest  petition  to  England  for 
directions  in  their  political  affairs.  A  year  elapsed  before  any 
answer  came.  The  only  tidings  they  received  were,  that  Sir 
lerdinando  Gorges  Avas  dead,  and  that  no  instructions  could  be 

1  "Mount  Desert  was  so  named  by  ChampJain,  in  1006.  The  English  named  it 
Mount  Mansell,  in  honor  of  one  of  their  distinguislied  naval  officers.  It  has,  how- 
ever, retained  the  name  of  Mount  Desert.  Tlie  island  has  ever  been  celebrated 
for  the  boldness  of  its  shores,  the  beauty  of  its  scenery,  and  the  excellence  of  its 
harbor.  The  French  .lestiits,  who  landed  there  in  1G13,  called  it  St.  Saviour."  — 
Memorial  of  Pop/mm  Celebration,  p.  74." 


'■.  -ff-^-CTB^ngiyiHiiMji 


122 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


i 


^ 


expected  from  tlie  parent  country  while  distracted  with  the 
tumult  of  civil  vvar.^ 

Gov.  Godfrey  was  a  very  peculiar  man ;  bombastic,  vain,  and 
arrogant.  He  usually  prefaced  his  proclamations  or  addresses 
with  these  words:  "To  all  Christian  people  to  whom  these 
presents  shall  come,  greeting  in  our  Lord  God  everlasting." 

"  Still,"  writes  Mr.  Bourne,  "  Gov.  Godfrey  is  worthy  of  commendation 
for  the  persevering  and  indomitable  spirit  which  he  manifested  in  what  he 
considered  to  be  right,  and  for  his  courage  in  seating  himself  down  in  York, 
an  entire  wilderness,  with  none  to  whom  he  could  look,  in  his  solitude,  for 
any  help  which  the  emergencies  of  his  condition  might  require.  He  located 
himself  there  in  1030,  building  the  first  house  in  that  place.  He  was  the 
founder  of  York.  What  his  motive  was  in  making  such  a  selection  for  a 
habitation  does  not  appear.  Possibly  the  fishing  business  might  have 
tempted  him  to  the  adventure.  No  location  could  have  been  better  for  that 
purpose.  His  house  was  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  But  thus  away 
from  the  intercourse  and  business  haunts  of  men,  he  would  be  but  little 
likely  to  grow  in  the  virtues  of  social  life,  or  in  the  necessary  qualifications 
for  gubernatorial  authority."  2 

For  three  years  the  affairs  of  the  Province  were  administered 
by  the  provincial  government  as  above  organized.  One  tribunal 
was  legislative,  judicial,  and  executive.  Pemaquid,  which  had 
been  settled  a  quarter  of  a  century,  was  the  principal  plantation 
of  the  Sagadahoc  territory.  It  was  the  great  resort  of  fishing 
and  trading  vessels  as  they  ran  up  and  down  the  coast.  Indi^ 
viduals  were  very  busy  in  p-  -chasing  large  tracts  of  land  from 
Indian  chiefs.  They  were  not  particular  in  their  inquiries  as  to 
the  right  of  the  chiefs  to  sell  these  extensive  tracts. 

John  Brown,  in  1625,  purchased  of  two  chiefs,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Pemaquid,  a  region  extending  along  its  southern  bor- 
der from  Pemaquid  Falls  to  Brown's  house,  and  running  back 
into  the  country  twenty-five  miles.     It  embraced  nearly  the 

1  "The  nature  of  Gorges  was  generous,  and  his  piety  sincere.  He  sought 
pleasure  in  doing  good;  fame,  by  advancing  Christianity  among  the  heathen-  a 
durable  monument,  by  erecting  houses,  villages,  and  towns.  Wlien  the  wars  in 
England  broke  out,  the  septuagenarian  royalist  buckled  on  his  armor,  and  gave 
the  last  strength  of  his  gray  liairs  to  the  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Charles  "  — 
Bancroft,  vol.  i.  p.  42f>. 

3  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  by  Edward  E.  Bourne,  p.  21. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


123 


whole  of  the  present  towns  of  Bristol,  Nobleborongh,  Jefferson, 
and  a  part  of  New  Castle. 

About  the  year  1662,  three  other  chiefs  sold  Walter  Phillips 
a  large  portion  of  the  same  lands,  and  all  the  land  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Kennebec,  from  Winnegance  Creek  to  the  sea,  and 
west  to  Casco  Bay.  Christopher  Lawson  purchased  of  a  chief 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  territory  now  covered  by  the  town  of 
Woolwich.  Thomas  Clark  and  Roger  Spencer  bought  of  a 
chief  the  whole  of  Arrowsic  Island;  John  Richards  bought 
of  a  chief  the  whole  of  Jeremisquam  Island.  Such  sales  were 
continually  made.* 

We  know  not  what  right  the  chiefs  had  to  sell  these  extended 
territories,  or  what  price  was  paid  for  them,  or  the  circum- 
stances under  which  the  chiefs  were  induced  to  sell.  During  a 
period  of  sixteen  years  all  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  Ken- 
nebec, and  all  the  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  that 
river,  were  bought  of  Indian  chiefs.  Such  purchases  were 
obviously  liable  to  great  abuses.  Both  the  Massachusetts  and 
Plymouth  Colonies  had  very  judiciously  prohibited  such  traffic, 
without  the  license  of  the  legislature.  There  were  no  such 
restrictions  in  Maine. 

In  these  pretended  sales  by  the  chiefs,  the  same  lands  were 
^ften  embraced  in  different  deeds.  The  boundary-lines  inter- 
oected  each  other.  The  same  lands  were  sold  by  different 
chiefs.  Inextricable  confusion  ensued.  There  were  conten- 
tions and  lawsuits  innumerable.  The  state  of  things  was 
deplorable.  There  were  scarcely  any  legal  titles,  and  no  courts 
were  organized  with  powers  to  adjust  these  difficulties. 

The  Penobscot  region,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  claimed 
both  by  the  French  and  the  English.  The  French  called  it  a 
part  of  Acadia ;  the  English  called  it  a  part  of  New  England. 
La  Tour,  who  succeeded  D'Aulney,  governed  this  region  with 
military  absolutism,  establishing  no  civil  tribunals. 

The  Massachusetts  Colony  brought  forward  a  new  claim  to 

all  the  land  in  Maine,  south  of  a  point  near  Portland.     This 

was  by  virtue  of  her  charter,  which  conferred  upon  her  all  the 

territory  within  the  space  of  "  three  English  miles  northward 

*  WiiUamson's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p,  330, 


iii 


124 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


iffr' 


of  the  river  Merrimack,  and  to  the  northward  of  any  paH 
thereof."  Now,  it  was  found  that  the  rource  of  the  Merrimack 
was  far  north  among  the  hills  of  New  Hampshire,  and  that  a 
line  running  from  that  point  due  east  to  the  ocean  would  strike 
the  coast  not  far  from  where  Portland  now  stands.  This  led 
to  a  very  serious  dispute  betvyeen  the  two  Provinces.  Massa- 
chusetts appointed  commissioners  to  ascertain  with  the  greatest 
accuracy  the  northernmost  head  of  the  Merrimack  River,  and  to 
run  a  line  thence  due  east  to  precisely  the  same  latitude  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

These  commissioners  testified  upon  oath  that  they  found,  on 
the  1st  of  August,  1652,  the  head  of  the  Merrimack,  where  it 
issued  from  the  lake  called  "  Winnepuseakik,"  i  in  the  latitude 
of  43°,  40',  12".  The  three  additional  miles  extending  into  the 
lake  would  allow  three- additional  minutes  to  the  distance.2 

Against  this  claim  Gov.  Godfrey,  of  the  Province  of  Maine, 
entered  an  indignant  remonstrance.  In  his  protest  to  the  Gen- 
eral Court  of  Massachusetts,  he  wrote,  — 

"  An  attempt  to  hold  the  Province  of  Maine  under  your  charter,  or  by 
any  other  legal  title,  without  the  pretence  of  purchase,  prior  possession,  or 
anterior  claim,  and  also  without  the  people's  consent,  is  the  height  of  injus- 
tice. Hitherto  you  have  declared  yourselves  satisfied  with  your  own  pos- 
sessions, as  bounded  on  a  line  parallel  with  the  Merrimack,  three  miles  distant 
from  Its  source  and  its  northerly  bant,  following  its  meanders  to  its  mouth- 
whereas  you  are  now  bursting  your  bounds,  and  stretching  your  claims 
across  provinces  to  which  till  lately  no  man,  however  visionary,  so  n.uih  as 
imagined  you  had  any  right." 

To  this  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  replied,— 

"  Worshipful  Sm,  -  Our  patent  by  divine  Providence  continues  to  be 
firmly  established  under  the  great  seal     Though  the  gi-and  patent  of  ]^ym- 

1  Williamson  suggests  that  this  was  probaWy  Lake  Winnipiseogee.  It  mav 
have  been  what  is  now  called  "Newfound  Lake."  with  whicli  the  latitude  would 
more  nearly  correspond. 

2  Hazard's  Collections,  vol.  i.  p.  671. 

The  i-eport  of  the  comniissioners  of  survey,  given  at  the  May  session  of  the 
General  Court,  was  in  the  following  words:  — 

"At  Aqnahattan,  the  head  of  the  Merrimack,  where  it  issues  out  of  the  lake 
called  AVinnepuseakik,  on  the  1st  of  August,  lfu52,  we  found  the  latitude  of  the 
place  43  ,  40  ,  12  ,  besides  those  minutes  allowed  for  the  three  miles  farther  north 
which  extend  into  the  I&Vg."  -  Historical  Collections  by  Ehenoz^r  Iln^nrd  vol  i' 
p.  oil.  "  I       •   • 


THE  HiaTORY  OF  MAINE. 


125 


outh  has  been  dissolved,  ours,  sanctioned  by  a  royal  charter,  has  success- 
fully encountered  every  attack.  Nor  do  we  now  claim  an  acre  beyond  ts 
truehmits  And,  had  you  attentively  examined  its  articles,  you  must  b 
satisfied  with  the  correctness  of  our  construction.  For  severll  yeTs  the 
extent  of  our  Jurisdictional  rights  wa.  not  fully  understood;  and  so  o^g  as 
doubte  remained  we  were  disposed  to  forb  ar,  though  we  have  never  aba^ 
doned  the  pursuit  of  our  utmost  claim  and  -ight. 

-  In  your  resistance,  probably  a  majority  (  f  the  provincial  inhabitants  are 
your  opponents,  for  thoy  are  greatly  desirous  of  being  united  wiUu  and 
they  richly  deserv  our  protection  and  assistance.  We  are  bound  to  hiform 
Tarel  '^^f''^^^^^  ^^^^  -er  which  you  claim  to  exerci  a"  th  " 
i^r  T  r  J^^'l/f «"  of  Massachusetts,  and  that  we  demand  our 
rights.  If,  however,  neither  rights  nor  reasons  will  induce  you  to  hearken 
we  shal  continually  protest  against  aU  further  proceedings  of  your  imd"; 
any  pretended  patent  or  combination  whatever. "  » 

Such  in  brief,  was  the  reply  of  Massachusetts.  It  will  give 
the  reader  a  clear  idea  of  the  nature  of  the  conflict  which  had 
arisen  Gov  Godfrey  angrily  replied.  This  led  to  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  Massachusetts  government  of  three  commissioners 
to  confer  with  Gov.  Godfrey  and  his  council.  They  met  at 
Kittery  Point.  Reconciliation  was  impossible,  as  both  parties 
were  inexorable.  The  commissioners  then  issued  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  people  of  Maine,  informing  them  that  Massachusetts 
would  extend  her  jurisdiction  over  that  portion  of  the  territory 
Avhich  she  claimed,  and  promising  them  full  protection  in  their 
estates  and  all  other  rights. 

Gov.  Godfrey  and  hfs  council  issued  a  counter  proclamation, 
denouncing  the  conduct  of  Massachusetts  in  the  severest  terms. 
btiJ  the  General  Court  at  Boston,  in  its  October  session  of  this 
year,  declared  its  northern  boundary  or  limit  to  commence 
three  miles  north  o2  the  head  of  the  Merrimack  River ;  to  extend 
directly  east  on  that  parallel,  passing  above  the  northern  source, 
of  Piscataqua  or  Salmon  Falls  River;  thence  crossing  the  Saco 
near  the  mouth  of  Little  Ossipee,  which  was  about  twenty  miles 
from  the  sea,  it  touched  the  most  southerly  bend  of  the  Pre 
sumpscot,  and  terminated  at  Clapboard  Island,  about  three 
miles  eastward  of  Casco  peninsula. 
In  the  prosecution  of  this  claim,  the  General  Court  of  Massa- 


1  Hazard's  Collections,  vol.  1.  p,  564. 


w 


126 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


f  ! 


chusettK  sent  two  experienced  shipmasters  to  ascertain  the  pre- 
cise latitude  sought  for  on  the  coast.  The^  fixed  the  point 
upon  the  northern  extremity  of  the  little  island  we  have  men- 
tioned in  Casco  Bay.  Here  they  marked  the  letters  M.  B.  on 
several  trees,  and  also  chiselled  them  into  a  rock  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  sea.^  Six  gentlemen  were  appointed  to 
organize  a  government  in  the  country  south  of  this  line.^  On 
the  15th  of  November,  1652,8  foyj,  of  them  met  at  Kittery,  and 
sent  out  their  summons  to  the  inhabitants  to  meet  the  next 
morning  at  the  house  of  William  Everett,  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  a  court  of  justice.  There  was  much  diversity  of 
opinion  respecting  the  adverse  claims  of  Maine  and  Massachu- 
setts. Negotiations  were  protracted  through  four  days,  during 
which  angry  passions  were  excited,  and  there  was  much  mutual 
recrimination  and  abuse.  At  length  forty-one  i^ersons  were 
induced  to  subscribe  to  the  following  declaration  :  — 

"  We,  whose  names  are  under  written,  do  acknowledge  ourselves  subject 
to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  m  New  England." 

The  commissioners,  having  thus  triumphed,  announced  to  the 
people  that  their  rights  would  remain  untouched,  and  that  they 
were  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  citizens  of  Massachusetts 
without  being  required  to  take  the  oath  of  submisoion.  They 
then  proceeded  to  Agamenticus,  which  in  their  report  they 
spelt  Accomenticus.  The  inhabitants  were  summoned  to  appear 
at  the  house  of  Nicholas  Davis  to  assume  the  r^^sponsibilities, 
and  to  be  invested  with  the  riglits,  of  citizens  of  Massachusetts. 

The  meeting  was  held  on  the  22d  of  November.  A  few 
were  obstinate  in  their  resistance,  and  a  spirited  controversy 
ensued.  Gov.  Godfrey,  who  resided  at  this  place,  led  the 
opposition.  Edt,  when  a  formal  vote  was  called  for,  a  large 
majority  was  found  in  favor  of  seeking  the  protection  of  the 
salutary  laws  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  very  certain  they  had 
notliing  to  lose  by  the  change,  and  something,  at  least,  to  gain. 
The  governor,  finding  himself  entirely  outvoted,  yielded,  and 

1  Eeeorils,  Eesolves,  and  Journals  of  Massachusetts  GoA'ernment,  vol.  ii.  p.  240. 

2  Hiitcliinsou's  Massachusetts,  vol.  i.  p.  150. 
8  Willituuson,  vol.  i.  p.  343. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


127 


with  fifty  others  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government 
of  the  Massachusetts  Colony.^ 

The  teiTitory  of  Maine,  thus  annexed  to  Massachusetts,  was 
called  "  The  County  of  Yorkshire."  Agamenticus  received  the 
name  of  York,  from  that  city  in  England,  which,  twelve  years 
before,  had  been  surrendered  by  the  rojalists  to  the  parliamen- 
tary forces,  after  one  of  the  most  bloody  battles  of  the  civil 
war.  A  county  court  was  established,  to  be  held  alternately  at 
York  and  Kitteiy. 

It  was  universally  admitted  that  the  Massachusetts  commis- 
sioners had  discharged  their  duties  with  admirable  wisdom,  and 
with  triumphant  success.  They  were  richly  rewarded  for  their 
services,  received  a  vote  of  public  thanks,  and  a  valuable  present 
of  wild  lands.  At  the  next  general  court  of  elections  at  Bos- 
ton, two  deputies  from  Maine  represented  the  county  of  York- 
shire. Other  towns  rapidly  came  into  this  arrangement,  such 
as  Wells,  Saco,  and  Cape  Porpoise. 

The  energy  of  the  Massachusetts  government  soon  be^^an  to 
develop  itself.  The  inhabitants  of  the  three  last-named  ^owns 
were  required  within  a  year  to  construct  a  road  wide  enough 
for  the  passage  of  carts  from  house  to  house,  within  the  town 
limits ;  and  also  to  connect  their  several  towns  with  paths  suf- 
ficient for  woodmen  or  horses. 

The  ecclesiastical  condition  of  the  Province  of  Maine  was  at 
that  time  very  discouraging.  There  was  no  ordained  ministry. 
Though  there  were  probably  many  individual  Christians,  who,  in 
then-  humble,  nnostatentious  lives,  were  developing  the  spirit  of 
that  gospel  whose  fundamental  tenet  is,  "  to  do  justly  love 
mercy,  and  walk  humbly  with  God,"  yet  the  clamor  of 'noisy 
disputants  and  turbulent  fanatics  filled  the  land.  Any  brazen- 
fiiced  man,  however  ignorant,  however  immoral,  however  atro- 
cious the  sentiments  he  promulgated,  could  assume  the  position 
of  a  religious  teacher.  Ecclesiastical  anarchy  reigned.  There 
was  freedom  of  speech  which  no  law  restrained. 

•  "  One  town  after  auotlior,  yielcliug  iu  part  to  menaces  and  armed  force,  gave 
m  Its  adhesion.  Great  care  was  observed  to  Ruard  the  rights  of  property  everv 
man  ^^-asconfu■.ned  in  his  possessions;  the  reUgious  liberty  of  the  Episcopalians 
was  left  unhar„.ed ;  the  privileges  of  citizenship  were  extended  to  all  fnhabitanTs 

;  V  If  th    f  '"';.'■"  "T''''^  S^^^y,  yet  roiuctauily,  submitted  to  the  neces- 
sity of  the  change."  —  Bancroft,  voL  i.  p.  431. 


128 


THE  UISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


It  would  seem  that  the  good  sense  of  the  majority  of  the 
people  condemned  these  revolting  proceedings  of  a  bold  and 
vagabond  minority.  Tije  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  passed 
a  law  prohibiting  any  one  from  publicly  preaching,  without  the 
approbation  of  the  four  neighboring  churches.  Each  town  was 
also  required  to  support  a  pious  ministry.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  population  of  the  towns  which  thus  came  under  the  juris- 
diction of  Massachusetts  amounted  to  about  two  thousand  one 
hundred.  There  were  many  bitterly  opposed  to  this  "  subjuga- 
tion," as  they  called  it;  but  the  minority  was  not  strong  enough 
to  present  any  serious  obstacle  to  the  measure.^ 

The  year  1651  opened,  on  the  whole,  favorably  for  the  inhab- 
itants of  New  England.  By  fishing,  agriculture,  and  hunting, 
the  settlers  obtained  a  competent  support.  The  laws  and 
human  rights  began  to  be  more  respected.  Still  there  was  a 
very  rpdical  difference  in  the  ecclesiastical  and  political  princi- 
ples of  the  early  settlers  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  Gorges 
and  Mason  were  the  avowed  enemies  of  both  the  civil  and 
religious  views  of  the  Massachusetts  Puritans.  They  detested 
republicanism,  and  were  strong  advocates  of  the  Church  of 
England.     With  candor  and  truthfulness  Mr.  Sullivan  says, — 


m 


"  Gorges  and  Mason  had  been  considered  before  the  year  1G40  as  enemies 
in  principle,  to  the  New  England  Colonies.  They  were  both  anti-republi- 
cans, and  were  strong  Episcopalians.  Tlicy  settled  no  orthodox  clergyman, 
according  to  what  the  neighboring  colonies  called  orthodoxy;  nor  did  they, 
indeed,  belore  that  year,  establish  or  support  any  kind  of  government,  or 
even  attempt  to  establish  any  f  urm  of  worship ;  nor  did  they  pay  any  atten- 
tion to  public  schools.  It  was  very  evident  that  they  held  all  the  Puritan 
regulations  in  contempt.  Their  government  over  their  servants,  vassals, 
and  tenants,  from  a  want  of  those  regulations,  became  weak  and  inefficient. 
We  therefore  find  constant  complaints  of  their  being  plundered  by  their 
servants,  cheated  by  their  agents,  and  of  being  deserted  by  their  vassals. 

•'Gorges  wishing  to  have  the  other  colonies  annihilated,  and  to  have  a 
general  government  over  the  whole  country,  urged  the  point  of  the  king's 
re-assuming  the  lands  granted  by  his  ancestor,  and  making  new  grants  of  the 
whole;  and  according  to  this  idea,  he  and  Mason  having  surrendered  their 
title,  he  took  the  charter  in  the  year  1G39,  for  the  Province  of  Maine."  ^ 


'  Williamson's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  .TSG. 

•  History  of  the  District  of  Maine,  by  James  Sullivan,  p.  141. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1S9 


It  vas  this  underlying  hostility  between  the  Puritan  and  the 
Cuvaher,  which  led  the  government  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony 
to  take  advantage  of  the  civil  war  raging  in  England,  to  extend 
their  charter  so  far  to  the  eas^  as  to  embrace  the  whole  territory 
included  in  the  Gorges  and  Mason  patents.  The  political 
storms  raging  in  Europe  raised  billows  whose  surges  dashed 
against  the  roek-bound  coast  of  the  New  World. 

There  was  a  little  group  of  Dutchmen  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudsou  River.     There  were  a  few  English  hamlets  scattered 
a  ong  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine.     Beyond  the  Pen- 
obscot were  the  straggling  settlements,  few  and  feeble,  of  the 
I^rench.     Vast  realms,  boundless  and  unexplored,  spread  out 
toward,  the  west,   whose    grandeur  the   imagination  was   ex- 
hausted in  the  attempt  to  explore.     One  would  have  thouo-ht 
that  these  few  impo-  rished  people,  struggling  alike  ag.inst  the 
hardships  of  the  wilderness,  might  have  lived  in  peace  j^s  broth- 
ers helping  and  cheering  one  another.     They  thus  might  have 
had  happy  lives,  notwithstanding  all  the  ills  that  flesh  is   heir 
to.     Instead  ot  this,  a  large   portion   of   their  energies  were 
expended  in  shooting  one  another,  burning  the  houses,  devas- 
tating the  plantaiions,  and  filling  the  land  with  the  wailino-s  of 
widows  and  orphans.     Thus  clouds  and  darkness  ere  lon^  be- 
gan  to  overshadow  the  sky,  and  storms  to  arise,  which  put  an 
end  to  all  hopes  of  happiness.     The  English,  the  French,  and 
tho  Dutch  claimed  the  same  territory,   and  were  disposed  to 
light  lor  Its  possession. 

In  the.  year  1G37  the  alarming  report  was  circulated  that  the 
Dutch  upon  the  Pludson  were  arming  the  savages  of  New  Encr. 
land,  and  inciting  them  to  a  combined  attack  of  extcrminatio^'n 
against  the  English  settlements  along  the  coasts  of  Maine  and 
Massachusetts.  The  Indians  of  Maine  were  at  this  time  quite 
nume,  ous.  Thoy  had  obtained,  both  from  the  French  and  En- 
lish,  guns  and  ammun-.Ion.  xMany  of  them  had  become  skilful 
marksmen.  Being  ps  well  armed  as  the  white  men,  and  con- 
scious of  a  great  superiority  in  num^^ers,  they  became  bold,  very 
exacting,  and  often  insolent.  Not  unfrequently  a  gan-  of  half 
a  dozen  savages  on  the  hunt  would  approach  the  lo°  hut  of 
some  lonely  settler.     With  swaggering  air  they  would°take  pos- 


130 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


U  '";*? 


session  of  the  premises,  feast  themselves  to  satiety,  occupy  the 
cabin  for  the  night,  and  in  the  morning  go  on  their  way,  without 
saying  so  much  as  "  I  thank  you." 

The  menacing  attitude  of  the  savages  became  alarming,  and 
their  depredations  intolerable,  and  tlie  more  intolerable,  since  it 
was  fully  believed  that  they  were  stimulated  to  these  outrages 
by  the  Dutch  authorities  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson.  Tiie 
public  agitation  became  so  great,  in  view  of  these  facts  and 
these  rumors,  that  a  convr^ntion  was  held  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  United  Colonies,  ou  the  19th  of  April,  1653,  to  take  the 
subject  into  consideration.  It  was  apprehended  that  the  French 
on  the  east,  and  the  Dutch  on  the  west,  were  conspiring  to  crush 
the  English  between  them.  The  reports  were  carefully  inves- 
tigated. Indians  wei'e  summoned  before  the  court  to  give  their 
testimony  ;  and  then  a  very  earnest  letter  was  written  to  the 
Dutch  governor  requiring  an  explanation.  Indignantly  the 
governor  replied,  — 

"  There  is  not  one  word  of  truth  in  the  scandalous  report  raised  about 
my  conduct.  I  marvel  much  at  the  novel  course  pursued  in  placing  any 
confidence  in  the  testimony  of  an  Indian.  I  am  ready  at  any  time  to  make 
explanations,  and  to  any  extent  within  my  power." 

This  denial  of  the  governor  did  not  satisfy  the  commissioners. 
Though  they  separated  without  declaring  war  against  the  Dutch, 
all  friendly  intercourse  between  them  was  interrupted.  Indeed, 
the  New  Haven  Colonists  were  under  such  apprehensions  that 
the  Dutch  were  about  to  bring  down  the  powerful  nation  of 
the  Mohawks  against  them,  that  they  sent  a  petition  to  Crom- 
well, then  Lord  Protector  of  England,  that  he  would  aid  them 
with  a  fleet  and  well-armed  troops.* 


*  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  i.  p.  166. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE   PROVINCE  OF  MAINE  ANNEXED  TO   JIASSACHUSETTS. 

Troubles  on  the  Piscataqua— Career  of  La  Tour— Menaces  of  War— Measures 
of  Cromwell  — Conquest  of  Nova  Scotia  —  Character  of  La  Tour—  Trading 
Post  on  the  Kennebec -The  Oath  Administered  —  Sale  of  the  Ri-ht  of 
Traffic -Boundaries  of  Kennebec  Patent  -  Political  Connection  beUveea 
Mame  and  Massachusetts— Code  of  Laws— Northern  Limits  of  Massachu- 
setts -  The  Articled  of  Union -Re/.  John  Wieelwright  -  Correspondence 
-Restoration  of  Charles  IL- Petition  of  Gorges  -  Charter  to  the  Duke  of 
York. 

TT  will  be  remembered  that  the  Pisrataqua  River  was  the 
-L  south-west  boundary  of  the  Province  of  Maine.  This  region 
was  one  of  the  favorite  resorts  of  the  Indians.  Early  in^'the 
spring  of  1653,  just  as  the  settlers  were  about  to  put  their  seed 
in  the  ground,  the  alarming  rumor  ran  along  the  coast,  that  more 
than  a  thousand  Indian  warriors  were  upon  the  upper  waters 
of  the  Piscataqua,  resolved  to  lay  all  the  defenceless  settle- 
ments in  ashes.  It  was  still  supposed,  though  probably  very 
unjustly,  that  the  Dutch  governor  on  the  Hudson  was  instigat- 
ing this  movement.  The  government  of  the  New  Haven  Col- 
ony despatched  agents  to  England,  to  implore  the  protection  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  who  was  then  in  power.  The  Massachusetts 
Colony  promptly  ordered  Major-Gen.  Dennison,  with  twenty- 
four  well-armed  men,  to  reconnoitre  the  strength  and  position 
of  the  foe.* 

La  Tour,  whose  life  had  been  as  varied  and  eventful  as  the 
imagination  of  a  romancer  could  fancy,  was  now  residing  at  St. 
John,  with  Madame  D'Aulney  as  his  bride.  Upon  receiving 
his  Catholic  wife,  he  had  renounced  his  Protestantism,  and  thus 
he  gatnered  around  him  the  powerful  influences  of  the  French 

'  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  p.  166. 

181 


132 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


-MSk 


court  and  the  Papal  Church.  He  was  a  wild,  bold,  reckless 
adventurer,  but  slightly  influenced  by  any  consciousness  of  right 
or  wrong.  The  Catholic  missionaries  had  attained  a  wonderful 
ascendency  over  the  minds  of  the  Indians.  It  was  strongly 
suspected  that  La  Tour  was  combining  the  Indians  of  Canada, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Maine,  to  sweep  away  the  English  settle- 
ments, and  thus  vastly  to  extend  his  realms.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances, the  General  Court  of  ]\Iassachusetts  prohibited  all 
commercial  intercourse  with  the  French  on  the  east,  and  the 
Dutch  on  the  west,  under  penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  both  ves- 
sel and  carcfo. 

This  plunged  La  Tour  and  his  colonies  into  great  distress. 
They  had  done  but  little  towards  raising  food  by  cultivating 
the  land.  The  savages  lived  a  half-starved  life,  upon  the  little 
corn  they  harvested,  esculent  roots,  fish,  and  clams.  They  had 
no  provisions  to  sell.  The  French,  with  their  trinkets!!  pur- 
chased the  furs  of  the  Indians,  which  were  then  in  great 
demand.  With  these  they  had  obtained  ample  supplies  of  food 
from  the  more  highly  cultivated  regions  of  Southern  Maine, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut.  This  virtual  blockade  of  their 
ports  doomed  them  to  starvation.  La  Tour,  assuming  that  he 
was  unjustly  accused  of  conspiring  against  the  English,  bitterly 
remonstrated  against  this  unfriendly  act,  when  there  was  peace 
between  the  two  nations. 

It  did  seem  to  be  a  very  harsh  measure,  for  the  Court  acted 
upon  suspicion  alone  without  any  convincing  proof.  For  a  time 
the  General  Court  seemed  disposed  to  change  its  policy.  It 
occurred  to  some,  that  by  treating  the  French  kindly,  and  win- 
ning their  friendship  through  intimate  commercial  intercourse, 
the  Catholic  priests  among  them  might  restrain  and  disarm  the 
ferocity  ^ .  the  savage.  They  therefore  loaded  a  vessel  with 
flour  and  other  provisions,  and  sent  it  to  the  St.  John  River. 

In  the  mean  time  the  energetic  Oliver  Cromwell  had  sent 
three  or  four  war-vessels  to  Boston,  with  orders  to  raise  there  a 
volunteer  force  of  about  five  hundred  men,  for  the  reduction 
of  the  Dutch  colony  on  the  Hudson.  Secret  orders  were  also 
issued,  for  this  military  expedition,  which  was  very  powerful 
for  the  time  and  region,  immediately  upon  the  conquest  of 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


133 


Manhattan,  to  turn  its  arms  against  the  French  on  the  north- 
east, and  make  an  entire  conquest  of  the  Province  of  Nova 
Scotia.  Measures  were  in  vigorous  operation  in  Massachusetts, 
for  organizing  the  naval  and  land  force  to  strike  these  two  col- 
onies by  surprise,  when  tlie  news  reached  Bostdn,  on  the  23d 
of  June,  1654,  that  articles  of  peace  had  been  signed  between 
the  English  and  the  Dutch  courts,  and  that  hostilities  against 
the  Dutch  colony  were  immediately  to  cease. 
^  The  energies  of  the  expedition  were  turned  towards  Nova 
Scotia.  By  the  treaty  of  St.  Germain,  executed  twenty-two 
years  before,  this  country  had  been  surrendered  to  the  French. 
It  was  one  of  the  arbitrary  acts  of  Charles  I. ;  but  still,  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  nations,  it  was  a  legitimate  transaction.  As 
England  and  France  were  at  peace,  it  would  be  difficult  to  jus- 
tify the  conduct  of  Cromwell  in  sending,  without  any  declara- 
tion of  war,  a  military  expedition  to  regain  the  territory.  But 
the  Lord  Protector  assumed  that  the  king  had  no  right  to  cede 
this  territory,  in  violation  of  patents  which  he  had  granted  liis 
subjects;  and  he  affirmed  that  the  purchase-money,  of  five 
thousand  pounds  sterling,  promised  by  the  French  government, 
had  never  been  paid.' 

The  expedition,  having  set  sail,  touched  at  the  Penobscot,  and 
then  proceeded  to  the  St.  John,  where  La  Tour  had  his  prin- 
cipal fortress.  The  force  was  so  strong  that  at  neither  place 
Avas  any  resistance  offered.  Lideed,  La  Tour  seemed  quite 
indifferent  in  view  of  the  prospect  of  the  change  of  European 
masters,  so  long  as  his  territorial  possessions  and  his  personal 
property  were  respected.  Tlie  English  speedily  took  possession 
of  the  whole  Province,  and  placed  over  it  Capt.  Leverett,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  expedition,  as  temporary  governor.  The 
French  court  complained  of  this  operation,  and  for  some  time 
it  was  the  subject  of  a  diplomatic  controversy.  The  Englisli 
held  the  region  for  thirteen  years,  when,  by  the  treaty  of  Breda, 
it  was  re-surrendered  to  the  French.^ 


•  AVilliatimon's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  2G1.  Williamaon  presents  several 
autliorities  to  subHtantiate  these  statements. 

2  Holmes's  American  Aiuials,  vol.  i.  p.  301;  Hubbard's  History  of  New  Ena- 
land,  p.  flijo.  * 


134 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


if 


•m. 


Soon  after  this  La  Tour  died.  His  character  was  as  strange 
as  his  singuhxr  and  tumultuous  career.  He  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable ability,  of  good  personal  appearance,  and  of  very 
plausible  address.  Sometimes  rich,  sometimes  poor,  sometimes 
a  denounced  Outlaw,  and  again  in  favor  with  the  court,  he 
seemed  quite  devoid  of  any  sense  of  honor,  as  almost  of  any 
distinction  between  right  and  wrong.  Religion  was  with  him 
hke  a  glove,  which  was  to  be  put  on  and  taken  off  at  his  pleas- 
ure. His  first  wife  was  apparently  a  noble  woman ;  in  laith  a 
Protestant,  and  in  heart  and  life  a  sincere  Christian. 

D'Aulney  battered  down  the  fortress  of  La  Tour,  took  his 
wife  a  prisoner,  and  kept  her  in  captivity  until  her  death.  Upon 
the  death  of  D'Aulney,  La  Tour  rebuilt  his  fortress,  married 
the  Catholic  widoNv  of  his  deadly  antagonist,  surrounded  him- 
self with  Catholic  priests,  regained  the  patronage  of  the  court, 
and  lived  in  comparative  power  and  splendor  until  he  died.  He 
left  one  child,  Stephen  de  la  Tour,  to  whom  he  bequeathed  a 
very  large  landed  estate,  leaving  many  debts  unpaid.  Crom- 
well confirmed  Stephen  de  la  Tour  in  the  possessions  he  inher- 
ited from  his  father.  He,  however,  claimed  no  territory  south 
of  Passamaquoddy  Bay.^ 

The  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  was  considered  as  of  great 
value.  The  French  finally  ceded  the  country  to  EnglaiuCand 
Cromwell  appointed  Sir  Thomas  Temple  its  governor.  He 
entered  upon  his  office  in  1G57,  and  discharged  its  duties  with 
much  ability,  and  with  the  courtesies  of  an  accomplished  gen- 
tleman, for  ten  years.  When  the  Massachusetts  government 
was  condemning  Quakers,  he  sent  them  word  that  any  of  the 
Quakers  they  wished  to  get  rid  of,  he  would  cheerfully  welcome 
to  his  Province,  and  would  defray  all  the  expenses  of  their 
removal. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth 
had  established  an  important  trading-post?  on  the  Kennebec 
River.  For  a  time  the  traffic  was  very  lucrative.  The  Indians 
brought  in  large  quantities  of  valuable  furs,  which  they  sold 
for  mere  trifles.     But  gradually  the  number  of  traders  increased. 

^  Hntcliinson'H  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  i.  p.  isx);  WiUiaiu8..u\s  History 
of  Maiue,  vol.  i.  p.  ig2.  ' 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


135 


Competition  arose.  The  Indians  became  better  acquainted  with 
the  value  of  their  furs.  Unprincipled  adventurers  crowded  in, 
defrauding  the  Indians ;  and  the  colony  at  Plymouth  was  too 
remote  energetically  to  extend  its  laws  over  the  distant  region. 
A  question  also  arose  as  to  the  title  of  New  Plymouth  to  any 
territory  on  the  Sagadahoc,  between  Merrymeeting  Bay  and 
the  sea.  Indian  chiefs  were  also  going  through  the  farce  of 
selling  lands  to  individuals,  to  which  the  purchasers  knew  that 
those  chiefs  had  no  title. 

It  was  indeed  a  chaotic  state  of  society,  and  the  seeds  of 
innumerable  lawsuits  Avere  being  sown.  Pressed  by  such  em- 
barrassments, the  Plymouth  Colony  decided  to  sell  the  right  of 
traffic  with  the  Indians  on  the  Kennebec  possessions.  Five 
prominent  gentlemen  of  the  colony  purchased  this  right  for  the 
term  of  three  years,  for  the  annual  sum  of  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  dollars.^  These  gentlemen  were  Gov.  Bradford  and 
Messrs.  Winslow,  Prince,  Millet,  and  Paddy.  But  there  was 
no  end  to  the  complaints  Avith  which  they  were  assailed,  and  to 
the  annoyances  which  they  encountered.  Still  the  purchasers 
struggled  on,  breasting  these  difficulties,  and  at  the  expiration 
of  their  lease  obtained  its  extension  for  three  years  more.  By 
the  terms  of  this  renewal  it  was  required  that  some  one  of  the 
lessees  sliould  continually  reside  within  the  patent.  It  was 
deemed  necessary  to  summon  the  inhabitants  of  that  region,  and 
require  them  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  new  o-overn- 
ment  established  in  England,  and  to  the  laws  enacted  by  the 
New  Plymouth  Colony. 

A  v/arrant  was  issued  to  the  inhabitants  on  the  Kennebec,  to 
assemble  on  the  23d  of  May,  1654,  at  the  house  of  Thomas 
Ashley,  near  the  banks  of  Merrymeeting  Bay.  Mr.  Prince,  as 
commissioner,  met  sixteen  men  there,  and  administered  to  them 
the  following  oath  :  — 

"  You  shall  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  state  of  England  as  it  is  now 
established;  and,  whereas  you  choose  to  reside  within  the  government  of 
New  riymouth,  you  shall  not  do,  nor  cause  to  be  done,  any  act  or  acts  di- 
rectly or  indirectly,  by  land  or  water,  tliat  shall  or  may  tend  to  the  destruc 
tion  or  overthrow  of  the  whole  or  part  of  this  governraeut,  orderly  erected 

"  Morton's  New-England  Memorial,  p.  135. 


L. 


136 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ni 


g.tt 


or  established;  but  shall  contrariwise  hinder  and  oppose  such  intents  and 
purposea  as  tend  thereunto,  and  discover  them  to  those  who  are  in  place  for 
the  time  being,  that  the  government  may  be  informed  thereof  with  all  con- 
venient speed.  You  shall  also  submit  to  and  observe  all  such  good  and 
wholesome  laws,  ordinances,  and  officers,  as  are  or  shall  be  established  within 
the  several  limits  thereof.  So  help  you  God,  who  is  the  God  of  truth,  and 
punisher  of  falsehood. "  i 

A  brief  code  of  laws  was  also  established  by  the  convention. 
All  capital  crimes,  such  as  treason  and  murder,  -,  ,  :;  be  tried 
by  the  General  Court  at  New  Plymouth.     Minor  js,  such 

as  theft,  drunkenness,  profaning  the  sabbath,  and  s.uiiig  intox- 
icating drink  to  the  Indians,  came  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
local  commissioner's  court.  Fishing  and  fowling  were  declared 
to  be  free.  All  civil  suits,  not  involving  an  amount  exceeding 
one  hundred  dollars,  were  to  be  tried  before  a  jury  of  twelve 
nien.2 

The  value  of  the  exclusive  right  of  the  fur  and  peltry  trade 
with  the  Indians  was  continually  decreasing.  With  the  increase 
of  population,  game  was  becoming  scarce.  The  Indians  grew 
more  shrewd  in  trade,  and  demanded  higher  prices.  For  three 
years,  after  1056,  the  trade  w  ^.  let  for  an  annual  rent  amount- 
ing to  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars;  and  even  tliis 
small  sum  the  lessees  declared,  on  the  fourth  year,  that  they 
were  unable  to  pay.  At  length  the  monopoly  was  offered  at  a 
premium  of  fifty  dollars  a  year. 

The  original  patent,  granted  by  the  Councd  ot  Plymouth  in 
England,  to  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth,  consisted  of  "  all 
that  tract  of  land  or  part  of  New  England  in  America,  which 
lies  between  Cobbossecontee,  now  Gardiner,  which  adjoineth 
the  river  Kennebec,  towards  the  the  western  ocean,  and  a  place 
called  the  Falls  of  Neguamkike,  and  a  space  of  fifteen  miles  on 
each  side  of  the  Kennebec." 

It  will  be  perceived  that  these  boundaries  were  exceedingly 
indefinite.  The  location  of  Neguamkike  Falls  is  uncertain.  °It 
is  supposed  that  they  were  about  sixteen  miles  above  Cobbos- 
secontee River,  near  North  Sidney .3  Mr.  Williamson  writes  of 
this  patent :  — 

•  Eecords  of  Plymouth  Colony.    2  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  vol.  i  i.  580 
«  Hist,  of  New  Englaiul  by  Coolidge  anfl  Mansfield,  p.  1(J8,  note. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


137 


"  Its  limits,  as  ultimately  settled,  were  in  the  north  line  of  Woolwich 
below  Swan  Island,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Kennebec,  through  the  south 
bend  of  the  river  Cobbossecontee,  on  the  western  side,  and  fifteen  miles  in 
width  on  either  side  of  the  main  river,  to  an  easterly  and  westerly  line  which 
crosses  Wessarunsett  River,  in  Cornville,  a  league  abpve  its  mouth ;  coutaiu- 
ing  about  one  million  five  hundred  thousand  acres."  i 

This  grant  conferred  the  exclusive  right  of  trade  with  the 
natives,  and  at  all  times  an  open  passage  down  the  riv^r  to  the 
sea.  For  some  time  the  proprietors  claimed  the  wiiole  territory 
to  the  ocean.  This  led  to  litigation,  an  account  of  which  would 
only  weary  the  read.^r.  In  the  year  16G1  the  whole  patent 
was  sold  to  a  company,  for  a  sum  amounting  to  about  two 
thousand  dolhirs.  Soon  after  this  the  company  erected  a  fort 
at  Maquoit.2 

Years  passed  slowly  away,  while  the  affairs  of  this  remote 
and  dreary  trading-post  continued  to  languisli.  No  attempt 
was  made  to  establish  a  plantation  there  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses. The  government  was  chaotic,  and  but  little  respect  was 
paid  to  laws  or  rulers.  Emigration,  for  a  time,  was  flowino- 
back  from  the  New  World  to  the  Old  ;  and  New  Plymouth  had 
no  surplus  population  to  send  to  the  banks  of  the  Kennebec. 

But  the  political  connection  now  formed  between  Maine  and 
Massachusetts  continued,  with  some  slight  interruptions,  for  a 
period  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-seven  years.  The  salutary 
laws  of  Massachusetts  were  gradually  accepted  by  the  people. 
The  Massachusetts  government  was  administered  by  a  gov- 
ernor, a  deputy  governor,  a  council  of  eighteen,  and  a  house 
of  deputies.  It  was  truly  a  republican  government,  the  rulers 
being  chosen  by  the  people.  The  towns  elected  the  represen- 
tatives. Ten  freemen  entitled  the  town  to  one  deputy ;  twenty, 
to  two.  None  could  have  more  than  two.  No  one  could  be  a 
deputy  "  who  was  unsound  in  the  main  points  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  as  held  forth  and  acknowledged  by  the  generality 
of  Protestant  orthodox  writers."  «  Under  the  coloniat  charter, 
Maine  was  never  represented  by  more  than  five  deputies  at  one 
time.     The  reader  who  is  interested  in  the  details  of  the  politi- 

1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  237. 

a  Gieenloaf's  Tleports,  vol.  iii.  p.  Ill;  Sullivan,  p.  118. 

s  Eecuids  of  Massachusetts  Goverument,  vol.  ii.  p.  238. 


138 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


cal,  ecclesiastical,  and  military  administration,  will  find  them 
quite  fully  presented  in  Williamson's  excellent  History  of 
Maine. 

The  people  who  were  religiously  disposed  were  encouraged 
by  law  to  congregate  and  embody  themselves  into  a  chu'i-ch 
estate,  to  elect  and  ordain  their  officers,  to  admit  and  to  disci- 
pline or  to  excommunicate  their  members.  And  yet  it  was 
declared  that  no  church  censure  was  ever  to  affect  any  man's 
property,  civil  dignity,  office,  or  authority.  It  must  be  admitted 
that  the  practice  was  not  always  in  accordance  with  these 
avowed  principles.  The  connection  between  Church  and  State 
was  so  intimate  in  England,  that  the  colonists  in  their  new  home 
could  not  entirely  dissever  them. 

By  a  law  enacted  in  1644,  it  was  declared,  that  to  affirm  that 
man  is  justified  by  his  own  works,  and  not  by  Christ's  righteous- 
ness ;  or  to  deny  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  the  resurrection 
of  the  body,  the  sacredness  of  the  sab})ath,  or  the  authority  of 
the  magistracy,  —  tended  to  subvert  the  Christian  faith,  and  to 
destroy  the  souls  of  men.  It  was  also  enacted,  in  1646,  that  it 
was  highly  penal  for  men  to  withhold  their  children  from  bap- 
tism. It  is  a  sad  comment  upon  the  times,  that  many  were 
severely  punished  by  fines,  whipping,  and  ba.iishment,  and  some 
few  were  even  executed,  for  neglecting  the  baptism  of  their 
children.' 

Every  ecclesiastic  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  as  "  devoted  to  the 
religion  and  court  of  Rome,"  was  ordered  into  banishment, 
unless  he  came  as  a  public  messenger;  even  then  he  was  to  be 
banished  if  he  behaved  offensively. 

The  Quakers  were  vehemently  attacked.  They  were  de- 
nounced as  a  cursed  sect  of  heretics,  pretending  to  be  immedi- 
ately sent  from  God,  and  inspired  to  write  blasphemous  opinions, 
despising  government,  reviling  magistrates,  speaking  evil  of  dig- 
nities, and  seeking  to  turn  people  from  the  true  fiiith.2  Their 
books  were  ordered  to  be  burned  by  the  hangman  ;  they  them- 
selves were  to  be  banished,  and,  if  they  returned,  to  be  put  to 
death. 

The  denial  of  the  inspiration  of  the  books  of  the  Old  and 


1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  380. 


2  Colonial  Laws,  p.  121. 


THE  niSTOBY  OF  MAINE. 


189 


New  Testaments  was  punished,  first  by  fine  or  whipping,  and, 
if  repeated,  by  imprisonment  and  even  death. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  sincere  desire  of  tlie  early  col- 
onists to  establish  just  laws,  and  such  as  would  promote  the 
public  welfare.  We  must  not  blame  them  too  severely  for  not 
being  wise  above  their  generation.  The  progress  of  the  world, 
in  the  direction  of  freedom  and  toleration,  has  been  very  slow. 
Many  of  the  enactments  were  humane;  and,  in  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  freedom,  the  colonists  were  far  in  advance  of  most  of 
the  governments  in  the  Old  World. 

In  every  town  a  record  was  ordered  to  be  kept  of  newly 
arrived  emigrants  and  their  business  prospects.  All  strangers 
who  were  in  want,  the  towns  were  bound  to  relieve.  The  help- 
less poor  were  to  be  provided  for.  All  cruelty  to  brute  animals 
was  strictly  forbidden.  Laws  were  passed  to  protect  the  Indians 
in  their  fishing  and  hunting  grounds.  Every  town  of  fifty 
householders  was  required  to  employ  a  teacher  to  instruct  the 
children  in  reading  and  writing ;  and  every  town  containing  a 
hundred  families  was  required  to  establish  a  grammar-school, 
where  boys  might  be  fitted  for  college.  Hea  s  of  families  were 
ordered  to  instruct  their  servants  every  week  in  the  principles 
of  the  Christian  religion.  It  is  sad  to  record  that  on  the  statute- 
hook  torture  was  allowed,  to  compel  a  convicted  criminal  to 
disclose  his  confederates.  But  no  such  instance  of  torture  is  on 
record.  It  was  a  law  which  disgraced  the  statute-book,  but 
which  was  apparently  never  enforced. 

The  inhabitants  of  Maine  accepted  these  laws  from  Massa- 
chusetts. They  took  but  little  interest  in  political  questions, 
dve  as  they  had  a  direct  practical  bearing  upon  their  daily 
lives.  Perhaps  a  large  proportion  of  the  Massachusetts  Colon- 
ists were  men  of  intelligence  and  deeply  fixed  principles,  who 
had  crossed  the  ocean  that  they  might  enjoy  the  civil  and  reli- 
gious institutions  which  were  so  dear  to  them.  When  they  had 
made  such  immense  sacrifices  to  secure  these  privileges  for 
themselves  and  their  children,  it  is  not  strange  that  they°should 
have  wished  to  shut  out  from  their  wilderness  homes  those  who 
would  bring  across  the  ocean  those  antagonistic  civil  and  reli- 
gious views,  which  would  promote  controversv.  rli^nnrd  and 
strife. 


140 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


v.ti 


But  most  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Maine  had  been  lured 
to  that  region  for  purposes  of  traffic.  "  I  came  here,"  said  one 
of  them, ''not  to  worship  God,  but  to  purchase  furs  and  pel- 
tries." Tlius  Maine  l)ucame  distinguished  for  what  is  often 
absurdly  called  liberality,  but  which  is,  rather,  indifference. 
Influenced  by  such  considerations,  religious  toleration  was 
exercised  here.  Noble  as  is  that  spirit,  it  must  be  admitted  that 
it  was  then  not  so  much  a  virtue  as  the  result  of  circumstances 
which  caused  men  to  care  for  none  of  those  things.  Maine 
became  the  asylum  of  fugitives  driven  from  the  other  colonies 
by  persecution.^ 

It  was  in  the  year  1652  that  Messrs.  Sherman  and  Ince  re- 
ported that  the  northern  limit  of  the  Massachusetts  patent  was 
in  latitude  42°,  43',  12".  In  accordance  with  this  report,  the 
next  summer  two  exi)erienced  shipmasters,  Jonas  Claik  and 
Samuel  Adams,  were  sent  to  ascertain  where  this  line  would 
touch  the  Atlantic.  They  found,  as  we  have  mentioned,  that  it 
was  at  the  northern  point  of  an  island  in  Casco  Bay,  called  the 
upper  Clapboard  Island.  Here  they  cut  tlie  marks  of  the 
Massachusetts  boundary  on  several  trees,  and  also  ci -'selled  it 
into  a  large  gray  rock.  A  line  ruiming  due  west  from  this 
point  on  the  Atlantic,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  then  called  the 
South  Sea,  was  supposed  to  be  the  northern  limit  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts patent. 

Unwearied  efforts  were  made  to  induce  the  people,  on  the 
eastern  portion  of  this  territory,  to  yield  to  the  government  of 
Massachusetts,  as  those  on  the  westeiii  portion  had  quite 
readily  done.  But  several  men,  of  commanding  influence  in 
the  vicinity  of  Saco,  were  very  determined  in  their  resistance. 
The  Massachusetts  Court  tried  all  the  efforts  of  conciliation 
and  menace,  for  a  time  in  vain.  Gradually  a  number  yielded  to 
the  conviction  that  their  interests  would  be  promoted  by  the 
annexation.  Others  were  arrested,  and  were  made  willing  by 
the  perils  of  fine  and  imprisonment.  In  1658  a  Massachusetts 
commission  opened  a  session  in  Lygonia,  at  the  house  <  "  Robert 
Jordan  in   Spurwink.      Here   most   of    the    male    population 


'  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  385. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


141 


appeared,  and  took  the  oath  of  allegianoe.i 
union  were  in  substance  as  follows :  — 


The  articles  of 


^  I.  All  the  people  in  these  parts  shall  be  exonerated  from  their  alle- 
giance to  Massachusetts,  whenever  a  supreme  or  general  governor  shall 
arrive  from  England. 

II.  All  their  opposition  and  other  past  wrongs  shall  bo  pardoned  and 
buried  in  oblivion. 

III.  The  same  privileges  shall  be  secured  to  them  as  are  enjoyed  by 
other  towns,  particularly  Kittery  and  York. 

IV.  Appeals  shall  be  allowed  in  all  cases  to  the  General  Court,  when 
sufficient  indemnity  is  offered  for  the  payment  of  costs. 

V.  None  of  the  privileges  hereby  granted  and  secured  shall  ever  be 
forfeited  by  reason  of  any  differences  in  matters  of  religion. 

VI.  A  transcript  of  the  rights  and  privileges,  generally  possessed  by 
other  towns,  shall  be  sent  to  these  plantations  and  inhabitants.^ 

The  towns  of  Scarborough  and  Falmouth  were  also  organized. 
Falmouth  had  a  sea  border  extending  from  Spurwink  River  to 
Clapboard  Island,  and  it  ran  back  eiglit  miles  into  the  country. 

The  union  of  Lygonia  to  Massachusetts  was  thus  effected, 
apparently  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  parties.  It  was  unques- 
tionably a  blessing  to  the  inhabitants  of  Maine.^ 

On  the  27th  of  October  the  inhabitants  of  York,  Kittery, 
Wells,  Saco,  and  Cape  Porpoise,  presented  to  Cromwell,  then 

»  "  After  passing  the  ancient  plantations  of  Kittery,  York,  Wells,  and  Saco  we 
come  to  Scarhoron;,'!!,  wliieli  lias  never  cban-ed  its  name  since  its  first  incorpora- 
tion. It  extends  towards  tl>e  ea3t,  six  miles  in  width  on  the  coast,  to  the  mouth 
of  Spurwmk  lliver,  whicli  seems  to  cut  off,  as  it  bounds,  the  eastwardly  corner 
of  the  town. 

"Spurwink  settlement  was  and  is  in  the  southerly  angle  of  the  town  towavds 
Spurwink  V<\\Gr."  —Willktmson,  vol.  1.  pp.  20,  30. 

2  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  392. 

3  Hon.  William  Willis,  one  of  the  most  discriminating  and  accurate  annalists, 
expresses  the  opinion  that  Massachusetts  had  no  claim  over  the  jurisdiction  of 
Maine.     He  writes,  — 

"Massachusetts,  taking  advantage  of  the  triumph  of  her  principles  in  Eng- 
land, and  dreading  and  hating  the  Episcopal  power  in  Maine,  under  a  forced 
construction  of  the  language  of  her  charter,  assumed  title  and  jurisdiction  over 
all  the  territory  southerly  of  a  line  from  Lake  Winnipiseogee  to  Casco  Bay.  She 
was  not  long  in  asserting  her  pretended  title. 

"This  usurpation  of  the  Bay  Colony  coiTesponded  with  that  of  the  Parlia- 
ment at  home;  and,  though  successful,  it  had  no  founrlation  in  right.  I  will  not 
say  that  it  was  not  eventually  best  fcr  the  people  here;  it  residted  in  giving  them 
a  good  and  permanent  government,  and  stable  and  just  laws."-  .4  History  of  The 
Laws,  The  Courts,  and  the  Lawyers  of  Maine,  bij  William  Willis,  p.  -'3. 


m 


» 


142 


THE  niBTORT  OF  MAINE, 


Lord  Protector,  the  following  very  expressive  memorial.  It 
was  a  document  testifying  to  their  satisfaction  vvith  their  annex- 
ation to  Massachusetts,  and  praying  for  its  continuance. 

"  Our  numbers,"  they  said,  "  are  few  ;  and  our  dissensions,  which  have 
been  many,  owing  principally  to  n^alocontent  loyalists,  are  happily  quieted 
by  wholesome  laws  and  watchful  rulers.  Through  their  provident  care, 
godly  persons  have  been  encouraged  to  settle  among  us;  our  affairs  have 
become  prosperous,  and  a  barrier  is  opposed  to  an  influx  upon  us  of  delin- 
quents and  other  ill-affected  persons,  the  fugitives  from  punishment.  Our 
pious  and  reverend  friend,  Mr.  John  Wheelwright,  some  time  with  us,  is 
now  in  England,  whose  thorough  knowledge  of  our  affairs  he  wiU,  at  your 
highness's  comraaml,  be  happy  to  communicate."  ^ 

Rev.  John  Wheelwright,  to  whom  reference  is  here  made, 
was  a  man  of  undoubted  piety,  an  eloquent  preacher,  but  very 
zealous  in  the  enforcement  of  doctrinal  peculiarities,  which  few- 
could  fully  understand.  He  affirmed,  that  the  "  Holy  Spirit 
dwells  personally  in  a  justified  convert,  and  that  sanctification 
can  in  no  wise  evince  to  believers  their  justification." 

It  seems  a  pity  that  the  good  man  could  not  have  been  per- 
mitted to  indulge  to  his  heart's  content  in  such  harmless  specu- 
lations. But  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  declared  these 
views  to  be  Antinomian,  denounced  them  as  heretical,  and 
banished  him  from  the  State  in  the  year  1636.  Mr.  Wheel- 
wright, at  first,  removed  fi-om  Braintree  to  Exeter,  N.H.,  where 
he  settled  on  land  obtained  from  the  Indians,  and  gathered  a 
church  ;  but,  as  Massachusetts  extended  her  jurisdiction  over 
the  territory  upon  which  he  had  settled,  he  removed  to  Wells, 
in  Maine,  in  1643.2  He  died  at  Salisbury,  Mass.,  probably 
in  1679,  at  the  age  of  eighty  years. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  Wheelwright  thro  v.  o  much 
light  upon  the  nature  of  the  ecclesiastical  conflicts  of  those 

»  Hntchinaon's  Collection  of  State  Papers,  p.  390. 

2  "New  Hampshire  was  about  submitting  to  Massachusetts,  in  which  case 
Wlieelwright  and  liis  companions  would  be  exposed  innnediately  to  a  new 
banislnnent.  Gorges  had  assumed  the  authority  over  Maine;  and  they  could  not 
fail  to  be  assured  that,  under  him,  they  niisht  lind  a  refuge  which  would  not  be 
exposed  to  the  spiritual  tyranny  of  Massachusetts." —i^owme's  History  of  Wells 
and  Kenncbunk,  p.  12. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


143 


in  the 


(laya,  and  certainly  reflects  credit   upon   both  parties   i 
unhappy  contention :  — 

•'RiOHT  Worshipful,  —  Upon  th.  long  and  mature  consideration  of 
things,  I  percoivo  that  tlie  main  difference  between  yourBelves,  and  some 
of  the  reverend  elders  and  me,  in  point  of  justification  and  the  evidencing 
thereof,  is  not  of  that  nature  and  consequence,  as  was  then  presented  to  me 
in  the  false  glass  of  Satan's  temptations,  and  my  own  distempered  passions, 
which  makes  mo  unfeignedly  sorry  tliat  I  had  such  a  hand  in  those  sharp 
and  vehement  contentions  raised  thereabouts,  to  the  great  disturbance  of 
the  church  of  Christ.  It  is  the  grief  of  my  soul,  that  I  used  such  vehe- 
ment censorious  speeches,  in  the  application  of  my  sermon,  or  in  any  odier 
writing,  whereby  I  reflected  any  dishonor  upon  your  worships,  the  reverend 
elders,  or  any  of  contrary  judgment  to  myself. 

"It  repents  me,  that  I  did  so  much  adhere  to  persons  of  corrupt  judg- 
ments, to  tlie  countenancing  and  encouraging  of  them  in  any  of  their 
errors  or  evil  practices,  though  I  intended  no  such  thing;  and  timt  in  the 
synod  I  used  such  unsafe  and  obscure  expressio.is,  falling  from  me  as  a 
man  dazzled  with  the  buffetings  of  Satan;  and  that  I  did  appeal  from 
misapprehension  of  things.  I  confess  that  herein  I  have  done  very  sinfully, 
and  do  humbly  crave  pardon  of  your  honored  selves.  If  it  shall  appear  to 
me,  by  scripture  light,  that  in  any  carriage,  writing,  word,  or  acMon,  I  have 
walked  contrary  to  rule,  I  shall  be  ready,  by  the  grace  of  God,  to  give 
satisfaction.  Thus  hoping  that  you  will  pardon  my  boldness,  I  humbly 
take  my  leave  of  your  worships,  committing  you  to  the  good  providence 
of  the  Almighty,  and  ever  remain  your  worships'  in  all  service  to  be  com- 
manded in  the  Lord. 

"J.  Wheelwright. "  1 

To  this  letter,  the  governor  gave  a  very  courteous  response, 
assuring  Mr.  Wheelwright  that  the  court  was  inclined  to  release 
him  from  his  banishment.  He  also  sent  him  a  safe-conduct, 
that  he  niight  make  his  ajjpeal  to  the  court  in  person.  Mr. 
Hubbard  writes, — 

"  But  the  next  court  released  his  banishment  without  his  appearance  ; 
and  so,  if  they  had  overdone  in  passing  the  sentence,  it  might  in  part  help 
to  balance  it,  that  they  were  so  ready  to  grant  him  a  release.  Soon  after 
this  he  removed  his  dwelling;  and  being  invited  to  the  pastoral  office  in  the 
church  of  Hampton,  after  I\Ir.  Batchelour's  deposition,  he  accepted  the  caU, 
and  tarried  with  them  until  his  removal  to  England  not  long  after,  where 

»  We  give  this  letter,  as  recorde.l  'oy  Hubbard  in  his  General  History  of  New 
England  p.  33G.  There  are  several  verbal  variations  in  the  copy  as  preserved 
Dy  Wmthrop,  r^        »-  ». 


J,,l 

.'II 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 

he  tarried  many  yean.,  till,  upon  the  turn  of  times,  he  came  back  to  New 
England  again  ;  ..fter  which  he  was  called  to  Salisbury,  where  he  accepted 
of  the  pastoral  office,  in  wiiich  he  continued  till  the  day  of  his  death,  which 
happened  about  the  year  lG81."i 

The  government  of  Massachusetts  was  the  more  inclined  to 
deal  leniently  with  Mr.  Wheelwright,  since  he  was  a  zealous 
Puritan,  and  a  high-minded  and  earnest  republican.  Upon 
visiting  England,  he  was  very  cordially  received  by  Oliver 
Cromwell. 

The  political  changes  taking  place  in  England  were  \(jry 
sensibly  felt  through  the  remotest  colonies  of  the  kingdom. 
The  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  which  was  one  of  the°most 
memorable  events  in  history,  took  place  in  May,  1G60.  The 
Church  of  England  and  the  croAvn  of  England  were  so  insepar- 
ably united,  that  the  royalists  and  Episcopalians  formed  one 
party.  The  republicans  were  almost  invariably  dissenters.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  population  of  the  English  colonies  iu 
America  then  amounted  to  a  little  more  than  eighty  thousand 
souls.  Of  these  about  five  thousand  were  in  the  Province  of 
Maine  ;  thirty-eight  thousand  wera  in  the  more  southerly  parts 
of  New  England ;  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  there  were  about 
forty-three  thousand.^ 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Fcrdinando  Gorges  was  an 
earnest  loyalist.  He  died  while  in  arms  in  defence  of  Charles 
II.,  about  two  years  before  the  execution  of  that  unfortunate 
monarch.  His  eldest  son,  John,  succeeded  to  the  titles  and 
estates  of  his  father ;  but  after  a  few  years  John  died,  and  the 
succession  passed  to  his  eldest  son  Ferdinando. 

It  may  be  well  supposed  that  Charles  II.  had  no  sympathy 
with  the  dissenters  and  republicans  of  Massachusetts.  Gorges, 
with  several  associates,  petitioned  the  king  that  the  grant  of 
land  in  Maine,  conferred  upon  his  grandfather  and  others, 
might  be  restored  to  tiie  original  proprietors.  These  petitioners 
consisted  of  the  representatives  of  Gorges,  Mason,  Godfrey, 
and  others. 

In   their  petition   to   the  king  and   royal   parliament,  they 

1  Fanner  says  he  died  Kov.  10,  1079.         a  See  "Williatuson,  vol.  i.  p.  398, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAim.  '  j^j 

Stated  that  by  a  grant  from  the  crown,  extensive  territory  in 

ttTtlev  h  r"  """'Tf  "P°"  ^''■■S''^-  »'»-.  and  G  d  fe; 
that  they  had  expended  Jarge  sums  of  money  in  settlin..  and 
mprov.ng  the  realm,  tlrat  the  government  oS  M^a  Llott, 
by  menaees  and  armed  forees,  had  seized  the  iCvin  e  C 
eompe  led  the  inhabitants  to  submit  to  its  jurisd  ction  '  ad 

ht  n  ':  T""'""'  «°™™™^-"  ™  «t-nuo ,:  "i  per' 
s«tently  endeavoring  to  organize  institutions  independent  of 
the  crown,  and  hostile  to  its  interests."  ""POMent  of 

.e,!^?.'™"""'''"'  "f  ■■«l™«''"totions,  a  delegation  of  several 
fT^ZTZl     T  '"^  '""^  °'  Mainc'stating  tl      'ey 

„f  «,    V  General  Court  had  incorporated  the  r^l„ 

tt  ttt.:;v;  •°™*^''  '^  '"^  """"= »'  ^weoo-  S^' i 

n  i  led  t7  endT'  '"f""  """  '"  ""»  "■S^-tion,  w  'e 
Co        i,  ;:'!::  "/^  t-»  representatives  to  the  o'eneral 

ptomi;ent  t:'    l^Lnouncir  Z  Z  ■'Tf'     ''""^ 
Massnplin««f^c.  ueuouncing   the    udmimstration   of  the 

iudSbachusetts  government. 

gorn::„t*::frf  •  ^""  ^^-^  --^"'^•^  *  crid  rt 

S  "      ;'  ve^  al^oiZr  ™"'""  ""''"""^  ""^'"^  '0  '- 

j-notion  witi/oZ:  r  t  er:y;,:„::,:t:'  r"- '"  '™- 

These  measures  somexvhat  alarmed  the   General   Tonrf  nf 
Massaoluusetts.     William  Pl.nMr^.     fo  ^^nerai   Court  of 

mander-in-chief  of  ^^    °^  ^^'^  '^^'  appointed  com-  • 

--;:^i:ie::rt:ri::£-f^:r::^^ 

^nelknap-s  History  New  Hampshire,  vol.  i  p  .300 

2  Colleenon  of  State  I'ap^r.^  i„-  T'u>,  ■=,  -  TT   ,  \  • 

»  Hun-iunson-s  Histor,';^  New  i:^;::^^^^'  '^^  ^^^^ 


146 


THE  mSTORr  OF  MAINE. 


■     I 


'i       x;. 


,    1 


shire,  as  the  portion  of  Maine  subject  to  Massachusetts  was 
then  called :  — 

"TO  THE  DiTHABlTANTS  OF  YORKSHIEE. 

,  IJT  Tf  "''"7  ?.^  ^'°"  ''""  '"l''^'''^  "'  ^'^  Majesty's  name  to  yield 
faithful  and  true  obedience  to  the  go.erument  of  this  jurisdiction,  estab- 
lished among  you,  according  to  yom- covenant  articles,  until  his  Majesty's 
pleasure  be  further  Icnown."  ^ 

A  court  was  also  instituted,  consisting  of  three  commission- 
ers, who  were  instructed  to  appoint  or  confirm  in  office  any  one 
m  whom  they  could  repose  confidence  ;  and  also  to  punish 
every  one  who  pretended  to  hold  office  independently  of  the 
.  General  Court,  unless  he  derived  his  authority  directly  from 
the  king.^ 

Several  persons  were  punished  by  this  court,  for  opposition 
to  the  Massachusetts  government.  Among  others  of  note  and 
influence  was  Rev.  Robert  Joldan,  the  Episcopal  clergyman  at 
felMirwink.  He  was  arraigned  by  the  grand  jury  for  saying, 
'  Ihe  governor  of  Boston  is  a  rogue,  and  all  the  rest  thereof, 
rebels  and  traitors  against  the  king."  a 

The  radical  difference  in  both  civil  and  religious  views,  be- 
tween the  tyrant  Charles  II.,  and  the  republican  General  Court 
of   Massachusetts,  could,  by  no   possibility,   be   compromised. 
While  maintaining  tlie  semblance  of  courtesy,  eacli  regarded 
the  other  with  distrust  ami  alienation.     The  king  had  no  confi- 
dence in   the  loyalty  of  the  colonists,  and  they  knew  full  well 
that  he  was  eagerly  watching  for  opportunities  to  curtail  their 
privileges.     The  ear  of  the  king  was  always  on  the  alert,  to 
listen  to  charges  against  them,  while  he  was  generally  too  busy 
to  attend  to  any  defence  which  they  might  offer  against  their 
accusers. 

"So  violent  and  successful  were  the  persecutions  against  the  rights  and 
claims  of  Massachusetts  in  particular,  that  she  not  only  feared  the  loss  of 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  but  began  to  be  app  .  hensive  of  having  her 
own  charter  taken  from  her.     Therefore  the  Gei.    A  Court  appointed  a 

1  Kecords  of  Massachusetts  Goverunient;,  vol  iii.  p  C9. 

2  History  of  Saco  and  liidileford,  p.  02. 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  147 

committee  of    both  branches,  to  keen  it  anrl  fh«  a     v    .     ■ 

places,  thought  by  them  most  safe  anTsecure"*  '"'*'   ^"    ^'P"^*« 

The  appreliensions  of  the  General  Cnnvf  nf  tvt         i 
in  reference  to  the  hostility  of^hl  l  Massachusetts, 

On  thp  im.  .f  T         ""^  ,'7   °*  the  lang,  were  soon  realized 

uiiij,  or  tne  king,  and  to  convey  to  New  Euol„„l  „ 
governor-general  of  his  appointment.  °  " 

The  exultant  court  of  Charlp»  IT    fi.„„  »  • 
spirit  of  religious  dissent  an     fl       "'^"."■"""P'"''"'  "vcr  the 
conceived  the  pro  ec    off  W^'tron  to  royalty,  had 

twelve  provin  es  on  tlT"*^  "  f  ?""  '""P'"''  '"  <=""-'''  "f 
accomplfshrrttf  thisrian  r,  ^"^  ^^"'W-    I"  the 

sessions  of  the  Dutch  on  2'  HM  "°  '"',"""''' '°  ^""^^  *»  P°- 
em  provinces  of  New  F„!  ^  °"',""''  '"  ''""S  ^"  *e  cast- 
as d,s  ^':^t:tT::^^TT^r\j! 

held  by  the  D  .tl'';t    JuL'r  H    ''™"'  "'!  *  '^'■'"°^^ 

^^.j::z::N^r^-»-^ 

anei^tttutriMrinj;  heTn  o  Y"f  T^'^  ■•"'»  «« 
decided  tVat  there  w:I  „  "vai,  ^ra  t'llt  "'".r""""' "'  "« 
the  River  St.  Croix  and  Pemaauid  H  t^  !'"'•>' '"'"'"'" 
.■oyal  brother  to  include  tl  "Trion  "\*''"^'°f  '"''-^'l  '» 
the  charter  conferred  upon  Wrn^  Til  T'^^"  "^  "'""^  '» 

tion  of  his  grant  are  dcLriUeras  foM^ws^       "  "'  '"^  ^°^- 

tory  „£  Ma»«acl,n„t,.  n  .„    °    ,  ,,  r  ™  '  'l''  ■•■  "'  »''"  '"  Huld.I,,,,,,,',  „  , 


148 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


of  Sagadahoo"  "New  Castle,"  and  "Tl,e''c„„„ty  ofT-Z 
wall  2  Charles  II.,  by  thus  making  hi,  brother  James  the 
terntonal  proprietor  of  sueh  immense  possessions  on  urHud! 
son,  and  also  on  the  eastern  borders  of  New  England  was 
shewdly  preparing  the  way  for  constituting  him  vieeroVr 
only  of  those  realms,  but  of  all  the  domain  between,         ^ 

1  History  of  Connecticut,  l.yBenjanitaTriunbiill  vol  I  t,  w 
vol  tTr  "  """"  *""-«'  '"  "»«"  ^^  '.  Wi.i.„  D„„„a,, 


CHAPTER  IX. 

POLITICAL  AGITATIONS. 

T^Iit  ^S^  °\  ^"f'.  ^^  ''"t'^equently  became  King  J„„es 
.lt„       I     .  '  '"'""''*   P°««s>^ion  of   his  Sagadahoc  tei- 

of  Cha.es  I.     Upon  the  death  of  his  brother  Charles  II    he 

as  ended    he  throne,  where  he  developed  the  character  of  a 

horough  despot  and  of  a  still  more  inexorable  fanatic.     When 

subsequently  driven  from  the  throne  by  William,  Prin  e  of 

The  region  of  Maine  made  but  slow  advances  under  the  rule 

int  1  cJl'T™'";  "'u  *"■  '''*^  "'  '''"»•    The  duke  was  an 
mtense  Catholic,  and,  when  he  attained  the  crown,  was  un- 
wearied m  his  endeavors  to  bring  England  again  ^ndi  Th" 
ecclesiastical  sway  of  the  papal  court.     The  Protltaii™eI  gions 
principles  of  the  Dutch,  who  were  established  at  the  mouth  of   . 
the  Hudson,  excited  strongly  his  jealousy  and  antagonism      Ho 
co-operated  with  his  unscrupulous  brother  Charles  11  in  send 
ing  an  expedition  of  four  frigates  and  about  thr      Ldred 
aimed  men,  to  wrest  the  colony  at  Manhattan  from  the  Dutch 
rhe  feeble  garrison  was  quite  unable  to  re>,i»f,  «„  formMable 
force,  and  promptly  capitulated.     This  was  on  the  27th  of 

140 


It   J, 


I    i 


150 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


August    1C64..      Co  .  Richard  Nichok,  who  with  Sir  Robert 
Ca, .  had  command  of  the  expedition,  took  the  control  of  affijrs 
aa  deputy  governor,  declaring,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  wis 
authonzed  to  exercise  the  same  command  over  the  ter  itorv  of 
his  royal  higlmess  at  Sagadahoo.2  tomto.y  of 

state  rf"',ff''"""°!/T  "'*""'"  ''PP"'"'^'!  '»  "•^'"iS*  the 

a   the  L^dTf  ;;"     °  '''"  ''"°"'''"''  ^'"°'"--     Col.  Nid,ols  wis 
at  the  head  of   he  commission.    He  was  a  frank,  genial    eour 
teous  man ;  and,  though  of  course  an  advocate  f^f  „™l't,  and 
episcopacy,  h.  integrity  and  candor  rendered  him  ^genlrily 

Sir  Robert  Carr,  the  next  on  the  list,  was  a  man  of  violent 
t  mper  who  hated  both  republicanism  and  any  dissent  from  the 
principles  of  the  Church  of  England.  His  haughty  anddom  ! 
neenng  spn-it  quite  unfitted  hiin  for  the  delicate  t4  in  wh"  , 
he  w  s  employed.  It  is  said  that  he  prepared  a  report  fl  led 
w,  h  the  most  bitter  accusations  against  the  colonist!.  Fortu- 
nately  he  died  soon  after  his'return,  and  his  philippics  perished 

doweT withT "'"'  ™°f"''  °'  "'°  "omniissioners,  was  en- 
dowed  with  stro'g  menial  powers;  hut  he  was  unamiible 
morose,  and  suspicious  in  his  disposition.  He  was  a  b  "  foe' 
of  the  republican  colonists,  and  drew  up  a  very  unf  iend^ 
report  to  be  presented  to  the  king.  Here  Tgain  God  seemed  o 
mter,,„se  in  behalf  of  the  feeble  settlements!    He  was  cap  ured 

l^co™.;!^"  ^"""  °"  "'^  ™^  ''°™'  "»"  '-'  '-  repot-t^bCd 

•mngth.  o,„l  ,„  c>„ilv  tenable  ,v,',  ,„  ,„e«f  I  ,  °  ""'"''"»"><'  » I>l«ee  ef 

con,stitute.l  the  ,„-i„dnal  exnt^r      «nTf  i.-     ,     ?      •  '"'*''''  ''""'""■'  ^'''''  ^^'^  ««!' 

kinds  of  u.er.Lai^^:;^Z;£^Z^'  """'  "?r"'  ^°"''  ^'^'^  ^•^"-- 
^Mncb,  William  Wilis,  p.ls^         ^  ""  ^^^^^^^•' ~m,tory  of  Laws,   &c.,  of 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


151 


_    Samuel  Maverick  was  the  fourth  of  the  commissioners.     He 
IS  represented  as  a  atubborn  royalist,  iraphicable  in  his  hostility 
to  the  political  and  religious  principles  of  the  Pihrrinis.     He 
had  for  some  time  resided  in  Massachusetts,  and  was  grievously 
offended  because  the  high  merit,  which  he  supposed  himself  to 
possess,  was  not  recognized  by  the  people  in  conferring  upon 
him  offices  of  dignity  and  influence.     He  was  apparently  watch- 
^   ing   or  an  opportunity  to  strike  the  colonists  a  deadly  blow  i 
When  the  appointment  of    these  commissioners  was    made 
known    it   created  great  anxiety.     Early  in  May,  IGGo,  they 
entered   upon   their  task  at   Boston.^    As  was  to  have   been 
expected,   there   speedily   arose   a  downright    altercation    be- 
tjveen  that  body  of  royalists  and  the  republican  General  Court. 
Ihe  commissioners  demanded  an  answer  to  the  question,  "  Do 
you  acknowledge  the  royal  commission  to  be  of  full  force  for  all 
the  purposes  contained  in  it  ?  " 

The  court  evaded  a  categorical  answer,  sayinn-,  »  The  civil 

^ZZr'  w"^'"f    "^'?    '^^^'   '^^^"^  ^^^^°"Sh  lis    Majesty's 
charter.     We  prefer  to  abide  by  that." 

Tlie  dispute  ran  high,  and  even  violence  was  menaced.  The 
commissioners,  unsustained  by  any  popular  support,  dissolved 
their  session  Col.  Nichols  returned  to  his  gubeLt^rial  cl  ^r 
m  New  York,  and  te  others  departed  to  investigate  affairs  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine.  They,  however,  threw  a  partinc. 
hot  upon  the  government  of  Massachusetts,  threatening  them 
with  the  doom  due  to  rebels  and  traitors. 

The  events  which  we  are  now  recording  took  place,  it  will 

of  James.  When  Charies  had  become  firmly  seated  upon  his 
cZ''  ?Vr"'  ,'  '^''''''  ^^^"«""^i"S  tlie  act  of  the  General 
ProvW  l^tr'^  '''?  ;"  '^''^^'"S  ^^«  jurisdiction  over  the 
Piovince  of  Maine,  and  demanding  its  restoration  to  the  heirs  of 

MaLIX~"t"'Hf;".:rfV"^^^  *°  nutdnnson-s  History  of 

Hi.toryofMlo"l  1:^400  "'"'  "'  ^'^  commissioners,  Willia.nson's 

of  M^;:::;;;rSe:fs.;;i;E^':;;::^!;;r  of  t,.  proprietors 

Massaclu.setts.nn.l  wrKo'^^^^^^^  «f  «11  ^l.e  enemies  of 

0/  Portlana,  l^y  WilU<^n  WU^  p   '^  '^'^''''^^  ^uiiueuceof  that  colony. -//;.<ory 


a 


*  i  ? 


/ 


\ 


152 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Fertlinando  Gorges.  The  General  Court  replied,  defending  its 
course  in  receiving  the  provincials  of  Maine  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts.  They  also  boldly  declared  that  they 
would  nrt  surrender  the  jurisdiction  of  Maine  until  the  king's 
will  were  more  distinctly  l5;nown. 

The  three  commissioners  who  repaired  to  Maine  commenced 
operations  in  the  settlements  at  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua 
River.  There  were  quite  a  number  of  royalists  here,  who  were 
desirous  of  being  taken  again  under  the  government  of  the 
kincf.i 

In  a  letter  from  Charles  II.  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Province 
of  Maine,  dated  June  11,  1664,  he  wrote,— 

"Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  the  grandfather  of  the  present  proprietor,  and 
a  generous  promoter  of  foreign  plantations,  obtained  a  royal  charter  of 
Maine,  and  expended  in  settling  it  more  than  twenty  thousand  pounds;  and 
yet  was  wholly  prevented  from  reaping  the  fruits  of  his  expenditures  and 
labors  by  the  luihappy  civil  wars^  wherein  he,  though  advanced  in  age, 
bravely  engaged  in  his  master's  service. 

"In  the  mean  time  his  opponents,  intoxicated  with  success,  as  we  under- 
stand, and  deaf  to  the  voice  of  jastice,  have  given  countenance  to  measures 
by  which  the  provincials  have  been  brought  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay,  and  the  proprietary  deprived  of  all  the  issues  and  profits  of 
his  property." 

In  conclusion,  this  royal  mandate  of  the  11th  of  June,  1664, 
said,  — 

"  Since  the  restoration,  he,  by  hia  commissioners,  has  endeavored  to 
repossess  himself  of  his  province,  and,  two  years  since,  proclaimed  his 
Majesty  king,  established  courts,  and  gave  to  many  the  oaths  of  allegiance 
But  tJie  government  of  Massachusetts  prohibited  all  further  proceedings  of 
those  commissioners  till  they  had  orders  from  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
kingdom. 

_  "We  have  therefore  taken  the  whole  matter  into  our  princely  considera- 
tion, and  have  thought  fit  to  signify  our  pleasure  in  behalf  of  Ferdinando 
Gorges  Llie  present  proprietor,  and  do  require  you  to  rtake  -  restitution  of 
the  Province  to  him  or  his  commissioners,  and  deliver  him  or  them  peaceable 
possession  thereof;  or  otherwise,  without  delay,  show  us  reasons  to  the  con- 
trary."? 

1  "Now.  it  ninstl,e  nun.le.l  that,  as  to  tlie  Province  of  Maine,  there  were  two 
sorts  that  preteudea  a  ri-ht  to  the  government  thereof;  one  that  derived  their 
power  from  Sir  Fer.liiiando  Oorges'  title,  the  other  derived  tlieirs  from  tlm  Oen- 
erai  Cou.t  ,.i  Ma^8a..liuserrs."  -//(/ftknvrs  History  of  New  England,  p.  58i. 

•«  Hutchinson's  Collections  of  State  Papers,  p.  386. 


»4 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


158 


and 


The  commissioners  visited  Kitteiy  in  June,  1665.     Tiie  peo- 
ple were  assembled,  and  were  informed  that  if  they  persisted 
m  adhermg  to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  they  would  be 
punished  with  the  utmost  severity,  as  rebels  and  traitors.     We 
have  not  space  to  enter  into  the  details  of  the  measures  which 
were  adopted.     They  were  arbitrary  and  tumultuous.     It  was 
a  reign  of  terror.     Oaths  were  administered,  and  many  were 
induced  to  petition  the  king  for  a  new  colony  charter.     But 
still  the  measures  of  the  commissioners  were  exceedingly  un- 
popular.    The  people  generally  were  well  satisfied  with  the 
virtual  republic  which  they  enjoyed.    The  commissioners  seemed 
disposea  to  gather  all  power  into  their  own  hands. 

George  Cleaves  of  Casco,  whose  name  is  sometimes  spelled 
Cleve  and  sometimes  Cleeves,  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  these  clays.     He  was  an  ardent  royalist,  and  was  warmly 
attached  to  the  Church  of  England.     But  he  was  very  ambi- 
tious and   self-reliant.      The  despotic  course   pursued  by  the 
royal  commissioners  was  offensive  to  him.     He  enjoyed  a  hio-her 
degree  of  liberty  under  the  institutions  of  Massachusetts,  than 
under  the  iron  rule  which  the  commissioners  would  introduce. 
He  therefore,  with  twenty-one  of    his  neighbors,  drew  up  a 
petition  to  the  king.     This  petition  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant  documents  of  the  times,  as  it  throws  so  much  light  upon 
the  political  aspect  of  affairs.     The  petition,  slightly  abbrevi- 
ated, was  as  follows  :  — 

r.n  '  ?'.  ^"™^^'  ?f '^'"  "^  "''  inhabitants  of  Casco,  in  the  State  of  Maine, 
represents,  agreeably  to  your  Majesty's  command,  our  several  reasons  why 
we  could  not  submit  to  Mr.  Gorges.  ^la^ua  wny 

"But  first   to  our  most  gracious  father,  we,  your  humble  subiects   in 
habxtmg  a  w:  lerness  in  the  northern  parts  of  your  dominions  wou  d  r Im 
our  most  duWul  and  hearty  thanks  for  your  pdncely  care  of  ^s  and  of  our 
children.     Required  by  your  Majesty  to  render  submission  to  Mr   Gorr 
or  assign  our  reasons  for  declining  it,  we  are  frank  to  say  we  have  no  5   ! 

rd^d  t;^::-^^-^^  ^^--  -  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^...^^ 

"In  our  union,  however,  with  Massaehusetls,  we  all  pled-red  ouralla 

he.prl„cipl.ol^,n.l.,a„^jn3^e,,v:'sr^u:s^Jr::^e^r:'' 


151 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


havo,  sinor,  our  short  connoction  with  hor  been  fhn  ™„ 
meat  an.l  prosn-ritv,  far  bovon,!  JZ        u  ^'"*"''  "^  °»'"  content- 

Poriodof  thosLoLgth   ^^  ''''°  ''"""  ^"J^y^''  ^^^■•^"^'r  any  former 

"  The  commiasioiiers,  nevertholps<i   -         i  -.         u    .    . 

gov..r„„,.„t,  wiU,i,„M,  „ur  aS„„f  1^'  ,  *"'  f  <">  «:-ac.„u,ct., 
-0  humbly  ctaal  ,„,„  Majesty  „„t  tote  "e'  „,  jiI'T;  '  "'"*"• 
namos  aro  not  found  on  tho  potUion  for  a  chinlnf  ^         """''  ""' 

a.  wo  have  no  j„»t  ccnplai,".  dth°r  a^ai,„i  T  »t  Sovernment  or  rulers, 

.....0.  anuyour\;:;:;tt^t:rr.srr'  °^  '=°"  ■■'  '">  ^^■ 
.ho  J,:;r;:t:::r]:et;t:it;;:ir;:':;;;™'' ""™"";« - 

whatever sovcr„,„e„t::XS''rrtTj:to  e""'",      'f  '° 
what  it  should  be.  "1  ""'"  us,  tuan  to  contend  or  direct 

The  commissioners  ,pent  about  two  months,  mostlv  at  York 

lut  ■■:::!•:"' ^'""'7"'. -■^'-^ ™er,etio oiTor';  It: 

^Intsh-irtatuhf^I-^^^^^^^^^^ 

llie  commissioners  opened  their  court  on  the  'ifl.  nf  Q     . 

ment.     But  twentj-nme  presented  themselves.     The  coun  v  of 
Connyall  was  limited  on  the  west,  by  the  Sao-ui.hoc      I     b^ 
ever,  mclucled  twenty  or  thirty  famiL  up^tl^t^^^^^^^^       '^^^■ 

th.    th  "'         '"  '""  '''  '^°'^^°"  °f  ''11  -^-quen    iurists 
that  the  commissioners  proved  themselves  utterly  lieapable  of 

1  Hutchinson's  Historical  Collections,  p.  397. 

sued  in  England  in  onler  to      ke  away  t  e  cofor, "■''"■''  ''  ""  "'^'^""^'^^  P"- 

the.uuivesinthiscountry.l.ad;o  pr^e^^'air.!"^^^^^^^^^ 

6y./a«W8  6WW„an,p.2a  -^"^«"->Jo/ the  District  of  Maine, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


■'.r.t 


cl.scharffin-  the  duties  which  had  devolved   upon  them      No 
provision  was  made  for  the  enactment  of  hiws,  for  the  inn.osi-' 
tion  of  taxes,  for  education  or  religious  instruction,  or  for  the 
public  tletence. 

It  is  supposed  that  ^here  were  about  three  hundred  families 
within  the  county,  and  some  of  the  settlements  were  forty  yeara 
old.  The  commissioners  spoke  of  the  setclers  in  very  contempt- 
uous terms,  undeiratinnr  their  numbers,  and  describing  them  as 
mere  fishermen  and  fugitives  from  justice,  who  we:°  entirely 
unaccustomed  to  the  restraints  of  governmmit.» 

In  justice  to  the  commissioner.,  it  should  be  stated  that  they 
entered  into  a  yery  judicious  treaty  with  the  chiefs  of  the 
neighboring  tribes.  The  Indians  had  been  atrociously  wronged 
by  vagabond  and  unprincipled  white  men.     It  could  not  be  con- 

atUtude.  '''°"^'  '''''   ^''"^^"°    '^^^™  "^^°  ^^  ^^°^til« 

It  was  agreed  between  the  commissioners  and  some  of  the 
Indian  chiefs,  that,  if  any  wrong  were  inflicted  upon  an  Ind  an 
by  one  of  the  English,  the  Indian,  instead  of  tkin.  priva  e 
revenge,  should  appeal  to  the  courts  for  redress.  l^Z  Z 
oher  hand  an  Englishman  were  injured  or  defrauded  by  an 
Indian   he  should  make  his  appeal  to  the  Indian  chiefs.       ^ 

Contemptuously  as  the  commissioners  spoke  of  the  settlers  in 
the  region  of  the  Sagadahoc,  they  gave  a  very  glowing  a  cou^t 
of  the  attractiveness  of  the  country.a  ^  account 

-The  islands  harbors,  and  outlets  upon  the  coast,"  they  wrote    "are 

3^=:^  r  r  x:-;:^-r  .^- i- J^ 

beines,  goosebernes,  burberries,  and  several  sorts  of  bilberriel,™;!;::!" 

Pa^eS';.^"*  "'"''  '""' '°  '""  '"^  ^^~  Hutchinson's  Collection  of  State 

of  Iln^ui;;:;^;:;^  '^I^^^^S:^^  SagaaaUoc  n.ust  Lave  beena  spot 
of  overgrown  beech  an.l  o Ik  al  vf  '"'"'^^-r  t"^^«"ns  Pi"es  below,  and  hilltops 
and  grassy  nmrgin   ter  uhiatin  -T'  Tl  '"  '"'  '''^^  ^'""^^'^^  ^"'''  ^^  ^l^"'  ^^^-oad, 

its  lan,hvanl  ar^Me^u^"^^   and  bead.,  sweeping  from  point  to  point  on 

favorite  -u.ping-g'o\tulr     ^^Ct  "^^^  ^^r^^  ^'^  ''^'^  ''  ^ 

colonists  as  a  homo     TIip  in<u  .„»•  ,  ^  ^''®  ^'^  "'^  earliest  English 

place  of  disting,  ished  att    S^^  *'^^  peninsula  was  e;era 


156 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


If! 


'&i.:xd 


son.     We  found  also  many  kinds  of  oaks  and  pinea,  and  tho  chestnut  and 
walnut  trees,  sometimes  for  four  or  five  miles  together."  » 

Soon  public  attention  was  absorbed  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
lantic, by  the  war  which  broke  out  between  France  and  Eng- 
land.    Very  extensive  preparations  were  made  by  the  Britirh 
cabinet,  for  the  conquest  of  Canada.'^     MassnoJiusetts  was  not 
reluctant  to  engage  in  this  enterprise.     The  militia  of  Massachu- 
setts, at  this  time,  an;-,unted  to  four  thousand  foot  and  four 
hundred  horse.     Tb«  enlistments  for  the  conquest  of  Canada 
were  not  made  until  October.     It  was  then  deemed  too  late  in 
the  season  to  attempt  a  northern  cainpaign.     The  war  was  short, 
and  mostly  waged  in  other  regions.     liut,  in  its  results,  it  was 
very  unsatisfactory  to  New  England.     The  treaty  of  Breda  was 
concluded  on  the  31st  of  July,  1G67,  with  both  France  and 
Holland.     England  received  the  Dutch  colony  on  the  Hudson, 
but  resigned  Nova  Scotia  to  the  French. 

The  English  Protestants'  brought  with  them  to  this  New 
World  a  very  strong  antipathy  to  that  bigoted  Catholicism 
which  had  been  the  bane  of  the  Old  World.  They  did  not  love 
their  French  neighbors,  and  they  were  greatly  annoyed  at  the 
recession  >.f  the  Acadian  provinces  to  France.  The  ti'oubled 
times  very  speedily  obliterated  all  the  traces  which  the  king's 
commissioners  had  left  behind  them. 

England  was  far  away.  The  attention  of  her  contemptibla 
king,  Charles  H.,  to  the  remote  colonies,  was  spasmodic  and 
transient.  It  was  to  Massachusetts  alone,  that  the  widely  scat- 
tered inhabitants  of  Maine  could  look  for  sympathy  in  time  of 
peace,  or  for  aid  in  war. 

There  were  no  bonds  of  union  between  the  Catholic  French 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  Puritans  of  New  England.  They  dif- 
fered in  language,  religion,  and  in  all  the  habits  of  social  life. 
Those  very  traits  of  character,  which  admirably  adapted  the 
French  to  win  the  confidence  of  the  Indians,  excited  the  repug- 
nance of  the  English.  The  pageantry  of  their  religious  wor- 
ship, which  the  strong-minded  Puritans  regarded  as  senseless 

^  '  HuTcliinfion's  Collections  of  State  Papers. 

"■  American  Annuls,  )jy  Abiel  Holmes,  vol.  i.  p.  489. 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  A/A/NE. 


157 


mummery,  was  well  adapted  to  catch  the  attention  of  the  child- 
ish  savages.  The  Frenchman  wonld  b.iild  him  a  wigwam, 
marry  an  Indian  wife,  perhaps  two  or  three  ;  adopt  the  dress 
of  the  tribe,  and,  in  all  the  habits  of  his  life,  step  at  least  half 
way  down  to  meet  the  savage.  Thus  the  French  and  the  Indi- 
ans lived  far  more  harmoniously  together  than  did  the  Indians 
and  the  English. 

In  illustration  of  these  views  we  may  mention  the  case  of 
Jean   Vincent,  Baron  of  St.  Castin  or  Casteins,  as  some  spell 
the  name.     He  was  a  gentleman  of  wealth  and  rank,  born  in 
Bdarn,  at  the  for,t  of  the  Pyrenees.     Naturally  fond  of  adven- 
ture, he  had  entered  the  army,  and  had  served  with  distinction 
against  the  Turks.^     When  about  twenty-one  years  of  age  he 
came  to  this  country,  and  joined  a  tribe  of  Indians  called  the 
Abenakis.2     He  lived  with  them  twenty  yeai-s,  adopting  their 
dress,  and  apparently  conforming  in  all  respects  to  their  savage 
habits.     But  his  superior  intelligence,  his  tact,  and  his  adapta- 
tion of  himself  to  all  tlieir  prejudices,  so  won  their  regard,  that 
they  considered  him  as  more  than  human,  or,  to  use  the  lan- 
guage of  his  biographer,  "  comme  leur  Dieu  tutelaire." 

He  acquired  their  language  perfectly,  and  married  the  dauf^h- 
ter  of  Madokawando,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  chiefs. 
Some  say  that,  uccording  to  the  Indian  custom,  he  took  several 
wives.  He  seemed  perfectly  contented  with  his  lot,  declarinc^ 
that  he  greatly  preferred  the  forests  of  Acadia  to  the  valley  of 
Pyrenees,  where  he  was  born.     His  French  biographer  writes,  — 

«'  For  the  first  years  of  hia  abode  with  them,  he  lived  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  secure  their  esteem  to  a  higher  decree  tliau  words  can  describe.  Thev 
made  him  their  grand  chief,  which  constituted  him  sovereign  of  the  nation 
By  degrees  he  accumulated  a  fortune,  which  any  other  person  would  have 
appropriated  to  his  own  benefit,  by  retiring  with  two  or  three  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  in  solid  gold  coin. 

"  Nevertheless  Casteins  made  no  other  use  of  this  wealth  than  to  buy 
merchan<lise,  which  he  presented  as  gifts  to  his  brother  savages,  who,  return- 
mg  from  their  hunting  expeditions,  presented  him  with  beaver  skins  of  triple 

1  Martin's  History  of  France,  vol.  i.  p.  2G3. 

EnllMf  f>?  ''"-\"^'r.^''  ?''"'^'^  ^'y'^'^  French.  It  was  often  spelle.l  by  the 
Engh.n,  Abenaquis.  It  is  sai.l  that  they  belonKod  to  broken  tribes  xvl,n  had  with- 
urawn  from  Suco,  the  Androscoggin,  and  the  Kennebec  to  Canatla. 


I  :i 


158 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


their  value.     The  governor-generals  of  Canada  courted  his  favor   and  the 
ru le..  of  ^^ew  England  feared  hi„..     He  had  many  dau^.ters      Thev  .v  r 
all^advantageously  married  to  Frenchmen,  and  each  one  received  'a^X 

''lie  never  changed  his  wife.  By  this  he  wished  to  teach  the  savaires 
that  God  does  not  love  inconstant  people.^  It  is  said  that  he  endeavorld  to 
convert  these  poor  natives,  but  that  his  words  were  without  eff  ct      I    'af 

Bu  iheV'f  T  "*  *''  '""^'^  ^""'^^^^'^  *°  "--  «-  Christian  rellrn' 
But  these  fathers  were  not  discouraged,  for  they  considered  the  baptism  of  a 
-gle  dyn.g  ch  Id  worth  many  times  more  than  the  pain  and  thfsulring 
of  dwelling  with  this  people."  2  i-        ^m  lue  sunuing 

The  Indians  who  were  under  the  influence  of  the  French 
readily  uub.bed  their  dislike  for  the  English.  There  was,  con^ 
sequentlj  a  growing  animosity  between  the  eastern  and  the 
western  ribes.  There  were  no  very  definite  boundary  liJts  to 
mo.t  of  the  territories  portioned  out  in  those  days.  In  the  ces- 
sion of  'all  Acadia"  to  France,  mention  w/s  made  of  St. 
Johns,  Port  Royal  La  Hev.,  Cape  Sable,  and  Pentagoet,  a 
the  French    hen  called  Penobscot.a    The  French  took  pclesdon. 

LT,  T  t  I'Tf'^^'  ^^'°"^  ^''^'   ^'''''^  '^  Penobscot,  and 
elected  stockaded  forts  at  the  most  important  points. 

riiepolUical  affairs  of  Maine  fell  into  lamentable  confusion. 
By  the  action  of  the  commissioners,  the  Province  was  sundered 

"tnmn  de  l-Amfri,«e par  Liihonlaa,  I  ii  p  ».,  ' 

a  Brmsli  Empii-e  in  America,  vol.  i.  p.  22. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  jgg 

from  its  connection  with  Massachusetts.     And  then,  without 

abandoned.  Gorges  became  interested  in  other  matters,  and 
the  people  generally  doubted  the  validity  of  the  justices  a,/ 
Tom  Ma'  '"  ^°'"T!°"--    ^-  t'"-ee  yL  no  L  111  !  ^t^J 

The  (^n^l  TTi  r  ?  """"^"^  ^""^'^^f  Massachusetts. 
The  General  Court  did  not  hesitate  to  denounce  the  action  of 
the  commissioners  in  the  following  severe  terms  :  _ 

order  by  comnnssioiiers  who  were  rather  fh<^   .lo.f.  \T     ^ 

Under  these  circumstances  the  General  Court  issued  a  prochv- 
mation,  declaring,  that,  as  the  people  of  Maine  were  in  p^erH  of 

It  Its  duty  to  God  to  extend  its  jurisdiction  over  the  county  of 
York  as  formerly.     The  transfer  was  easily  made.     The  r^t 
court  held  under  the  authority  of  the  king's  commisioners  si 
m  Saco  on  the  29th  of  May,  1G68.»  «o»imissioners  sat 

Col    Richard  Nichols,  governor  at  New  York,  was   jrreativ 
d.s  urbed  by  these  proceedings.     It  will  be  remembrd  t'hat  1^ 
had  been  appointed  deputy  governor  at  New  York  and  Sa^^da 
hoc,  under  His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York.     He  Sr  te 
an  angry  letter  to  the  governor  of  Massachusetts.     Th;  foTw 
ing  extracts  will  .show  its  spirit :  —  «      -liie  lollow- 

"  I  am  not  a  little  surprised  to  find  tlnf  ,,^„ 

th,  gove,„,„e„t  of  Mai,.'     ^tt^^^^ZZH^tu't^r^  ^'°"\ 

a  submission  of  your  weaker  nei,W,hnr.       a    V        "^''"'  "  ^'^  "'^«''  *«  compel 
to  re-establish  yourcolrrof  St  '^'T  '"'^^  ^«<^^  ">  cluty  bound 

tio^s  of  his  mIj::!;;  letter  ""'"  ''  ^"-"^^ -"^^ary  to  the  ii.junc 

"  Do  you  presume  so  much  upon  his  forbearance  and  clemency  as  to  sup- 
MVillian.son's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  433 

Ufmrrojt,  vol,  i.p,  307.  "^  "^'*'"^  ^^'a^  held  within  its  li..,itP.,"  = 


I'  *   'fl'    1 


160 


I       ! 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


pose  that  he  will  nover  stretch  forth  an  arm  of  power  to.defend  his  subiects 
from  usurpation  /  Unable  myaelf  to  visit  you  before  I  leave  th  ^^Tl 
must  express  to  ^ou  my  fearful  apprehensions,  tluat  if  you  compel  L'aW 
tion  of  government  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  by  subverti^i  tlie  present 
estabhshments,  you  may,  and  probably  will,  be  the  cause  of  bitt  r  quax" 

to  defend  their  rights  against  all  officious  invaders. i 

This  letter  produced  no  change  in  the  measures  adopted  by 
the  Government.  Four  commissioners  were  sent  to  restore  the 
County  of  Yorkshire  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.3  A 
mill  ary  escort  accompanied  them  to  York,  which  place  they 
reached  on  the  6th  of  July,  1668.  Here  some  officers,  who  had 
been  appomted  by  the  king's  commissioners,  met  them  with  a 
remonstrance.  They  stated  that  there  were  not  more  than  four 
or  five  men  in  a  town,  of  any  character,  who  were  in  favor  of  a 
return  to  Massachusetts,  and  that  they  were  resolved  to  main- 
tain  the  authority  with  which  they  had  been  invested. 

.1  he  Massachusetts  commissioners,  who,  according  to  some 
accounts  "  entered  the  Province  in  a  hostile  mannei^with  horse 
ana  toot,    replied,  — 

.nndt"  yo"'-P''iP"-s  and  powers  our  General  Court  have  too  thoroughly 
consul^-ed  to  require  any  re-perusal  by  us.  Those  under  whom  vou  i^ 
act.n  ver  law  ully  possessed  the  authority  which  they  assumed  to  ex" 
01  e.  His  Majesty  directed  Massachusetts  either  to  resign  the  Province  to 
Mr.  Gorges  or  to  assign  to  him  our  ol,jections.  It  is  well  Known  we  have 
chosen  the  latter  alternative.  ^ 

bpp„?''-"'i/'  ''"^  ""^'''"'  ^■^y-'^^  consideration.     And  when  have  we 

\ZZT         '  °"  """""  ^^^"■''^^""'  ''  ^"™"'^-- 1'-  -1-inistrationTf 
us  tee  to  your  commissioners  V    By  the  returns  we  shall  soon  ascertain  wha 
the  iMibhc  sentiment;  and,  according  to  our  ability,  we  shall  dis  hie 
«ie  trust  committed  to  us.     If  we  are  opposed,  we  sh^i  advis    upt  meS 
ures  which  will  not  be  inefficient. ' '  ^ 

The  commissioners  repaired  to  the  meeting-house,  where  they 
read  their  commission  to  the  assembled  people,  and  explained 

nals ';:im  """■'  """'"'^  "'  Massachusetts,  vol.  i.  p.  212  ;  Chalmers'  Political  Au- 
=  See  the  letter  in  full  i„  Tlionms  Hutchinson's  Collection  of  .State  Papers  n  484 

<^2%m!!:i^i!'rLa      '""  '^"^  Major  Kobert  Pike  as  assistants. -7/„6- 


111' 


THE  HISTORT  OF  MAINE.  ^gj 

the  puri^oses  of  their  visit.     There  wm  «,omn  cV  i,. 

and  tSie    'ho  haTbt'"  '  "^"S?  f'=^''"S»  "ere  elicited, 

to  read  a  letter  from  nTi-  ?  J'''^  requested  permission 
the  Idngg  ve  d^eeTio"  to  VT  ''■■"'=''.  ^P"'  l"-  16G6,  in  ,vhich 
were  to  So  un  1  t^h.!  "omm.ss.oners  as  to  what  they 

The  con,mLon"atp.ied,T"''"''^  ''""  ^''-'-<'  ^^  >>-• 

fully  a,var,  o£  the  irregul  "iL  occa 'i„„^, 7,  ■'^;  ''^  """'  """"■  '■'''>  "^ 
»ndpla„ta,io™,i„-I06lbyi  Srri!'  '■"^''''"'  "■"«  «"'™  to™ 
to  charge  Massachusetts  wiCeit.tT.'Ttr"'  "''°  ™  '"  ''"M  "> 
before  the  year's  end  with     hTf  ^i  ?  ''""•  ""'^  '»  ">">"'»"  her, 

sy::rrrc::j,ara:tT''r'"?^^^^ 

of  .1.030  Who  ca„  mak.Cdsir.heh  bS:.""'  *"°'"=^  "'"■  '"=  ""^^ 

Tlie  government;  was  then  organized- ind  tl,»  •    . 

returned  to  Massachusetts  with  tl,™  '  „«  *;, "°"""^«™ers 
vote  of  thanks,  and  imnl.  v„      "'""^'eport.     They  received  a 

May.  1.09,  thr;:^,  £  CTrtoI '!":'•  "'■™'^'  '" 
General  Court  of  Massich ,."  /  ^  ,^  ""="'  '"ats  in  the 
i'rovinee  seemed  .„'"'  "'"•  ""=  festoration  of  the 

.lightif  a  y  rff'tstore'ereX'-'V^"'^'-  ^^'S"  -"^  but 
that  the  eastern  p  ante  s  hi        '"''™"'"'=e.     Wilhamson  says 

-  their  .^^^LX::::^!s^^c^  ^-- 

i  "if  S  c!;;,r„"S^^^^^^^         ... «... 


n 


i.  p.  440. 


,^ 

1  ^  ■ 

1  ' 

t 

162 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


But  in  this  world  there  is  no  end  to  troubles.  Scarcely  was 
this  question  settled,  when  a  j.ew  and  portentous  difficulty 
arose.  The  French,  being  in  full  possession  of  Nova  Scotia, 
and  the  territory  now  of  Maine  as  far  as  the  Penobscot,  laid 
claim  to  the  region  as  far  west  as  the  Kennebec  River.  It  was 
suspected  that  the  Duke  of  York,  who  was  an  intense  Catholic, 
and  who  detested  the  political  and  religious  principles  of  the 
Puritans,  favored  these  claims.^ 

It  was  seriously  apprehended  in  Massachusetts,  that  the  crown 
might  sell  the  entire  eastern  patent  to  the  French.  A  new  sur- 
vey was  ordered.  The  most  popular  measures  were  adopted  to 
win  the  cordial  support  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Province. 
The  surveyors  reported  that  a  line  running  due  east  from  the 
most  northern  source  of  the  Merrimac,  to  which,  by  the  patent, 
three  miles  still  farther  north  was  to  be  added,  would  cross  the 
Kennebec  or  Sagadahoc  near  where  Bath  now  is,  and  that  it 
would  strike  White  Island  in  Penobscot  Bay. 

But  again  war  was  declared  between  England  and  Holland. 
The  two  angry  nations  were  clutching  each  other  by  the  throat. 
The  Dutch,  in  July,  1673,  recovered  the  fort  at  New  York. 
With  renewed  activity,  and  with  boldness  ever  characteristic  of 
Massachusetts,  the  government  re-organized  the  militia,  and 
endeavored,  in  all  ways,  to  consolidate  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Province,  that  they  might  not  be  sold  to  Papal  France. 

In  1674  a  new  treaty  of  priace  was  signed  between  England 
and  Holland,  and  New  York  was  restored  to  the  British  crown. 
Again  prosperity  seemed  to  dawn  upon  the  inhabitants  of 
Maine,  scattered  along  the  seacoast  from  Piscataqua  to  the 
Penobscot.  The  French  occupied  the  eastern  side  of  the  Pen- 
obscot Bay.  The  English,  in  large  numbers,  had  reared  their 
dwellings,  and  were  improving  their  lands,  upon  the  western 
banks  of  the  bay,  and  westerly  to  the  River  Sagadahoc. 

Capt.  John  Jocelyn,  in  the  year  1670,  visited  the  Province  of 
Maine.  The  next  year  he  published  a  record  of  his  voyage.  It 
contains  by  far  the  most  minute  account  of  the  condition^of  the 
Province  at  that  time,  which  has  descended  to  us.     From  this 

narrative  we  make  the  following  interesting  extracts  r^ 

'  Williamsou,  vol.  i.  p.  441.  2  gee  Jocelyn's  Voyages,  pp.  200-212. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  jgg 

Farther  to  the  eastwarcl'ls   h  ^  wfoUv'    I   ^1  p"  ^"?^^-(^^-'^-)-^ 
that,  where  there  is  a  town  of  the  same  n  me  fh^L  ^"'  ^'  '''''''''''^  "^ 

All  these  towns  have  store  of  salt  anH-pr        I  ^°'.'f «  «'^''^tt<^"nfr]y  built.^ 
well  stocked  with  cattle  '^  "'''■''^'  ^'^*^  ''^'■'^^^'^  ^'^"J.  -"d  aU 

"About  eight  or  nine  miles  to  the  eastward  of  Cape  Pornus  i.  IV  f 
Harbor,   a  noted  place  for  fishers  8     tt„,„  x,       ,        ^    ioipus  is  Wmter 

adjoins  to  this   and  both  li.ke  n  !  ^^  ''''^'  ™''"'^  ^*''^^'^«-     ^aco 

stol-ed  withca^    ,  lu\;^tcll^^^^^^^^^  '"""^  °'  '-^""^^  ^^^^"*'  ^^ 

the  eastward  of  sLo  and  fortv  ,^   ^  n"       ^  "'^■'"•"-     ^'^  ""^^^^  *« 

Black  Point  (ScaZrou^h  ^T  '  T  r\''"''  '^  ''''''''  *'^«  ^^^^  ^^ 
and  a  magazLe,     :tteH  i  ^^"^  ^^^  clwelling-houses, 

horses  ;  of  sheep'near  .,on  L^^t  .^inZllZZi  Tu  ^'""'T^  ^"' 
salt  and  fresh,  and  a  corn-mill  Tn  fho  .J^^'^"^,  '  ^"^^^  '^i-'^l'Ie  and  marsh 
are  stages  fo;  fishermen  e  two  n  '"?  r"'^  "^  '''"  P°'"*'  "P°"  ^vl^i<^h 
eastward,  runs  the  Z^'slLlk"^^^  '''''''''■     ""^'^^^  ^^^  P-*-  -th- 

a  passable  and  grrve  L  ftd  tn  tl  e  2  "",''/"  ^"■-'"^-<^n-.  and  hath 
soa  at  low  water'  Tlfea'eflreirH^  -de  between  the  main  and  the 
are  stages  for  fishennen  "*  whetstones,  and  here,  likewise, 

.arsh  and  araL  land,  a  ^^::t:X^i:t^^^ 

^^^i^^s:^iX:JT:::zssr::  -^ .  erect 

ter  March  1,  1042,  by  which  I.e  incorpora  e^a  t! Sm^'f  /^  ^■'"^^- 

n"le«,  and  the  inliabitants  upon  it  into  a  ml  n^.,  r  ^^  ,"!  *^^«"^>-«"e  «<l''are 
Plhuent  to  iHs  own  nau.e,  callocl  Gor^eana  Tl,«  '',  ^  '''  ^"'  ''""'*^"^'^-  ">  «'""■ 
lelognun,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Tivor  A  "■"•"^''^>' ^"  *'»«  f"""  of  a  paral- 
•nilesfron.  its  n.outh,  and  one  IcneunonT.  l^'^"'f '"''"''  *^'-'^^«'"""«  »P  seven 
0/  itf.oVte,  vol,  i.  p.  2«8  "        ^  "  "'^^  seashore."  -  WilUa.mon's  Ilistonj 

froL^?^,f:!?;S::;::;^;r  ^^-«Pe^  was  hut  two  ana  a  half  .niles 

Cridf^e.    See  Wiilia,...son,  vol!rp  •-?  "'^  *"^^'  ''"^  ™"«^  1^*^!"^  Saco 

*  "After  passin- the  plantations  o'f  Kitterv  Yo,-V  w  n 
toScarboroufrh,  which  has  never  ..luiniredtsn.',  '  '  """'^  ^^''''  ''-^  ™'"e 

extends  towards  the  east,  six  nn le   iX L      o      >  ''"''  "'  ""*  •"^''"•P''ration.    It 

Co,.;«<i/c  (Uif^  Mansjidd,  vol.  i.  p.  207.       '^    '  ~  ""'^  ''^'  '^'*'"'  ^'^'Jhind,  by 


164 


THE  TIISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ther  eastward  is  the  towii  of  Kennebec,  seated  upon  the  river.  Farther  yet 
eastward  is  Sagadahoc,  where  there  are  many  houses  scattering,  and  all 
along  stages  for  fishermen.  These,  too,  are  stored  with  cattle  and  corn 
land. 

"  From  Sagadahoc  to  Xova  Scotia,  is  called  the  Duke  of  York's  Prov- 
ince. Here  are  Pemaquid,  Montinecus,  Mohegan,  Capeanawhagen,  where 
Capt.  Smith  fished  for  whales;  all  are  filled  with  dwelling-houses  and  stages 
for  fishermen,  and  have  plenty  of  cattle,  and  arable  land,  and  marshes. 

"  The  people  of  the  Province  of  Maine  may  be  divided  into  magistrates, 
husbandmen  or  planters,  and  fishermen.  Of  the  magistrates,  some  be  royal- 
ists, the  rest  perverse  spirits.  The  like  are  the  planters  and  fishers.  They 
have  a  custom  of  taking  tobacco,  sleeping  at  noon,  sitting  long  at  meals, 
sometimes  four  times  a  day,  and  now  and  then  drinking  a  dram.  The  fisher- 
men take  yearly  upon  the  coast  many  hundred  quintals  of  cod,  hake,  had- 
dock, and  pollock.  "1 

Capt.  Jocelyn  speaks  of  the  inhabitants  as  indolent,  and  many 
of  them  as  very  intern^,  'ate.  Having  earned  a  little  money, 
they  eagerly  spent  it  for  strgng  drink,  and  could  not  be  again 
induced  to  work  as  hired  laborers  until  their  money  was  ex- 
pended. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  whole  white  population  scattered 
along  the  coast  of  Maine,  between  Piscataqua  and  the  Penob- 
scot, amounted  to  between  five  and  six  thousand  souls.^  Chal- 
mers, in  his  Political  Annals,  states  that  the  population  of  all 
New  England  comprised  about  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
souls.  Hutchinson  places  the  number  as  high  as  a  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand.  There  were,  in  the  year  1675,  a  hundred  and 
fifty-six  families  east  of  the  Sagadahoc,  and  about  a  hundred 
fishing  vessels.3 

In  the  year  1675,  the  deplorable  war  commenced  between  the 
Indians  under  King  Philip  and  the  Plymouth  Colony,  —  a  war 
fraught  with  woes  beyond  all  computation.     Through  the  im- 

>  Mr.  Williamson  spells  the  name  Joscelyn,  and  says  that  his  account  ends  in 
J'.TS.  Mr..  William  Willis,  one  of  the  most  accurate  of  men,  spells  t  \e  name  in  his 
History  of  Portland  as  we  have  given  it  in  the  text.  He  says  that  the  period  to 
which  Jocelyn's  narrative  relates  is  ICTO,  and  that  Jocelyn  returned  to  England 
in  K),  1.  —Hiiitonj  of  Portland  by  William  Willis,  p.  882. 

2  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  447.  He  estimates  that  the  whole  Province,  Including 
the  Duke  of  rork',s  domain,  could  fnniish  about  a  thousand  soldiers. 

8  St.     nient  to  the  iMassacliusett.-s  Assistants  in  1(575,  by  Svlvanus  Davis.     Mr 
WilUs  estimates  that  there  were  then  tour  Imudred  families  in  FaUuou' h 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


165 


^  prudence  of  well-meaning  men,  and  the  'vickedness  of  tlio  reck- 
less and  the  vile,  the  Indians  of  Maine  were  soon  induced  to 
umte  with  those  of  Massachuscr  ^  iu  tiie  attempt  to  extermi- 
nate the  white  man.  Before  enterincr  upon  the  details  of  the 
dreadful  war  which  ensued,  sve  will  give  a  brief  description  of 
the  Indians  of  Maine. 

The  generic  name,  given  to  the  several  tribes  between  the 
Fenobscot  River  and  the  vicinity  of  the  Piscataqua  was  Aben- 
agues  The  Indi.Ms,  dwelling  in  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot, 
are  called  by  most  of  the  uucient  historians,  Tarratines.  Thouoh 
the  Abenagues  and  the  Tarratines  had  lived  on  friendly  terms 
until  about  the  year  lUiJ,  a  deadly  war  then  broke  out  between 
them.  Each  tribe  of  the  Abenagues  had  its  chiefs,  thoucrh 
there  was  one  sovereign  chief,  called  the  Bashaba,  who  seemed 
to  wield  a  sort  of  imperial  authority  over  the  confederate 
tribes.^ 

His  principal  abode  was  near  Pemaquid ;  his  extended  do- 
mams  were  called  Moasham,3and  he  could  lead  to  the  field 
several  thousand  warriors.  There  were  four  tribes  of  the 
Abenagues :  — 

1.  The  Sokokis,  dwelUng  in  the  valley  of  the  Saco  River 

-.   The  Anasagunticooks,*  a  powerful  tribe,  who  claimed  the 

erntory  and  waters  of  the  Androscoggin,  from  Merrymeetinc. 

Bay  upwards,  and  on  the  west  side  of  the  Sagadahoc  to  the 

sea.     Iheir  headquarters  were  at  Brunswick   Falls,  called  then 

1  ejepscot.     This  spot  became  the  central  rendezvous,  where  the 

eastern  and  western  tribes  held  their  councils,  and  conspired  for 

he  extermination  of  the  English.     Tliey  had  a  large  fort  near 

t he  la  Is.     By  fishing,  hunting,  and  the  culture  of  their  fields 

they  obtained  an  ample  supply  of  food.     But  the  early  iniuries 

they  had  received  from  the  whites  had  so  exasperated  them, 

1.1,1  \V..„......  11-       ^n^       •  Abeuasues  are  called  Aheiiakl.s,  Wabenakie^ 

^  See  .S„,ith,  i'uivbas,  Winthrop,  Prince,  and  Hubbard 

"  Uorj^es   Descrij)tiou  of  Xow  En'dand   im   I7   m      i?  n  ,.     ,  .     , 

MavooHlien  Bio-r  u.i     i ^^^  ^' «i'i' ".  PP-  17,54.    Belknap  calls  Ids  domains 

4  "     '    '.'  ^^""  ^*-'-    ^  ''i'^'-a«  ^^-"te.s  It  Maivooslien,  p.  «»3!» 

rlUtClllllSon  civea  thii  fritiH  thu  nn,..^      e      i 


I 

j 

I           j 

i 
■i 

'ii 

i 

I 
I 

'  i 

i! 

:  j 

166 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


that   hey  were  never  cordially  friendly,  .ad  at  the  first  sound 
of  war  they  eagerly  grasped  both  gun  and  tomahawk. 

3    The  Canibas.     This  tribe  was  round  quite  numerous  upon 
the  Kennebec  when  the  river  was  first  discovered.     It  seems  to 
^^:  ?^"^7T^*^•^^^'  insisting  of  several  Wh 
01  lamihes.     The  chief  sachem,  Kennebis,  occupied  a  delightful 

l^nZl       V''^'"''     ^'"^  territory  claim'ed  by  this  tl 
extended  from  the  sources  of  the  Kennebec  Rivei-to  Merrv- 
.     meeting  Bay  and  included  the  islands  on  the  eastern  Ide  o   l^fe 
Sagadahoc  River  to  the  sea.» 

One  of  the  favorite  locations  of  this  tribe  was  at  Norrid^e- 
wock  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Sandy  River.     Here  the  m-st 

French  missionary,  Gabriel  Dreuillettes  was  stationpd      T 
diffipiiU  fr^  ,'„,„  •  '-""^<=i'i'tM,wah  stationed.     It  seems 

aS  In^f'r  ""^'r"7  sufficiently  powerful  to  induce 
a  gentleman  of  refineme.it  and  culture  to  spend  his  days  in  the 

or  Jesui,,  but  a  sincere  desire  to  serve  God. 

4.  Tlie  V.  awenocks  ^  possessed  the  region  east  of  the  Sagada- 
hoc as  far  as  St.  Georges  River.  Their  territory  was  smSffn 
a  s  imits,  and  the  tribe  not  large.  The  headquarter  of  tie 
tnbe  were  on  the  westerly  side  of  the  River  Sheepscot,  near  the 
falls.  Hubbard,  m  his  History  of  the  Indian  ^V^,rs,  speaks  of 
them  as  the  Sheepscot  Indians.a  The  personal  appeLrLeand 
habits  ot  these  Indians  are  thus  described  by  Capt!  Smith:- 

-  The  name  of  Wawenoek  signifies /eanV,^  nothing.  The.  were  of  comelv 
proportion,  and  quite  athletic.  Thev  would  row  ihi^r-  /  T  !  ?  ,  ^ 
paddles  than  my  own  men  conldlhei'  Z^Z  d^l  t  TaT  Chaf^^ 
beards,  and  thought  ours  counterfeits.  Their  women  tZgh  of  lower  st^ 
ure,  were  fleshy  and  well  favored;  all  habited  in  skins  like  iL  rnenT'* 

There  was  another  powerful  tribe,  call,  I  the  Etechemins 
occupying  the  region  between  the  Penobscot  and  the  St.  Johns,' 

.•hir;fr';;:;e:t.ppJ:^';JT'  -rite.  -Kennebis  was  a  sach.n  fron! 
.vhethev  there  we  eTirSsatlr  ofT  "  """'f  '"'^"^  '''  "^■--  «"* 
so  calle,,.  or  whether  s^.e!  we"e "o  .  e.  fl^rr-  r '"  "'""  ""  "^'^^  ^^'^^ 
"poni,i,suncertain..--i..„..:;X;;it;;.^^  ^T'"''''  ''  ^  ^'^'•^""^  '^''^^'^ 

autl  wtvr^L'.^  "'"  """"'^  '^'  "'"''-''''  ^"'""^''^'  Waweenecks.  Weweenocks. 
3  Hubbard,  p.  301. 
*  Journal  of  Thomas  Smith,  p.  19. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


107 


including  tlie  valleys  of  both  those  rivers.  There  is  some  diver- 
sity of  statement  in  reference  to  the  definite  boundaries  of  tliis 
tribe.  Williamson  represents  them  as  composed  of  three  tribes, 
—  the  Tarratines,  the  Openangos,  and  the  Marechites.  They 
could  bring  six  thousand  warriors  into  the  field.  The  Abena- 
gues  he  estimates  could  bring  five  thousand.  This  would  fur- 
nish them  with  an  army  of  eleven  thousand  men.»  Probably 
all  were  accustomed  to  the  musket,  and  were  good  marksmen. 
They  could  obtain  ample  supplies  of  ammunition  from  the 
French.  This  was  a  terrific  power  to  be  brought  against  the 
settlers  scattered  through  the  forests  of  Maine. 

The  above  estimate  of  the  number  of  Indian  warriors  is  given 
for  the  year  1615,  when  it  is  supposed  that  the  whole  Indian 
population  of  Maine  amounted  to  about  thirty-seven  thousand. 

*  Williamson,  vol.  i  p.  483. 


1 


.mi 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  FIRST  INDIAN   WAR. 

Kasle -Indian  IntelirgencLponnl.rT.f^r^  o' 

of  Hostilities  -  Awfuf Scenes  !f  B lo tl" ~,  w"'''''  '''"' ~ Commencement 
Mr.  Shurte-The  War  Wed  ~ t1  ^V  T'^''"  Truee - Eiforts  of 
-  Desperation  of  the  InSs  ^«buscades- Fully  of  the  English 

TT  is  important  to  perpetuate  a  correct  idea  nf  ih.  i 

remain  have  lo^f  .11  ,.         m        ^'     ^'"^  ^^'^  I'cinnants  winch 

"stir  :s  .?t  "*-^  -"-^--  - 

.^  s  ?  ;  h  '        °""'' "  ""P"'^"'  I"*-'  --  -"etime.,  found' 

Ihe  men  were  beardles<i      R,.t  .*..  ■. 

question  is  not  yet TttLd  wh.  'l,  ?.?'  "'  "  """^  "PP"'"'  «« 
nature  or  the  effect  of  arSm.M-''  ',^™'''  "  P™^'"'""  "^ 
had  no  beard,  otl^'  Ze  tZZ  'Z'"''"''"''''  ""^^  *^^ 
ou.  their  beards  until'  the^ro^  wf  iri;T.t"Zecr""  Sfflt 
others  say  that  the  Indians  anointed  their  bodies  S  an  tf 


168 


1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  434, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  igg 

Troined  from  inrHiicy  to  acute  perceptions,  the  Indian  could 
traverse  the  most  dense  and  intricate  forests  without  the  slight- 
est  fear  of  losmg  i.is  way.     Notwithstanding  f],eir  hardsliins 
many  of  them  lived  fo  extreme  oh.  age.  ^''-vui^nps, 

Both  men  and  women  were  fou.i  uf  j^ay  colors  in  their  cloth- 
ing.  Then  dress  consisted  of  furs  .n  wmter,  and  in  summer  of 
skins  from  winch  the  fur  had  been  x.  movr.l.  M^ay  were  v.ry 
8lighty  clad  m  simmer,  and  not  unfr.  que,  ly  one  was  mo^ 
entirely  i.I.ed.  They  were  all  exceedin.l'y  ,oJoi  oZ^X 
and  decuated  their  per.  ms  with  gorgeously  colored  plum.s 
shel  s  beads,  and  wings.  An  Indian  chieftain,  in  fuU  dres 
would  outslune  any  of  his  brotner  lords  n  Windsor  or  Ver' 
sailles. 

Among  tl.  mselves  the  Indians  were  remarkably  honest. 
They  had  no  i, >cks,  bolts  or  bars.  In  trade  th.y  were  lair,  and 
often  expressed  a  onish.ent  at  the  mean  trices  to  which  the 
whie  trader  woula  resort.  Th.v  were  p  .erbial  for  their  hos- 
pitality, being  ever  ready  to  share  their  last  moi-sel  of  food  v  "th 
the  stranger  u-ho  entered  the  wigwam.  They  were  grave  und 
taciturn  in  their  ordinary  .lemeanor,  and  seemed  never  to  forge 
a  k'ndhess  or  an  injury.  ^ 

J^^no  ambition  to  acquire  property,  no  stimulus  to  exertion, 
with  notlnng  to  rouse  their  cergies  but  the  chase  and  the  occa' 
sional  excniemeuts  of  war,  they  were  generally  indolent.  With 
but  httle  thought  of  the  morrow,  the,  were  content  with  the 
food  and  c lothuig  of  to-duy.  The  atroci.  .  of  Weymouth, 
Havlow,  and  Smith,  in  kidnapping  the  Imi  uns,  the  cheating 
practised  by  unprincq.led  traders,  and  th  nifcuaous  conduct 
of  ge  ting  clueltains  drunk,  and  then  obtaining  u  deed  of  exten- 
sive territories  ior  mere  trifles,  were  sufficient  to  rouse  th. 
mdignatm,  the  most  patient  people.  The  Indians  have  had 
o  historian..     But,  accordin,.  t(    the  testimonv  of  white  niun 

goaded   by  the  crimes  ot    individual  wl  .ce  men,  to  the  most 
dreadful  acts  of  retaliation.  ^ 

ipiTeHte '^'ti'  ^"   ^f^:'f^^  «««"^ed  to  be  an  irrepressible 

^^\,  ^::^^:^  the  strongest  rum,  unmixed,  until 

-ube-.    .0   tlic   i..o:i.   u-L'udiui   uegr...-   of  frenzy.     They  ihen 


170 


THE  nmORY  OF  MAINE. 


i 


[ 


arpoarod  „,„.„  ,ik„  .^mons  than  ,„„„,  „„a  were  eapablo  of  any 

-  .1™.  „„,  ,.„.  ,:;;■„  .5;:;  •,  ~  j-i- » .>,., 

feet  of  n,    /y"  "'""'  '""S'->'-     0"'=  groat  a„<l  revolti,,:  de 

*he|,.c„t.i„.auva,.:p;::::teat:;;:,zrs^™ 

ea  te,  y  stor,,,,  with  drenching  rain  and  n,o°u,l,t  vind  fi'lin: 

:~;d-l:i:"°""""""  -'"'"''-  '-'■">--'  '■-"-? 

Thoyonnggi,.b,.epeg,aeefulin  figure,  and  often  possessed 


II 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  171 

pleasing  countena.ices.  Had  they  been  cleanly,  many  of  them 
would  have  been  deemed  quite  beautiful.  All  domestic  and 
f^irm  labor  devolved  upon  the  women.  They  planted  and  hoed 
the  corn,  gathered  in  the  harvest.,  took  care  of  the  fish  and 
game,  and  cooked  the  food. 

^  Christianity  was  first  ta..  ht  the  Indians  by  the  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries from  France.  .  As  early  as  1G08,  Bianl  and  Masse  com- 
menced    their  self-denying   labors    at     Mt.    Desert.^       Gabriel 
DreuiUettes  was  the  first  missionary  who  settled  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Kennebec.     In   1046  he  built  a  chapel   at  Old  Point, 
^_omdgewock,  and  for  many  years  taught  the  Indians,  win- 
mi  T  the.r  highest  regard.     In  the  French  war  of  1G74,  the 
Bntish  laid  his  station  in  ashes.     Upon  the  return  of  peace,  the 
Massachusetts  government  sent  workmen  to  replace  the  rude 
chapel  which  was  destroyed,  by  another,  far  better,  of  hewn 
tim^^,er.     DreuiUettes  was  a  highly  educated  and  eloquent  man. 
DreuiUettes,  or  Dreuelettes  as  some  spell  the  name,  was  sue 
ceededinthe  mission  at  Norridgewock  by  two  brothers,  Vin- 
cent and  Jaques  Bigot.     They  were  of  illustrious  lineage,  beinc. 
the  sons  of  Baron  Bigot  of  France.     These  young  men^  cradled 
in  ancestral  halls,  and  educated  in  the  universities  of  Europe 
forsook  all  the  attractions  of  cultured  society,  luxurious  homes' 
and  ambitious  aspirations,  to  spend  their  whole  lives  in  sava-e 
wilds  toiling  to  lift  up  the  ignorant  and  the  degraded  to  the 
knowledge  of  salvation  through  faich  in  Jesus  Christ 

They  lived  in  a  state  of  comfort  but  little  above  that  of  the 
savages  around  them  ;  with  a  wigwam  of  bark  for  their  home 
with  a  bear-.skin  for  a  bed,  and  with  only  such  food  as  the 
coarse  tare  of  the  Indians  could  supply .2 

_  Sebastian  Rasle  ^  succeeded  the  Bigots  in  the  mission  to  Nor- 
ridgewock.    He  was  a  gentleman  by  birth,  education,  and  cul- 

'  This  was  in  1(!09.    It  is  supposed  tl.e  place  of  residence  selected  hv  tr.«  r»i. 
2  The  History  of  Norridsewock,  by  William  Allen,  p.  28. 

,,Hli  'n ."Tk"  ''''™""''  'P'""^'  ''''''"'  ^^'"■'^^'^  ^^^"''  K'^le-      ^e  ?'ve  it  n.  in. 

Hcrihod  npuii  hw  monuineut  by  Bishop  i'euwick.  


172 


ture.     Reli 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


zeal 


ts 


1     )       !» 


ligious 

MainP       nf/       yf'V     *«    "«n    unbroken   wilderness  of 
Mame.     H,s  x-emarkable  character  deserves  more  particular 

He  sailed  from  Rochelle,  in  France,  in  the  summer  of  IfiSO 
and  after  a  three-months'  voyage,  landed  at  Queb         hIv  ,t  ' 
well-d.sc,i,h„ed  mind,  and  writing  Latin  with  classical  p    Uv 
he  found  but  httle  difficulty  i„  aequiring  the  »in,plc  Ian'        s 
0     henarvcs     After  spending  several  months  in  the  dlli^:,! 
study  of  the  Indian  tongue,  he  was  first  stationed  in  a  vilCe 

hund.cd  Indians,  who,  from  the  labors  of  previous  missionarie, 
were  professhig  Christianity.  m.ssionaues, 

from  l"  rf  "°,-'''?  ^'™  '"  ""'  ^"'"S"'  I"'  ---"iv^'l  an  order 
fton  his  ecclesiastical  superior,  to  go  far  away  into  the  depths 

ilUiois     Without  a  innrm.,r,in  August  of  1691,  he  prenared 
::'ir^°"!;'rrf '™  "— "  fo-  hundred  n;iles,'u     ut 

his  „1  f      ':'""?'""'"'»  ••'"J  I'Hlian  guides,  set  out  on 

his  long  and  perilous  journey,  iu  the  birch  canoe. 

rheyi.,scended  the  winding  and  rapid  current  of  the  St  Law- 
rence ,  caiTied  their  canoe  and  its  freight  on  tlieii  shouldr 
around  the  portages  by  which  they  passed  the  r    ids     Aft; 
raversmg  the  wliole  length  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  tl  re,  diiifj " 

:::  L^ik^Erif  "T  ^"'^  ^^'-^-^  '-'-■'-•  ^°^ 

upon  Lake  tue.  Weary  days  and  nights  of  storm  and  sun- 
shine passed  as  they  paddled  along  till  shores  of  thi  in  a„d 
sea,  through  the  straits,  expanding  in  their  centre  in  „  I  ake 
CI    r  traversed  Lakes  Huron  and  Mic.igan,  crossed  the  p„ 

r    mrth™"':-"'!-""  """""  '*''^"'""^'  ^'™>-'  "'a 
stieam,  to  their  destination  amidst  the  thronged  villa.^es  of  the 

Indians,  situated  ujion  its  banks. 
Every  night  they  landed,  built  tlicir  camp-fire,  cooked  their 
pper,  peitormed  their  devotions,  while  .lie  iilelit  forest  edoe 
"   r''"''  ■;  !'f' •="""""'Ji"S  themselves  to  God,  they  enjoyed 

that  sleep  wlueli   lie  gives   to  his    beloved.      Often,  wh;,,   i 


II  \  ill 


Tm:  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


173 


rained,  the  upturned  canoe  afforded  them  their  only  shelter.  Fre- 
quently they  suffered  from  hunger,  and  eagerly  devoured  the 
lichens  which  grew  upon  the  rocks.  Here  Sebastian  Rasle 
spent  two  years  in  teaching  the  Indians.  He  was  then  recalled 
by  his  superior,  and  stationed  at  Norridgewock  on  the  Ken- 
nebec. We  shall  often  have  occasion  to  refer  to  this  extraordi- 
nary man  in  the  progress  of  this  narrative.^ 

It  can  hardly  be  said  that  the  Indians  had  any  religious  opin- 
ions. There  were  vaguely  floating  through  their  mind.^  some 
shadowy  and  inoperative  ideas  of  a  Great  Spirit,  and  of  hunt- 
ing-grounds beyond  the  grave.  They  had  perhaps  a  more  prac- 
tical faith  in  an  evil  spirit  than  in  God.  The  machinations  of 
this  malignant  demon  they  greatly  feared.  The  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries gave  them  much  more  elevated  views  of  religion  and 
of  personal  responsibility.  Their  teachings  put  an  end  to  the 
horrid  orgies  of  the  Indian  pow-wows.2 

Their  government  was  of  the  simplest  form.  The  authority 
of  the  chiefs  seems  to  have  been  mainly  that  which  superior 
intelligence  and  energy  give.  It  was  like  the  power  Avhich  is 
exerted  over  a  New  England  village  by  a  prominent  man  of 
education,  wealth,  and  enterprise.  When  the  first  settlers 
reached  the  coast  of  Maine,  there  was  one  sovereign  chief  of 
the  Wawenoc  tribe.  These  Indians  occupied  the  valleys  of  the 
Sheepscot,  the  Pemaquid,  and  the  St.  George's  Rivers. 

The  Bashaba,  as  he  was  called,  extended  his  nominal  sway 
over  the  western  tribes  as  far  as  Agamenticus  or  York:^    Each 

«  "  Father  Easle  lived  among  this  people  over  thirty  vears.  His  influence  was 
very  extensive,  and  ileserved,  not  less  for  his  zeal  and  entire  devotion  to  tlieir  ser- 
vice, than  for  his  learning  and  talents.  The  French  writers  place  him  among  the 
saints,  while  Ida  En-lish  contemporaries  give  him  a  place  the  very  opposite  "- 
Ilistorij  of  Portland,  hi,  William  Willis,  p.  340. 

2  Williamson  writes,  "So  often  had  his  (Rasle's)  malignity,  pride,  and  officious 
mterterence  awakened  among  the  Indians  new  complaints,  that  the  people  of  tlio 
I  rovince,  for  good  reasons,  ve-arded  liini  '  among  the  most  infamous  villains,'  and 
would  have  given  ninie  for  his  head  than  for  a  hundred  scalps  of  the  natives  "- 
Ilistori/  of  Maine,  vol.  ij.  p.  lofi. 

Williauison  als.j  writes,  "He  was  a  man  of  talents  and  learning;  and  bv  his 
condescending  manners,  religious  zeal,  and  untiring  perseverance,  he  had  gi-eatly 
endeared  himself  to  vhe  tribe.  He  had  resided  with  them,  and  been  their  tutelar 
lather,  thirty  years,  and  many  of  thein  he  had  taught  to  read  and  write  "~IIis. 
tovii  of  Maine,  vol.  ii.  p.  ]0l'. 

8  Mr.  Williamson  suggests  that  the  Camden  Hills  were  the  probable  boundary 
ot  llashaba's  doiniuious  on  the  east.— Vol.  i.  p.  95. 


174 


THE  IHSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


'illl!l 


I      ■'  III 

ill! 


tribo  luul  a  head   f'liii>f    ,.,>ii    i 

ci.i.r»,  like  t,,„  1: :,.;,;  i,rz"'  "i,  ■t'""'"-"'" 

The  olm.|»  won,  olm,,.,,  l,v  ,   ^        ^   .   f      '"''  ''"""'  s""l'«i>»- 

into  uffloo  wi      gj,  '  jr:  ,    ""■"^■''';;— 'fl-  ""I.,ct=a 
other  t,.il,e»  go,..m  ,y  1,        '  "    :''"'"■      "^•|."--l"Uvo»   iV„,„ 

^oi  fifly  yours  tho  planters  and  trad.-iN  nf  \r  • 
tlu'irinlerooursowitli  H.n  r.    "  ^'''''''^  "^  ^^^'^'"0   earned  on 

The  Indians  w  re         ,      d.      ;"/ V""'  '"^'  ^'^""'  ""^^^'-•^- 
of  indivicluals     nd      ,    r  •'      r     "  ^'■'"' ^'^  ^^'^  1'^"^!. 

the  Kn,,  j:t™r  :3^^^  as 

-,.„.,so,l      T      '      '  .     ,.,t';  :;•""«'•  "'^"'  "-  =— 'b-  boon 

tlH-u-  iirst  endeavor  to  ponounoe    1113//';^'"' 
'•'^^-••^•'l  the  sound  -  Yeniees  •'  wldel    h  H  •         •'      ''     ^'^'^ 

Yankees.'  ^  ^vhich  is  tho  origin  of  tho  term 

;  ^>;';»Kx  n.  ,o  ,1,0  I„.Hans.  hy  Join,  H.H.ko^vcl.lor 

K.Miorn„s  ,r,.ntn.onf  an.I  weloo.uo  ,!,ov  ,ir.,  ro  o  v       f       ''"  ,    •-'  "^•'^••''■^'"^«-    TJ.e 
r.'|.ai.l,a.,uv„s.u-ss.v,byki,l,,appi,.;M hoi     ,  ,,\  ^'•"","  \':"  "'^"^cs  h.ul  Ih-ou 

try  „a.lo."  -  H7W„„,,,,„,  ,,,1.      ,    ■ ,-     u  ^;"  •"V'"'""'«.M.,onr  „f  ,l.o  Inr  a,„l  pel- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


175 


Avas  about  six  thousand  souls.  They  Avere  widely  dispersed  in 
many  small  villages  and  lonely  farmhouses,  and  almost  in  the 
worst  possible  condition  for  either  aggressive  or  defensive  war 

The  exeitenient  rapidly  spread  among  the  tribes,  from  Plym- 
outh to  Sagadahoc.  The  hunting  gun  had  become  to  the' In- 
dian almost  necessary  to  his  existence.  The  General  Court 
sent  commissioners,  with  full  military  powers,  to  Maine,  who 
were  directed  to  see  that  neither  guns,  powder,  knives,  nor  lead, 
should  be  sold  to  any  Indian  who  was  not  fully  known  to  be 
nendly.  They  were  also  ordered,  as  far  as  possible,  to  disarm 
the  Indians,  by  taking  from  them  their  guns  and  knives.' 

A  more  oppressive  measure  of  hostility  could  hardly  have 
been  inlhcted  upon  the  Indians.  Just  across  the  line,  iu  Can- 
ada and  Nova  Scotia,  the  French  sold  every  thing  to  the  Indi- 
ans  just  as  freely  as  to  one  another.  They  had  no  more  fear  of 
a  rising  of  the  natives  against  them,  than  they,  had  of  an  insur- 
rection on  the  part  of  their  own  brethren.  Under  these  circum- 
stances we  can  easily  imagine  which  party  would  secure  the 
sympathies  of  the  Indians. 

There  was  quite  a  renowned  Indian  chief,  by  the  name  of 

Squando,  who  resided  near  Saco.     He  had  been  a  friend  of  the 

white  men.     One  day  his  wife  was  ascending  the  Saco  River  in 

a  carwe  with  an  infant  babe  in  her  arms.     There  were  some 

*  al  British  sailors  on  the  banks.     They  had  heard  that  Indian 

uau>  <;r>u],l  swim  naturally,  like  puppies  or  ducks.^     To  try  the 

expe--  --    •.  they  overset  the  canoe,  plunging  mother  and  child 

into  , . .,  ,     The  babe  sank  like  lead.     The  mother,  divino- 

and  groping  along  the  bottom,  at  length  found  it,  and  brouo-ht 

It  to  the  surface.     lit.t  the  child  soon  died.    This  outrage  roused 

fequando,  and  he  consecrated  his  tireless  energies  iu  the  en- 

deavor  to  combine  the  Indians  against  the  English.a 

11    r)amHrisc«tfa;  12,  Penuuiui.l;  1,!,  M.,nhe;,a«,    Tl.e  coin.try  between  the  Pen 
ol.s.ot  una    I.asHan.a„uo.ldy  Hay  ha<l  but  fe.  i,H..itation..i  ir/Z/^Z^XJl  t 

1.^^71,  tT^'  '      '"^  ^"•^•^^"'"^-'     '"•  ^-  P-  ^'i  -  al-  Hubbard's 

-  "Tlu>y  ,.an  swi,„  natnrally,  Htrikin^  tl.eir  paA^,  -u^k-r  tbeir  throats  like  « 

Jlo^^ana  not  sprea.Un,  their  arn.  a.  we  a.  -  -.. ^^  J,),  ^ITLIJ^^j; 

«  "The  whites  ,1:,1  not  believe  that  the.  -m.  a  :  «  child  wa«  owi„.r  to  its  im 


i 


(       ! 


'\l    I 


176 


THE  HISTORY   OF  MAINE. 


wiU  soon  come,  and  you  will  fare  worse."  ^  °'  ''' 

bis  son  John  aiH  his  wife  nnrl  fl,ro^    i  -i  i  "^  ^' 

-    iJib  wue,  ana  three  children,  Avere  tomahawkprl 
Two  were  carried  awaj  as  captives.^  ^omanawked. 

Lieut  George  Ingersoll  resided  on  Casco  Neck,  now  Portland 
From  Ins  cabxn  he  saw  the  flame  and  the  smoke      TlTet 

n  ?  7  \'  '"'^'  P'"'^  °^  ^ye\^..nn.C.  neighbors  w  id  te 
had  collected,  he  proceeded  to  the  snot      A wfnl  ,vo     Z 

tae.0  which  .et  ,..  eye.  The  ^oi;  •  „f  Im^M  Tvt,;:: 
half  consumed  by  the  Are.  Nothing  remained  of  hist  e  Tnd 
son  bat  then,  charred  and  bh.ckened  bones.  The  wi  feof  his 
son,  who  was  near  her  co„fl,.eme„t,  had  been  cut  down  by  t  ' 

nT^  :,? Vt  '°;'^""  '"""»'^"'  ■"  '■-  "0^  .o'li : 

raannci.     Ihe  bodies  ,.l  three  little  children,  whose  brain,  1,  J 
been  dashed  out,  were  partially  buried  iu  the  ruins     O  o 

cluldren  who  were  carried  into  captivity,  one  was  neve,  heard 

"  History  of  I'o,.,lai„l,  l..v  WUUam  •XUMn,  p.'  »;. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


177 


of  more.  The  other,  Elizabeth,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Mr. 
Walcely,  about  eleven  years  of  age,  was  eventually  rescued.^ 
^  The  poor  orphan  child,  in  the  endurance  of  physical  suffer- 
ings from  cold,  hunger,  and  weariness,  which  were  almost  in- 
tolerable, and  of  the  most  dreadful  mental  anguish  from  the 
horrid  scenes  which  she  had  witnessed,  was  retained  in  captivity 
nine  months  In  June  of  the  next  year,  she  was  released 
through  the  kmd  interposition  of  Squando.2  Not  long  after 
this,  the  son  of  Lieut.  Ingersoll  was  killed,  and  his  house  and 
those  of  his  neighbors  were  burned.^ 

The  Indians  having  thus  lapped  blood,  their  savage  natures 
were  roused.  In  small,  demoniac  bands,  they  scattered  over 
the  wnole  Province  of  Maine,  from  the  Piscataqua  to  the  An- 
droscoggin.  A  large  number  of  Indians  were  ravaging  the 
awelhngs  at  the  head  of  New  Meadows  River,  near  Brunswick 
A  party  of  twenty-five  Englishmen,  in  a  sloop  and  two  boate, 
attacked  them.  There  was  a  hotly  contested  battle.  The  Eng- 
lish  were  defeated,  and  driven  back  to  their  sloop.  Many  were 
severely  wounded.  The  victors  uttered  yells  of  triumph  which 
resounded  through  the  forests. 

On  Saturday  morning,  Sept.  18,  two  dwelling-houses  at  Saco 
were  attacked.  One  was  occupied  by  xMr.  John  Bonython.  It 
stood  on  the  east  of  the  river,  about  a  mile  below  the  Lower 
l^alls.  A  neighboring  Indian,  who  was  friendly  to  Mr.  Bony- 
thon,'' came  to  him  privately,  and  said,  — 

"  Some  stran.crer  Indians,  from  the  west,  have  been  at  my  wi^rwam.  Thev 
hare  endeavored  to  persuade  us  a]l  to  raise  the  tomahawk  against  the  white 
people,  riiey  have  gone  farther  east,  and  wiU  probably  soon  cumo  back 
with  many  warriors. "  ^^  ua^«. 

tollo    ,.  J,  Hu  ban!  s  account,  ass.^n.s  ir  to  Mie  12th  of  September  of  that  year 

\    M  l.e„  tho  f.nuly  <.f  old  Mr.  Wakely  was  murdered,  a  yo«„.  wounn  was 
earned  away  captive.    S,uan.lo  was  the  n,eans  of  her  being  set  at  HlTen       Sh^' 
hav„,.  been  carried  up  a.ul  .hnvn  the  country  son,e  Intndre.h  of  an  es  ^s'  f.f I; 
Narra,anse»t  fort,  was,  this  last  June,  returned  h:u±  to  Major  Wu  h^l's  b    ^^e 

^  AVillianison,  vol.  i.  p.  521. 
pJ.T"  "";.'/'*^^'l"t'»f  ref«>-ence.  i„  the  York  Records  and  other  writing  of  the 
ea  1,  annalists,  ,o  ./..hn  llonij^htou  of  Sa.-o,  and  infer  tluU,  in  those  1°'      e 

There  was  then  great  want  of  uniformity  in  the  spoiling  of  proper  nan.es 


■/*",% 


ii 


■ 


I 


'if 


178 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


Thus  Avarned,  Mr.  Bonython  spread  the  alarm  as  far  as  he 
could,  ami,  with  Ins  neighbors,  fled  for  refujje  to  the  house  of 
Major  \\ilham  Phillips,  who  lived  on  the  west  side  of  the  river, 
and  "necirtho  corner  where  the  traveller  turns  to  go  to  the 
hridge.'"  He  was  a  military  man,  and  his  house  was"" tolerably 
well  fortified.  _  "^ 

The  next  morning  Bonython's  house  was  seen  to  be  in  flames 
As  iMajor  Phillips  looked  from  his  chamber  window,  a  lurkino' 
Indian,  hid  behind  a  fence,  shot  at  him.  The  ball  struck  him 
on  the  slioulder,  inflicting  a  severe  wound.  Had  he  not  provi- 
dentially, at  the  moment,  changed  his  position,  he  must  have 
been  killed. 

The  Indian,  supposing  that  ho  had  accomplished  his  purpose 
gave  a  triumphant  yell.  It  was  the  signal  for  a  large  number 
of  savages  to  leap  trom  their  ambuscade,  aid  commence  an  at- 
tack  upon  the  house.  The  Indians  numbered  about  a  hundred  2 
Withui  qie  house,  protected  l)y  the  thick  walls,  there  were  ten 
well-armed  and  resolute  mnn,  who  were  accustomed  to  throw 
the  bullet  with  unerring  aiin.^ 

For  an  hour  the  battle  continued.  The  Indians,  as  was  in- 
variably the  case,  Avcrc  very  wary  as  to  the  exposure  of  their 
persons.  They  hid  behind  tree.,  stumps,  rocks,  and  the  an-vles 
of  out-houses,  Avatching  their  chances  to  strike  the  foe.  But 
ere  long  they  became  convinced  that  they  could  not  capture  or 
kill  the  inmates  except  by  stratagem.  They  set  fire  to  an  im- 
portant mdl,  and  to  a  small  house  in  the  vicinity,  and  endeavored 
by  insults  and  taunts  to  provoke  the  garrison  to  come  out  from 
their  fortification.  j\Iany  of  the  Indians  could  speak  Enoli^i, 
As  the  flames  arose  they  shouted,  "  Come  out,  you  coward  Enn-. 
lish  dogs !     Come  and  put  out  the  fire  if  you  dare !  " 

At  last  night  came.  The  moon  went  down,  and  it  was  very 
dark,  and  still  the  murderous  savages  filled  the  night  air  with 
their  bowlings.  Tiiey  took  a  cart,  which  they  loaded  with 
straw,  birch-bark,  and  other  combustibles.  Pkmks  were  arranned 
to  protect  them  from  the  musketry  of  the   house. 


This  engine 


•  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  522. 

2  History  of  SacoaiulBi(l,lcfor,l.  liy  George  Folsoui   p  ns 

8  nistory  of  rortlaiul,  by  William  WiUis,  p.  107. 


!■  m  '■ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


179 


they  endeavored  to  push  back  against  the  dwelling?,  whose  walls 
of  logs,  baked  in  the  summer  and  autumnal  sun,  were  in  the 
highest  degree  inflammable.  It  was  a  fearful  instrument  of 
attack.  Upon  the  application  of  the  torch,  when  the  cart  was 
pushed  agamst  the  house,  the  flames  would  envelop  the  build- 
ing beyond  all  possibility  of  extinguishment. 

But  the  savages,  as  in  their  eagerness  and  in  the  darkness 
they  were  running  the  fire-cart  back,  struck  a  gutter,  into  which 
one  of  the  wheels  sank  deeply,  and  such  a  sudden  turn  was 
given  to  the  vehicle,  that,  as  it  whirled  round,  the  whole  party 
pushmg  It  was  exposed.  The  vigilant  garrison  instantly  opened 
a  deadly  fire.  No  bullets  were  wasted  by  these  keen  marks- 
men. Six  fell  dead ;  fifteen  more  were  wounded.  This  to  the 
Indians,  was  a  dreadful  loss.     With  yells  of  rage  they  retired  ' 

The  number  within  the  dwelling,  including  women  and  chil- 
dren,  was  about  fifty.  None  were  killed.  Two  or  three  onlv 
were  wounded.  Two  days  after  this,  on  the  20th  of  Septem- 
ber,a  I)and  of  savages  entered  Scarborough,  burning  houses, 
and  killing  men,  women,  and  children.  Twenty-seven  houses 
were  burned.  From  many  of  them  the  families  had  escaped 
but  to  meet  a  doom  more  dreadful  than  death,  —  poverty,  home- 
lessness,  friendlessness,  and  the  storms  of  approachin-  winter 

It  would  require  a  volume,  instead  of  the  few  pao-es  which 
can  here  be  devoted  to  the  subject,  to  describe   the  individual 
scenes  of  violence,  misery,  and  death,  which  ensued.     For  the 
protection  of  the  distressed  inliabitants  of  Saco,  sixteen  volun- 
teers, under  Capt.  Wincoln,  landed  at  Winter  Harbor'    They 
were  attacked  by  a  hundred  and  fifty  Indians.     Two  or  three 
of  the  English  were  soon  kiUe.l.     The  rest,  taking  a  stand  be- 
hind  a  breastwork  of  logs,  kept  up  so  deadly  a  fii^e  upon  their 
iocs,  that  the  savages  were  soon  glad  to  retire,  taking  with  them 
many  who  were  slain,  and  many  more  who  were  wounded  2 
_  Hearing  the  report  of  the  guns,  twelve  men  from  Saco  hur- 
ried forward  to  the  aid  of  those  who  had  come  to  their  rescue 
Ihey  were  drawn  into  ambush,  and  were  all  shot  down      De- 
moniac bands  swept  (lie  valley  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  laid  many 
of  the  dwellings  of  Wells  in  ashes.  ^ 

>  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  523.  a  H,.bbar,ra  Indian  Wars,  p.  310. 


V  ^      I 


180 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


.9  I 


MR) 


i 
ii 


i 
-if? 


A  man  by  the  name  of  John  Tozier  had  a  house  and  some 
mills  at  Salmon  Falls.  He  had  left  his  family,  consisting  of  fif- 
teen women  and  children,  to  join  the  company  of  Capl  Win- 
coin.  Dunng  his  absence  a  band  of  Indians,  led  by  two  of 
their  most  renowned  warriors,  -  one  called  Andrew,  from  Saco, 
and  the  other  Hopegood,  from  the  Kennebec, -attacked  his 
house.     It  was  within  the  limits  of  what  is  now  Berwick 

A  young  girl  of  eighteen,  discovering  their  approach,  gave 
the  alarm.     While  the  family  were  escaping  by  a  back  way,  to 
the  garrison,  this  heroic  maiden  fastened  and  held  the  door  till 
the  savages  had  cut  it  down  with  their  tomahawks.      They 
rushed  in,  and  madly  struck  her  down,  with  repeated  blows, 
unti    they  supposed  that  she  was  dead.     Pursuing  the  flyino- 
fai.nly  they  oaught  tvNO  of  tae  youngest  children,  one  or  whom^ 
being  but  three  years  old,  they  instantly  killed ;  and  the  other 
they  took  with  them,  and  held  as  a  captive  six  months.     The 
heroic   maiden  recovered,  and   lived  for  many  years.      It  is 
to  be  regretted  that  her^  name  has  not  been  transmitted   to 
us.^ 

A  larger  party  joined  these  Indians  the  next  day.  They 
burned  Capt.  Wincoln's  house,  and  his  barns,  containing  more 
than  a  hundred  bushels  of  corn.  A  company  of  the  English 
set  out  to  pursue  them  ;  but  nothing  was  accomplished.  There 
was  the  interchange  of  a  few  unavailing  shots,  but  the  fleet- 
tooted  Indians  escaped. 

Every  day  the  animosity  of  the  two  hostile  parties  increased 
in  virulence.  The  fiend-like  deeds  of  the  savages  so  exasper- 
ated the  English,  that  they  were  ready  to  shoot  down  an  Indian 
as  they  would  a  wolf  or  bear,  without  stopping  to  inquire 
whether  he  were  friendly  or  hostile.  On  both  sides  it  was  a 
war  of  extermination.  Under  such  circumstances  men  often 
become  fiends.  Neither  party  could  accuse  the  other  of  ex- 
ceeding It  in  cruelty.  The  inhabitants  of  Monhegan  offered  a 
bounty  of  five  pounds  for  every  Indian's  head  that  should  be 
brought  to  them. 

1  Drake  writes,  in  reference  to  this  event,  "Fifteen  persons,  all  women  and 
chd.lren  were  nuhe  l.ouse;  and  Hope«oo.l,  «,.7A  one  onl  ,0^:  kirnse'^ZZl 
01  baco,  tliou«ht  to  surprise  them."  -Book  of  the  Indians,  b.  lii.  p.  io«).  ' 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


181 


Mr.  Abraham  Shurte '  was  then  the  chief  magistrate  at  Pem- 
aqiud.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  sagacious  and  good  man,  and 
to  luive  won  the  confidence  of  the  Indians.  He  induced  several 
of  the  sagamores  to  visit  him  for  a  friendly  conference.  In 
this  mterview  he  said,  "  I  have  urged  our  committee  of  war  to 
issue  orders  forbidding  everybody  to  harm,  or  even  threaten,  a 
peaceable  Indian.  I  am  determined  to  see  all  the  wrongs  you 
have  suffered  fully  redressed." 

The  Indians  manifested  no  disposition  for  the  horrors  of  bat- 
tle in  which  all  lost  and  none  gained.  They  were  appeased  by 
these  conciliatory  words.  A  treaty  of  peace  between  these  two 
parties  was  the  result.  Tlie  Indians  promised  to  do  all  in  their 
power  to  induce  otliers  to  cease  their  depredations.  This,  how- 
ever, was  but  an  individual  act  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Shurte  In 
other  parts  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  different  counsels  pre- 
vailed. In  the  desultory  warfare,  desperate  white  men  wreaked 
vengeance  upon  the  Indians,  their  wives  and  children,  which  no 
savages  could  exceed. 

The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  was  disposed  to  try  the 
effect  of  humane  measures.  Quite  a  large  sum  was  ordered  from 
tlie  public  treasury  for  the  relief  of  those  friendly  Indians 
whose  harvests  had  been  trampled  down,  and  whose  cabins  had 
been  burned.  A  vessel  was  also  sent  to  Maine,  with  military 
stores  and  provisions,  and  a  detachment  of  fifty  soldiers,  under 
Lieut.  Scottow.  These  were  dark  days  throughout  New  Eng- 
land,—days  »  of  terror,  conflagration,  tears,  and  blood."  The 
7th  of  OctobcK,  1G75,  was  generally  observed  as  a  day  of  fasting 
and  prayer.  ^ 

On  that  day  a  man  and  two  boys  were  shot  at  Berwick  On 
tlie  16th  a  party  of  a  hundred  Indians  assailed  the  cabin  of 
Kichard  Tozier,  burned  it  to  the  ground,  killed  him,  and  carried 
his  son  into  captivity.  This  was  all  done  within  sight  of  the 
garrison  house,  where  most  of  the  inhabitants  had  fled  for 
protection  Lieut.  Roger  Plaisted,  vlio  wa.  in  command, 
despatched  a  party  of  nine  picked  men  to  reconnoitre  the  foe. 

year'old'ri!!!'.  7f^  '''  ""'"  'l"""*"    ^"  ^'''"^'^  "«'""•*  -««  ^^-'^  f-'ty-four 
vZl  1  ,'^.'""''  "''^'■'  ""'^  ^'■'■^'^  ^^^''"S  iu  ym2,  ajied  about  eii,^htv.-    Tl.iH 

%  ould  have  made  lum  a  very  old  man  iu  lG7o.    If  in,  however,  possU.le  that  t  le 
blu^t^Uuded  to  iu  the  text  may  have  been  the  sou  oi  the  one  'ti  whom  ^^wt 


182 


TnE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


It  is  with  tunazement  that  we  read  of  the  readiness  with 
which  (he  English,  year  after  year,  for  more  than  a  century, 
would  inarch  into  the  amhuscades  of  the  Indians.  These  war- 
riors made  themselves  merry  in  recounting  the  stupidity  with 
which  the  British  officers  wouhl  lead  their  men  into  the  snares 
wliich  the  Indians  liad  set  for  them.  Braddock  and  St.  Clair, 
in  suhsequent  years,  wlien  they  ought  to  have  learned  wisdom 
hy  many  a  bloody  lesson,  manifested  a  degree  of  stupidity  which 
rendered  tliem  the  laughing-stoclc  of  the  savage  chieftains. 

After  the  terrific  defeat  of  St.  Clair,  in  Ohio,  tlic  Indian 
chiefs  amused  themselves  with  a  sham  light,  in  which  they  re- 
enacted  the  folly  of  St.  Clair  in  marching  into  the  trap  in  wliich 
the  Indians  virtually  annihilated  his  army.  Even  the  women 
united  in  the  shouts  of  derisive  Laughter  which  the  foolishness 
of  St.  Clulr  elicited. 

The  nine  men  despatched  from  the  garrison  by  Lieut.  Plais- 
ted  walked  deliberately  into  an  ambuscade.     Three   were  in- 
stantly shot  down  ;    the  others,  with  difficulty,  effected  their 
escape.     The  next  day  Plaisted  sent  out  a  team  with   twenty 
armed  men,  to  bring  in  the  dead  bodies.     Plaisted  himself  led 
them.     IJe  knew  that  there   were  more  than  a  hundred  sav- 
ages, whose  cunning  was  proverbial,  lurking  around;  and  yet, 
apparently,   he  had   taken  no  precautions  against  their  wiles.' 
The  cart  was  drawn  by  oxen.     Just  as  they  had  placed  in  it 
one  gory  body,  a  i)arty  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  savages  rose  from 
behind  a  stone  wall,  amidst  logs  and  bushes,  and  opened  upon 
them  a  deadly  lire.     The  oxen  terrified,  and  probably  struck  by 
balls,  ran  frantically  towards  the  garrison.     A  few  of  the  men 
escaped.  ^    Lieut.   Plaisted,  one   of   the  most  fearless  of  men, 
fought  with  desperation,  until  he  was  surrounded  by  the  Indi- 
ans, and  cut  down  by  the  tomahawk.     Two  of  his  intrepid  sons 
peiished  with  their  father.^     One  of  them,  mortally  wounded, 
lingered  a  short  time  before  he  died. 

^  The  exultant  Indians  burned  liouses,  barns,  and  mills,  in  all 
directions.  The  wretched  inhabitants  were  compelled  to  seek 
shelter  in  the  garrison-houses.  Just  before  this  terrible  disaster 
Roger  Plaisted  and  a  Mr.  Broughton  had  sent  a  despatch  to 
Dover,  then  called  Cocheco,  for  aid. 

»  Sullivan's  History  of  Maine,  p.  250. 


vsciiii 


THE  Ul STORY  ^  •'  MAINE. 


JR3 


" '       ^e  are  to  inform  you,"  they  wrote,  "  tliat  the  Indians  are  just  now 

'  lis  with  al  least  a  hundred  men,  and  have  slain  four  of  uur  men 

"^irs,  if  ever  .^     ,  hav     i  'v  love  for  us 'and  the  countiy,  now  shov 

y.       elves  with  men  to  help  us, ,  i  else  we  are  all  in  great  danger  to  be  slain, 

Ul      s  01  r  God  wonder  illy  ar">ear8  f<        r  deliverance. "  i 

At  Sturrrcon  Creel,  the.  -u.  icd  a  house,  and  shot  two  men. 
Capt.  Frost  was  cauglit  at  some  distance  from  his  house.  As  he 
fled,  ten  iiuUe  vere  fired  at  him.  There  were  but  three  little 
boys  in  Lis  lioi.  j.  With  singular  presence  of  mind  ho  shouted 
out,  as  if  there  were  a  whole  garrison  there,  ordering  tliem  to 
prepare  to  repel  the  foe.  The  Indians  took  the  alarm,  and  did 
not  venture  within  gunshot. 

The  English  settlements  -ere  scattered  along  the  seacoast. 
The  Indian  bands  foUowe;  .is  line,  burning  and  killing,  ever 
ready  to  vanish  beyond  pursuit  in  the  interii  •  forest,  whenever 
they  encountered  an  overpowering  foe  Many  persons  were 
killed  at  Wells,  and  much  property  destroyed.2  No  man  could 
move  a  few  rods  from  the  garrison-houses,  whore  the  inhabitants 
were  generally  huddled  together,  without  danger  of  being  shot 
down  by  a  lurking  savage. 

Winter  came,  with  deep  snow  and  great  severity  of  cold. 
Even  the  Indians  found  i';  needful  to  abandon  their  extended 
forays,  and  hover  aroiuid  their  wigwam  fires.  They  could 
purchase  ammunition  only  of  the  French.  It  required  lono- 
journeyings,  through  almost  pathless  forests,  to  reach  thei'r 
trading-posts. 

The  English  seemed  to  act  upon  the  impression  that  the 
Indians  had  no  more  sense  of  right  or  wrong  dealing,  than  had  a 
dog,  a  horse,  or  a  cow.  They  would  violate  their  most  solemn 
pledges,  maltreat  them  in  various  ways,  and  then  exi)ress  sur- 
prise tliat  their  victims  retaliated  with  savage  vengeance.  The 
Indians  had  become  weary  of  a  conflict  in  which  they  recei  ed 

'  AVilliainson,  vol.  i.  p.  cjg. 

2  "In  tlii^  terrible  posture  of  affairs,  the  governor  appointed  a  general  fast 
Hail  tl.e  Lnglish  iuvariahly  acted  upon  the  Cliristian  principle  of  ,loiu-  to  all  as 
they  vvo.iM  have  all  do  unto  thcin,  this  appalling  calmnity  would  never  have 
conio  upon  tlieni.  It  ro-iuires  a  wonderful  boldness  at  the  throne  of  grace  to 
pray  to  be  saved  from  tlie  consequences  of  onr  own  iniquities."  -ffisto™  of  Wells 
<ind  Acuncbunk,  by  Edward  K  Bourne,  p.  lid. 


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184 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


blows  almost  as  hard  as  those  which  they  gave.     A  truce 
entered  into. 


was 


treatv  h    T^'^'TI  ""T'  ^'^  ^°'^™^'  "  "^^^^*  ^^^^  -^^-^l^ed  in  a  lasting 
C  Jl   f  ^    "      ^''"  ^"^  ^'^  ^^^^  ^^  f°"y  ^'^d  wickodnes3  on  our  part 
Some  had  set  m  motion  whispers  of  new  enterprises  oa  the  part  of  tL  ua 
ives ;  and  the  fears  of  the  people,  from  the  sceLs  which  they  had  L  p.ssod 

Undex  the  authority  of  precepts  for  this  purpose,  some  were  seized  near 
Pemaquid   earned  off,  and  sold  as  slaves  in  foreign  countries ;  a  ba  barT 

Id  t?u.rl    r""'"''  "^'^'/'^"^  ^  counterpoise  for  the  Indian  onorS.' 
And  thus  the  fire  was  agam  kindled  to  sweep  over  the  Province."  i 

Two  vile  kidnappers,  in  their  vessels,  ran  along  the  eastern 
coast,  and  caught  several  Indians,  whom  they  carried  into  for- 
eign parts,  and  sold  as  slaves.  Some  of  these  poor  captives 
were  xMickmaks  from  Cape  Sable.  Mr.  Shurte,  at  Pemaquid 
remonstrated  against  these  ^  outrages  in  vain.  The  Mickmaks 
were  thus  induced  to  join  the  eastern  tribes  in  their  avenging 
warfare."  *    » 

There  is  something  very  touching  in  the  imploring  cry  of  the 
Indians  against  these  wrongs.     They  evidently  desired  peace 
and  were  goaded  to  war  by  intolerable  grievances.     Mr.  Shurte 
had  won  their  coniidence.     A  delegation  waited  upon  him,  and 
said,  —' 

-Your  people  frightened  us  away  last  faH,  from  our  cornfields  about 
Kennebec.  You  have  withheld  powder  and  shot  from  us.  We  are  thus 
re?ShL,!f."*'"''"'°^""^""     '°"°  °^  our  Indians,  last  wLnter, 

Mr.  Shurte  assured  them  of  his  sympathy,  of  his  utter  detes- 
tation  of  the  conduct  of  the  kidnappers.  He  encouraged  them 
with  the  hope  that  the  government  would  take  prompt  measures 
to  rescue  tiie  captives,  and  to  restore  them  to  their  homes.  The 
Indians  expressed  themselves  as  very  much  gratified  by  this 
parley.     They  delivered  up  a  captive  boy,  and  presented  Mr. 

1  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  by  Edward  E.  Bourne,  p.  145.    The  truce 
into  which  the  sagamores  eutere.l  included,  according  to  Iluhbanl  only  the    n 
dians  between  Piscataqu.  and  Ca.co.  -UMarU.  laaianWars,  ^t^' 

2  Hubbard,  pp.  3'2-344.  .  i  ■  ««". 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


186 


Shurte  with  a  belt  of  wampum.  Arrangements  were  soon  made 
for  the  assembling  of  an  important  council  at  Teconnet,  near 
where  Waterville  now  stands. 

Messrs.  Shurte  and  Davis  represented  the  white  men.  Five 
prominent  sagamores  represented  the  Indians.  But  there  was 
a  difl&cultj  between  them  which  no  human  wisdom  could  solve. 
The  Indians  must  have  powder  and  shot.  It  had  become  with 
them  almost  a  necessity  of  life.  But  the  western  Indians  were 
in  deadly  hostility  to  the  whites.  If  ammunition  were  freely 
sold  to  the  eastern  Indians,  it  would  inevitably  soon  reach  those 
in  the  west.  The  English  commissioners  were  embarrassed,  and 
gave  evasive  replies.  At  length  one  of  the  chieftains,  Madock- 
awando,  became  impatient  of  the  distrust  which  was  manifested. 
He  rose,  and  with  much  dignity  said,  — 

"  Do  we  not  meet  here  on  equal  ground?  We  ask,  where  shall  we  buy 
powder  and  shot  for  our  winter's  huntmg?  Shall  we  leave  the  English,  and 
apply  to  the  French  for  it?  Or  shall  we  let  our  Indians  die?  We  have 
waited  long  to  hear  you  tell  us.    Now  we  want  Yes,  or  No." 

Thus  driven  to  a  decisive  answer,  one  of  them  replied,  though 
still,  as  will  be  seen,  rather  evasively,  — 

"  You  may  have  ammunition  for  necessary  use.  But  you  yourselves  say 
that  there  are  many  western  Indians  who  do  not  choose  peace.  Should  you 
let  them  have  the  powder  which  we  sell  you,  what  do  we  better  than  cut  our 
own  throats?  This  is  the  best  answer  we  are  allowed  to  return  you,  though 
you  wait  ten  years."  ^ 

The  council  was  held  in  a  large  wigwam.  The  English  were 
entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  Indians.  But  the  savages,  tl  ugh 
they  took  much  umbrage  at  this  reply,  and  broke  up  the  council, 
were  guilty  of  no  treachery. 

"  It  is  not  our  custom,"  they  proudly  said,  "  to  seize  p-^ssengers  coming 
to  us.  Wo  certainly  never  do  as  your  people  once  did  with  fourteen  of  our 
Indians  sent  to  treat  with  you.  You  took  away  their  gi  .is,  and  set  a  guard 
over  their  heads.  Keep  your  arms.  It  is  a  point  of  honor.  You  are  at 
liberty." 

1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  532;  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  p.  340.  Drake  gives  an 
interesting  account  of  this  couucil.  "  Here,"  he  says,  "as  might  reasonably  have 
been  expected,  ended  the  negotiation;  and  massacres  and  blood-'^-'>d  soon  after 
desolated  that  part  of  the  country."  —  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  ill.  pp.  100, 101. 


' 


CHAPTER  XL 

THE  HOEEORS   OF   WAIi. 
Dispersion  of  King  Philip's  rorces -Falmouth  Desolated  -  Scenes  of  Horror 

K^?r?fi  ^^!^^^  T  *'""^'^  *^^^'"  ^"^  ^^^^le^  in  August, 
thr"  f'  ''  '^''^'  *''^^'  J"''  ^^^^'^^-^  ti^«  commencement  of 
th^  vvai-,  the  governor  of  xMassachusetts  sent  an  embassador  to 
him,  to  inquire  why  he  was  making  hostile  preparations.  The 
ectTf  t      '''r^ffyr'''^'^  "Your  governor' is  but  a  su  ! 

sulytct      I  shall  treat  of  peace  only  with  the  kiiig,  my  brother 
When  he  comes,  I  am  ready."  »  ^  "loiuer. 

The  death  of  Philip  did  not  terminate  the  war :   it  only  scat- 

ei-ed  Ins  forces.     Many  of  his  warriors  retreated  to  Maii^,      d 

joined    he  savage  bands  who  were  burning  and  plundering  tLere 

Squando  was  particularly  active.     He  professed  to  have  deceived 

a  divine  revelation,  urging  him  to  the  conflict.^    Three  of  these 

rhTmrT^'  "^"^l-^--^^--  -^^  energy,  took  the  En^ 
li.h  names  of  Simon,  Andrew,  and  Peter.     They  were  desperate 

ve^utrefiLTlS.^^^^^^^^^^^^  Infa,uiliarcon- 

Hubbard  says  that  l^^ ^SnZ^Ki:^;i;;:'i::''  '"  ""^  ''''"''  ^^<^'^— 

bia:.  S:;  XSJtl;;;!^;:; ---^ ;-  ^;^  ^1.^^....  of  ;:^;an  man  in 

Wsdrinkincjof  strou..Ihnio  s  1  ,V        T,'.         ^'""""^"^l^'l  1'""  to  leave 

the  Word  Pleached    al;;miuL  :.^'^^'S;;  tl  iT^'"'''  "^'  '"  '^'  "'  ^''^^•• 
jemin,  devotion  and  eon.eie.e.  ^s^l^.J^^^),^^^  ^  ^^  -- ^^  ^ 

180 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


187 


men.  The  terror  cf  their  deeds  spread  far  and  wide.  Simon, 
who  was  called  by  his  associates  the  Yankee  killer,  boasted  that 
he  had  shot  many  a  white  man,  and  that  he  had  never  failed  but 
once  in  striking  his  victim  to  the  ground. 

Eaily  in  August,  1676,  this  Simon,  with  a  party  of  savages, 
entered  th(  house  of  Anthony  Brackett,  in  Falmouth.  They 
seized  all  the  weapons  in  the  house,  and  bound  Mr.  Brackett, 
his  wife,  five  children,  and  a  negro  servant.  Mrs.  Brackett's 
brother,  N3thaniel  Mitten,  made  some  slight  resistance,  and  they 
instantly  killed  him.  The  unliappy  captives  were  all  carried 
aw.v  by  the  savages.  Circumstanci-s  indicate  that  Mr.  Brack- 
ett 1  ad,  by  his  fair  dealings,  won  the  confidence  of  the  Indians, 
and  therefore  they  spared  his  life  and  the  lives  of  the  members 
of  his  family. 

Brackett  occupied  a  large  farm  at  Back  Cove.  He  had  several 
neighbors,  whose  cabins  were  scattered  in  the  clearings  around. 
It  was  a  pleasant,  sunny  day,  tl  •  11th  of  August,  1676.  Eden 
could  enjoy  no  more  delightful  climate  than  does  Maine  in  that 
summer  month.  It  was  the  custom  of  the  settlers,  in  much  of 
their  farm  work,  to  unite,  helping  each  other.  Two  of  these 
neighbors,  Humphrey  Durham  and  Benjamin  Atwell,  were  as- 
sisting Robert  Corbin  to  get  in  his  hay.  This  Avas  round  the 
cove  at  Presumpscot  River. 

The  riotous  savages  shot  them  all  down.  The  report  of  the 
guns  was  heard  in  the  several  cabins.  The  terrified  inmates 
knew  too  well  its  import.  The  women  and  children,  in  one  of 
the  houses  which  was  near  the  water,  ran  to  a  canoe,  and  es- 
caped across  the  cove.  The  other  families  were  taken  captive. 
And  thus  the  Indians,  encountering  no  resistance,  proceeded 
from  cabin  to  cabin,  killing,  burning,  and  taking  prisoners, 
according  to  the  suggestions  of  their  capricious  natures. 

Atwell  and  Corbin  were  brothers-in-law.  They  lived  on 
adjoining  farms.  Durham's  lot  was  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river.  Richard  Pike,  with  another  man,  chanced  to  be  in  a 
canoe  on  the  river,  a  little  above  Mr.  Corbin's  house.  They 
heard  the  fire  of  musketry,  and  immediately  saw  a  little  boy, 
running  terror  stricken  towards  the  river,  pursued  by  the  yell- 
ing savages.  They  were  discharging  their  guns  at  him,  and  the 
bullets  whistled  over  the  heads  of  the  men  in  the  boat. 


188 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


'1^ 


!l 


Simon  himself  soon  appeared  upon  the  bank,  and  called  upon 
them  to  come  ashore.  But  they  plied  their  paddles  with  the 
vigor  which  the  peril  of  death  inspired,  shouting  the  alarm  t^ 

thr^lor"  t:  i^^  ''"'^'  ^^^  ^'^"^^«^  ^p-' ^^  ^^  -»,  with 

the  utmost  speed,  to  the  garrison-house. 

Ne?k  iH^wl  T  "'' °' '^'  promontory  then  called  Cleeves' 
l^eck,  but  which  IS  now  covered  with  the  dwellings  of  Portland 
there  was  a  beautiful  swell  of  land,  which  rose  about  a  hundred 

Slope  of  this  charming  spot,  commanding  a  view  of  the  sea 
interspersed  with  islands,  and  wide  reaches  of  the  land,  in  all 
their  pristine  luxuriance,  the  first  settlers  of  Portland  reared 
the  r  homes.     Here  also  they  erected   their  garrison-house  to 

famt   *'^";/^'«'"'?^-  ™-«  to  be  dreaded 'than  sickness  or 
idmine  or  cold,  or  the  most  ferocious  beasts  of  the  forest ' 
But  the  terror  was  so  great,  and  those  who  had  escaped  to 

fnXTr  "T  "  ''"  '"'  '^'''^'  ^'^^  '""'y  ^-^d  -'await 
an  attack  from  foes  so  numerous  and  merciless.     The  smoke  of 

heir  burning  dwellings  was  ascending  all  around.  These  woe- 
stricken  fugitives,  huddled  into  canoes,  sought  refuge  upon  one 
of  the  islands  near  the  mouth  of  the  harbor.  This  spot  is  now 
called  Bangs  Island.  A  messenger  was  immediately  despatched 
across  the  water  to  Scarborough,  then  called  Black  Point,  for 

In  the  panic  of  their  flight,  they  had  left  behind  them  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  ammunition.  This  was  essential  t.  their 
defence.  It  would  also  greatly  strengthen  the  savages  .uld  it 
fall  into  their  hands.  In  the  darkness  of  the  night,  a  small 
party  of  brave  men  paddled  stealthily  across  the  harbor,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  recovering  much  of  the  powder  which  had  escaped 
the  scrutiny  of  the  ransacking  Indians. 

.    ^f'y  ^^^  "^^t  day  several  of  the  English  settlers  succeeded 
m  eflecting  their  escape,  and  in  joining  the  fugitives  on  Bangs' 

«"  The  situation  had  advantages  of  utility  and  beauty.    It  was  onen  to  th« 
ea  by  a  sniall  and  handsome  bay,  accessible  to  fishing  boafs  anVrai "rislauds 
hile  It  was  protected  fron,  the  north  winds  by  the  hill  in  the  rear  oMt     H^^ 

p^zxc^;::::,'^^^'^'  '^  ^  --« ^-—  titie...-z..:.^^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


189 


Island.  They  saved,  however,  only  their  lives.  Their  homes, 
and  all  they  contained  of  food,  clothing,  farming  and  domes- 
tic utensils,  were  left  to  be  plundered  and  destroyed  by  the 
savages.  It  is  difficult  for  the  imagination  to  conceive  the  des- 
titution and  the  woes  to  which  these  sufferers  were  doomed. 

Tims  the  peninsula  of  Cleeves,  or  Casco  Neck,  was  laid  deso- 
late. Thirty-four  persons  were  either  killed,  or  carried  into 
captivity.^  The  amount  of  property  destroyed  was  the  all  of 
these  humble  settlers.  The  loss  was  irreparable.  These  fami- 
lies were  left  in  the  wilderness,  utterly  destitute,  with  the  blasts 
of  a  Maine  winter  rapidly  gathering  in  the  north. 

Upon  the  receipt  of  these  tidings  in  Boston,  the  General 
Court  immediately  sent  a  vessel-  with  fif^een  hun-lred  pou'ids 
of  bread,  to  the  starving,  houselesp  fugitives  on  Bangs'  Island, 
which  was  then  called  Andrews  Island.  The  following  extract 
of  a  letter  from  Portsmouth,  dated  Sept.  26,  1676,  will  give  the 
reader  some  conception  of  the  terror  of  those  days.  It  was 
addressed  to  Major-Gen.  Denison,  at  Ipswich :  — 

«'  This  serves  to  cover  a  letter  from  Capt.  Hathorn,  from  Casco  Bay,  in 
•which  you  will  understand  their  want  of  bread,  which  want  1  hope  is  well 
supplied  before  this  time;  for  we  sent  them  more  than  two  thousand  weight, 
which  I  suppose  they  had  last  Lord's  Day  night.  The  boat  that  brought 
the  letter  brings  also  word  that  Saturday  night  the  Indians  burnt  Mr. 
Munjoy's  house  and  seven  persons  in  it.  On  sabbath  day  a  man  and  his 
wife,  one  Gouge,  2  were  shot  dead  and  stripped  by  the  Indians  at  Wells. 
Yesterday  at  two  o'clock.  Cape  Nedicfcs  was  wholly  cut  off;  only  two  men 
and  a  woman,  with  two  or  three  children,  escaped.  So  we  expect  now  to 
hear  of  farther  mischief  every  day.     They  send  to  us  for  help,  both  from 

1  Hubbard's  Indian  Wars,  pp.  33!)  —  309.  See  also  a  very  carefully  prepared  ac- 
count of  this  tragedy,  in  the  History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  pp.  204,  205. 

a  Mr.  Williamsou  gives  this  name  as  Gooch,  vol.  1.  p.  540.  Mr.  Bourne,  in  his 
History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  writes,  "As  the  people  were  returning  to  tlieir 
homes,  Mr.  James  Gooch  and  his  wiie  were  attacked.  He  was  shot  and  she  was 
cut  to  pieces  by  the  hatchet,"  p.  145. 

Again  he  writes,  referring  to  the  same  date  and  locality,  quoting  from  a  letter, 
"  On  sabbath  last,  a  man  and  liis  wife,  namely  one  Gouge,  were  shot  dead  and 
stripped  by  tl  e  Indians,  at  Wells,  about  two  or  three  o'clock,"  p.  146. 

It  can  scarcely  be  doubted  that  both  of  these  accounts  refer  to  the  same  event. 

8  This  is  usually  spelled  Neddock.  Sullivan  spells  it  Neddick,  p.  241.  There 
was  here  a  very  attractive  coast  region,  about  four  miles  from  York  Elver, 
fringed  with  a  beautiful  beach  of  white  sand.  —  Willianwon's  Ilistoi-y  of  Maine,  vol. 
i.  p.  24. 


190 


THE  nrSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Wells  and  York;  but  we  had  so  many  men  out  of  town,  that  we  Iniow  not 
now  to  spare  any  more. 

"Sir,  please  send  notice  to  the  council  that  a  supply  be  sent  to  the  amy 
from  the  Bay;  for  lucy  have  eaten  us  out  of  bread,  and  here  is  little  wheat 
to  be  go  ten,  and  less  money  to  pay  for  it.  The  Lord  direct  you  and  us  in 
the  groat  concerns  that  are  before  us;  which  dutiful  service  presented,  in 
haste  I  remam,  sir,  your  servant,  ..  Richard  Maktin." 

_  The  Indians,  under  the  exasperation  of  the  war,  were  grow- 
ing more  and  more  barbarous.  The  massacre  at  Cape  Neddock 
was  attended  with  savage  cruelty  hitherto  unpractised.  Some 
dead  bodies  were  wantonly  hewn  to  pieces  with  the  tomahawk 
Forty  persons  were  slain,  or  carried  into  captivity.  Some  of  the 
atrocities  were  too  dreadful  to  be  narrated.  A  nursing  mother 
had  her  brains  dashed  out.  Her  infant  was  fastened  to  her 
bosom,  and  was  thus  found  living,  striving  to  draw  nutriment 
irom  the  cold  breast.* 

The  Indians,  with  their  captives,  proceeded  to  the  Kennebec 
River,  where  they  divided  into  two  bands.  Eleven  ascended  the 
river;  the  remainder  followed  down  the  stream  to  attack  the 
settlements  near  its  mouth.  They  took  the  fort  upon  Arrowsic 
Island  by  surprise,  and  killed  many  of  the  inhabitants.  This 
island,  which  was  quite  celebrated  in  the  early  history  of  Maine 
was  separated  from  Pittston  by  a  channel  about  half  a  mile  in 
breadth.  It  contained  four  thousand  acres,  and  about  fifty 
dwellings  had  been  reared  upon  its  shores. 

The  battle  here  was  desperate.  One  wearies  of  reading  the 
appalling  account  of  these  scenes  of  slaughter.  But  few  escaped 
The  little  oettlement  had  been  in  a  high  state  of  prosperity! 
Capt.  Lake,  one  of  the  opulent  proprietors,  had  erected  upon 
the  island  a  large  and  beautiful  mansion,  a  strong  fortress,  with 
mills  and  outbuildings,  at  the  expense  of  many  thousand 
pounds. 

Tiie  Indians,  about  a  hundred  in  number,  came  to  the  island 
stealthily,  by  night,  landing  upon  the  south-eastern  point,  and 
secreted  themselves  in  those  hiding-places  which  they  knew  so 
well  how  to  search  out.  The  people  were  taken  entirely  by 
surprise.     The  Indians  crept  in  at  the  fort  gate  by  stratagem, 

'  Sullivan's  History  of  Maine,  p.  241. 


I 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


191 


closed  the  port-holes,  and  with  hideous  yells  proclaimed  them- 
selves masters  of  the  garrison.  Terrible  was  the  consternation. 
For  a  few  moments  there  was  a  hand-to-hand  struggle ;  but 
Capts.  Lake  and  Davis,  fii  ding  themselves  overpowered,  fled, 
with  a  few  others,  by  a  rear  portal,  and,  seizing  a  canoe,  en- 
deavored to  escape  to  another  island. 

The  Indians  closely  pursued  them,  and,  firing  upon  them  in 
the  boat,  killed  Capt.  Lake,  and  with  a  severe  wound  utterly 
crippled  Capt.  Davis.  He,  however,  landed,  and,  creeping  pain- 
fully along  upon  the  shore,  hid  among  the  rocks.  Here  he  re- 
mained, in  dreadful  suffering,  for  two  days.  He  then  succeeded 
in  reaching  the  mainland.  About  a  dozen  other  persons,  in 
various  ways,  escaped  from  this  midnight  attack.  Thirty-five 
were  either  k-'Ued  or  carried  into  captivity.  The  torch  was 
applied  to  all  the  buildings,  and,  as  the  savages  retired,  the 
island  presented  a  scene  of  utter  desolation. 

The  inhabitants  throughout  all  this  region  were  thrown  into 
a  state  of  dismay.  They  generally  abandoned  their  homes,  and 
many  of  them  fled  to  Monhegan,  where  they  thought  that  they 
could  more  effectually  defend  themselves  than  on  the  main  land. 
A  watch  of  twenty-five  men  was  appointed  to  patrol  the  shores 
by  night.  Clouds  of  smoke  were  seen  ascending  over  the  burn- 
ing dwellings  of  Pemaquid,  New  Harbor,  Corbin's  Sound,  and 
from  many  of  the  islands.  At  length  the  woe-worn  fugitives 
took  a  vessel,  and  in  utter  destitution  crowded  on  board,  and 
sailed  for  Piscataqua  and  Salem.' 

In  the  course  of  about  five  weeks,  sixty  miles  of  the  coast 
eastward  of  Casco  Bay  were  ravaged  and  depopulated.  Many 
of  the  inhabitants  were  killed,  many  carried  into  captivity,  and 
some  escaped  in  the  extreme  of  terror  and  wretchedness. 
Mountjoy's'  Island  is  about  six  miles  from  the  mainland.    There 


'  Hubbard's  Narrative  of  the  Indian  Wars,  pp.  351-300. 

2  The  name  is  so  speHed  hy  Williamson,  vol.  1.  p.  5.37.  Mr.  "Willis  spells  it 
Munjoi/.  He  writes,  "  Cleevcs,  on  the  28th  of  December,  1037,  leaded  for  sixty  years, 
to  Michael  Mittou  who  married  his  only  child  Elizabeth,  the  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  harbor,  now  called  Peaks.  In  the  deed  it  was  deidared  that  this  was  called 
Pond  Island,  and  is  subsequently  to  be  known  by  the  name  of  Michael's  Island, 
from  Mitton.  It  was  afterward  successively  called,  from  the  owners  or  occu- 
pants, Munjoy's,  Palmer's,  and  Peak's  lalaad.—  Ilistoi-y  of  Portland,  p.  50. 


I 


19S 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


was  here  an  old  stone  house  where  several  families,  abandoning 
theu-  homes,  sought  refuge. 

These  tragic  events  are  alluded  to  in  the  following  extract 
from  a  letter  addressed  to  the  governor  and  council  of  Massa- 
chusetts. It  was  written  by  Brian  Pendleton  of  Saco,  and  was 
dated,  "  Winter  Harbor,  at  night,  Aug.  13,  1676." 

...  "ilrri'^  ""^  P^"  ™"''  ^^  *^°  °»««««n?«'-  of  so  great  a  tragedy.  On 
the  11th  of  this  instant,  we  heard  of  many  killed  of  our  neighbors,  in  Fal- 
mouth, or  Casco  Bay.  On  the  12th  instant,  Mr.  Joslin  sent  me  a  brief  let- 
ter, written  from  under  the  hand  of  Mr.  Burras  (Burroughs)  the  minister. 
He  gives  an  account  of  thirty-two  killed  and  carried  away  by  the  Indians 

"  Himself  escaped  to  an  island,  but  I  hope  Black  Point  men  have  fetched 
him  off  by  this  time,  -ten  men.  six  women,  sixteen  children.  How  soon  it 
will  be  our  portion,  we  know  no..  Tho  Lord  in  mercy  fit  us  for  death,  and 
direct  your  hearts  and  hands  to  acknowledge  and  do  what  is  most  needful  in 
Buch  a  time  of  distress  as  this!  Thus,  in  haste,  I  commit  you  to  the  guid- 
ance of  our  Lord  God,  and  desire  your  prayers  for  us.i 

Some  of  the  fugitives  escaped  to  Jewell's  Island,  where  there 
was  a  partially  fortified  house,  and  did  not  return  to  their  deso- 
late habitations  until   the  peace  of  Casco  was  made  April  12, 
1678.     The  Indians,  elate  with  their  many  victories,  pursued  in 
a  fleet  of  caiioes.     The  plumed  warriors  landed,  not  secretly, 
but  with  the  shrill  warwhoop  shouting  the  battle-cry.     It  was 
the  2d  of  September.    It  seems  almost  incredible  that  these  peo- 
ple could  again  have  allowed  themselves  to  be  taken  by  surprise. 
The  women  were  at  some  distance  from  the  house,  washing  at  a 
brook.     The  children  were  scattered  along  the  beach.    The  men 
were  absent  fishing.     No  sentinel  was  stationed  to  announce  the 
approach  of  the  foe.* 

^  The  Indians  landed  and  rushed  towards  the  house,  thus  cut- 
ting off  the  retreat  of  the  women  and  children,  and  leaving  to 

»  "  The  original  of  this  letter  is  in  the  family  of  John  Palmer,  Esq."  -  Histon, 
of  Portland,  by  Mr.  Willis,  p.  20(5,  note.  ^ 

2  At  the  commencement  of  the  first  Indian  war,  1675,  there  were  in  Falmouth 
forty-six  families:  viz.,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Presumpscot,  nine;  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river,  seven-,  around  Back  Cove,  ten;  at  Capissic,  toward  Strand  water, 
five;  on  the  Neck,  four;  in  Purpoodie,  nine;  at  Spnrwink,  two;  forty  houses 
eighty  mihtia,  and  four  hundred  inhabitants.  In  Aug.  11  of  tliat  year  the  town 
was  assailed  by  the  Indians,  when  thirty-four  of  the  inhabitants  were  slain  and 
seventeen  taken  prisoners. 


P 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


198 


the  men  no  alternative  but  to  return  to  almost  certain  death,  or 
to  abandon  wife  and  child  and  escape  only  with  life. 

There  was  a  brave  boy  in  the  house.  The  little  fellow  fired 
two  guns,  and  shot  two  Indians.  Thus  the  alarm  was  given  to 
the  men  in  the  boats.  Mrs.  Potts  was  washing,  with  several 
children  around  her.  The  burly  savages  seized  them  all  but 
one.  A  small  boy,  seeing  his  father  rapidly  approaching  in  his 
boat,  rushed  towards  him.  A  savage  gave  chase,  Jmd  grasped 
the  child  just  as  he  reached  the  shore.  The  distracted  father, 
seeing  iiis  whole  family  in  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  could  easily 
have  shot  the  savage,  but  he  was  restrained  through  fear  of  kill- 
ing his  child.  It  is  diflficult  to  imagine  the  anguish  with  which 
he  was  compelled  to  seek  safety  in  flight.  From  the  brief 
account  we  have,  it  seems  probable  that  he  fled  to  Richman's 
Island  to  call  for  aid. 

The  other  men,  as  intrepid  as  they  were  imprudent,  landed 
from  their  boats,  cut  their  way  through  the  Indians,  who  pru' 
dently  never  allowed  themselves  to  be  exposed  to  the  guns  of 
the  English  in  the  open  field,  and  regained  the  fortress.  But 
in  the  desperate  movement  two  were  killed,  and  five,  probably 
wounded,  were  made  prisoners.  The  assaila'.its  did  not  venture 
to  approach  within  the  reach  of  the  bullets  of  these  sharp  shoot- 
ers. They  soon  retired,  with  their  captives,  across  the  bay  to 
Spurwink.  Soon  after,  a  government  vessel  arrived,  and  took 
those  of  the  English  who  remained,  to  a  place  of  safety.^ 

Here  again  we  regret  to  record  an  act  of  perfidy  on  the  part 
of  the  English.  It  was  treachery  governmental  in  its  nature. 
The  General  Court  sent  an  army  of  a  hundred  and  thirty  Eng- 
lish and  forty  friendly  Indians,  from  Natick,  to  the  assistance  of 
the  people  of  Maine.  Upon  reaching  Dover,  they  were  em- 
bodied with  the  troops  under  Major  Waldron. 

The  major  invited  four  hundred  Indian  warriors  to  come  to 
Dover  for  a  friendly  conference,  to  see  if  they  could  not  agree 
upon  terms  of  peace.  He  pledged  his  honor  for  their  safety. 
Promptly  they  came.  It  is  probable  that  they  really  desired 
peace.  But,  when  the  English  soldiers  saw  these  savages,  the 
memory  of  past  massacres,  burnings,  and  tortures  rose  so  vividly 

*  Hiatory  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  208;  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  229. 


P 


i 


194 


j  I 

HI 


1! 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


before  tl.em,  that  it  was  wif,h  very  great  difficulty  Major  Wal- 
dron  could  restrain  them  from  falling  upon  the  warriors  in  mer- 
ciless slaughter.  He  pleaded  with  the  soldiers  that  his  honor 
was  at  stake,  for  that  he  had  given  his  sacred  word  that  they 
should  come  and  go  in  safety. 

Harassed  by  the  determination  of  his  men,  the  major  at  last 
shamefully  consented  to  a  deed  of  iuf.my.  He  invited  the 
Indians  to  unite  with  the  English  in  a  sham  fight.  Durin-  the 
manoeuvres,  at  a  giver  signal,  there  was  lo  be  a  grand  discharge 
of  all  the  guns.  The  English  soldiers  were  secretly  instructed 
to  load  their  muskets  with  balls,  and  not  to  fire.  The  Indians, 
unsuspicious  of  treachery,  discharged  their  guns.  Thus  ren- 
dered helpless,  tiiey  were  all  seized  and  disarmed. 

Some  of  these  Indians  had  ever  been  friendly.  So  far  as 
known,  they  were  picked  out  and  seL  at  liuerty.  Two  hundred 
of  the  rest  were  sent  prisoners- to  Boston.  All  who  were  con- 
victed  of  taking  life  were  executed.  Tlie  remainder  were  sent 
to  foreign  parts,  and  sold  into  lifelong  slavery. 

There  were  many  in  the  community  who  denounced  this  atro- 
cious deed.  There  were  many  who  applauded  it;  but,  worst  of 
all,  the  government  sustained  it.' 

The  next  day  these  troops  proceeded  to  Falmouth  in  a  vessel, 
touching  at  Wells,  Winter  Harbor,  Black  Point,  and  Spurwink. 
Un  the  way  they  killed  one  Indian,  and  captuied  another,  who 
soon  after,  aided,  it  is  said,  by  the  friendly  Indians,  effected  his 
escape.  At  Casco  they  established  a  garrison,  and  remained 
there  three  weeks.  Under  this  protection  several  of  the  inhab- 
itants returned.' 

On   the   23d   of  September  seven    men  went   to   Munjoy's 

£e  very  deeply  any  wrong  to  which  they  wer-  subjeore.l;  and  dvilized  n>an  was 
tluis  laying  np  wrath  against  the  day  of  wrath.  All  teachings  of  that  character 
received  by  these  wild  n.en,  took  deep  root  in  their  untutore.l  souls;  and  ".  "  To 
rednced  ,n  nun.hers  that  all  resistance  to  the  en.roaehmeats  of  the  wl  ife  man 
were  in  vain,  they  continue.l  ^o  bring  forth,  for  nearly  a  oentnrv,  their  terrible 

\     xv-u-  "'"'""'  '^  '^''"  ""'^  Kcnnehunk,  by  Edward  E.  JJour..,  lLd.  p.  145 ■  see 
also  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  538.  -^i  i^co 

,y.l.T'^^^T  '°"1V"''^"'-^'  ""^  ''t^tement  in  reference  to  the  sequence  of  some  of 

annab'r" f';r      ;  "' ""  °"*  '''^' '°  'li^^^t'^^gle;  l-^t,  as  to  the  main  facts,  all  the 
annalists  of  those  days  are  agreed. 


TBE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1P6 


Island  to  kill  a  few  sheep  which  had  '  °en  lett  there.  They 
were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and,  after  a  desperate  defence, 
were  all  killed.  They  were  prominent  men,  heads  of  families, 
and  their  loss  was  bitterly  deplored.' 

The  Indians  were  very  wary,  and,  without  difficulty,  kept 
themselves  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  troops.  On  the  12th  of 
October  the  English  returned  to  the  region  of  the  Piscataqua. 
On  the  second  day  after  they  passed  Black  Point,  a  hundred 
and  twenty  Indian  warriors  maJe  a  furious  at<-ack  upon  the  gar- 
rison which  was  left  behind.*  We  have  the  list  of  sixty  men 
who  were  in  the  garrison,  Avhich  was  said  to  be  very  strong. 
An  Indian  chief  of  much  renown,  by  the  name  of  Mugg,  led 
the  savages.  Henry  Jocelyn  commanded  the  garrison.  °Mugfy 
proved  himself  to  be  far  the  abler  captain  of  the  two.  He 
summoned  the  inmates  of  the  fortress  to  surrender,  promisuig 
that  all  should  be  permitted  to  retire  from  the  island  unharmed, 
with  their  goods.  Mugg  must  have  had  a  good  reputation;  for 
Cant.  Jocelyn  3  left  the  fort  to  hold  a  conference  with  him,  thus 
placing  liimself  in  the  power  of  the  Indians. 

No  treachery  was  practised.  He  returned  unmolested  to  the 
fort.  But  there  he  found,  greatly  to  his  surprise,  that,  during 
his  absence,  all  within  the  walls,  except  the  members  of  his 
own  household,  availing  themselves  of  the  offer  to  retire  with 
their  goods,  had  hastily  seized  their  effects,  hurried  to  the  boats, 
and  had  already  put  out  from  the  shore.  As  Jocelyn,  had  not 
accepted  the  proffered  terms,  finding  himself  thus  utterly  help- 
less, he  was  compelled  to  surrender  at  discretion. 

A  naval  expedition  was  sent  to  Richman's  Island  to  rescue 
the  inhabitants  and  the  property  there.  As  the  sailors  were 
removing  the  property,  a  part  of  them  being  on  shore  and  a 
part  on  board  the  vessel,  they  were  attacked  by  so  overpower- 
ing a  force  of  Indians,  that  those  on  shore  were  immediately 
shot  or  captured.     Those  on  the  deck  were,  by  a  deadly  fire  of 

1  Tslr.  Willis  thinks  that  this  aafl  event  occurred  on  what  is  now  called  House 
Island.  —//(),7o)-y  of  Portland,  p.  209. 

2  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  540.  Mr.  Willis  writes,  "They  left  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try in  tlie  heginning  of  October;  and,  about  a  week  afterwards,  nie  Indians  rallied 
their  forces,  a  hundred  strong,  and,  Oct.  12,  made  an  assault  upon  Black  Toiut  " 
—  History  of  Portland,  p.  210. 

»  Air.  Willis  spells  this  name  Jocelyn;  Mr.  Williamson  speUs  it  Joscelyu. 


196 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


the  savages,  driven  below.  The  assailants  approached  the  vessel 
in  their  canoes,  and  cut  the  cables.  A  strong  south-east  wind 
drove  the  vessel  ashore. 

Capt.  Fryer,  who  Avas  in  command  of  the  English  party,  had 
been  struck  by  a  bullet,  and  was  lying  ;:non  tho  cabin  floor, 
helplessly  wounded  and  bleeding.  The  Indians  shouted  out  to 
them,  that  unless  they  surrendered  they  would  set  the  vessel 
on  fire,  and  all  should  be  burned  to  death.  There  were  eleven 
in  tli(3  hold.  They  agreed  to  surrender  upon  condition  that 
they  should  be  permitted  to  ransom  themselves,  by  the  payment 
of  a  stipulated  amount  of  goods  within  a  given  time. 

Two  of  the  prisoners  were  released  to  fetch  the  ransom. 
They  returned  with  the  goods  before  the  appointed  tn^e  had 
elapsed.  But  those  Indians,  who  had  agreed  to  the  terms  of  the 
capitulation,  were  absent  on  a  new  expedition.  Other  Indians 
held  the  nine  remaining  captives.  These  savages  killed  one 
of  the  bearers  of  the  ransom,  took  the  goods,  and  refused  to 
release  the  prisoners.  "A  true  specimen  this,"  Williamson 
writes,  "  of  Indian  faith." 

Winter  came,  with  its  fierce  blasts  and  drifting  snows.  Still 
the  war  raged.  Cabins  and  wigwams  blazed.  Everywhere 
terror  and  misery  reigned.  The  Indians  and  the  English  were 
alike  homeless  and  starving.  The  cliieftain,  Mugg,  was  dis- 
pleased with  the  treachery  of  the  vagabond  Indians  hi  refusing 
to  surrender  the  captives  upon  the  receipt  of  the  ransom.  He 
ventured  as  an  ambassador  of  his  superior  sagamore,  Madocka- 
wando,  to  visit  Piscataqua,  in  the  endeavor  to  negotiate,  if 
possible,  a  peace.  He  made  no  attempt  to  disguise  his  ea^-nest 
desire  for  tlie  cessation  of  hostilities. 

Mugg  took  with  him,  and  restored  to  his  friends,  Capt.  Fryer, 
who  was  dying  of  his  wounds.  He  declared  himself  greatly 
mortified  and  indignant  that  the  other  captives  had  not  been 
restored,  and  promised  that  they  should  speedily  be  set  at  lib- 
erty. According  to  Williamson,  Mugg  "  was  favored  with  an 
immediate  passage  to  Boston,  where  he,  in  behalf  of  JNIadocka- 
wando  and  Cheberrind,  negotiated  a  treaty."  ^ 

1  Mr.  Drake,  in  Lis  valuable  Book  of  tlie  Indians,  gives  a  less  pleasing  account 
of  tins  affair.    He  writes,  "  Genera!  fkM^h-.Il  of  Mawat'liusetts,  being  there,  forced 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


197 


The  treaty  was  certainly  as  favorable  to  the  English  as  they 
could  have  desired.  Indeed,  it  seems  impossible  that  the  Indi- 
ans could  have  fulfilled  its  stipulations.  It  was  agreed  that  all 
hostilities  should  cease  ;  that  all  captives,  and  all  vessels  and 
goods,  which  had  been  seized  by  the  Indians,  should  be  restored  j 
that  the  English  should  receive  full  satisfaction  for  all  the  dam- 
ages they  had  experienced ;  that  the  Indians  should  T)urchase 
ammunition  only  of  agents  appointed  by  the  government ;  and 
that  certain  Indians  accused  of  crime  should  be  surrendered 
for  trial  and  punishment.'  In  conclusion  of  the  treaty,  this 
man,  whom  we  call  a  savage,  said,  — 

"  In  attestation  of  my  sincerity  and  honor,  I  place  myself  a  hostage,  in 
your  hands,  till  the  captives,  vessels,  and  goods  are  restored;  and  I  lift  my 
hand  to  heaven  in  witness  of  my  honest  heart  in  this  treaty."  2 

Two  war  vessels  were  sent  to  the  Penobscot  to  obtain  from 
Madockawando  the  ratification  of  the  treaty.  All  the  articles 
received  the  sanction  of  the  sagamore,  and  fifty  or  sixty  cap- 
tives were  restored  to  their  desolated  homes.  But  again  we 
come  upon  contradictory  statements  which  cannot  be  recon- 
ciled. Seve'-al  of  the  tribes  were  much  displeased  with  the 
terras  of  the  treaty,  in  which  every  thing  seemed  to  have  been 
surrendered  to  the  English. 

With  considerable  apparent  apprehension,  Mugg  decided  to 
visit  the  Canibas  tribe  at  Teconnet,  opposite  the  present  site  of 
Waterville,  to  persuade  those  disaffected  warriors  to  consent  to 
the  peace,  and  to  release  their  captives.     In  departing,  he  said 

Mugg  on  board  his  vessel,  and  carried  him  to  Boston;  for  which  treacherous  act 
an  excuse  was  pleaded,  that  lie  was  not  invested  with  sufficient  authority  to  treat 
with  him,  Madocltawando's  ambassador,  being  now  in  the  power  of  the  English 
was  obliged  to  agree  to  such  terms  as  tlie  Englisli  dictated."  —iJoo/fc  iii.  p.  102. 

1  This  treaty  is  given  entire  in  the  History  of  New  England,  by  Daniel  Neal 
vol.  ii.  p.  403.  ' 

2  "  Mugg  was  the  prime  nn'nister  of  the  Penobscot  sachem,  an  active  and  a 
shrewd  leader,  but  wli.,  by  his  intimacy  witli  the  English  families,  had  worn  ofE 
sume  of  the  ferocities  of  the  savage  character."  — //(s(o?-w  of  Portland,  bti  WilUam 
Willis,  p.  217. 

"  Mugg  was  a  chief  among  the  Androscoggins,  and  very  conspicuous  in  the  war 
of  lC7()-7,  into  wh'-h  he  seems  to  have  been  brought  by  the  same  cause  as  Madock- 
awando, already  ated.  lie  liad  been  very  f liemlly  to  the  English,  and  had  lived 
some  time  with  them,"  —Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  10  >. 


198 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


to  Capt.  Moore,  "  If  I  do  not  return  in  four  days,  you  may  con- 
clude that  I  am  certainly  bereft  of  my  life  or  my  liberty." 

For  some  unexplained  reason  he  did  not  return.  Capt 
Moore,  after  waiting  a  week  and  hearing  no  tidings  from  him, 
sailed  back  to  Boston.  Mr.  Hubbard,  however,  states  that  it 
was  afterward  reported  that  Mugg  said  boastfully  to  the  Indians 
at  leconnet,  "  I  know  how  we  can  even  burn  Boston,  and  drive 
all  the  English  before  us.  But  we  must  go  first  to  the  fishiuff 
islands,  and  take  all  the  vessels  of  the  white  men."i 

We  feel  bound  to  record  this  speech,  though  it  does  not  seem 
to  be  at  all  in  accordance  with  the  character  of  Mugg,  and  rests 
only  upon  the  foundation  of  rumor.  The  following"  incident  is 
much  more  characteristic  of  this  chief,  and  is  sustained  bv 
ample  evidence :  — 

Among  the  captives  found  at  Penobscot,  there  was  a  youncr 
man  by  the  name  of  Cobbet.     He  was  the  son    .f  a  Christian 
munster  at  Ipswich.     Having-  been  disabled  by  a  musket  wound, 
he  was  seized  and  bound.     In  the  division  of  the  captives,  it 
was  his  unfortunate  lot  to  be  assigned  to  one  of  the  most  bru- 
tal, duinken,  and  cruel   of  the  savages.     His  sufferings  were 
terrible.     Several  times  he  narrowly  escaped  having  the   knife 
of  the  savage  plunged  into  his  bosom.      Just  before  Muo-o-'s 
departure  to  Teconnet,  the  friendly  chief  chanced  to  meetUiis 
victim  of  demoniac  cruelty,  and  to  recognize  him  as  one  whom 
he  had  seen  before.     He  called  him  by  name,  and  said,  "  I  saw 
your  father  in  Boston.    I  promised  him  that  his  son  should  be 
returned   to   him.     You   must   be   released,   according   to   the 
treaty. 

Madockawando  and  Capt.  Moore   N/ere   both   standino-   by 
The   sagamore  feared   the  fiendlike  ferocity  of    the  captive's 
master,  and  that  Cobbet  would  certainly  be  killed  if  he  were 
released  without  a   ransom.2    He   therefore   turned  to   Capt 
Moore,  and  begged  him  to  give  as  a  ransom  a  showy  military 

»  Narrative  of  tlie  Indian  Wars,  by  William  Hnbbard,  p.  386 

Madockawamlo  deu.andea  a  ransom,  probably  to  satisfy  the  owner  of  the 
captn-e,  feanng  io  be  killed  by  Imn  if  ho  yielded  him  up,  withont  he  we.i    he  « 
o  consent;  for  he  was,  he  said,  a  desperate  n.an  if  cros.se.l,  and  had  or' «  bed 
(ka   ed)  two  or  three  .n  that  way."    Drake's  Book  of  the  IncUms,  book  iii.  „  lot 
This  may  imply  that  Mado<:kawando  feared  for  his  own  life. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


199 


coat  which  he  had  in   the  vessel.     The  request  was  granted, 
and  young  Cobbet  saw  his  master  no  more.* 

Still  there  was  no  settled  peace.  Many  of  the  Indians  were 
dissatisfied.  Though  active  hostile  operations  had  ceased,  there 
were  rumors  of  threats  to  break  the  treaty,  and  it  was  said  that 
some  captives  had  not  yet  been  returned.  The  General  Court 
fitted  out  a  naval  expedition  of  two  vessels  to  visit  Casco,  and 
ascend  the  Kennebec  River.  There  were  ninety  Englishmen 
and  sixty  friendly  Natick  Indians  on  board  the  vessel.  They 
were  instructed  "  to  subdue  the  Indians  in  those  parts,  and  to 
deliver  the  English  captives  detained  in  their  hands."  Majors 
Waldron  and  Frost  commanded  the  two  vessels. 

This  ill-starred  expedition  was  as  injudiciously  conducted  as 
it  was  unwisely  commenced.  The  troops  landed  first  upon 
Mare  Point,  in  Brunswick,  about  three  miles  below  Maquoit.  It 
was  then,  in  Maine,  mid-winter.  Freezing  blasts  shook  the 
forests,  and  deep  snow  covered  the  ground.  As  a  party  stepped 
on  shore,  a  small  baud  of  Indians  met  them,  accompanied  by 
Squando  and  the  ferocious  Simon,  the  "  Yankee-killer."  After 
a  short  parley,  in  which  Simon  declared  that  they  sincerely 
desired  peace,  and  that  they  sent  Mugg  to  the  English  for  that 
purpose,  the  Indians  retired,  and  were  seen  no  more  until  noon 
of  the  next  day. 

A  fleet  of  fourteen  canoes  was  then  seen  ascending  the  bay  ; 
and,  propelled  by  paddles,  they  were  rapidly  approaching  the 
shore  near  the  spot  where  the  vessels  were  anchored.  Soon 
after,  a  log  house  was  seen  in  flames.  It  was  naturally  supposed 
that  the  Indians  had  recommenced  their  work  of  conflatrration 
and  massacre.  An  armed  band  was  immediately  landed,  and  a 
battle  ensued,  in  which  several  of  the  Indians  were  killed  and 
many  wounded.  The  English  commenced  uie  attack  by  firing 
upon  the  Indians.  At  length  a  flag  of  truce  was  raised,  and 
the  leaders  of  the  two  parties  met. 

"  Why,"  Major  Frost  demanded  of  the  chiefs,  "  have  you  not 
returned  all  the  captives  ?  Why  have  you  set  the  white  man's 
house  on  fire  ?    And  why  have  you  challenged  us  to  fight  ?  " 

'  See  Wiiliamaori,  vol.  i.  p.  544,  and  Drake,  book  iii.  p.  102.  "The  histoiiaus 
of  the  war,"  writes  Drake,  "  have  all  observed  that  the  prisoners,  under  Madock- 
awandu,  were  remarkably  well  treated." 


200 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  sagamores  replied,  "  The  captivas  are  a  great  way  off. 
The  weather  is  so  cold,  and  the  snow  so  deep,  that  we  could 
not  bring  them  in.     We  did  not  set  the  house  on  fire  :  it  took 
fire  accidentally.     It  was  no  deed  of  ours.     Your  soldiers  fired 
at  us  first,  and  we  did  but  return  the  fire.     This  is  our  answer." 
Assuming  that  this  statement  were  true,  as  it  probably  was 
It  must  be  admitted  that,  though  the  Indians  were  worsted  iii 
the  battle,  they  had  the  best  of  the  argument.     The  Encrlish 
having  only  exasperated  the  natives,  and  provoked   them  to 
revenge  by  the  sight  of  their  dead  and  their  wounded  comrades, 
again  spread  their  sails,  and,  pressed  by  wintry  blasts,  traversed 
the  icy  seas  to  the  mouth  of  thd  Kennebec.     They  landed  on 
the  western  shore,  opposite  the  foot  of  Arrowsic  Island.     Here 
they  commenced  building  a  block-house  for  the  establishment 
of  a  garrison.     It  was  the  latter  part  of  February,  1677.     One- 
half  of  the  men  were  set  diligently  at  work  there. 

On  the  26th  of  February,  Major  Waldron,  with  the  remainder 
of  his  company  in  the  two  vessels,  sailed  to  Pemaquid  to  meet 
two  or  three  sachems,  who  were  accompanied  by  Indians  from 
several  tribes.  It  was  arranged  that  a  council  should  be  held 
the  next  day,  each  party  repairing  to  the  rendezvous  unarmed. 
The  council  met.  Major  Waldron  complained  of  the  hostile 
spirit  still  manifested  by  the  Indians,  that  several  captives  had 
not  yet  been  returned  ;  and  he  demanded  that  the  tribes,  then 
represented,  should  enter  into  an  alliance  with  the  English  to 
attack  the  other  Indian  tribes  which  yet  remained  hostile. 

An  aged  •  .gamore  replied,  "  Only  a  few  of  our  young  men, 
whom  we  cannot  restrain,  wish  to  enter  upon  the  wa°r-path! 
All  the  captives  with  us  were  intrusted  to  our  keeping  by  the 
Canabas  Indians.  For  the  support  of  each  one  of  them  there 
is  due  to  us  twelve  beaver-skins  and  some  good  liquor." 

The  liquor  was  promptly  supplied, and  ample  ransom  offered; 
and  yet  but  three  captives  were  delivered.  We  have  not  been 
informed  whether  there  were  others  so  far  away  that  they  could 
not  be  delivered  up  in  so  short  a  time. 

The  council  adjourned,  to  meet  again  in  the  afternoon.  Major 
Waldron  was  suspicious  of  treachery.  In  eagerly  looking  around 
he  discovered  some  hidden  weapons,  and,  seizing  a  lanee,  he 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


201 


brandished  it  iu  the  air  exclaiming,  "  You  perfidious  wretches  I 
you  intended  to  rob  us  of  our  goods  and  then  to  kill  us,  did 
you?"i 

A  tumult  ensued.  The  Indians,  in  consternation,  fled.  A 
well-armed  party  from  the  vessels  hurried  up,  and  pursued  the 
unarmed  Indians,  shooting  them  down.  Two  of  the  chiefs  and 
five  of  the  Indians  were  killed  by  the  bullet.  Several  of  the 
savages  rushed  to  a  canoe.  The  boat  was  capsized  ;  five  were 
drowned,  the  remainder  were  captured.  One  of  the  chiefs, 
Megunnaway,  was  dragged  by  Major  Frost  and  an  English 
sailor  on  board  one  of  the  vessels,  and  shot.2  Among  the  cap- 
tives there  was  a  sister  of  Madockawando.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  one  of  the  daughters  of  this  renowned  chieftain  had 
married  Baron  Castine.^ 

In  addition  to  the  slaughter  and  the  wounds  tbjs  inflicted 
upon  the  unarmed  Indians,  the  English  plundered  them  of  their 
goods  and  of  their  provisions,  amounting  to  a  thousand  pounds 
of  beef.  In  allusion  to  this  event,  Mr.  Williamson,  who  was  by 
no  means  disposed  to  palliate  the  crimes  of  the  Indians,  has 
very  justly  remarked,  — 

"  The  chastisement  partook  of  a  severity  which  the  provocation  by  no 
means  justified;  nor  could  it  be  dictated  by  motives  of  sound  policy.  It 
must  have  reminded  the  Indians  of  the  mock  fight  at  Dover,  and  served  to 
increase  their  prejudices."  * 

From  this  inglorious  enterprise.  Majors  Waldron  and  Frost 
returned  to  Arrowsic.     There  they  captured  and  shot  two  In- 

1  "In  Febrnary,  l(i77,  Major  Waldron  and  Capt.  Frost,  with  a  body  of  men, 
were  sent  into  the  eastern  coast  to  observe  the  motions  of  the  Indians' wlio  still 
remained  hostile.  At  Pemaquid  they  were  invited  on  shore  to  hold  a  treaty,  but 
the  English,  finding  some  weapons  concealed  among  them,  thought  it  a  sufticieut 
umbrage  to  treat  them  as  enemies.  A  considerable  fight  ensued,  in  which  many 
of  the  Indians  were  killed,  and  several  taken  prisoners."  —Drake's  Book  of  the  In- 
dians, book  iii.  p.  103. 

2  Drake'.s  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  110. 

8  Madockawando  was  chief  of  the  Penobscot  tribe.  Some  mischief  had  been 
done  by  the  Androscoggin  I.idians,  The  English,  following  the  example  of  those 
whom  they  so  nnich  reprob.-ted,  retaliated  on  any  Indians  that  fell  in  their  way. 
Madockawando  wa.s  not  n  cuemy;  nor  do  we  learn  that  his  people  had  com- 
mitted any  depredations  unt'.  after  some  English  had  spoiled  his  com  and  other- 
wise done  him  damage. "  — Z)raA;e,  book  iii.  p.  100. 

*  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  647. 


if; 


i 

I 


J*'  t 
iJ    ■,! 


t.    ^J 


202 


rzri;  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


dians  whom  they  found  upon  the  ishvnd.     They  also  captured 
an  Indian  woman,  whom  they  sent  up  the   Kennebec  River  to 
Teconnet,  to  demand  an  exchange  of  prisoners.     Taking  some 
anchors  and  hirge  guns  which  had  been  left  there,  they  returned 
to  their  garrison  on  the  main  land.     Leaving  forty  men  for  the 
defence  of  the  works,  they  returned  to  Boston,  reaching  that 
port  on  the  11th  of  March.     It  was  their  boast  that  they  had 
r\ot  lost  a  single  man  during  the  enterprise.     But,  by  their  folly, 
they  had  enkindled  anew  the  flames  of  horrid  war,  in  which 
multitudes  of  men,  women,  and  children  were  to  be  consumed. 
The  Mohawk  Indians  had  the  reputation  of  being  the  most 
powerful  and  ferocious  of  all  the  savage  tribes.     The  govern- 
ment authorities  in  Massachusetts   sent   Majors   Pinchon   and 
Richards  to  the  country  of  the  Mohawks,  to  enlist  them  in  the 
war  against  the  eastern  Indians.     ]\[any  opposed  this  measure 
as  barbarous ;  others  defended  it  on  the  ground  that  it  was  law- 
ful to  make  use  of  any  advantage  which  Providence  might  place 
in  their  hands. 

Eagerly  a  band  of  Mohawks  ruslied  to  attack  the  Indians 
against  whom  they  had  no  ground  of  quarrel.  Their  first  ex- 
ploit was  to  fall  recklessly  upon  a  small  party  of  friendly  natives 
whom  they  chanced  to  meet,  who  were  the  allies  of  the  Eng- 
lish. They  pursued  them  hotly,  and  all  but  two  or  three  were 
killed,  or  wounded  and  captured.  Among  the  slain  there  was  a 
noted  chief,  who,  from  the  loss  of  an  eye,  was  called  Blind 
Will.  He  was  grievously  wounded,  and  crept  away  into  the 
woods,  where  he  perished  miserably.^ 

The  news  of  the  arrival  of  the  Mohawks,  as  the  hireling  sol- 
diers of  the  English,  spread  rapidly  through  the  tribes  in  Maine, 
and  roused  them  to  the  highest  pitch  of  exasperation.  Imme- 
diate and  vigorous  measures  were  adopted  by  them  to  attack 
York,  Wells,  and  the  garrison  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec. 
Indeed,  nearly  all  the  other  important  points  in  Maine  had 
already  been  laid  desolate. 

»  "  The  <leath  of  Blind  Will  was  tlie  less  lamented  because  of  his  supposed  du- 
plu-lty,  thouR],  his  general  conduct  had  always  been  in  consisten.'y  ^vith  'lis  pro- 
fessi.ms  In  any  point  of  view  the  event  was  unfortunate,  as  the  'introduction  of 
the  Alohawks  to  our  assistance  was  altogether  iuipolitic."-  WilUanuon,  vol.  i  p. 
"l  71  «!«o  Triunbull's  History  „f  Connectic.t,  vol.  i.  p.  320;  Hubbard's  His- 
tory  of  New  England,  p.  030;  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indian.s,  book  iii.  p  130 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


203 


A  party  of  English,  from  the  garrison,  visited  Arrowsic. 
The  Indians  fired  upon  them  from  ambush,  and  shot  down  nine 
upon  the  spot.  Three  or  four  only  succeeded  in  recovering 
their  boat  and  escaping.  This  so  disheartened  and  alarmed  the 
survivors,  that  the  post  was  abandoned,  and  the  men  were  sent 
to  otlier  points. 

Savage  bands,  breathing  threatening  and  slaughter,  now 
pressed  down  from  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  of  the 
Province,  where  they  had  no  foes  to  encounter,  to  ravage  the 
few  trembling  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Piscataqua. 
Seven  men  were  at  work  in  a  field  at  York.  The  prowling 
savages  shot  them  all  down. 

Wells  seemed  doomed  to  utter  destruction.  The  savages 
were  as  stealthy  in  their  movements  as  the  wolf  in  his  midnight 
prowlings.  No  man  could  leave  his  cabin  door  in  the  morning, 
or  go  a  few  rods  from  his  house  into  the  field,  without  the 
apprehension  that  a  savage  might  be  concealed  behind  every 
rock,  stump,  or  tree.  The  cattle  were  sure  to,  be  shot  by  an 
invisible  foe  unless  carefully  housed. 

On  the  14th  of  April,  a  band  of  Indians,  led  by  the  cele- 
brated sagamore  Simon,  crossed  the  Piscataqua  River  to  the 
Portsmouth  side.  They  burned  a  house,  and  took  a  mother, 
with  an  infant  child,  and  a  young  girl,  captives.  There  was  an 
aged  woman  in  the  family.  Simon  said  that  she  should  not  be 
harmed,  because  in  former  years  she  had  been  kind  to  his  grand- 
mother. He  also  gave  the  infant  child  to  her  to  tend.  It  is 
difficult  to  reconcile  the  contradictory  reports  about  this  strange 
man.  Sometimes  he  is  represented  as  a  demon;  and  again  he 
develops  traits  of  character  remarkably  humane.  He  was  one 
of  the  "  praying  Indians,"  so  called,  and  seems  certauily  to 
have  known  the  better  way  if  he  did  not  always  follow  it.^ 

1  It  is  said  tliat  on  one  occasion  Simon  sat  witli  an  Engliali  justice  to  decide 
npon  a  criminal  case.  Several  women,  Simon's  wife  among  the  rest,  had  com- 
mitted some  offence.  Jmlge  Almy  thought  that  tliey  should  be  punished  with 
eight  or  ten  stripes  each. 

"No,"  said  Simon,  "four  or  live  are  enough.  Poor  Indians  are  ignorant.  It 
la  not  Christian  to  punish  as  severely  those  who  are  ignorant  as  those  who  have 
knowledge." 

This  judgment  prevailed.  But  then  Judge  Ahny  inquired,  "  How  many  stripes 
shall  your  wife  receive?  "    Simon  promptly  replied,  "Double,  because  she  had 


204 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAII^E. 


On  the  IGtli  of  May  the  Indians  attacked  with  great  boldness 
the  garrison  at  Bhick  Point.  Lieut.  Tappan  defended  it.  For 
three  days  there  was  almost  a  constant  battle.  Three  of  the 
English  were  shot.  One  wac  captured,  and  was  put  to  death 
with  horrible  torments. 

In  this  conflict  the  chieftain  Mugg  was  struck  by  a  bullet, 
and  fell  dead.  This  so  disheartened  the  assailants  that  they 
retired.  They  left,  by  water,  in  two  bands.  One  fleet  of  eleven 
canoes  paddled  to  the  eastward.  The  other  band,  in  five  canoes, 
proceeded  towards  York  and  Wells,  killing  and  burning  as  they 
had  opportunity.* 

A  new  force  was  raised,  by  the  General  Court,  of  two  hundred 
Natick  Indians  and  ninety  white  men,  consisting  principally  of 
tliose  whom  the  Indians  had  driven  from  Maine.  Capt.  Ben- 
jamin Swett  and  Lieut.  Richardson,  two  very  brave  and  very 
imprudent  men,  were  placed  in  command.  They  reached  the 
fort  at  Black  Point  in  high  s*pirits,  on  the  28th  of  June.  The 
shrewd  savages,  who,  in  large  numbers,  were  hovering  around, 
began  as  usual  to  prepare  their  ambuscade.  Tl»e  English  offi- 
cers, as  usual,  commenced  their  march  into  it. 

The  Indians  sentr  out  their  decoy.  The  ninety  white  men 
rushed  out  upon  them.  The  Indians  feigned  a  retreat.  Their 
victims  followed.  With  pell-mell  inconsiderateness,  the  English 
pursued  their  foes  till  they  were  entirely  in  the  trap.  There 
was  a  dense  forest  on  one  side,  a  swamp,  covered  with  an  im- 
penetrable thicket,  on  the  other.  Both  sides  were  filled  with 
Indian  warriors,  laughing  at  the  folly  of  the  white  men.  There 
was  a  volley  of  musketry  from  an  invisible  foe,  followed  by  a 

knowledge  to  have  done  better."  JiulRe  Ahny,  out  of  regard  to  Simon,  remitted 
his  wife's  punishment  entirely,  Simon  seemed  much  disturljed;  but  at  the  time 
he  made  no  reply.  Soon  afterwards,  however,  lie  remonstrated  very  severely 
against  the  decision  of  the  judge. 

"To  what  purpose,''  said  he,  "do  we  preach  a  religion  of  justice,  if  we  do 
unrighteousness  in  judgment?  "  —  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  i.  p.  22. 

This  anecdote  may  bo  apocryphal;  but,  if  fabricated,  it  shows  the  reputation 
he  enjoyed  as  a  man  of  discretion.  It  is  said  that  this  event  took  place  when 
Simon  was  an  aged  man,  and  when,  by  the  power  of  Christianity,  his  character 
may  have  been  greatly  changed. 

1  "Mugg  had  alternately  brightened  and  shaded  his  own  character  until  the 
most  skilful  pencil  would  find  it  difficult  to  draw  its  just  portrait.  His  iddres.<» 
was  inspiring,  and  his  natural  good  sense  and  sagacity  partially  iuclined  bun  to 
be  an  advocate  for  peace."—  Williamon,  vol.  i.  n.  630. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


205 


continuous,  rapid  diseliurge.  Tlie  dead  and  the  wounded  were 
dropping  in  all  directions.  Lieut.  Ricliardson  was  one  of  the 
first  shot  down. 

It  was  an  awfid  scene  of  tumult  and  slaughter.  The  hideous 
yells  of  the  Indians  almost  drowned  the  rattle  of  musketry. 
Capt.  Swett,  as  brave  as  he  was  reckless,  fought  like  a  lion. 
Slowly  he  commenced  a  retreat  of  two  miles,  endeavoring  to 
carry  his  wounded  with  him.  The  savages,  flushed  with  their 
victory,  hung  upon  his  rear,  manifesting  even  more  than  their 
ordinary  ferocity.  In  their  outnumbering  strength  they  so 
crowded  the  fugitives  that  there  were  frequent  hand-to-hand 
fights.  In  this  terrible  retreat  Capt.  Swett  received  twenty 
wounds.  At  length,  when  exhausted  by  fatigue  and  the  loss 
of  blood,  he  was  seized  by  a  burly  savage,  hurled  to  the  ground, 
and  was  literally  hewn  in  pieces  by  the  tomahawk.  Sixty  of 
his  men  perished  in  this  terrible  disaster.  It  sent  lifelong  woes 
to  many  families,  whose  cup  of  misery  seemed  already  full  to 
the  brim.  Capt.  Swett  had  won  universal  respect  by  his  bravery 
and  his  many  virtues.     His  death  was  deeply  lamented.^ 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  responsibility  of  this  war 
rests  mainly  with  the  white  men.  The  Indians  desired  peace  ; 
but,  when  goaded  to  war  by  intolerable  wrongs,  they  conducted 
the  conflict  in  accordance  with  the  dictates  of  their  own  savage 
natures.     Mr.  Bourne  very  truthfully  says, — 

"  Tlie  wickedness  of  man  was  about  to  bring  its  deadly  influences  to  the 
ruin  of  the  peace  and  progress  of  the  settlement.  King  Philip,  believing 
himself  wronged  in  his  intercourse  with  the  white  man,  and  ruminating  on 
the  cruel  kidnappings  of  his  brothers  and  the  English  usurpation  of  his 
domains,  determined  to  destroy  the  cruel  intruders.  His  intellectual  power 
was  far  in  advance  of  the  generality  of  the  sachems.  He  claimed  to  have 
free  communication  with  the  Great  Spirit,  and  to  derive  from  this  inter- 
course, instructions  as  to  his  manner  of  life;  and  he  told  the  tribe  that  the 
white  men  were  bent  on  driving  them  from  their  possessions,  and  called 
upon  them,  as  with  the  voice  of  the  great  Father,  to  destroy  them  from  off 
the  land.  "2 


1  "  There  were  slain  at  this  time  somewliat  above  forty  of  tlie  English  and 
twelve  of  the  fri(;mlly  Indians  that  assisted;  very  few  escaping,  but  were  eitlier 
killed  riglit  out  or  i\a,n\iiinmi^\y  \\onm\eA.''  —  Huhhard's  Ilistory  of  New  England, 
p.  fi:i4.  See  also  Belknap's  History  of  New  H:v;iipe.liirc,  vol,  i,  p.  128;  Collections 
of  INIassachiisetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  vi.  p.  2()3. 

2  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  by  Edward  E.  Bourne,  LL.D.,  p.  138. 


s 

^ 

'^ 

1  ji    ^ 

"Ttjf 

'•  •! 

4..., 

CHAPTER  Xir. 

WARS  AND  WOES   CONTINUED. 

Ravages  of  the,  Indians -The  Naval  Expedition -Peace  proclaimed  -  Losses 
by  the  War-  The  Purchase  of  Maine  by  Massachusetts  -  The  Regime  of  Mr 
Danforth- North  Yarmouth  incorporated -Baptist  Church  established - 
Menaces  of  War  -  Employment  of  the  Mohawks  -  Sir  Edmund  Andros- 
ThomasDunatan- Tyrannical  Acts -Attack  upon  Baron  Castine™War 
renewed -Fate  of  Waldron  -  Expeditions  to  Quebec  and  Montreal. 

rpHE  savages  were  now  sweeping  all  opposition  before  them. 

-L  They  ravaged  the  coast  from  Casco  Bay  to  Wells.  Prowl- 
ing into  the  harbors  by  night,  tliey  seized  twenfv  fishing  vessels. 
Most  of  tliese  were  from  Massachusetts.  Each  of  these  vessels 
had  on  board  four  or  five  men  and  boys.  Taken  by  surprise  at 
midnight,  as  a  dozen  Indian  warriors  leaped  from  their  canoes 
upon  the  deck,  they  could  make  no  resistance. 

Immediately  a  vessel  of  war  was  despatched,  manned  with 
forty  seamen,  to  pursue  and  capture  the  foe.  Tliis  was  indeed 
like  chasing  a  flea  upon  the  mountains.  They  recovered  most 
of  the  fishing  vessels,  which  the  savages  had  abandoned  with- 
out burning  them  ; »  but  not  a  solitary  Indian  was  anywhere  to 
be  found.  It  was  feared  that  the  French  would  take  advantage 
of  these  calamities  to  extend  tlieir  sway  to  the  Kennebec.  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  sent  a  military  force  from  New  York  to 
Pemaquid,  to  take  possession  of  the  country,  and  erect  a  fort. 
He  was  quite  successful  in  securing  the  confidence  of  the  natives 
in  the  immediate  region   around,  and  a  beneficial  traffic  was 

»"  The  Indians,  finding  their  inability  to  manage  sucli  kind  of  vessels  nnich 

too  heavy  for  them  to  wiel.l  ^vith  paddles,  grew  soon  weary  of  that  sport,  and 

were  pretty  wdling  to  ret;irn  the  vessels  to  the  En.-lisil.   .nft^r  ti.«-  ]vv]  -M'.a-rel 

out  of  them  what  was  for  their  turn."  -  IlabbaydS  Ui.tory  of  Mw  Enrjland,  p.  G35. 

206 


THE  BIHTORY  OF  MAINE. 


907 


introduced.  They  brought  in  fifteen  captives,  and  surrendered 
several  vessels  which  they  had  taken.  Thus  pleasantly,  in  fra- 
ternal intercourse,  the  autumn  and  winter  passed  away  at 
Pemaquid.  Other  tribes  heard  of  these  blessings  of  peace,  and 
desired  to  share  in  them.  Three  English  commissioners  met 
Squando,  and  the  sagamores  of  the  Kennebec  and  the  Andros- 
coggin tribes,  on  the  12th  of  August,  1G78,  at  Casco.» 

Tlie  articles  of  peace  were  few  and  simple.  All  hostilities 
were  to  cease.  Every  English  family  was  to  pay  one  peck  of 
corn  annually,  as  a  quit-roi.*-.  for  tlie  land  they  hail  gained  from 
the  Indians.  Major  Phillips  of  Saco,  who  had  very  extensive 
possessions,  was  to  give  one  bushel  each  year.  All  captives  on 
each  side  wure  to  be  surrendered  without  ransom.  Some  of 
the  English  regarded  these  conditions  as  humiliating  to  them  ; 
but  all  considered  them  as  preferable  to  the  continuance  of  the 
warfare  w'  "eh  v.-as  desolating  the  colonies.  King  Philip's  war 
was  thus,  e  l^-g,  brought  to  a  close  in  Massachusetts  as  well 
as  Maine,  ic  was  generally  admitted  that  the  sagamores  were 
not  unjust  in  their  demands. 

The  Indians  had  certainly  a  possessory  right  to  the  country 
which  the  English  had  invaded.  Large  tracts  of  territory  had 
been  obtained  from  them  by  purchases  of  very  questionable 
legality.  In  many  cases  there  was  no  question  as  to  the  fraud 
by  which  the  English  title-deed  had  been  gained.  In  the  war, 
the  success  of  the  Indians  in  Maine  had  been  so  remarkable 
as  to  warrant  them  in  assuming  the  tone  of  ^victors.  Under 
these  circumstances  their  exactions  were  by  many  deemed  raod- 
erate.2 

The  losses  sustained  during  the  war,  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Maine,  were  enormous.  Two  hundred  and  sixty  were  killed,  or 
carried  into  captivity  from  which  they  never  returned.  There 
were,  undoubtedly,  many  others  who  thus  perished,  of  whom  no 
record  was  made.  The  numbers  severe!  •  wounded  have  never 
been  counted.  The  settlements  at  Cape  Neddock,  Scarbor- 
ough, Casco,  Arrowsic,  and  Pemaquid,  were  laid  in  as'  Jne 


1  Neal's  History  of  New  England,  p.  407.    See  also  History  oi  . 
shire,  by  Jeremy  Belknap,  vol.  i.  p.  12U. 
*  WillianisoH,  vol.  i.  p.  503, 


onp- 


208 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


m 


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if 

Mi 

i 

'■  -•     Hi 

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ij 

pRf 

^ 

IMKi 

ill! 

p< 

Hi  1 

1 

hundretl  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children,  were  taken  captive, 
who,  after  mouths  of  often  terrible  sufFerinjjs,  were  liiuilly 
restored  to  their  friends.  It  is  estimated,  that,  in  the  several 
colonies,  six  hundred  men  we^-e  killed,  twelve  hundred  houses 
burned,  eij^ht  thousand  cattle  destroyed,  and  seven  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars  expended  in  military  operations. 
The  immense  losses  by  the  ravages  of  tho  war  cannot  bo  cal- 
culated.' 

The  purchase  of  Maine  by  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts 
greatly  annoyed  the  tyrannical  king  of  England.  The  dissolute 
monarch  was  intending  to  make  a  transfer  of  the  territory  of 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  to  his  son  the  Duke  of  Monmouth, 
who  was  not  of  lerritimate  birth,  lie  wrote  angrilv  to  the 
Colonial  Government,  — 

"  We  wero  much  surpnaod,  while'  listening  to  tlio  complaints  of  Mr. 
Gorges,  tliat  you  should  presume,  without  asking  our  royal  perniissiou,  to 
purchase  his  interest  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  acquainted,  as  you  know  we 
are,  with  some  of  the  effects  of  the  severe  hand  you  have  holden  over  our 
subjects  there."  * 

The  Province  of  Maine,  purchased  by  Massachusetts,  was 
supposed  ti  contain  about  nine  thousand  six  hundred  square 
miles.  Its  measurement  was  eighty  by  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles.3  The  question  as  to  the  government  of  the  Province 
was  involved  in  many  difficulties.  Civil  power,  it  was  said, 
could  not  be  bought  and  sold  ;  and  a  public  functionary  could 
not  delegate  authority  which  he  had  received  from  the  king. 

It  was  finally  decided  to  frame  a  civil  code  in  conformity 
with  the  royal  charter  granted  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges.  A 
president  was  to  be  chosen  annually.  There  was  to  be  a  legis- 
lature consisting  of  two  branches.  The  upper  house  was  irt 
consist  of  the  president's  council,  of  eight  members.  Tiie  lower 
house  was  to  be  composed  of  representatives  chosen  by  the 
towns.     The  legislative  body  was  to  meet  once  a  year. 

1  Records  of  Massachusetts  Goverinnent,  vol.  4,  pp.  147-359.  See  also,  Hutch- 
inson's Colkv^'inn  :^f  State  Papers,  p.  4!>3. 

2  Iilein,  p.  ;.vi. 

8  Suminn  :  ....  .'iritish  Settlements  in  North  America,  by  "William  Douglass, 
voL  i,  p.  38^*. 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


209 


Mr.  Thomns  Danforth  of  Cambridge,  deputy  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  appointed  president,  llo  was  a  gentleman 
of  accomplished  ed  "cation  and  great  moral  worth.  An  English- 
man by  birth,  he  iiad  in  early  life  come  to  this  country"  and 
had  filled  many  offices  of  influence  and  honor.  IIo  was  a  firm 
republican  in  his  principles,  and  was  ever  ready  to  resist  the  en- 
croachments of  arbitrary  power.' 

Pres.  Danforth  found  many  difficulties  to  be  encountered. 
There  were,  in  Maine,  many  staunch  royalists  ;  and  all  such 
were  warm  advocates  of  the  ecclesiastical  polity  of  the  Church 
of  England.  These  people  were  very  unwilling  to  become  the 
subjects  of  republican  Massachusetts  ;  and  bitter  wore  the  com- 
plaints which  they  were  continually  sending  to  the  crown.  The 
king  threatened  even  to  reclaim  the  Province.  He  wrote  to  the 
General  Court,  — 

"  It  is  marvellous  that  you  should  exclude  from  office,  gentlemen  of  good 
hves  and  estates,  merely  because  they  do  not  agree  with  you  in  the  com,re- 
gahonal  way;  especially  since  liberty  of  conscience  was  the  principal  motive 
of  your  first  emigration.  Nor  is  this  the  only  thing  to  be  noticed.  The 
title-deeds  of  Maine,  we  expect,  will  be  surrendered  to  the  crown,  on  the 
advancement  of  the  purchase  money  and  interest. "« 

An  active  and  implacable  minority  may  raise  outcries  which  it 
is  very  difficult  even  for  a  large  majority  to  silence.  Agents 
were  sent  over  from  England  to  spy  out  defects,  and  to  manu- 
facture ccnplaints.  One  Edward  Randolph  was  despatched 
upon  this  mission,  as  searcher  ;  and  he  was  particularly  active  iu 
the  service.  He  hunted  up  all  individual  outrages,  exaggerated 
them,  and  ascribed  them  all  to  criminality  of  the  government. 
These  malignant  aspersions  were  scattered  broadcast  throughout 
England.  In  response,  the  General  Court  with  dignitv  re- 
plied, — 

''  Our  lives  and  our  treasures  have  besn  unsparingly  sacrificed  to  rescue 
Maine  from  the  utter  ruin  attempted  by  a  barbarous  and  bloody  enemy; 

1  Riograpliieal  Dictionary  of  Rev.  Dr.  Allan,  article  Danforth,  Thomas. 

2  Thin  important  letter  is  given  entire  iu  Hutchhison's  Collection  of  Stata 
Papers,  pp.  51<J-522. 

Hutcliinson  says  that  the  price  paid  was  t«elvo  hundred  pounds.    The  York 
Reconls  represent  it  as  twelve  huudrcu  and  fifty  pounds. 
14 


210 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


liii 


sacrifices  for  which  wo  havo  never  received  nor  requested  of  the  provincials 
tho  least  renuuieration.  We  have,  from  many  of  tlicm,  tlio  full(;st  assur- 
ances of  their  past  satisfaction  witli  our  course,  and  of  tlieir  desire  still  to  bo 
connected  witli  us,  and  t'hcir  unwillingness  to  hazanl  a  change.  And  as  wo, 
without  tho  least  shailow  of  disloyalty,  obtained  title  to  thi;  rrovinco  a 
twelvemonth  after  his  majesty  hatl  decided  it  to  bo  in  (Jorges,  it  is  our  duty 
to  favor  tho  inhabitants,  and  provide  them  with  a  frco  systematic  admin- 
istration."* 

Upon  the  southerly  shore  of  Casco  Neck,  there  was  a  fortress 
called  Fort  Loyal.  It  was  situated  near  the  end  of  what  has 
since  been  called  King's  Street.  It  had  a  small  garrison,  uu''  t 
command  of  Capt.  Edward  Tyng,^  and  was  well  provided  with 
tho  munitions  of  war.  In  August,  1G80,  Pres.  Danforth,  with 
Mr.  Samuel  Nowel^  and  Mr.  Nathaniel  Saltonstall,  as  assistants, 
accompanied  by  sixty  soldiers,  sailed  for  Fort  Loyal.* 

On  the  2i!d  of  September,  the  township  of  North  Yarmouth 
was  established.  It  took  its  name,  probably,  from  Yarmouth, 
England.  Its  boundaries  then  embraced  Fieeport,  Pownal, 
and  Cumberland.  This  was  the  eighth  town  established,  if  we 
except  Appledore,  wiiich  embraced  the  Isle  of  Shoals,  and 
which  was  incorporated  in  IGGl,  but  which  did  not  long  retain 
its  name.  The  history  of  Yarmouth  is  one  of  rather  peculiar 
interest.  There  is  a  small  stream  here  called  Royall  or  VVeste- 
custego  River,  about  fifteen  miles  in  lengtli,  taking  its  rise  in 
New  Gloucester.  It  has  a  good  harbor  at  its  mouth,  where  tho 
ancient  settlements  were  commenced.  William  Royall  came 
over  in  1630,  and  purchased  this  region  of  Gorges  in  1G48.  In 
1658  he  settled  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  and  erected  a 
fort ;  but  in  the  year  1676  the  Indians  laid  all  things  waste. 
In  1680  the  settlement  was  revived. 

In  June,  1681,  Pres.  Danforth  and  his  council  met  in  general 
assembly.  It  is  not  now  known  how  many  representatives  were 
sent  from  the  towns.     Four  years  after,  there  were  twelve  rep- 

1  Records  of  Massachusetts  Government,  vol.  iv.  p.  469. 

2  Williaiuson,  vol.  i.  p.  503. 

*  Eev.  Samuel  Nowel  had  been  a  Christian  minister.  Ho  was  a  man  of  supe- 
rior niiiul  and  attainiuents,  was  universall.T'  respected  for  his  virtues,  and  was 
ardently  de^■ofed  to  republican  principles  of  government  —  Hutchinson's  Collec- 
t'on^,  vol.  i.  p.  538. 

'  Sullivan,  p.  182;  Williamson,  p.  401. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


211 


resentatives.  Among  otlier  very  judicious  laws  which  were 
enacted,  one  imposed  a  fine  of  twenty  shillings  for  every  pint  of 
intoxicating  drink  any  one  should  sell  to  the  Indians. 

It  seems  probable  that  the  Episcopal  denomination  was  then 
the  leading  one  in  the  State.  In  the  year  1681  the  Baptists 
first  commenced  operations.  Several  were  l)aptized  by  immer- 
sion, in  Kittery,  and  Rev.  William  Screven  became  their  reli- 
gious teacher.  He  was  born  in  England  in  1629,  and  in  early 
life  emigrated  to  this  country.  He  appears  to  have  been  truly 
a  good  man,  of  accomplished  scholarship,  and  endowed  with 
unusual  powers  of  eloquence. 

His  preaching  was  successful,  and  converts  were  multiplied. 
The  attention  of  the  magistrates  was  -rested.  Mr.  Screven 
was  summoned  before  them,  charged  with  preaching  withoit 
governmental  authorization.  He  was  fined  ten  pounds,  and 
ordered  no  more  to  hold  any  religious  service.  His  refusal  to 
obey  was  deemed  contempt  of  his  Majesty's  authority.  It  was 
therefore  ordered,  that  — 

"Mr.  Screven,  in  future,  forbear  from  his  turbulent  and  contentious 
practices,  give  bonds  for  his  good  behavior,  and  stand  committed  until  the 
judgment  of  the  court  bo  complied  with." 


It  is  humiliating  to  record  such  intolerance  on  the  part  of 
our  forefathers ;  but  it  should  be  remembered  that  it  was  the 
intolerance  of  the  age,  rather  than  of  the  individuals.  Notwith- 
standing this  persecution,  a  church  of  eight  members  was 
organized,  and  in  September  of  1682  they  emigrated  to  Cooper 
River  in  South  Carolina.  It  is  pleasant  to  state,  that,  so  far 
as  is  known,  no  other  instance  of  religious  intolerance  has  ever 
been  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  government  of  Maine.^ 

Prosperity  was  rapidly  reviving  throughout  the  Province. 
Scarborough  had  risen  from  its  ashes,  so  that  it  contained  fifty- 
six  ratable  polls,  many  well-cultivated  fields,  and  eighty  cows. 
A  tax  was  assessed,  by  the  General  Assembly,  of  two  shillings 
on  every  one  hundred  acres  of  woodland,  provided  they  were 
beyond  the  limits  of  any  corporate  town.     It  is  said  that  thus 

1  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  C70. 


212 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


nil 


originated  the  custom  of  taxing  unimproved  lands  at  a  lower 
rate  than  other  property.  It  is  estimated  that  the  population  of 
the  Province  in  1682  amounted  to  between  six  and  seven 
thousand.     New  Hampshire  contained  about  four  th'^usand.^ 

On  the  16th  of  February,  1685,  the  infamous  king  of  England, 
Charles  II.,  died.  His  brother  succeeded  him,  as  James  II. 
A  little  before  this,  a  very  important  purchase  was  made  of  the 
Indians,  which  was  called  the  Pejepscot  Purchase.  By  this 
transaction  Wavumbee  and  five  other  sagamores  conveyed  to 
Richard  Wharton  a  territory,  as  was  supposed,  containing 
about  five  hundred  thousand  acres,  embracing  not  only  the 
present  towns  of  Brunswick,  Topshara,  and  Ilarpswell,  but  ex- 
tending east  to  the  Kennebec  River.  The  boundaries  were, 
iiowever,  so  indefinite,  as  to  cause  subsequently  much  litiga- 
tion.'* 

Under  Pres.  Danforth,  the  legislative  body  had  annual  meet- 
ings ;  and,  for  six  years,  the  government  was  administered  to 
the  general  acceptance  of  the  inhabitants.  A  pretty  strong 
garrison  was  maintained  at  Fort  Loyal.  Much  attention  was 
paid  to  securing  to  proprietors  a  legal  title  to  their  lands. 
Fort  Loyal  became  the  jail  for  Saco,  Scarborough,  Falmouth, 
and  North  Yarmouth. 

In  the  spring  of  1685,  the  Indians  of  Maine  were  thrown  into 
a  terrible  panic  by  the  rumor  that  the  English  were  preparing 
to  send  an  army  of  ferocious  Mohawks  for  their  utter  extermi- 
nation. The  terror  was  profound  and  universal.  The  saga- 
more of  the  Penacook  tribe  wrote  imploringly  to  the  governor 
of  New  Hampshire,  saying,  — 

"  If  you  will  not  let  the  Mohawks  corae  and  kill  us,  we  will  be  submissive 
to  your  worship  forever. ' ' 

1  Political  Annals  of  the  United  Colonies,  by  George  Clialniers,  p.  404. 

2  Wharton  was  a  Boston  merchant.  He  afflrnieil  tliat  tlie  line  extended  from 
the  Upper  Falls  of  the  Androscoggin,  which  ho  declared  to  be  Lewiston  Falls, 
entirely  across  the  conntry,  in  a  north-east  line,  to  the  Kennebec;  and  that  it  in- 
cluded all  land  between  the  two  rivers,  as  far  south  as  Jlerrynieeting  Hay,  On  the 
west  it  embraced  territory  four  miles  wide  down  to  ^Maijuoit.  It  also  included  the 
land  on  the  west  side  of  the  Kennebec,  sonth  of  Merrymeeting  Bay,  down  to 
Cape  Small  I'oint;  and  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sagadahoc,  to  the  ocean,  in- 
cluding AiTowsic,  and  several  other  islands.  — Summary  of  British  Settlements  in 
North  America,  vol.  i.  p.  230. 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


218 


Suspicion  led  to  animosity  on  both  sides,  and  to  various  un- 
friendly acts.  Even  the  panic-stricken  flight  of  the  Indians 
was  deemed  an  indication  that  they  were  preparing  for  another 
war.  Capt.  Hook  of  Kittery  wrote  to  Capt.  Barefoot  of  Ports- 
mouth, under  date  of  the  13th  of  August,  1685,  saying,  — 

"  From  information  received  by  a  foot-post;  there  are  just  grounds  for 
apprehending  some  designs  of  the  heathen  against  us.  '  Tliey  have,'  he 
says,  '  lately  been  guilty  of  affronts  in  the  vicinity  of  Saco,  threatening  the 
people,  and  killing  their  dogs;  and,  within  tho  last  three  days,  they  have 
gathered  up  all  their  corn,  and  moved  off,  bag  and  baggage.'  " 

A  council  was  held,  which  was  promptly  attended  by  the 
sagamores,  who  declared  that  they  had  no  desire  for  war,  and 
wished  only  for  the  continuance  of  peace. 

The  sagamore  of  Penacook,  Kankamagus  by  name,  usually 
called  John  Hawkins,  or  Hoykins,  was  present.  He  had  written 
the  letter  to  Gov.  Cranfield  of  New  Hampshire,  to  which  we 
have  above  referred  ;  and  it  was  signed  by  fourteen  of  his  princi- 
pal men.  He  lived  upon  the  Androscoggin,  with  another  dis- 
tinguished chief  >iy  the  name  of  VVorombo,^  or  Worombos. 

The  chiefs  of  four  tribes  were  present  at  the  council.  Tliey 
not  only  manifested  no  antagonistic  spirit,  but  seemed  ready  to 
assent  to  any  terms  which  the  English  might  dictate.  They 
even  yielded  to  the  following  extraordinary  demand,  that  — 

"  Whenever  the  Indians  shall  remove  with  their  wives  and  children,  with- 
out giving  timely  notice  to  the  English,  they  may  be  apprehended,  or  war 
may  be  made  upon  them  till  the  sagamores  shall  render  satisfa^cion."  2 

1  "  Kankamagus  was  a  faithful  man  as  long  as  he  could  depend  upon  the 
English  for  protet;tion.  But  when  Gov.  Cranliekl  of  New  Hauip.sliire  used  liis 
endeavors  to  bring  down  the  Moliawks  to  destroy  the  eastern  Indians,  in  1084, 
who  were  constantly  stirred  up  by  the  French  to  commit  depredations  upon  the 
English,  Kankamagus,  knowing  the  Mohawks  made  uo  distinction  where  they 
came,  fled,  and  joined  the  Audroscoggius.  Before  he  fled  Ids  country,  he  addressed 
several  letters  to  the  governor,  which  discover  liis  fidelity  as  well  as  liis  fears, 
and  from  which  there  is  uo  doubt  that  he  would  always  gladly  have  lived  in  liLs 
own  country,  and  on  the  most  intimate  and  friendly  terms  with  the  English,— to 
whom  ho  had  become  attached,  and  had  adopted  much  of  their  manuer,'  and 
could  read  and  write,  —  but  for  the  reasons  just  stated."  — Dra/te's  Book  'of  the 
Indians,  book  iii.  p.  10(5. 

2  History  of  New  Hampslure.  By  Jeremy  Belknap,  vol.  i.  p.  18G.  See,  also, 
Hutchi.jsou's  History,  vol.  i.  p,  ,110. 


214 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


.  .  ! 


Affairs  in  Massachusetts  were  in  rather  a  chaotic  condition. 
The  king  had  annulled  the  Colonial  Charter,  had  put  an  end  to 
the  General  Coui^,  and  had  appointed  Joseph  Dudley  president 
of  Massachusetts,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island. 
Dudley  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  a  man  of  superior 
abilities,  and  of  boundless  ambition. 

After  a  brief  but  unpopular  administration  of  but  about  five 
months,  he  was  superseded  by  Sir  Edmund  Andros.  The  local 
government  in  Maine  now  ceased,  and  was  not  resumed  until 
1820,  when  Maine  was  finally  separated  from  Massachusetts.* 

Andros,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  been  the  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  Duke  of  York,  now  James  11.,  over  the  colonies  at 
the  mouths  of  the  Manhattan  and  the  Sagadahoc  Rivers.  He 
was  the  fitting  servant  of  his  master,  imperious  and  tyrannical. 
He  turned  his  special  attention  to  his  Sagadahoc  province. 
He  took  formal  possession  of  the  country,  and  made  preparations 
to  defend  it  against  ?»ny  enehiy,  whether  Indians,  French,  or 
Dutch.  Nothing  of  especial  interest  marked  his  administration. 
He  was  arrogant  and  tyrannical,  and  was  very  unpopular. 

In  1683  Andros  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Thomas  Dungan. 
He  was  a  much  better  man,  and  cherished  far  more  elevated 
views  of  human  rights,  and  still  he  was  at  a  very  considerable 
remove  from  the  Massachusett's  principles  of  republican  equality. 
In  New  York  he  convoked  a  legislative  assembly;  but,  at  Sag- 
adahoc, he  appointed  two  commissioners,  John  Palmer  and 
John  West,  whom  he  invested  with  plenary  powers. 

In  1686  they  repaired  to  Peraaquid.  Many  of  the  inhabitants, 
who  had  been  driven  from  their  homes  by  the  horrors  of  the 
war,  had  returned.  The  region  was  at  that  time  called  the 
County  of  Cornwall.  The  commissioners  proved  to  be  despotic 
men,  "  arbitrary  as  the  Grand  Turk."  ^  They  contrived,  in  vari- 
ous ways,  to  extort  enormous  taxes  from  the  impoverished  and 
war-stricken  people.  They  took  especial  care  of  themselves 
and  friends,  appropriating  from  six  to  ten  thousand  acres  of 
land   to   each.3    It  is   enough  to  make  one's  blood   boil  with 

»  History  of  PorJand.    Bj'  William  Willis,  p.  258. 
2  Mather's  Magualia,  vol.  ii.  p.  510. 
8  Hutcliinson's  Collection,  p.  647. 


TUB  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


215 


indignation  to  contemplate  the  leaseholds  they  forced  from  the 
people,  and  the  rents  they  imposed  upon  them  for  the  occupa- 
tion of  their  own  homesteads.  Thus  they  wrested  from  these 
settlers  nearly  three  thousand  dollars  a  year. 

Mr.  Sullivan  gives  us  a  copy  of  one  of  these  leaseholds,  in- 
flicted upon  poor  John  Bailing  of  Monhegan,  who  had  returned 
penniless  to  his  burnt  cabin  and  wild  lands.  It  is  drawn  up  with 
much  legal  formality,  in  the  name  of  "  Our  most  gracious  sove- 
reign lord,  James  II.,  by  the  grace  of  God  King  of  England, 
Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland."  After  a  ludicrously  detailed 
account  of  the  premises,  John  Balling  is  authoiized  to  plant 
Lis  corn  there,  upon  condition  of  — 

"Yielding  and  paying  therefor  yearly,  and  every  year,  unto  our  sove- 
mgn  lord  the  king,  his  heirs  or  successors,  or  to  such  governor  or  other 
officer  as  from  time  to  time  shall  be  by  him  or  them  api^ointed  to  receive  the 
same,  on  every  twenty-fifth  day  of  March  forever,  as  a  quit  rent,  or  acknowl- 
edgment for  the  said  land,  one  bushel  of  merchantable  wheat,  or  the  value 
thereof  in  money. ' '  i 

Dungan  claimed  the  country  as  far  east  as  the  River  St.  Croix.a 
A  shipmaster  from  Pisoataqua,  not  aware  of  this  claim,  and 
supposing  that  tho  region  beyond  the  Penobscot  belontred  to 
the  French,  sent  a  cargo  of  wines  there.  As  they  were  knded, 
without  having  paid  duties  at  Pemaquid,  Palmer  and  West 
seized  and  confiscated  the  cargo.  This  roused,  not  only  the 
indignation  of  the  French,  but  that,  also,  of  the  Massachusetts 
people.     The  clamor  rose  so  loud,  that  the  wines  were  restored. 

Dungan's  administration  lasted  five  years.  He  influenced 
several  Dutch  families  to  emigrate  to  the  Sagadahoc.  In  1688 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  captain-general  and  vice- 
admiral  of  New  England,  New  York,  and  the  Jerseys.  He 
formed  a  council  of  twenty-five  members,  five  of  whom  consti- 
tuted a  quorum.  All  legislative,  judicial,  and  executive  func- 
tions were  blended  in  this  department.  There  were  no  consti- 
tutional limits.  The  governor  and  his  council  did  as  they 
pleased.^ 

1  Sullivan's  History  of  Maine,  p.  1G3.        2  Hutdiinson's  Collections,  p.  548 
But  a  few  iiioutlm  before,  he  had  been  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts 
Connecticut,  New  Hajupsliire,  Maine.  Plymontl,,  Pema-iiiid.  ."nd  Np.rr.ipan^ett  or 
Bhode  Island." -6'«mmar2/  of  British  Settlements  in  North  America,  by  William 
Douglass,  p.  374. 


216 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  governor  soon  developed  all  the  execrable  traits  of  a 
despot.  He  seldom  convened  more  than  seven  or  eight  of  his 
council,  and  they  were  all  the  pliant  instruments  of  his  will. 

The  Church  of  England  was  rec(  jnized  as  the  only  legal  form 
of  worship  ;  and  all  who  assembled  for  congregational  religious 
service  were  threatened  with  the  confiscation  of  their  meetinf^- 
houses.  Freedom  of  the  press  was  restrained.  The  land-titles, 
generally,  were  declared  to  be  invalid  ;  and  it  was  proclaimed 
that  new  title-deeds  must  be  obtained.  The  annoyances  to 
which  the  people  were  exposed  were  innumerab  e,  and  vexatious 
in  the  extreme. 

Andros  was  alike  greedy  of  wealth  and  of  despotic  power. 
The  king,  James  II.,  from  whom  he  derived  all  his  authority, 
was  an  avowed  Papist.  But  the  people  of  England  were  not  in 
sympathy  with  their  monarch.  Desiring  to  take  military  pos- 
session of  the  Penobscot  and  the  St.  Croix,  Andros  repaired  to 
Pemaquid,  where  he  had  ordered  the  frigate  "  Rose  "  to  be  pre- 
pared for  his  expedition.  The  frigate,  having  sailed,  cast  anchor 
near  the  habitation  of  Baron  Castine,  at  Biguyduce.^ 

The  baron,  Avith  his  family,  fled  into  the  woods,  abandoning 
every  thing.  The  ignoble  governor  plundered  his  house  of  all 
its  valuables  ;  but  he  left  untouched  the  Catholic  chapel,  with 
all  its  rich  adornments. 

Andros  returned  to  Pemaquid,  where  he  had  invited  the 
neighboring  sagamores  to  meet  him.  They  met  in  council. 
Andros,  addressing  the  most  prominent  chief,  a  Tarratine  ^  sag- 
amore, said,  — 

"  I  warn  you  never  to  follow  the  French,  or  to  fear  them.  Be  quiet,  live 
in  peace,  and  we  will  protect  you.  Tell  your  friend  Castine,  tliat,  if  he 
will  render  loyal  obedience  to  the  King  of  England,  every  article  taken  from 
him  shall  be  restored." 

Andros  was  delighted  with  Pemaquid  and  its  surroundings. 
He  took  an  excursion  among  the  islands,  and  ascended  the 
Kennebec  several  leagues.  He  thought  that  Pemaquid  was 
destined  to  be  the  chief  mart  for  all  the  eastern  country,  and 


1  Hutchinson's  Collection  of  State  Papers,  p.  602, 

2  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Tarratines  occupied  the  valley  of  the  Penob- 


scot 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


217 


made  an  effort  to  have  an  account  taken  of  all  the  white  in- 
habitants between  the  Penobscot  and  the  St.  Croix.  They 
amounted  to  less  than  fifty,  counting  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren.^ 

Andros  returned  to  New  York  in  1088,  having  appointed 
Nicholas  Manning  chief  magistrate  in  the  "  Province  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  called  Sagadahoc,  or  the  County  of  Cornwall." 

Baron  Castine  was  a  man  of  great  influence,  not  only  with 
his  countrymen,  the  French,  but  with  all  the  neighboring  Indian 
tribes,  with  whom  he  had  so  thoroughly  identified  liimself.  His 
indignation  was,  of  course,  aroused,  and  that  of  all  his  friends,  by 
the  wanton  plunder  of  his  estate.  He  appealed  to  the  Indians. 
War-clouds  soon  began  to  darken  the  sky.  Castine  declared 
that  he  would  never  submit  to  the  domination  of  the  English. 

Andros  began  to  enlist  soldiers,  and  to  erect  forts  at  many 
important  points  between  Piscataqua  and  Penobscot.  Hostilities 
were  commenced  in  August.  It  is  impossible  to  follow,  with 
chronological  accuracy,  the  details.  The  Indians  killed  the 
cattle  in  the  eastern  settlements,  and  insulted  and  threatened 
the  inhabitants.  At  Saco,  the  magistrates  unjustly  seized  fifteen 
or  twenty  unoffending  Indians,  and  held  them  as  hostages  for 
the  good  behavior  of  the  rest.  The  Indians  retaliated  by  seiz- 
ing some  Englishmen. 

Andros,  then  in  New  York,  Avishing  to  try  the  effect  of  con- 
ciliatory measures,  ordered  the  Indian  prisoners  to  be  set  at 
liberty.  He  issued  a  pacific  proclamation.  But  all  was  in  vain. 
The  inhabitants  of  Maine  generally  took  refuge  in  garrison 
houses.  Stockades  were  constructed  in  North  Yarmouth,  on 
each  side  of  Royall  River.  A  party  engaged  in  constructing 
these  works  under  Capt.  Gendall.  A  band  of  seventy  or  eighty 
Indians  attacked  him.  He  repelled  them,  after  a  severe  con- 
flict, in  which  several  Avere  slain  on  each  side.  This  was  the 
first  blood  which  was  spilled  in  what  was  called  the  second 
war.  In  the  evening,  after  the  skirmish,  Capt.  Gendall  and  his 
servant  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  and  were  both  killed.  John 
Royall  was  taken  captive;  but  he  was  kindly  ransomed  by 
Baron  Castine.^ 


*  Collections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  i.  p.  82,  3d  ser. 
«  History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  273. 


218 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


Early  in  November,  seven  Imndred  English  soldiers  were  sent 
to  Pemaquid.^     About  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  men  were  left 
here  to  garrison  the  fort.     Garrisons  were  also  established  at 
several  other  places  along  the  coast.     Five  hundred  and  sixty 
soldiers  were  east  of  the  Kennebec.    The  troops  suffered  severely 
on  this  campaign,  while  they  encountered  not  a  single  Indian.2 
_    Gov.  Andros  became  increasingly  unpopular  ;  and  his  author- 
ity m  the  distant  Province  of  Maine  was  subverted  by  a  popu- 
lar uprising  in  April,  1689,  in  Boston,  which  threw  the  governor 
and  thirty  of  his  most  obnoxious  partisans    into  prison.     The 
troops  revolted  from  their  officers,  and  many  abandoned  their 
posts.     The  consequence  was,  that  the  French  and  Indians  cap- 
tured the  fort,  and  almost  depopulated  the  country.     The  same 
disaster  took  place  at  New  Castle  and  Falmouth.3 

At  Saco  the  "Indians  were  repelled  ;  but  they  took  Dover 
by  surprise,  and  cruelly  slaughtered  many  of  the  inhabitants. 
We  have  no  reason  to  doubt?  the  accuracy  of  the  following 
account  of  this  disaster,  given  by  Samuel  G.  Drake  :  — 

"  The  Indians  rushed  into  Waldron's  house  in  great  numbers;  and,  while 
some  guarded  the  door,  others  commenced  the  slaughter  of  all  who  resisted. 
Waldron  was  now  eighty  yeara  of  age;  yet,  seizing  his  sword,  he  defended 
himself  witli  great  resolution,  and  at  first  drove  the  Indians  before  him, 
irora  room  to  room,  until  one,  getting  behind  him,  knocked  him  down  with 
his  hatchet.  They  now  seized  upon  him,  and,  dragging  him  into  the  great 
room,  placed  Inm  in  an  armed  chair,  upon  a  table. 

"  A\^hile  they  were  thus  dealing  with  the  master  of  the  iiouse,  they  obliged 
the  family  to  provide  them  with  a  supper,  which  when  they  had  eaten  they 
took  off  his  clothes,  and  proceeded  to  torture  him  in  the  most  dreadful  man- 
ner. Some  gashed  his  breast  with  knives,  saying,  '  I  cross  out  my  account. ' 
Others  cut  otf  joints  of  his  fingers,  saying,  '  Now  will  your  fist  weioh  a 
pound?'"*  ° 

1  Willis,  following  Belknap,  says  seven  hundred  ;  Holmes,  Am.  Ann.  p  474 
says  eight  hundred  ;  Eliot  states  the  number  at  a  thousand.  ' 

2  ''All  this  was  merely  a  military  movement,  or  display,  neither  the  result  of 
wisdom,  experience,  nor  sound  judgment.  Had  he  been  in  the  least  acquainted 
with  the  habits  of  the  Indians,  or  listened  even  to  the  statements  of  hunters  lie 
would  have  known  that  these  tenants  of  the  forest  retire  in  the  autumn  from 
the  seaboard,  and  pass  the  winter  upon  their  hunting-berths  in  the  interior  of  the 
wilderness."—  Williumson,  vol.  i.  p.  SiMJ. 

Williamson  gives  a  list  of  eleven  settlements  along  the  coast,  at  which  these 
troops  were  distributed. 

3  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,  3d  ser.  p.  85. 
*  Drake's  Book  of  the  Judiaus,  book  iii.  p.  108. 


THE  UISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


219 


After  continuing  this  torture  for  some  time,  they  let  him  fall 
upon  his  own  sword,  and  thus  put  an  end  to  liis  misery.     Wal- 
dron  had  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  most  perfidious  and 
unscrupulous  cheats  in  his  treatment  of  the  Indians.     When 
they  paid  him  what  was  di  e,  he  would  neglect  to  cross  out  their 
accounts.     In  buying  beavtr-skins  by  weight,  he  insulted  the 
mtelhgent  Indians  by  insisting  that  his  fist  weighed  just  one 
pound      The  day  of  retribution  came ;  and  the  savages  wreaked 
their  utmost  vengeance  upon  their  victim.     They  held  the  place 
till   morning.      Then,  with  twenty-nine  captives   and   all   the 
plunder  they  could  carry  away,  they  set  out  for  Canada.     The 
French  ransomed  the  prisoners;  and  they  were  eventually  re- 
turned to  their  friends.^ 

Upon  the  overthrow  of  Andros,  the  assembled  people  ap- 
pointed a  council  of  thirty-seven  men  to  secure  the  pubnc  safe- 
ty. A  few  weeks  after  this  great  revolution,  the  joyful  tidings 
reached  Boston,  that  the  tyrant  James  II.  had  been  driven  from 
his  throne  and  his  kingdom,  and  had  been  succeeded  by  William 
Prince  of  Orange.  ' 

Maine  was  in  a  deplorable  condition.  Her  people  were  with- 
out any  settled  government,  and  were  involved  in  a  war  from 
which  they  could  reap  nothing  but  disasters;  for  victory  could 
bring  them  no  gains.  The  Council  of  Safety,  apparently  with 
the  cordial  assent  of  the  people  of  Maine,  assumed  the  super- 
vision of  the  Ducal  Province. 

The  illustrious  chieftain  Madockawando,  whose  dauo-hter  it 
Will  be  remembered,  married  Baron  Castine,  visited  Bos^ton,  ac- 
companied by  several  sachems,  in  the  endeavor  to  secure  peace 
Their  bearing  was  not  that  of  savages,  but  that  of  uneducated 
men  of  strong  common  sense,  who  thoroughly  understood  the 
true  posture  of  affairs.  The  chief,  Madockawando,  was  the 
principal  speaker.  The  substance  of  his  communication  was  as 
follows :  — 


1     The  seizure  at  that  place  (Dover),  of  four  hundred  Indians,  more  than 
twelve  years  befor-.  was  a  transaction  never  to  be  forgotten,  never  to  be  forgiven 
by  savages     Lapse  of  tune  had  only  wrought  their  resentment  into  animosities' 
malice,  and  rage;  and  an  opportunity  now  offered  to  satiate  their  revenue  "- 
Wilhamaon,  vol.  i.  p.  610.  «»otifeD. 


220 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Baron  Castine  ^v.v8  deeply  offended  by  the  unprovoked  attack  upon  \m 
house  and  the  plunder  of  his  premises,  '.ne  French,  his  countrymen,  re- 
garded ,t  as  a  national  insult  and  a  proclamation  of  war.  The  Indians  who 
had  adopted  Baron  C^istiue  into  their  tribe,  andmade  him  ..  chief,  considered 
It  no  less  an  act  of  hostility  against  them.  Thus  a  terrible  war  must  rage, 
unless  terms  of  peace  can  be  agreed  upon." 

Tlie  government  treated  the  distinguished  T  lian  envoys  with 
great  courtesy,  assuring  them  of  its  entire  disapproval  of  the 
conduct  of  Andros,  whom  the  people  had  ejected  from  office. 
Ihey  loaded  the  chiefs  with  presents,  and  conveyed  them  homo 
in  a  colony  sloop.  They  sent,  also,  a  very  conciliatory  letter  to 
Baron  Castine.  But  storms  of  war  were  rising  in  Europe,  which 
dashea  ang.y  billows  upon  the  shores  of  the  New  World. 

The  Papist,  James  II.,  had  fled  to  Catholic  France,  where  he 
was   received  with   open   arms.      War  was   the   consequence, 
imbittered  not  only  by  the  hereditary  hatred- between  Eno-lish- 
men  and  Frenchmen,  but  by  thfe  still  more  virulent  antagonism 
which  arose  between  Protestantism  and  Catholicism.     France 
and  England  entered  with  equal  alacrity  upon  the  deadly  strucr- 
gle.      The  patriotic  pride,  and  the  religious  fanaticism,  of  the 
In-ench  in  Canada,  were  aroused  to  drive  the  heretical  En.^lish 
out  of  Maine.     It  was  not  difficult  for  them  to  rally  the  majority 
of  the  Indians  around  their  standards.     French  privateers  were 
promptly  upon  the  coast,  capturing  the  colonial  vessels.     It  is 
said,  we  know  not  upon  what  authority,  that  the  French  mis- 
sionaries exerted  all  their  powerful  influence  to  rouse  the  Indi- 
ans  to  drive  the  English  out  of  iMaine.     It  is  estimated  that  the 
trench  in  New  France  then  numbered  over  eleven  thousand. 

The  General  Court,  which  had  received  the  cordial  sanction 
of  the  new  king,  William  of  Orange,  promptly  prepared  an 
expedition  to  regain  Nova  Scotia,  and  capture  Quebec.  Seven 
vessels,  manned  by  seven  hundred  men,  sailed  from  Boston  in  the 
spring  of  1690.     Sir  William  Phips  took  the  command. 

This  remarkable  man  was  a  native  of  Maine,  being  one  of  the 
youngest  of  his  mother's  family  of  twenty-six  children,  twenty- 

1  "War  was  declared  by  England  against  France  on  the  7tl.  of  May  IfiSO-  but 
v^"S.°p.  1"  ^™^'^""^^''"  '^^  -^"^  --^'  «-ton  untU  Dec.  7."  -  Urn.^^i^, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE, 


991 


one  of  whom  were  sons.  He  was  born  upon  the  Sheepscot,  in 
the  town  of  Woolwich,  on  the  2(1  of  February,  1G50.  His  fatlier 
died  when  he  was  young;  and  he  remained  with  his  mother,  in 
tlie  homestead,  until  A\q  Avas  eighteen  years  of  a^e. 

Favored  with  but  a  limited  education,  he  learned  the  trade 
of  a  ship-carpenter.  The  ravages  of  the  Indiaus  drove  iiim 
from  home ;  and  he  entered  upon  the  roving  life  of  a  sailor.  Ac- 
cidentally he  heard  that  a  Spanish  ship,  richly  laden  witli  bars 
of  silver  from  the  mines,  had  been  wrecked  upon  one  of  the 
liiihamaa.  Ho  succeeded  in  communicating  this  intelligence  to 
the  Duke  of  Albemarle.  An  expedition  was  fitted  out  to  re- 
cover the  treasure.  After  sundry  disappointments,  extraordinary 
success  crowned  the  endeavor.  Tiiirty-four  tons  of  silver,  be- 
sides gold,  pearls,  and  jewels,  \vere  raised  from  a  depth  of  nearly 
fifty  .. jet.  The  estimated  value  was  one  million,  three  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  share  of  William  Phips  amounted  to  seventy  tnousand 
dollars.  The  Duke  of  Albemarle  presented  Mrs.  Plrps  a  golden 
cup  worth  four  thousand  dollars.  The  King  of  England  con- 
ferred upon  the  successful  adventurer  the  honor  of  knighthood 
and  appointed  him  high  sheriff  of  New  England.  James  II' 
was  then  king  of  England;  and  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  in 
power.  ■* 

The  fleet  sailed  from  BostOx.  on  the  29th  of  April.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  frigate  of  forty  guns,  two  sloops-of- war  (one  carry- 
ing sixteen,  and  the  other  eight  guns),  and  four  ketches,  which 
were  small  vessels,  schooner  rigged,  of  about  two  hundred  tons' 
burden.2  The  squadron  proceeded  first  to  Port  Royal.  The 
garrison  there  was  in  no  condition  to  resist  so  powerful  a  force 
and  surrendered  at  discretion.^  ' 

Sir  William  took,  as  prisoners-of-war,  the  military  governor, 


Collection  of   State    Papers.     By 


1  Mather's  Masnalia,  vol.  ii.  pp.  151-208. 
Thomas  Hutchinson,  p.  353. 

"  Universal  History,  vol.  xl.  p.  62. 

fltt!,"^?  ^^°"^'  ''f.\"'S  reoelvecl  a  commission  as  lientenant-peneral  of  France 
fitted  out  an  expcchtiun,  with  uhich  he  saile.l  along  the  coast  of  Maine.  formS 
cmporary  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kiver  St.  Croix,  where  his  company 
Bpcu   one  wmter,  and  then  establishe.l  a  colony  on  the  other  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Fun.ly,  at  a  place  which  they  nan.ed  Port  Koyal,  and  now  called  Annapolis 


222 


THE  n/sTonr  of  maise. 


M.  Maneval,  and  thirty-eight  Holdiers.  Ho  then  ran  back, 
south-westerly  along  the  coast  of  Maine  toward  the  Penobscot, 
capturing  all  the  French  posts  on  the  way,  and  taking  possession 
of  the  islands.  Ho  appointed  a  governor  over  the  province  so 
easily  conquered,  and  returned  to  Boston  with  his  prisoners,  and 
with  sufficient  plunder,  as  he  judged,  to  defray  all  the  expenses 
of  the  expedition.' 

The  French  population  of  the  subjugated  province  was  sup- 
posed to  be  between  two  and  three  thousand  souls.»  They  hated 
tho  English  ;  and  the  tribes  under  their  influence  sympathized 
with  thera  in  these  hostile  feelings. 

Flushed  with  victory.  New  England  and  New  York  combined 
to  root  out  all  the  French  colonies  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada. 
Four  thousand  men  were  easily  enlisted  to  enter  upon  the  pop. 
ular  enterprise.  Sir  William  Phips,  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
commodore,  commanded  the  fleet,  containing  two  thousc-nid 
men.  Quebec  was  its  point  of  destination.  The  other  half 
of  the  army,  under  Major-Gen.  John  Winthiop  of  Connecticut, 
marched  across  the  country  to  attack  Montreal. 

The  fleet  sailed  on  the  19th  of  August,  1690.  It  was  not  until 
the  5th  of  October,  that  the  vessels  cast  anchor  before  Quebec. 
Count  Frontenac,  a  haughty  but  able  French  nobleman,  was 
governor.  To  a  summons  to  surrender,  he  returned  the  sin^^ular 
reply,  —  " 

' '  You  and  your  countrymen  are  heretics  and  traitors.  New  England  and 
Canada  would  be  one.  had  not  the  friendship  been  destroyed  by  your  revolu- 
tion."' 


iri 


In  this  he  referred  to  the  revolution  in  England,  which  had 
driven  the  Papist,  James  II.,  into  France,  and  had  placed  the 
Protestant,  William  of  Orange,  on  the  throne,  and  had  thus 
inaugurated  the  war.  A  landing  was  effected  about  four  miles 
below  the  town.  Both  the  naval  and  the  land  forces  commenced 
a  furious  cannonade.     But  the  French  fought  with  courage  and 

1  Mather's  Magnalia,  p.  522. 

3  Hutchinson's  Historical  Collections,  vol.  ii.  p.  13.    Holmes,  in  his  American 
Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  474,  estimates  the  numher  at  between  three  and  four  thousand 
8  Hutchmson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  i.  p.  35(J. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


228 


skill,  and  were  greatly  aided  in  their  attack  upon  the  land-force 
by  their  Indian  allies. 

The  troopa  were  defeated,  and  were  driven  precipitately  on 
board  the  ships.  Quebec  was  found  far  better  armed  with 
heavy  guns  than  had  been  supposed.  The  fleet  suffered  more 
than  the  French  works  from  the  cannonade.  A  general  feeling 
of  depression  spread  through  the  English  troops.  The  enter- 
prise was  abandoned ;  and  the  vessels  spread  their  sails  to  return. 
To  add  to  their  disasters,  the  elements  seemed  to  combine 
against  them.  A  violent  tempest  struck  the  fleet.  Several 
vessels,  as  they  were  emerging  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, were  sunk,  and  others  blown  out  to  sea. 

It  was  not  until  the  19th  of  November,  that  the  residue  of  the 
shattered  squadron  reached  Boston.  Between  two  and  three 
hundred  mv  were  lost  by  the  casualties  of  war  during  this 
unfortunate  expedition.* 

Gen.  Winthrop  was  equally  unsuccessful.  Led  by  forty  Mo- 
hawk warriors,  he  struggled  through  the  forest  to  the  shores  of 
Lake  Champlain.  Here,  finding  himself  unable  to  transport 
his  army  across  the  lake,  he  also  abandoned  the  enterprise,  and, 
with  his  humiliated  army,  returned,  having  accomplished  noth- 
ing.2 

In  the  mean  time,  the  war  with  the  Indians  and  French  com- 
bined was  raging  throughout  Maine ;  and  the  land  was  filled 
with  lamentation  and  mournino-. 

1  Accordiiiir  to  Miither's  Magnalia,  vol.  il.  p.  622,  the  fleet  consisted  of  thirtv- 
two  sail.  ■' 

2  Trumbull's  IDstory  of  Connecticut,  vol.  il.  p,  383. 


m 


II  *   . 

I.     ^r" 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

CAMPAIGNS   IN   THE   WILDERNESS. 

Character  of  Indian  Warfare  —  Expedition  of  Capt.  Church  —  Battle  at  Fal- 
mouth —  Tlie  Sack  of  Berwick  —  The  Massacre  at  Falmouth  —  Church  at 
Pejepscot  —  Incidents  of  the  Campaign— Indian  Gratitude  — The  Truce  — 
Deplorable  Condition  of  Maine  — The  Disaster  at  York  — Heroic  Defence  of 
Wells  —  Church's  Third  Expedition  —  New  Efforts  for  Peace. 

TT  will  be  remembered,  that,!in  the  year  1678,  Massachusetts 
J-  had  purchased  of  Mr.  Gorges  the  Province  of  Maine,  for 
the  sum  of  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  sterling.  King 
James  11.  protested  against  this  sale.  It  was,  however,  ratified, 
in  the  year  1091,  by  King  William,  in  a  cliarter  which  included 
not  only  what  had  been  called  the  Province  u.  Maine,  but  also 
the  more  easterly  provinces  of  Sagadahoc  and  Nova  Scotia.^ 

We  must  now  retrace  the  time  for  a  few  months.  There 
were  many  intelligent  men  among  tho  Indians ;  and  they  saga- 
ciously succeeded  in  forming  a  very  remarkable  union  of  the 
several  tribes. 

The  Indians  always  proved  to  be  a  prowling,  skulking  foe, 
never  venturing  to  meet  their  adversaries  in  the  open  field. 
They  hid  behind  fences,  stumps,  rocks,  and,  waylaying  the  Eng- 
lish, would  shoot  them  down,  strip  off  their  scalps,  and  dis- 
appear in  the  forest.  They  would  watch  all  night  to  shoot  a 
settler  as  he  came  from  his  cabin  in  the  dawn  of  the  morning. 
Four  young  men  went  out  together ;  and  the  invisible  Indians 
shot  them  all  down  at  a  single  fire.  A  well-armed  party  of 
twenty-four  went  out  to  bury  ibem.  The  Indians  rose  from 
ambush ;  and  after  a  severe  conflict,  having  shot  down  six,  the 


22« 


a  Willis's  History  of  Portland,  p,  332 


»  } 


Ml 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


225 


savages  fled  into  the  woods.  The  activity  of  these  people  was 
so  great,  and  their  depredations  so  incessant  and  terrible,  that 
nearly  all  the  settlements,  and  even  garrisons,  east  of  Falmouth, 
were  abandoned;  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  sought  refuge  in 
the  stronger  fortresses  upon  the  Piscataqua. 

For  the  protection  of  the  despairing  people  of  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts sent  to  their  aid  an  army  of  six  hundred  men.  The 
troops  were  rendezvoused  at  Berwick,  then  called  Newichawan- 
nock.  There  were  ninety  Natick  Indians  in  the  party.  Major 
Benjamin  Church,  a  mi*n  who  subsequently  gained  great  renown 
in  those  wars,  joined  a  detachment  of  these  troops  at  Falmouth, 
with  two  hundred  and  fifty  volunteers,  a  part  of  whom  were 
friendly  Indians. 

The  report  came,  that  seven  hundred  Indians,^  with  many 
Frenchmen  associated  with  them,  were  on  the  march  to  attack 
Falmouth.  Major  Church,  who  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
Indian  mode  of  fighting,  landed  his  troops  secretly,  in  the  night, 
and  concealed  them  in  a  thick  growth  of  bushes,  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  town.  A  severe  battle  soon  took  place,  after  the 
Indian  fashion,  in  which  both  parties  displayed  great  skill  and 
bravery.  The  Indians  finally  retreated,  after  having  killed  or 
wounded  twenty-one  of  their  assailants,2  six  of  whom  were  In- 
dians in  alliance  with  the  English.  The  loss  sustained  by  the 
Indians  is  not  known.  Major  Church  wrote  to  the  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  under  date  of  Sept.  27,  1689,8 

«'  We  know  not  yet  what  damage  we  did  to  the  enemy  in  our  last  engage- 
ment. But  several  things  that  they  left  behind  them  on  their  flight,  we 
found  yesterday;  which  were  gun-cases  and  stockings,  and  other  things  of 

1  "  Such  was  the  statement  of  Mrs.  Lee,  a  daughter  of  Major  Waldron,  who  had 

5!,'/^t      u.T'''""*'*^  ^'■""'  *^^  ^"•^'*"^-    Snlhvan  also  says  seven  hundred.    Mr 
Wilhs  thinks  this  number  overestimated.    Capt.  Davis  of  Falmouth  states  the 

Tn        ^r]^^^  '^*'^^^"  ""^^^  *°^  *°"'  hundred." -^i«<on/  of  Portland,  by 

William  Wilha,  p.  277.  '^ 

2  Church's  Expedition,  pji.  Sf),  100. 

8  "  There  is  no  account  of  this  action,  excepting  what  Church  gives  hi  his  His- 
tory. He  has  doscribe.1  the  place  where  it  happened,  in  such  a  manner,  that  it  is 
very  diflicult  now  to  hx  upon  it  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  It  Is  clear  that  the 
Indians  must  either  have  gone  up  Fore  River,  and  landed  above  the  town,  or  have 
gone  up  Back  Cove,  and  landed  at  the  head  of  it.  The  latter  may  be  believed  the 
most  v^^uhablo."  —SulUvaut  HMoi-y  of  Maine,  p.  202 
10 


I 
ill 


226 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


i     ! 


I      U 


some  value,  together  with  other  signs,  that  make  us  think  that  we  did  them 
considerable  damage. ' '  ^ 

From  this  point,  Major  Church  advanced,  in  his  vessels,  to  the 
Kennebec,  which  he  ascended  for  some  distance.  He  visited 
several  garrisons,  and,  returning,  left  sixty  soldiers  at  Fort 
Loyal,  and  then  sailed  for  Boston.  Capt.  Hall  was  left  in  com- 
mand of  the  garrison.  The  terror-stricken  people,  apprehen- 
sive that  the  savages  would  return  with  increased  numbers,  and 
inflict  terrible  vengeance,  entreated  Major  Church  to  take  them 
away  in  his  transports.  But  he  persuaded  them  to  remain,  with 
the  assurance  that  efficient  aid  should  be  promptly  sent  them 
from  Boston.  Upon  his  arrival  there,  he  labored  hard,  but  in 
rain,  to  redeem  his  pledge. 

Berwick  had  revived,  and  contained  about  twenty-seven 
houses.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1690,  a  party  of  French  and 
Indians,  having  laid  waste  the  settlement  at  Salmon  x  alls,  made 
an  attack  upon  Berwick.  The  assailants  consisted  of  fifty-two 
men,  twenty-five  being  Indians,  and  the  remainder  Frenchmen.^ 
As  usual,  the  attack  was  commenced  by  surprise,  in  the  earliest 
dawn  of  the  morning.  The  Indians  were  led  by  a  renowned 
chief,  called  Hopehood.^  The  French  commander  was  a  Cana- 
dian officer  of  distinction,  by  the  name  of  Artel,  or  Hartel  as  it 
is  sometimes  spelled. 

The  English  fought  with  the  energies  of  despair.  When 
almost  every  man  (thirty-four  in  number)  had  been  shot  down, 
the  women  and  children  were  compelled  to  surrender.  The 
victors  wantonly  shot  the  cattle,  laid  all  the  buildings  in  ashes, 
and  with  fifty-four  captives,  and  all  the  plunder  they  could 
carry,  retreated. 

A  force  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  men,  hastily  collected,  at- 

1  Willis's  History  of  Portland,  p.  280,  quoting  from  Hutchinson  Papers. 

2  Matlier  writes,  "Being  half  one,  and  half  t'other;  half  Indianized  French, 
and  half  Frenchilied  Indians." 

8  "Hopehood  was  a  celebrated  chief  of  the  trihe  of  the  Kenneheks,  generally 
known  as  the  Nerigwoks  (Norridgewock).  His  Indian  name  seems  to  have  been 
Wohawa.  "  —  Z>r«fce's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iil,  p.  109. 

"Many  of  the  natives  had  both  an  Indian  and  an  English  name.  Hopehood  wa'- 
a  son  of  the  celebrated  Negusset  sagamore,  called  Eobuihood,  but  whose  Indian 
name  was  Rameein."  —Drake,  book  iii.  p.  97. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


227 


tracted  by  the  smoke  of  the  burning  village,  pursued  the  united 
band  of  civilized  and  uncivilized  savages.  The  plunderers, 
encumbered  with  booty  and  prisoners,  were  overtaken  as  they 
were  attempting  to  cross  a  small  stream  called  Wooster  River. 
A  fierce  battle  ensued,  which  lasted  till  the  darkness  of  night 
Get  in.  Several  were  slain  on  each  side.  But  it  would  appear 
that  during  the  night  the  marauders  escaped.* 

In  May  the  French  and  Indians  organized  another  expedition 
against  Falmouth.  Between  four  and  five  hundred  men  com- 
menced the  attack  of  the  16th  of  May,  1690.  Prowling  bands 
had  been  for  some  time  seen  around,  which  led  to  the  suspicion 
that  the  foe  was  preparing  to  strike  them  by  surprise. 

Thirty  young  men  volunteered  to  march  out  on  a  reconnois- 
sance.  Lieut.  Thaddeus  Clark  led  the'-.,  and  led  them  into  an 
ambush.  They  climbed  Munjoy's  Hill,  when  suddenly  a  volley 
of  bullets  was  discharged  upon  them  by  invisible  assailants, 
concealed  behind  a  fence.  That  one  discharge  cut  down  nearly 
half  their  number,  including  their  commander.  The  remainder 
fled  in  consternation  to  their  fortifications,  pursued  by  the 
French  and  Indians,  filling  the  air  with  yells. 

There  were,  in  addition  to  Fort  Loyal,  four  garrison-houses 
in  the  town.  All  the  people  who  were  unable  to  effect  a  retreat 
to  one  of  these  fortresses  were  either  killed  or  captured.  The 
assailants,  after  plundering  the  houses,  set  them  on  fire.  They 
then  combined  all  their  energies  to  storm  the  forts.  For  four 
days  and  four  nights,  they  kept  Up  almost  a  constant  fire,  dis- 
playing much  military  skill  in  their  approaches.     We  give  the 

1  In  tlii3  case,  aa  usual,  there  is  a  slight  discrepancy  in  the  details,  as  given  by 
the  early  annalists.    Diake  writes,  — 

"Hopehood  had  joined  twenty-two  Frenchmen,  under  flerte?,  with  twenty-five 
of  his  warriors.  They  attacked  the  place,  as  soon  as  it  was  day,  in  three  places. 
The  people  defended  themselves  as  well  as  they  were  able,  in  their  consternation, 
until  about  thirty  of  their  best  men  were  slain,  when  they  gave  themselves  up  tO' 
the  mercy  of  the  besiegers.  Sixty-four  men  were  carried  away  captive,  and  much 
plunder.  They  burned  all  the  houses,  and  the  barns  with  the  cattle  in  them.  The 
number  of  buildings  thus  destroyed  Is  unknown,  but  was  perhaps  thirty,  and 
perhaps  two  hundred  head  of  cattle."  — Brafce,  book  lii.  p.  109. 

Charlevoix,  in  his  History  of  New  France,  says  that  two  thousand  cattle  were 
burnt  in  the  barns. 

I  give  the  narrative  in  the  text  as  recorded  by  Belkn.in,  vol,  i,  p,  207,  and  the 
very  accurate  WHliamsou,  vol.  i.  p.  Gll». 


n 


M 


228 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


result,  not  in  the  words,  but  in  accordance  with  tlie  facts  con- 
tained in  the  official  report  of  Capt.  Davis ;  which  document  is 
on  file  in  the  Massachusetts  office  of  State. 

The  conflict  commenced  with  the  dawn  of  the  16th.  It  raged 
until  the  afternoon  of  the  20th.  Nearly  all  the  inmates  of  the 
garrison  were  then  slain,  Either  the  French  were  dressed  as 
Indians,  or  had  so  concealed  themselves,  that  the  English  could 
not  tell  whether  there  were  any  of  that  nation  in  the  savage 
band  assailing  them.  They,  therefore,  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  that 
they  mii,''ht  ascertain  whether  they  could,  by  a  surrender,  hope 
to  save  the  lives  of  the  survivors.  Thus  they  learned  that  there 
were  many  Frenchmen  in  the  party ;  and  they  were  promised, 
that,  as  a  condition  of  surrender,  the  lives  of  all  should  be 
spared,  and  that  they  should  be  conducted,  under  guard,  to  the 
next  English  town,  where  they  should  be  set  at  liberty.  The 
French  commander  took  a  solemn  oath,  by  the  ever  living  God, 
that  the  articles  of  the  capitulation  should  be  sacredly  per- 
formed.^ 

The  gates  were  thrown  open,  and  the  savages  rushed  in. 
Awful  was  the  scene  which  ensued.  Mons.  Burneffe  had  prob- 
ably lost  all  control  over  his  ferocious  allies.  No  respect  what- 
ever was  paid  to  the  terms  of  the  surrender.  There  were 
seventy  living  men  within  the  garrison,  many  of  whom  were 
wounded,  and  a  large  number  of  women  and  children.  Nearly 
all  were  slaughtered,  and  many  with  inhuman  tortures. 

The  French  rescued  Capt.  Davis,  and  succeeded  in  saving 
the  lives  of,  some  say  fifty,  others  say  a  hundred  prisoners.  It 
seems  to  have  been  a  custom  among  the  Indians  to  put  to  death 
as  many  of  their  captives  as  they  themselves  had  lost  in  the 
conflict.2     The  whole  village  was  laid  in  ashes.     The  dead  were 

1  "  Tlie  French  and  Indians  were  under  the  command  of  M.  Burneffe,  a  Cana- 
dian oflicer.  His  lieutenant  was  M.  Corte  de  iMarcli.  Most  of  tlio  FrcTich  troops 
•were  from  Quebec,  under  Capt.  M.  de  Portneuf.  The  Indians  were  led  by  Uaron 
Castine  and  his  son-in-law,  Madockawando.  They  came  to  Casco  Bay  in  a  lar^e 
fleet  of  canoes.  Charlevoix  gives  tlie  command  of  the  expedition  to  Portneuf, 
and  dates  the  surrender  on  the  27th.  In  both  of  these  statements  he  is  doubtless 
incorrect."  — /See  Letter  of  Capt,  Davis  in  Cullections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
cietij,  vol.  i.  3  ser.,  p.  104. 

2  "When  the  prisoners  marched  out  of  the  fort,  fifty  in  all,  the  savages  rai.sed 
a  shout,  fell  upon  them  with  hatchet  and  sword,  and  killed  all  except  four;  and 
these  were  wounded." — Ilistoire  et  Disc.  Gen  de  la  Kouvcllc  FrancCf  pur  Pere  de 
Charlevoix,  vol.  iii.  p.  78. 


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230 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


left  unburied.  The  number  slain  in  this  awful  massacre  is  not 
known.  The  French,  after  participating  in  this  demoniac  deed, 
commenced  their  march  back  to  Canada. 

"  I  must  say,"  writes  Capt.  Davis,  "  they  were  kind  to  me  in 
my  travels  through  the  country.  Our  provisions  were  very 
short,  —  Indian  corn  and  acorns.  Hunger  made  it  very  good, 
and  God  gave  it  strength  to  nourish." 

Davis'  was  a  prisoner-of-war  in  Q  •  tor  four  months, 
when  Sir  William  Phips  effected  his  exc  .  -e  for  a  Frenchman. 
The  capture  of  Falmouth  was  a  terrible  disaster.  The  victori- 
ous Indians  scattered  in  all  directions,  perpetrating  the  most 
horrible  deeds  of  cruelty  and  crime.  Many  of  them  were 
demons  in  character,  and  recoiled  from  no  horror.  Tlie  cruel- 
ties they  often  committed  are  too  revolting  to  be  described. 
Even  the  recital  brings  torture  to  the  soul. 

From  all  the  feebler  garrisons  the  people  fled  in  dismay,  west- 
ward, and  took  refuge  in  Storer's  strong  garrisons  at  Well,".* 
The  government  sent  them  re-enforcements,  with  directions  to 
make  a  stand  there,  and  resist  all  attacks. 

The  valiant  Maj  Church  was  despatched  with  another  expe- 
dition, of  three  hundred  men,  to  visit  Casco  and  Pejepscot,  to 
chastise  the  Indians,  and  regain  captives,  if  possible.  This  was 
early  in  September,  1690.  He  landed  at  Maquoit,  and  marched 
at  night  across  the  country  to  Pejenscot  2  Fort,  which,  it  will  be 
remembered,  was  located  west  of  the  Androscoggin,  at  the 
Pejepscot  Palls.  The  Indians  held  possession  of  the  fort.  The 
accompanying  illustration  shows  the  appearance  of  these  cele- 
brated falls,  after  the  lapse  of  nearly  two  centuries. 

A  watchful  eye  discerned  the  coming,  and  spread  the  alarm. 
The  savages  fled  in  all  directions,  leaving  several  English  cap- 
tives behind.  One  Indian  man  was  ta4cen,  with  a  few  women 
and  several  children.  The  horrors  perpetrated  by  the  savages 
had  created  great   exasperation  against  them.     Church's  men 


1  "No  other  town  iu  the  province  was  so  well  provided  with  houses  of  refuge 
fts  Wells,  Tlii^  was  ilne  to  the  prudent  foresight  of  Storer  and  "Wheelwright. 
There  were  here  seven  or  eight  garrisons,  some  of  them  built  in  the  Lest  iriauner, 
against  assaults  from  without,  and  for  the  protection  and  comfort  of  those  with- 
in."—  History  of  Wells  and  Kennchunk,  by  Edward  E.  Bourne,  LL  D.  p.  1!)C. 

2  Williamson  spells  this  both  Pejepscot  and  Pegypscot,  pp.  37,  724. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE, 


2dl 


were  about  to  put  the  man  to  death,  when  the  female  white 
captives,  who  had  thus  been  rescued,  earnestly  pleaded  for  his 
life.  They  said  that  he  had  ever  been  kind  to  them,  and  had 
several  times  saved  them  and  others  from  death. 

The  wives  of  two  of  the  distinguished  sagamores,  Kankama- 
gus^  and  Worumbee,  were  among  the  prisoners.  As  they 
promised  that  eighty  English  captives  should  be  surrendered 
for  their  ransom,  their  lives  were  spared,  and  they  were  sent  to 
the  garrisons  at  Wells.  The  sister  of  Kankamagus  was  slain. 
Worumbee's  two  children  were  carried,  with  their  mother,  into 
captivity.  Mr.  Drake  quotes  the  following  statement  from  a 
manuscript  letter  written  at  that  time  by  Major  Church,  and 
addressed  to  Gov.  Hinckley  of  Plymouth :  — 

"  We  left  two  old  squaws  that  were  not  able  to  march;  gave  them  victuals 
enough  for  one  week,  of  their  own  corn,  boiled,  and  a  little  of  our  provis- 
ions; and  buried  their  dead,  and  left  clothes  enough  to  keep  them  warm, 
and  left  the  wigwams  for  them  to  lie  in;  gave  them  orders  to  tell  their  friends 
how  kind  we  were  to  them,  bidding  them  to  do  the  like  to  ours.  Also,  if 
they  were  for  peace,  to  come  to  Goodman  Small's  at  Berwick,  within  four- 
teen days,  who  would  attend  to  discourse  them."  * 

This  capture  upon  the  Androscoggin  took  place  on  Sunday, 
Sept.  14, 1690.  The  victors  retired  with  five  English  captives, 
whom  they  had  rescued,  and  nine  Indians  prisoners. 

Major  Church  and  his  victorious  party,  about  forty  in  num- 
ber, ascended  the  Androscoggin  seven  miles,  to  another  Indian 
fort.  There  he  killed  twenty-one  Indians,  took  one  a  prisoner, 
and  rescued  seven  English  captives.  The  torch  was  applied, 
and  the  works  laid  in  ashes.  The  single  savage  whose  life  was 
spared  was  a  gigantic  fellow,  Agamcus,  who  was  nicknamed 

1  "  Kankamagus,  commonly  called  Hoykins,  Hawkins,  or  Hakins,  was  a  Ten- 
nacook  sachem.  He  was  faithful  to  the  English  as  long  as  he  could  depend  upon 
them  for  protection.  When  the  terrible  Mohawks  were  sent  to  destroy  the  east- 
ern Indians,  he  fled  westerly  to  the  Androscoggin.  Here  lie  and  another  saclietn, 
called  Worumbee,  lived  with  their  families.  He  could  speak  and  write  English. 
His  several  letters  to  Gov.  Canfleld  prove  his  fidelity.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
he  would  have  been  true  to  the  English,  had  they  been  true  to  him."  —  JOraie's 
Book  of  ike  Indiana,  book  iii.  p.  lOd. 

2  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  108. 


I'i 


232 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


Great  Tom.*  On  the  march  he  escaped,  and  carried  to  the 
Indians  such  reports  of  the  strength  and  prowess  of  Major 
Church's  troops,  that  they  retired  far  back  into  the  interior 
wilderness.* 

Church  sailed  along  the  coast,  touching  at  various  points,  and 
inflicting  all  the  injury  he  could  upon  the  Indians.  It  was, 
however,  not  often  that  they  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  strike 
a  blow.  On  the  21st  of  September,  he  landed  three  companies 
on  Purpooduck.8  Here  a  strong  band  of  Indians  faercely  as- 
sailed him.  He  repelled  them  with  the  loss  of  five  of  his  own 
men,  after  having  slain  eight  or  ten  Indians,  and  taken  thirteen 
canoes.  Major  Church  afterwards  learned,  from  a  returned 
captive,  that  the  savages  put  just  as  many  English  prisoners  to 
a  cruel  death  as  they  had  lost  in  the  conflict. 

In  October,  ten  sagamores  went  to  Wells,  where  the  captive 
women  and  children  were  restored  to  them.  They  expressed 
unbounded,  gratitude  in  view  of  the  kindness  with  which  they 
had  been  treated,  and  declared  their  earnest  desire  for  peace. 
"  We  are  ready,"  they  said,  "  at  any  time  and  place  you  may 
appoint,  to  meet  your  head  men,  and  enter  into  a  treaty." 

On  the  29th  of  November,  a  t-uce  between  the  Massachu- 
setts commissioners  and  six  sagamores  was  signed.  It  would 
appear  that  there  was  much  difficulty  in  agreeing  upon  the 
terms  on  which  hostilities  should  cease.  The  Indians  had  even 
abandoned  the  council,  and  retired  to  their  canoes,  before  terms 
were  offered  them  which  they  were  willing  to  accept.  The 
truce  was  to  continue  through  the  winter,  until  the  1st  of  May, 
when  they  promised  to  visit  Storer's  garrison,  in  Wells,  to  bring 

1  We  hope  that  the  following  statement  made  by  Mr.  Williamson  is  a  mistake. 
"  The  wives  of  the  two  sagamores  and  their  children  were  saved.  But  it  is  pain- 
ful to  relate,  and  no  wise  creditable  to  the  usual  humanity  of  Major  Church,  that 
the  rest  of  the  females,  except  two  or  three  old  squaws,  also  the  unoffending  chil- 
dren, were  put  to  the  tomahawk  or  sword."  —  Vol.  i.  p.  025. 

a  "  Many  Indians  bore  the  name  of  Tom.  Indian  Hill  in  Newbury  was  owned 
by  Great  Tom.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  last  Indian  proprietor  of  lands 
in  that  town.  In  written  instruments  he  styles  himself,  — 'I  Great  Tom  In- 
dian.' "  —  Drake,  book  iii.  p.  114.  ' 

3  The  first  inhabitants  of  Cape  Elizabeth,  which  is  separated  from  the  penin- 
sula by  Fore  River,  seated  themselves  opposite  to  the  harbor,  upon  Purpooduck 
Pomt;  from  which  the  plantation,  commencing  forty-four  years  prior  to  King 
Philip's  war,  derived  its  name."  —  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  a77. 


THE  BiaiORT  OF  MAINE. 


388 


in  all  the  English  captives  they  held,  and  to  establish  a  perma- 
nent peace. 

The  condition  of  Maine  at  this  time  was  deplorable  in  the 
extreme.  All  the  settlements  were  devastated,  but  four.  Those 
were  Wells,  York,  Kittery,  and  the  Isle  of  Shoals.  At  the 
appointed  time,  Pres.  Danforth,  with  quite  an  imposing  reti- 
nue on  horseback,  repaired  to  the  strong  garrison.  But,  for 
some  unexplained  reason,  the  sagamores  did  not  appear.'  Some 
attributed  it  to  the  inlluence  of  the  French.  It  is  more  proba- 
ble that  they  feared  treachery.  During  the  winter,  the  English 
had  been  preparing  to  strike  heavy  blows,  should  the  war  be 
renewed.  The  wary  Indians,  through  their  scouts,  kept  them- 
selves informed  of  every  movement. 

Capt.  Converse,  who  had  command  of  the  troop  of  horse, 
sent  out  a  detachment,  who  brought  in  a  few  of  the  ne%]  bor- 
ing chiefs.  To  the  inquiry  why  the  sagamores  did  not  come  ,n, 
according  to  the  agreement,  to  ratify  the  treaty,  they  returne  1 
the  unsatisfactory  reply,  — 

"  We  did  not  remember  the  time.  Bui  we  now  bring  in  and  deliver 
up  two  captives.  We  promise  certainly  to  surrender  the  rest  within  ten 
days."" 

The  chiefs  were  permitted  to  return  to  their  homes.  Ten 
days  passed  away;  but  no  Indians  appeared.  Apprehensive 
that  an  attack  was  meditated,  Pres.  Danforth  returned  to  York, 
and  sent  a  re-enforcement  of  thirty-five  soldiers  to  strengthen 
the  garrison  at  Wells.  They  arrived  on  the  9th  of  June,  1692. 
It  was  none  too  soon. 

In  one  half-hour  after  their  arrival,  a  band  of  two  hundred 
savages  made  a  fierce  but  unsuccessful  attack  upon  the  garrison. 
The  only  account  we  have  of  this  battle  is  the  following : 

"  We  have  intelligence  that  the  eastward  Indians  and  sonie  French  have 
made  an  assault  upon  the  garrisons  in  and  near  the  town  of  Wells,  and  have 

1  "The  reason  of  this  we  cannot  explain,  unless  the  warlike  appearance  of  the 
English  deterred  thera.  After  waiting  a  while,  Capt.  Converse  surprised  some  of 
them,  and  brought  them  in  by  force.  Having  reason  to  believe  the  Indians  pro- 
voked by  this  time,  he  immediately  added  thirty-five  men  to  their  (liis)  force." 
^  Drake,  book  iii.  p.  102. 

-  WiiiiiuiiBou,  voL  i.  p.  627. 


I 


234 


fht? 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


^^^^.^^^^'^-     ^^^^^-  *^«  -"^e  teethe,  and 

The  savages,  tluis  baffled,  retired,  threatening  soon  to  come 
again  At  Cape  Neddock,  in  York,  they  burned  several  houses, 
and  attacked  a  vessel,  killing  most  of  the  crew.  Indian  bands 
continued  to  range  the  country,  shooting  down  all  they  could 
iind,  and  inflicting  all  the  damage  in  their  power. 

Another  dreary  summer  passed  away,  and  another  cheerless 
winter  came.  The  Indians  seldom  ventured  to  brave  the  cold 
and  the  storms  of  a  Maine  winter  in  their  campaigns :  conse- 
quently  the  inhabitants  of  York  remitted  their  vigilance  at  that 
time.  The  Indians,  with  the  military  skill  they  were  accus- 
tomed to  display,  selected  this  season  for  their  attack. 

The  little  village  was  scattered  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Agamenticus  River.  There  were  several  strong  block-houses, 
in  which  the  inhabitants  could  take  refuge  in  case  of  an  alarm. 
Ihe  accompanying  illustration  'faithfully  represents  the  struc- 
ture  of  one  of  those  houses. 


a  !iSil.J: 


aiEKISON-HOUSE  AT  YOilK,  BUILT  ABOUT  1645. 

1  Letter  of  Gov.  Stoughton  of  New  York,  dated  June  24,  1691. 


THE  HISTORr  OF  MAINE. 


285 


Early  on  a  dark,  cold  morning  oi"  February,  1692,  a  band  of 
between  two  and  three  hundred  French  and  Indians,  havi^'g 
traversed  the  wilderness  from  Canada  on  snow-shoes,  made  a 
furious  attack  upon  different  portions  of  the  lianilet.  The  peo- 
ple were  as  much  taken  by  surprise  as  if  an  army  had  descended 
from  the  clouds. 

A  scene  of  terror,  carnage,  and  woe,  ensued,  which  can 
neither  be  described  nor  imagined.  In  one  half-hour  seventy- 
five  of  the  English  were  slain,  and  more  than  a  hundred  taken 
prisoners,  many  of  them  wounded  and  bleeding.  All  the  un- 
fortified houses  were  in  flames.  Those  within  the  walls  of 
the  garrison  fought  with  the  utmost  intrepidity.  The  assail- 
ants, despairing  of  being  able  to  break  through  their  strong 
walls,  ai^d  fearing  that  re-enforcements  might  come  to  the  aid 
of  the  English,  gathered  up  their  plunder,  huddled  the  dis- 
tracted, woe-stricken  prisoners  together,  and  commenced  a 
retreat. 

Awful  were  the  sufferings  of  these  captives, — wounded  men, 
feeble  women  leaving  the  gory  bodies  of  their  husbands  behind 
them,  and  little  children  now  fatherless.  The  French  and  tlie 
savages  co-operated  in  these  demoniac  deeds.  The  victors  com- 
menced their  march  over  the  bleak,  snow-drifted  fields,  towards 
Sagadahoc. 

With  the  exception  of  the  garrison-houses,  the  whole  village 
was  destroyed.  One-half  of  all  the  inhabitants  were  either 
killed,  or  carried  into  captivity.  Rev.  Shubael  Dummer  was  the 
excellent  pastor  of  t?ie  little  church  there.  He  was  about  sixty 
years  of  age,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  a  man  of  devoted 
piety,  and  greatly  beloved.  He  was  found  de-id  upon  the  snow. 
His  wife,  a  lady  from  one  of  the  first  families,  and  distinguished 
for  her  social  accomplishments,  and  her  mental  and  moral  cul- 
ture, was  seized,  and  dragged  away  with  the  crowd  of  captives. 
But  the  massacre  of  her  husband,  the  scenes  of  horror  which 
she  had  witnessed,  and  the  frightful  prospect  op(>iing  before 
her,  bOon  caused  her  to  sink  away  in  that  blessed  sleep  which 
has  no  earthly  waking.  But  few  of  those  thus  carried  into 
captivity,  amidst  the  storms  of  an  almost  arctic  winter,  ever 
saw  friends  or  home  again. 


ip«. 


286 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


>* 


O  e  pleasH .  event  winch  occurred  is  worth,  of  es;>ecial 
lecoul.  1  he  Indutns  .selected  from  their  prisoners  «e^'... .d  a  red 
women  and  several  children,  just  the  nun.ber,  and  about  the  a^^es, 
of  hose  whom  Major  Church  had  treated  kindly  in  the  capture 
of  the  Pejepscot  Fort.  These  were  safely  returned,  with  ex- 
press^ons  ot  grat.tude,  to  one  of  the  Enghsh  .arrison-houses.' 
A  party  from  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  set  out  in  pursuit  of  the 
Indians ;  but  they  could  not  be  overtaken. 

In  Wells  there  were  but  fifteen  men  in  garrison.  They  uere 
conunanded  by  Capt.  Converse.  Two  sloops  and  a  shallop 
man..ed  by  iourteen  sailors,  were  sent  to  them  with  supplies. 
Befoie  he  davvn  of  the  morning  of  June  10,  1692,  an  army 
of  five  hundred  French  and  Indians,  under  Mons.  Burneffe, 
a  tacked  the  place.  The  Indians  were  led  by  four  of  their  most 
distinguished  sagamores.  As  usual,  the  assault  was  commenced 
wihhKeous  yells.  The  military  science  of  the  French  was 
combined  with  the  ferocity  o^  the  savages.     The  strength  of 

suir'rtr  :^^:^  ^^^^ "-'  -^ '-  ^^-^  ^-^'^  «^ 

one   and  his  wife  be  a  maid  of  l.onor  to  such  or  such  a  squaw     Mr  WheeT 

John  Wheelwright  was  widely  known.  He  was  the  most 
prominent  man  in  the  town.  His  capture  would  have  been 
deemed  an  inestimable  acquisition.  The  assailing  array  ap- 
proached the  feeble  garrison,  according  to  European!  not  Indian 
tactics      It  appears   that  Capt.  Converse  had  in  the  garrison 

ants  of  the  place.    They  had  fled  to  that  retreat  in  consequence 
of  suspicions  that  Indians  were  skulking  around.     We  know 

1  Collections  Maine  Historical  Society,  vol  i  p  104 
in.ply  tlxat  he  was  g.ulty  of  no  such  atrocities  ''""  '^'  '"'""'  *« 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Sd7 


not  how  many  women  and  children  had  taken  refuge  there. 
Converse  ordered  liis  men  to  keep  carefully  concealed,  and  not 
to  fire  a  gun  until  they  were  sure  of  their  aim.  One  of  the 
garrison,  terror-«jtricken  in  view  of  ♦he  formidable  array  ap- 
proaching, tremblingly  said,  "We  cannot  resist  We  must 
surrender." 

"  Repeat  that  word,"  Capt.  Converse  replied  sternly,  "  and 
you  are  a  dead  man."  The  assailants  opened  fire.  The  garri- 
son returned  it  with  several  small  cannon  as  well  as  musketry. 
The  women  assisted  in  bringing  powder,  and  in  handling  the 
guns.  The  bullets,  thrown  with  cool  and  accurate  aim,  created 
great  havoc  in  the  ranks  of  the  enemy.  This  was  not  the 
Indian  mode  of  fighting.  Instead  of  admiring  what  was  called 
the  gallantry  of  the  French  in  thus  exposing  their  lives,  they 
regarded  them  as  fools  iix  thus,  as  .!;  were,  courting  death.  Cot- 
ton Mather,  in  his  description  of  the  battle,  writes,  »  They  kept 
calling  to  surrender ;  which  ours  answered  with  a  laughter  and 
with  a  mortifcrous  bullet  at  the  end  of  it." 

There  is  probably  more  poetry  than  prose  in  tliat  statement. 
We  apprehend  that  there  was  little  time  for  laughter  on  that 
dreadful  day,  when  th^  feeble  little  garrison  was  struggling 
against  a  foe  outnumbering  it  nearly  twenty  to  one.  They 
believed  that  it  vas  the  determination  of  the  Indians,  incited 
by  the  French,  to  destroy  every  vestige  of  the  English  settle- 
ments, and  to  put  to  death,  or  drive  from  the  land,  all  the  Eng- 
lish inhabitants. 

Capt.  Converse  had  but  fifteen  men  in  what  was  called  the 
Storer's  garrison.^  The  battle  of  the  first  day  was  mainly 
directed  against  the  garrison.  But  brave  hearts  behind  strong 
defences  beat  off  the  foe.  The  sloops  were  anchored  in  a  nar- 
row creek,  which  was  bordered  with  high  banks.  The  vessels 
were  so   near  the  shore,  that  the  Indians,  from  their  hiding- 

1  "  We  know  not  whether  the  little  band  on  board  the  vessels,  or  the  noble  men 
and  women  within  the  garrison,  are  entitled  to  the  highti-  meed.  History  speaks 
of  fifteen  soldiers  within  the  latter;  but  we  think  there  may  have  been  thirty. 
Whether  the  latter  or  the  former  is  the  true  nnniber,  the  vi(!tory  over  the  assail- 
ants was  one  that  entitles  not  only  these  soldiers,  but  all  who  were  within  the 
walls  of  the  fort,  to  the  grateful  remembrance  of  those  who  have  entered  into 
their  labors."  —  Bourne' a  History  of  Wells  and  Kennsbunk  p.  216, 


J 


238 


TnE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ft- 


places,  could  easilj  throw  stones  on  board.  They  built  a  breast- 
work of  planks,  over  which  they  cautiously  took  aim.  With 
fire-arrows  they  succeeded  several  times  in  setting  the  vessels 
on  fire.  But  the  sailors  extinguished  the  flames  with  mops  on 
the  end  of  long  poles. 

At  length  the  Indians  built  a  breastwork  on  a  cart  This 
they  pushed  within  fifty  feet  of  one  of  the  vessels.  Not  a 
shot  could  strike  them.  As  they  were  carefully  pressincr  it 
forward,  one  of  the  wheels  entered  a  rut.  It  could  not  be 
extricated  without  exposure.  A  gallant  Frenchman  sprung  to 
the  wheel,  and  was  instantly  shot  down.  Another  Frenchman 
took  his  place :  he,  also,  fell,  pierced  by  a  bullet.  The  Indians 
did  not  regard  this  as  sensible  warfare,  but  fled  as  fast  as  possi- 
ble. ^ 

The  next  morning  was  Sunday.  The  enemy  combined  all 
their  energies  in  a  renewed  attack  upon  the  garrisons;  but 
their  bullets  produced  no  effect  upon  the  strong  block-houses 
Not  a  man  was  wounded.  Many  of  the  Indian  chiefs  could 
speak  English.  They  often  called  upon  Capt.  Converse  to  sur- 
render. To  these  summons  he  returned  defiant  answers.  One 
of  the  chiefs  shouted,  "  Since  you  feel  so  stout,  Converse,  why 
do  you  not  come  out  into  the  field  and  fight  like  a  man,  and  not 
stay  in  a  garrison,  like  a  squaw  ?  " 

_"  What  a  pack  of  fools  you  are ! "  Converse  replied.  "  Do  you 
think  that  I  am  willing,  with  but  thirty  men,  to  fight  your  five 
hundred?  But  select  thirty  of  your  warriors,  and,  with  them 
only,  come  upon  the  plain,  and  I  am  ready  for  you." 

"  No,  no  I "  the  chief  replied  in  broken  English.  «  We  think 
English  fashioi  all  one  fool,— you  kill  me,  me  kill  you.  Not 
so.  We  he  somewhere,  and  shoot  'em  Englishmen  when  he  no 
see.     That's  the  best  soldier." 

Another  Indian  exclaimed,  "We  will  cut  you  into  pieces  as 
small  as  tobacco,  before  to-morrow  morning." 

"  Come  on,  then,"  the  brave  captain  retorted :  "  we  are  all 
ready  for  work." 

Finding  their  efforts  unavailing,  the  combined  foe  of  French 
and  savages  again  turned  their  attention  to  the  two  small  sloops 
which  were  anchored  close  together.     There  were  but  seven  or 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


239 


eight  sailors  on  board.»  An  army  of  five  hundred  men  attacked 
them.  Small,  comparatively,  as  were  the  contending  forces,  it 
is  indeed  true  that  a  more  heroic  defence  history  has  seldom 
recorded.  The  savages  constructed  a  raft  about  twenty  feet 
square,  upon  which  they  piled  all  kinds  of  combustibles,— dried 
branches,  birch-bark,  and  evergreen  boughs.  Applying  the 
torch,  they  converted  it  into  an  island  of  fire,  the  forked  tongues 
of  flame  rising  twenty  or  thirty  feet  high. 

The  destruction  of  the  sloops  now  seemed  sure.  Five  hun- 
dred yells  of  triumph  pierced  the  air,  as  the  fire-raft  swung 
from  its  moorings,  and  floated  down  on  the  current  towards  the 
apparently  doomed  vessels.  No  skill,  no  courage,  could  avail 
against  such  a  foe.  But  they  were  saved  by  a  more  than  human 
power.  The  wiud  changed ;  and  the  floating  volcano  was  driven 
to  the  opposite  shore,  where  it  was  soon  converted  to  ashes. 

One  of  the  French  commanders,  Labocree,  was  shot  through 
the  head.  Many  others  of  the  French  and  Indians  were  either 
killed  or  wounded.  Thus  baffled,  the  foe  retreated,  after  inflict- 
ing all  the  damage  in  their  power,  in  burning  the  dwellings,  and 
shooting  the  cattle.  In  the  dusk  of  the  evening  they  with- 
drew ;  and  silence  and  solitude  reigned  where  the  hideous  clangor 
of  battle  had  so  long  resouiided.2  But  one  man  of  the  English 
was  killed.     He  was  shot  on  board  one  of  the  vessels. 

One  unhappy  Englishman,  John  Diamond,  was  taken  captive. 
The  savages,  in  revenge  for  their  losses,  put  him  to  death  with 
the  most  horrible  tortures  which  their  ingenuity  could  contrive. 
Capt.  Converse,8  for  his  heroic  defence,  was  promoted  to  the 

1  "Our  sloops  were  sorely  inponrnoded  by  a  turn  of  the  creek,  where  the  ene- 
my could  he  so  near  as  to  throw  mud  aboard  with  their  hands.  Other  accounts 
make  their  distance  from  them  sixty  ymA^." -Mather's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii  p  532 

2  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  103.  See  also  Mather's  Magnalla 
vol.  n.  p.  532;  and  Bourne's  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  p.  215. 

»  "The  courage  of  the  brave  and  intrepid  Converse  kept  that  of  all  his  com- 
rades from  waning.  He  knew  how  much  depended  on  his  own  resolution  and 
firmness:  his  noble  manliness  amidst  the  storm  was  the  inspiration  of  all  about 
hira. 

"History  does  not  record  a  struggle  more  worthy  of  perpetual  remembrance. 
The  names  of  those  noble  men,  Gooch  and  Storer,  sljould  never  be  forgotten  bv 
tlie  townsmen  of  Wells.  We  know  not  who  else  was.  on  board  these  vessels 
But,  known  or  unknown,  the  whole  crew  were  more  worthy  of  monumental  re- 

menibrance  than  tlie  t.hniisnnda  nf  Tnnvo»r!«.i.r,..r.  H..,a~  — 1 ,' -  •  .~    , 

,     ,,     ,  ,    ,      -1-.- . 1 -1  TLoe-;  Mhuae  lijciuoryis  sancnned 

in  the  hearts  of  tlieir  countrymen,  "-Zfowme's  History  0/  Wells  and  Kennebunk, 


I 


240 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


hi 


important  position  of  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  in 
Maine.  For  seven  years  this  dreadful  war  desolated  the  State. 
Hundreds  of  terrible  tragedies,  of  burning,  scalping,  torturing, 
have  never  been  recorded.  It  is  heart-rending  to  contemplate 
the  woes  into  which  so  many  families  were  plunged.  No  theol- 
ogy or  philosophy  can  fully  explain  why  God  should  allow  the 
depravity  of  man  to  inflict  such  misery  upon  his  brother. 

In  the  spring  of  1692  a  new  administration  commenced ;  and 
Sir  William  Phips  was  appointed,  by  the  sovereign  of  England, 
governor  of  Massachusetts.  A  legislature  was  convened  at 
Boston  on  the  8th  of  June.  Eight  representatives  were  re- 
turned from  Maine.  War  always  spreads  a  demoralizing  influ- 
ence throughout  the  whole  community.  Pirates  and  freeboot- 
ers ravaged  the  unprotected  shores  of  the  Province.  It  was  the 
great  object  of  the  French,  in  the  war  in  which  France  was 
involved  with  England,  to  annex  the  territory  between  the  Sag- 
adahoc and  Nova  Scotia  to  their  domains. 

In  August,  Gov.  Phips,  with  a  force  of  four  hundred  and 
fifty  men,  repaired  to  a  spot  about  three  miles  above  Pemaquid 
Point,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  where  he  built  quite  a  mas- 
sive fort  of  quadrangular  form,  seven  hundred  and  forty-seven 
feet  in  measurement.     While  the  fort  was  in  process  of  con- 
struction, Major  Church  was  despatched  farther  east,  with  a 
strong  force,  to  search  out  the  enemy.     The  fort,  which  was 
named  William  Henry,  was  built  of  stone,  at  an  expense  of 
about  a  hundred  thousand  dollars.     It  was  garrisoned  by  sixty 
men,  and  mounted  eighteen  cannon,  six  of  which  were  eighteen- 
pounders.     This  armament  showed  that  they  were  preparing  to 
repel    not  savages  merely,  but    the  well-equipped   armies  of 
France. 

The  expense  of  building  and  maintaining  such  a  garrison  was 
great  for  those  times,  and  excited  much  discontent.  But  the 
Indians,  who,  unseen,  watched  all  the  movements  of  their  enemy, 
could  not  be  caught  sight  of.  They  found  scattered  through 
the  wilderness  the  lonely  cabins  oi  .  wo  or  three  Frenchmen  who 
had  married  Indian  wives.  It  doe.  .ot  appear  that  these  people 
were  molested.  Two  or  three  vagrant  Indians  were,  by  chance, 
caught;  and  a  small  amount  of  plunder  was  taken,  of  corn  and 
beaver-skins. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


241 


Capt.  Church,  upon  his  return  to  Peraaquid,  ascended  the 
Kennebec  as  far  as  Teconnet  (Winslow).  But  the  fleet-footed 
savages  very  prudently  avoided  a  battle.  There  were  a  few 
guns  discharged  in  the  vicinity  of  Swan  Island  ;  but  we  can- 
not learn  that  anybody  was  hurt.  At  Teconnet  the  savages,  as 
they  saw  the  English  troops  approaching,  set  fire  to  their  huts, 
and,  like  a  covey  of  frightened  partridges,  vanished  in  the 
woods.^ 

The  French  organized  a  strong  expedition  to  batter  down  the 
walls  of  Fort  Henry.  About  two  hundred  Canadians  were  sent 
to  the  Penobscot  to  be  united  with  an  equal  number  of  Indians 
under  Madockawando.  Two  French  frigates  —  one  of  thirty- 
eight,  and  the  other  of  thirty-four  guns  —  were  to  co-operate. 
But,  when  this  powerful  land  and  naval  force  reached  Pemaquid, 
an  English  man-of-war  was  riding  at  anchor,  under  the  guns  of 
the  fort ;  and  the  works  were  found  too  strong  to  be  attacked. 
Thus  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 

The  starving  Indians,  without  homes  or  harvests,  and  living 
in  constant  terror,  were  in  great  distress,  and  longed  for  peace. 
On  the  12th  of  August,  1092,  eighteen  sagamores,  representing 
nearly  all  the  tribes  from  Passamaquoddy  Bay  to  Saco,  came  to 
the  fort  at  Peraaquid,  and  proposed  terms  of  peace.  Three 
commissioners  met  them. 

The  sagamores  renounced  subjection  to  France,  and  pledged 
loyalty  to  the  crown  of  England.  Tliey  also  agreed  to  release  all 
their  captives  without  ransom,  to  leave  the  English  unmolested 
in  all  their  claims  to  possessions  and  territory,  and  to  traffic  only 
at  the  trading-houses  which  should  be  regulated  by  law.  All 
controversies  were  to  be  settled  in  English  courts  of  justice. 
Five  Indians,  of  high  rank,  were  delivered  to  the  English  as 
hostages  to  secure  the  fulfilment  of  the  treaty.' 

Thus  terminated  the  second  Indian  war.  Still  the  Indians 
could  not  be  cordial  and  happy  with  the  hard  conditions  im- 
posed upon  them.  They  were  treated  as  a  subjugated  people. 
The  Protestant  English  and  the  Catholic  French  were  never 


1  Benjamin  Church's  Third  Expedition,  p.  131. 

'  Matlier's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii.  p.  542,  contains  entire  this  treaty,  so  humiliating  to 
the  Indians. 

16 


242 


TUB  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


wasall  Rehgous  differences  imbiuced  national  animosities 
I  .s  sajd  that  the  Freueh  were  continually  cndeavonng  to "r 
the  Indians  agatnst  the  English,  just  as  (he  English,  a  few  years 
afterwards,  were  nnwearied  in  their  endeavors  to  rouse  tie 
savages  agamst  the  Americans. 

It  is  said  that  the  Catholic  missionaries  were  ever  striving  to 
ncte  the  savages  to  renew  the  war,  incessantly  preaeWr  thlt 
".t  ts  no  s.„  to  break  faith  with   heretics.-     That  these"  setf 

instruct  the  Indians,  were  patriotic  to  their  own  country  when 

doubted.     Bu    no  man  can  read  the  record  of  their  toils  and 
suffering  without  the  conviction  that  they  were  tru  y  go  d 

seek  and  to  save  the  lost. 

aevtuv"  ^^.t''  "'  f °"'fS«™«'''  --  ''enounced  with  peculiar 
severity.  .His  entire  devotion,"  writes  Williamson,  "to  the 
religions  interests  of  the  Indians,  gave  him  an  unlimi  ed  alen! 
dency  over  them.  ■  Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada,  ap  o  „  ed 
Mons  Vilheu  resident  commander  at  Penobscot.  He  succeeded 
m  enlisting  two  hundred  and  fifty  Indians,  under  Madockafan' 
do  to  accompany  a  French  force  in  an  attack  upon  Dover 
Having  destroyed  the  pl,,ce,  on  the  18th  of  July,  1693,  they  re-' 

near  ifoik,  and  took  one  lad  captive.     On  the  25th  of  August 
they  killed  eight  men  at  Kittery,  and,  with  the  hard-hearteTness 
of  fiends,  scalped  a  little  girl.    The  child  wes  found  the  next 
morning,  bleeding  .and  apparently  dying.     The  scalp  w  s  torn 

hawk ;  still,  strange  to  say,  the  child  recovered. 

This  was  considered  such  a  violation  of  the  treaty  as  to  iua- 
tify  any  retahatory  acts.     There  was  a  Frenchman  by  the  name 

livr.  .lertlnB  .  c.l  f  °i  l^jlf  °^^° !    '■"■■      ",?.  "■">  ^  """■  •'  P™n,irent  n.ille 
«-■«(<,  CtoLi^'l;  p  »     '""l»"-«"-'  -"'I'lr,  *  !aMuMe  Fra„,,  par 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE,  243 

Of  Robert  or  Robin  Doney,  ^yho  had  adopted  the  Indian  style 

trVr"?P  T'  '  '^''^  "™°"S  them,  and  had  si^med  the 

treaty  at  Pemaqu.d.  He  expressed  great  regret  for  the  rupture, 
and,  with  three  companions,  Listened  to  the  new  fort  at  Saco, 
to  seek  some  adjustment  of  the  difficulty.  He  and  his  compani 
ions  were  seized  and  imprisoned.* 

Soon  ofter  this,  an  Indian  chief,  by  the  name  of  Bomaseen, 
accon>panied  by  two  Indians  of  high  rank,  visited  the  garrison 
at  Pemaquid.  Bomaseen,  or  Bomazeen  as  Drake  spells  it,  was 
a  sachem  of  the  Canibas  tribe  at  Norridgewock/  He  ^as  a 
fnend  of  the  English,  and  had  communicated  to  them  informa- 
tion  respecting  the  designs  of  the  French.  It  was  known  that 
he  had  saved  the  life  of  a  woman,  Rebecca  Taylor,  whom  a 
savage  was  endeavoring  to  hang.2  The  three  were  immediately 
seized  and  incarcerated  upon  the  suspicion  that  they  were  en- 
gaged  in  the  rupture.3 

It  is  humiliating  to  record  that  the  government  did  not  re- 
pudiate  this  bad  faith.  But  there  were  many  individuals  who 
denounced  it  with  great  severity,  declaring  it  to  be  as  impolitic 
as  it  was  unjust.  It  is  reported  by  Williamson  that  the  follow- 
ing  conversation  took  place  in  Boston,  between  Bomaseen  and 
an  English  clergyman.  The  chief,  speaking  of  the  religious 
instruction  he  had  received  from  the  priests,  said,  — 

"  The  Indians  understand  that  the  Virgin  Mary  was  a  French 
lady  Her  son  Jesus  Christ,  the  blessed,  was  murdered  by  the 
English.  But  he  has  risen  from  tlie  dead,  and  gone  to  heaven. 
All  who  would  gain  his  favor  must  avenge  his  blood  " 

The  English  clergyman  replied,  taking  a  glass  of  wine,  "  Jesus 
Christ  gives  us  good  religion,  like  the  wine  in  this  glass.     Cxod's 

liHh  Znjrrf '''t^''"  ^"J'f  •  ^'^'°  Doney  becanie  reconciled  to  the  Eng. 
Ml,  an.l  signed  a  treaty  with  them  at  Pemaquid.    But,  within  a  year  after  ha 

^Z:7T^'  "'T  1?  "'^'  °^  ^^■•^^""*  ^'^'^^°"'  ^-  ^--  not  and    om^,  to 
wLf  V    \  f       '  ''.'°^'^''''''  ^°  '^"^^  '^'«  diffloulty,  was  seized  by  the  EngUsh 

IS^^yT'^Tl'^'r^'Tf'  '"^'  "^«  ''^'^  «^  forgiveness  and  mC 
„  Jt     ^        ~  ^'  "^®  "  ^°°^  ^■f  ^'^e  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  no 
■*  Drake,  hook  iii.  p.  m. 

8  "In  Ki'M  he  (Bomazeen)  came  to  the  fort  at  Pemaquid  with  a  flag  of  tnice 

to"  X  eT:  ;::; T'"'  "^'  """  "'°  -m.„anded%nd  sent  prisoneilS 
ton,^vy.ereheiemumud  .ome  moulh^  iu  u  ioatlisome  prison." -iJraAe,  book  iii. 


244 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


book  is  the  Bible,  which  holds  this  good  wine.  The  French 
put  poison  in  it,  and  then  give  it  to  the  Indians.  The  English 
give  it  to  them  pure ;  that  is,  they  present  them  the  Bible  in 
their  own  language.  French  priests  hear  you  confess  your  sins, 
and  take  beaver  for  it.  The  English  never  sell  pardons.  Par- 
dons are  free,  and  come  from  God  only." 

To  this  Bomaseen  replied,  "  The  Indians  will  spit  up  all 
French  poison.     The  Englishman's  God  is  the  best  God."  > 

The  English  retained  the  five  hostages  whom  the  chiefs  had 
placed  in  their  hands,  and  also  closely  imprisoned  Bomaseen 
and  his  companions  for  the  winter.  Pestilence  and  famine  were 
raging  among  these  unhappy  perishing  natives.  Starvation 
drove  many  to  acts  of  plunder. 

In  May,  1695,  the  English  sent  one  of  their  hostage  chiefs, 
Sheepscot  John,  to  confer  with  the  eastern  Indians  upon  peace. 
He  induced  the  sagamores  to  come  in  a  fleet  of  fifty  canoes, 
and  meet  him  at  Rutherford'i^  Island,  which  was  about  three 
miles  from  fort  William  Henry.  There  was  a  friendly  confer- 
ence. A  truce  was  agreed  upon  ;  eight  English  captives  were 
released ;  and  the  sagamores  promised,  at  tlie  end  of  thirty  days, 
to  meet  commissioners  at  the  garrison  of  William  Henry,  and 
conclude  an  abiding  peace. 

The  commissioners  met  at  the  appointed  time  and  place. 
The  sagamores  were  also  prompt  to  their  engagements.  The 
English,  Messrs.  Phillips,  Hawthorne,  and  Converse,  refused  to 
surrender  their  hostf.ges,  and  yet  demanded  that  the  Indians 
should  surrender  their  prisoners  before  they  would  even  treat 
upon  the  subject  of  peace.  We  must  respect  these  chiefs  for 
resenting  such  an  indignity.     They  replied,  — 

"You  have  not  brought  us  our  friends,  and  yet  you  demand  that  we  shaU 
bring  to  you  yours.     This  is  not  fair.     We  will  talk  no  more. ' ' 

Abruptly  they  rose  and  departed.  Thus  the  truce  ended. 
Again  the  storms  of  war  spread  their  desolations  far  and  wide. 
It  was  a  miserable  warfare  on  each  side,  shooting  individuals 
whenever  they  could  be  found,  burning  cabins  and  wigwams, 
and  capturing  and  scalping  without  mercy. 

1  ■WilHasv.Ron,  vol.  i.  p.  641. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
KING  William's  war.  —  queen  anne's  wab. 

Efforts  of  the  French  to  reduce  Fort  William  Henry  —  Cruelty  of  Capt. 
Chubb  — His  Fate  — Camden  Heights  — Plunder  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy  — 
Major  Frost  —  Fearful  Tragedies  —  Consultations  for  Peace  —  Assacombuit 
—  Impoverishment  of  the  Province  — Cruel  Pvuraors  and  N-iw  Solicitudes  — 
An  Intolerant  Act  — Gov.  Dudley  —  Speech  of  Simmo  — King  William's 
War  — Policy  of  M.  Rivieres  —  Shameful  Conduct  of  Englishmen  —  Third 
Indian  War- Siege  of  Winter  Harbor  —  Arrival  of  Capt,  Southack. 

rr^HE  renewal  of  the  dreadful  war  must  be  attributed  to  the 
-L  folly  of  the  English.  During  the  month  of  June,  1696, 
more  than  twenty  persons  were  shot  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Piscataqua,  and  many  houses  were  burned.  The  French 
resolved  to  reduce  Fort  William  Henry.  In  their  view,  it  con- 
trolled all  of  Western  Acadia. 

Capt.  Iberville  was  sent  from  Quebec,  with  two  men-of-war, 
and  two  companies  of  soldiers.  At  Port  Royal  he  was  to  take 
on  board  fifty  Indians ;  and  at  Castine  he  was  to  be  joined  by 
Baron  Castine  and  a  large  additional  number.  Charlevoix  says 
that  there  were  two  hundred  savages  in  the  expedition.^  Cas- 
tine, with  liis  retinue,  accompanied  the  ships  along  the  sliore  in 
canoes. 

Tiie  troops  were  landed  without  opposition,  and  the  batteries 
raised.  By  the  14th  of  July,  1696,  uhe  fort  was  invested. 
Capt.  Chubb,  who  was  in  command  of  the  garrison,  had  fifteen 
guns  and  ninety-five  men,  with  an  ample  supply  of  food  and 
ammunition.  Iberville,  having  placed  his  cannon  and  mortars 
in  position  simply  to  show  what  he  could  do,  sent  a  summons 
for  surrender.    Chubb  was  particularly  obnoxious  to  the  Indians, 


1  Hist.  Gen.  d6  la  Nout.  Fr.,  t.  ill.  p.  260. 


245 


246 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Ififh  "r^^^^^erot  a  wrong.  Only  five  months  before,  on  the 
16th  of  February,  169G,  he  lured  two  sachems,  EdgereLt  and 
AbenquKl,  into  his  fort,  and  put  them  both  to  dea^K  ^  I  tas 
a  hornd  and  eold-blooded  aet,"  writes  Drake.  "  Few  are  the 
instances  that  we  meet  with  in  history,  where  Indian  treachery, 
as  It  IS  tinned,  can  go  before  this.'"  ^  To  the  demand  for  a  sur' 
render  Chubb  returned  the  spirited  reply,  "  I  shall  not  give  up 
t^ie  fort  though  the  sea  be  covered  with  French  vessels,  and  the 
land  with  wild  Indians." 

The     bombardment    was    commenced    with    great    energy. 
Bombshells,  those  most  terrible  thunderbolts  of  war,  fell  thick, 
with  death-dealing  explosions,  within   the  enclosure.      Baron 
Castine,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  humane  man,  some  say  a 
rehgious  man,  convinced  that  the  fort  could  not  withstand  the 
cannonade,  and  knowing,  from  the  antagonism  of  the  Indians  to 
Chubb,  that,  should  the  fort  be  carried  by  storm,  no  earthly 
power  could  restrain  the  ferocity  of  the  savages,  succeeded  in 
senduig  to  him  the  following  message  :  "  If  you  delay  to  surren- 
der till  the  works  are   carried   by   assault,   an    indiscriminate 
massacre  of  the  garrison  is  inevitable." 

Conscious  guilt  probably  made  Chubb  cowardly.  The  white 
flag  was  raised;  and  the  terms  of  capitulation  were  soon  agreed 
upon.  All  the  garrison  were  to  be  conveyed  to  Boston,  and,  in 
exchange  for  them,  just  as  many  French  and  Indian  prisonei-s- 
of-war  were  to  be  returned.  The  gates  of  the  fort  were  tbrown 
open ;  and  the  conquerors  entered,  unfurling  the  French  fla- 
U23on  the  captured  battlements.  " 

But  the  Indians  found  one  of  their  people  in  irons.  He  had 
a  deplorable  story  to  tell  of  the  cruel  treatment  he  had  received 
irom  Ciuibb.  Inis  so  exasperated  them,  that,  before  Capt.  Iber- 
ville could  effectually  interpose,  several  of  the  English  were 

?",  ^ll:  *^''"''''  ^•^"•"^^  '-^n  opportunity,  iu  a  pretty  Chuhbed  manner  to  kill  thfl 
fan.ous  L.l,.ere„,et.  and  Abenqui.!,  a  couple  of  principal  .agam, ne  l;!  ,  «.  e  or 
t^vo  other  Incbans,  on  a  Lord's  Day.  Son.e,  that  well  e^ou^h  lito  I  e  "hi" 
wn  ch  was  now  done,  did  not  altogether  like  the  manner  of  doing  t  Wan  ^ 
here  was  a  preten..e  of  treaty  between  Chubb  and  the  Ha.an.ores?  whe  eof  e 
took  b.  advantage  to  lay  violent  bands    upon   them.' "lifatAe  ■    ^C  ^ 


TBE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


247 


massacred ;  but,  by  the  aid  of  the  French  soldiers,  he  rescued 
the  rest,  and  removed  them,  with  Chubb,  to  a  small  neighbor- 
ing island,  where  they  were  placed  under  a  strong  guard.* 
Both  French  and  Indians  regarded  this  conquest  as  a  great 
achievement.  The  fleet  returned  to  the  Penobscot;  and,  flushed 
witli  victory,  new  efforts  were  made  by  the  French  to  enlist  all 
the  tribes  as  allies  in  the  renewal  of  the  war. 

The  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  created  much  anxiety  in 
Boston.  It  was  feared  that  the  fleet  would  sweep  the  whole 
coast,  from  the  Penobscot  to  the  Piscataqua,  burning  and 
destroying.  Five  luindred  men  were  promptly  raised,  and  sent 
to  the  Piscataqua,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Church.  But 
no  enemy  appeared  there. 

Three  British  men-of-war,  with  a  smaller  vessel  of  twenty 
guns,  and  a  fire-ship,  sailed  from  Boston  for  the  Penobscot,  to 
attack  and  destroy  the  French  squadron  ;  but  the  fleet  was  just 
visible,  far  away  in  the  distant  horizon,  on  its  return  to  Quebec. 
Though  it  was  pursued  for  a  few  hours,  it  was  soon  entirely 
lost  siglit  of  in  a  dense  fog.  The  English  vessels,  on  their  way 
back  to  Boston,  captured  a  small  French  shallop,  commanded 
by  Capt.  Villeau,  with  twenty-three  French  sailors  on  board. 

Major  Church  embarked  a  portion  of  his  division  in  a  small 
well-armed  vessel,  and  sailed  along  the  coast  until  he  cast 
anchor  at  the  Island  of  Monhegan.  He  then  boldly  pushed  on 
to  Penobscot  Bay,  and  ascended,  until  abreast  Camden  Heights.^ 

1  "  We  will  now  inform  the  reader  of  the  wrefohed  fate  of  Capt.  Pasco  Chuhb 
It.  was  not  Ions  after  he  hail  coniniitteil  the  hloody  deed  of  Itillinrr  the  Indian 
sa-amores,  hefure  he  and  the  fort  were  taken  by  the  French  and  the  Indians  He 
was  exchanged,  and  retnrned  to  Boston,  where  he  snffered  nnu-h  ilisgrace  for  liis 
treachery  with  the  Indians.  He  lived  at  Andover,  in  Massachusetts,  where  the 
Indians  made  an  attack,  in  February,  l(;i)8,  in  wliich  he  was  killed.  '  Wlien  they 
found  that  they  had  killed  him.  it  Rave  them  as  much  joy,>  says  Hutchinson,  'as 
the  destruction  of  a  whole  town,  because  they  had  taken  their  beloved  venjieance 
ot  lum  for  hn  perfidy  and  barbarity  to  their  counfrvmen.'  Tliey  shot  him 
thruush  several  times,  after  he  was  a^MV  —  Drake,  book  iii.  p.  113. 

2  "  Camden  Hei-hts  arc  about  ten  miles  overland  from  Owl's  Head.  There  are 
five  or  six  of  them,  in  a  range  from  north-west  to  south-east;  and  they  are  clothed 
with  forest-trees  to  their  tops.  Mount  Batty,  which  is  about  three-quarters  of  a 
nide  Irom  Camden  Harbor,  is  about  nine  hundred  feet  high.  lu  our  second  war 
with  Engla.id,  an  eifjhteen-pounder  was  placed  upon  its  summit. 

"These  are  probably  the  mountains  seen  by  Capt.  Weymouth  in  1C05,  and  by 
Cup.  bimtli  m  l(,ii,  when  they  exi.lored  Penobscot  Bay."  -i'ee  Williamson' sHisto^ 
of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  95. 


248 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


11%  ■;; 


The  pilot,  who  was  familiar  with  that  region,  and  who  had  once 
been  "  captive  there  in  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  informed 
Capt.  Church,  that,  ahout  sixty  miles  up  the  river,  there  .vas 
a  small  island,  which  wa.  place  of  general  resort  by  the 
indians.  *' 

T  }^  I'  ^^;i;P'^'*«^  ^^^^^  this  was  the  ancient  Lett,  or'oidtown 
island.  There  was  a  village  here,  whicii,  for  a  long  time,  con- 
tinned  to  be  one  of  the  most  memorable  of  the  Indian  towns.  It 
was  situated  on  the  s<Muherly  end  of  an  island,  containing  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  very  rich  soil.  Church  as- 
cended the  river  in  his  vessel  as  far  as  what  is  called  the  Bend, 
where  Eddington  now  stands.'  Small  vessels  could  usuallv 
ascend  nearly  to  this  point.  Here  Church  cast  anchor.  Land- 
ing a  portion  of  h.s  force,  he  commenced  a  mar  up  the  west 
bank  of  the  river. 

It  was  the  month  of  August.  The  region  was  beautiful,  and 
the  climate  hi  that  latitude,  at,  that  season,  charming.  Ascend- 
ing  a  few  miles,  they  passed  many  spots  which  the  Indians  had 
formerly  inhabited,  but  which  were  then  abandoned.  It  was 
the  custom  to  hunt  Indians  as  one  would  hunt  wolves.  Of^en 
no  respect  was  paid  to  sex  or  age.  The  men  succeeded  in  Idll- 
inj  four  or  five  of  the  natives,  and  in  wounding  several.  A 
shattered  bone  must  be  a  terrible  calamity  to  a  poor  ladian,  who 
can  have  no  surgical  aid. 

The  adventners,  having  inflicted  this  amount  of  daman-e 
returned  to  thtu-  vessel,  and  sailed  for  the  Bay  of  Fundy  °A 
few  French  emigrants  had  their  scattered  cabins  on  the  northern 
shores  of  this  bay,  whore  their  wives  and  children  lived,  in  the 
extrenie  of  poverty.  They  raised  a  few  bushels  of  corn,  cauah. 
a  few  fishes,  and  occasionally  trapped  a  beaver,  or  shot  a  bfrd. 
I  heir  cr.mfortless  homes  were  scarcely  a  remove  above  the  win-- 
warn  of  the  savage.  ® 

In  terror,  the  inmates  of  these  hovels  fled  into  the  wilderness. 
Capt.  Church  burned  their  houses,  destroyed  their  little  har 
vests,  and  plundered  them  of  their  furs  and  skins,  and  of  what- 

Marsilfian.i*?hP  h''""'^  °'  *he  Penobscot  with  t],e  Stillwater,  at  the  foot  of 
Marsh  Tslancl,  the  nver  flows  south-westerly  three  miles  to  the  head  of  the  ti.le  at 
the  Be,vl,  where  its  usual  ebL  and  flow  are  two  feet."  -  WUliarnsonXXl  T'^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


249 


B\'iv  else  was  worth  carrying  away.>  As  he  was  sailing  home- 
wards with  his  slender  booty,  he  met,  in  the  waters  of 
Passamaquoddy  Bay,  an  English  squadron  of  three  vessels,  from 
Boston.  Col.  Hawthorne  was  in  command.  Cape.  Church, 
thus  superseded,  was  directed  to  join  the  fleet,  and  accompany 
them  to  an  attack  upon  St.  John.  The  enterprise  was  uhouc- 
cessful,  and  the  vessels  returned  to  Boston. 

The  inhabitants  of  Maine,  the  English,  and  the  savages,  were 
now  alike  wretched.  No  man  could  leave  his  door  without 
danger  of  being  shoe.  N9  family  could  lay  down  to  sleep  at 
night  without  being  liable  to  hear  the  horrible  war-whoop 
before  the  morning,  and  of  being  subjected  to  the  awful  tragedy 
of  conflagration,  scalping,  and  massacre.  Stern  Nature  seemed 
in  harmony  with  the  cruelty  of  man.  The  winter  was  one  of 
unprecedented  cold;  and  storms  of  sleet  and  snow  howled 
through  the  tree-tops,  and  swept  all  the  dreary  fields.  Many, 
both  Indians  and  English,  were  starved  to  death.  Nine  Indians, 
who  were  out  hunting,  after  eating  their  dogs,  were  found  dead, 
the  victims  of  famine.'* 

Major  Charles  Frost  was  in  command  at  Kittery.  He  was 
peculiarly  obnoxious  to  the  Indians,  as  they  accused  him  of 
several  acts  of  treachery .3  A  plan  was  formed  to  kill  him. 
Several  Indians  hid  behind  a  laige  log,  about  five  miles  from 
his  house,  to  shoot  him  on  his  way  to  church.  It  way  Sunday 
morning,  June  4,  1697.  Apparently,  his  wife  was  riding 
behind  liim,  on  a  pillion  ;  and  some  one  was  walking  by  the  side 
of  the  horse.  There  was  a  simultaneous  discharge  of  the  guns 
of  the  savages ;  and  all  three  fell  to  the  ground  in  the  convul- 
sions of  death. 


»  "  Anion}^  the  settlements  011  the  north  shore  of  that  bay,  he  made  great 
destruction,  ami  took  considerable  plunder."—  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  (JKJ. 

2  A.    ther's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii.  p.  55(i. 

8  "We  have,  in  narrating  the  events  in  the  life  of  Modokawando,  m-ficed  the 
voyage  of  Major  Waldron  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Maine.  How  niucli  iieacliery 
was  manifested  at  that  time  by  the  In<lians,  which  caused  the  English  to  massa- 
cre many  of  them,  we  shall  not  take  upon  us  to  declare.  Yet  thi  ■,  we  cannot  but 
bear  in  mind,  tliat  we  have  only  the  account  of  t!iose  who  performed  the  tragedy, 
and  not  tliat  of  those  on  whom  it  fell.  Capt.  Charles  Frost  of  Kittery  was"witli 
Waldron  upon  that  expedition,  and,  next  to  him,  a  principal  actor  in  it."— Drake, 
book  iii,  p,  \m.. 


250 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Two  young  men  who  were  hurrying  with  the  tidings  to  the 
garnsou  at  Wells  were  shot  by  the  lurking  Indians.     Five  sol- 
diers,  who  had  ventured  a  little  distance  from  the  garrison  at 
Ifork,  were  found  scalped,  and  with  their  bodies  pierced  with 
bullets.     One  unhappy  man,  who  had  incurred  the  rage  of  the 
savages,  was  roasted  to  death  at  a  slow  fire.     A  few  men  from 
Wells  went  upon  Cow  Island  for  fuel.     A  man  and  his  two 
.-ens  were  stationed  to  keep  watch.     The  lurking  savages  seized 
them,  and  carried  them  off  in  a  canoe.     There  were  several 
canoes      Lieut.  Larabee  was  out  on  a  scout.     Eo  caught  sio-ht 
of  the  little  neei,  and  shot  three  of  the  Indians,  rescuin-  one 
captive.  ^  The  other  two   vr-re  carried  away.      Doubtless  the 
Indians,  in  revenge,  tortured  them  to  death. 

The  French  raised  an  army  of  fitiec-  hundred  French  and 
liKliam'.  to  recapture  Nova  Scotia,  and  ravage  all  the  coasts  of 
JNew  Lngunid.  This  was  a  prodigious  force  for  this  country,  in 
those  days.  It  created  great  alarm.  At  a  vast  expense  of 
money  and  labor,  all  the  fortification,  were  strengthened  and 
supplied.  Five  hundred  soldiers,  under  Major  March,  were 
pushed  forward  to  the  forts  in  .Maine.  Ranging  parties  were 
sent  in  all  directions  to  intercept  the  Indians. 

Major  March  cast  anchor,  with  his  troops,  at  Damariscotta.» 
A   baud  of  Indians  had  discerned  his  approach.     They  knew 
where  he  would  attempt  a  landing,  and  concealed  themselves  in 
ambush.     Scarcely  had   the  troops  placed  their  feet  upon  the 
shore  of  the  silent   and   apparently  solitary  wilderness,  when 
there  came  a  loud  report  of  musketry,  a  volley  of  bullets  swept 
through   their  ranks,  and   their  ears  were  almost  deafened  by 
the  shrill  war-whoop.     Nearly  thirty  w.re  killed  or  wounded. 
Ihe  Lnghsh,  now  well  accustomed  to  Indian  warfare,  rallied 
for  a  vigorous  defence.     The  savages  fled,  probably  with  but 
very  slight  loss.     It  was  their  great  aim  to  strike  a  blow,  and 
then  run  before  the  blow  could  be  returned.2 

Two  days  after  this,  on  the  11th  of  September,  1G97,  peace 

rt  is  Znrtf"'"V'  "":"'«''^'''^  f"^'  ''^'•Se  «''iP^  ^1"^"t  twelve  nnles  from  the  sea. 
2  Mather's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii.  p.  553. 


THE  niBTORY  OF  MAINE. 


251 


between  France  and  England  was  concluded  by  tbe  fiiracca 
Treaty  of  Ryswidc.  Tidings  of  the  bappy  event  did  not  reach 
Boston  until  the  10th  of  December.  The  Indians,  unaided  by 
the  French,  could  accomplish  but  little,  though  there  were 
occasional  assassinations  and  plunderings.  Early  in  the  summer 
of  1698,  the  savages  sent  in  their  flags  of  truce  to  our  outposts, 
imploring  peace. 

A  conference  was  held  at  Penobscot  on  the  14th  of  October, 
1G98.     Two  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  met  six  saga- 
mores, accompanied  by  a  large  retinue  of  Indians.     The  Indians 
were  very  sad.     Mournfully  they  sang  requiems  for  the  dead. 
War  to  them  had  brought  famine,   and    famine   had  brought 
pestilence.     A  terrible  disease  was  sweeping  away  hundreds  of 
their  people.     Many  of  their  most  illustrious  men,  the  revered 
Madockavvando »  being  of  the  number,  were  included  among  its 
victims.     The  English  commissioners  insisted,  that,  in  add?tioa 
to  the  return  of  all  the  captives,  the  Indians  should  drive  all  the 
Catholic  missionaries  out  of  their  country.     It  certainly  speaks 
well  for  the  influence  which  these  teachers  had  exertrd  upon 
tlie  minds  of  the  savages,  that  the  sagamores,  as  with  one  voice, 
should  have  replied,  "  The  white  prisoners  will  be  free  to  go 
home,  or  stay  v/ith  their  Indian  friends.     But  the  good  mission- 
aries must  not  be  driven  away." 

Another  conference  was  held  at  Marepoint,  now  in  the  town 
of  Brunswick,  in  January,  1G99.  Major  Convereo  and  Col. 
Phillips  met  the  sagamores  of  most,  if  not  all,  the  tribes  between 
the  Piscataqua  aiui  the  Penobscot.  Here  a  previous  treaty  was 
signed  and  ratified,  with  additional  articles.  The  dreadful  war 
had  lasted  ten  years,  impoverishing  all,  enriching  none.  The 
woes  it  had  caused,  no  finite  imagination  can  gauge.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  between  five  and  seven  hundred  of  the  English  were 
killed,  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  were  carried  into  captivity, 
many  of  whom  perished.     One  Indian  warrior,  Assacombuit,^ 

1  "Madockawando  and  Sqiiando  were  the  most  powerful  chiefs  during  thi* 
war.  They  are  des.-ribed  by  Hubbard  as  'a  strange  kind  of  moralized  savages, 
gi-ave  and  serious  in  tlieir  speech,  and  not  without  some  show  of  a  kind  of 
religion.'  "  —  Willis's  History  of  Porthnul,  p.  213. 

2  "xiiis  sachem  was  known  among  the  French  by  the  name  of  Nescamhiouif 
hut  among  the  English  he  was  called  Assacambuit  and  Assacombuit.    He  was  aa' 


252 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ft 


boasted,  and  probably  trutlifully,  that  he  had  killed  or  captured 
a  hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children.' 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  but  well  authenticated,  that,  in  many 
eases,  young  children  captured  by  the  savages,  and  brought  up 
among  them,  were  often  very  unwilling  to  leave  the  wfgwara, 
and  return  to  civilized  life.  The  attachment  between  them  and 
the  members  of  the  Indian  families  became  very  strong.  Very 
affecting  were  the  partings  which  sometimes  took  place.  Even 
in  the  present  case,  Mr.  Williamson  testifies,  that  "  a  few  who 
were  captured  in  their  childhood,  becoming  attached  to  the 
society  of  the  savages,  chose  to  remain  with  them,  and  never 
would  leave  the  tribes." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  royal  charter  of  William  and 
Mary,  dated  Oct.  7,  1691,  inclrded  essentially  the  territory  of 
the  present  State  of  Maine,  in  two  great  divisions.  One  of 
th(3se,  extending  from  Piscataqua  to  the  Kennebec  River,  was 
called  the  Province  of  Maine ;  the  other,  which  included  the 
region  between  the  Kennebec  and  the  St.  Croix,  was  denomi- 
nated the  Province  of  Sagadahoc.^ 

Maine  became  virtually  a  province  of  Massachusetts,  and  so 
continued  for  a  hundred  and  thirty  years.3  The  administration 
of  Su-  William  Phips  continued  about  two  and  a  half  years. 
He  died  in  London  in  the  year  1694.  Mr.  Williamson  pays  the 
following  well-merited  tribute  to  his  memory  :*_ 

"He  was  a  man  of  benevolent  disposition  and  accredited  piety,  thouo'h 
sometimes  unable  to  repress  the  ebullitions  of  temper.     He  was  not  only 

faitliful  to  tlie  French  as  one  of  their  own  nation.     In  1700  he  sailed  for  France 
and  was  presente.l  to  his  Majesty  Louis  XIV.,  at  Versailles.    Here,  anion-  other 
emment  personages,  he  hecanie  known  to  tlie  historian  Charlevoix     Tire  king 
havuig  presented  him  an  elegant  sword,  he  is  reported  to  have  said,  holding  un 
Ins  hand,  —  >  fa    'i* 

"  '  This  hand  has  slain  a  hundred  and  forty  of  your  Majosty'a  enemies  in  New 
.'-.agland. 

"Whereupon  the  king  forthwith  knighted  him,  and  ordered  that  henceforth  a 
pension  of  eight  livres  a  day  {about  $1.50)  be  allowed  him  for  life."  -Drake,  book 

1  See  Mather's  M.-vgnalia,  vol.  ii.  p  558;  History  of  New  England,  by  Daniel 
Neal,  vol.  ii.  p.  544;  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  C50. 

2  This  region  was  inserted  in  the  charter,  without  any  specific  name,  tho„.rb  it 
was  us^iially  called  as  we  have  mentioned.  -  Summary  of  British  Settlement,  in 
North  America,  by  William  Douylass,  vol.  i.  p.  332. 

8  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  10. 
*  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  d.  2.1, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


253 


enerp^etic  and  exceedingly  persevering  in  his  purposes,  but  Le  possessed  good 
abilities,  unsullied  integrity,  and  strong  attachments.  His  unremitting  as- 
siduities to  promote  the  best  interests  of  Maine,  the  Province  of  his  nativity, 
and  to  enforce  measures  devised  for  its  defence  and  reUef ,  are  evidences 
monumental  of  his  patriotism,  and  his  high  sense  of  obligation  and  duty." 

Massachusetts,  in  assuming  the  government  of  Maine,  re- 
signed to  the  crown  of  England  all  jurisdictional  rights  to  Nova 
Scotia.  The  community  there  consisted  mainly  of  a  mixed 
breed  of  Canadians  and  Indians.  They  had  been  mostly  under 
French  influence,  were  generally  Roman  Catholics,  and  their 
sympathies  were  with  France.  The  people  of  all  Maine  had 
become  essentially  one  with  the  people  of  Massachusetts  in 
their  social  habits,  their  political  views,  and  their  religious 
observances.  Massachusetts  had  ever  been  to  Maine  a  kind  and 
sympathizing  friend. 

The  impoverishment  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  at  the  close 
of  the  war  was  dreadful,  almost  beyond  comprehension. 
Houses,  barns,  and  mills,  with  all  the  implements  of  agriculture, 
had  been  consumed  by  the  flames.^  The  people  of  York  wished 
for  a  grist-mill.  They  were  unable  to  build  one.  They  offered 
a  man  in  Portsmouth,  if  he  would  put  up  a  mill,  a  lot  of  land 
to  build  it  upon,  liberty  to  cut  such  timber  as  he  needed,  and 
their  pledge  to  carry  all  their  corn  to  his  mill  so  long  as  he  kept 
it  in  order. 

The  worn  and  wasted  people  gradually  returned  to  the  deso- 
lated spots  which  had  once  been  their  homes.  Log-cabins  again 
began  to  arise  in  the  solitudes  of  Falmouth,  Scarborough,  and 
at  various  other  points,  over  which  pitiless  war  had  rolled  its 
billows.  In  this  state  of  affairs,  some  malicious  persons  set  thd 
cruel  report  in  circulation,  that  the  colonists  were  making 
preparation  to  fall  upon  the  Indian  tribes,  and  exterminate  them. 
It  was  said  that  this  rumor  originated  with  the  French,  who 
were  still  anxious  to  extend  their  possessions  farther  west,  and 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  aid  of  the  savages.^ 

The  Indians,  greatly  frightened,  began  to  withdraw  from*  the 

»  "No  mills,  no  enolosuros,  no  roads,  but,  on  the  contrary,  dilapidatefl  habita- 
tions, wide  wasted  fields,  and  melancholy  nuns."  —  Willinnuon,  vol.  ii.  p.  31. 
•  Hutchiasoii's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  115. 


254 


TUE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


English  settlements.  This  alarmed  the  English ;  and  they  com- 
menceil  preparations  for  defence,  apprehending  that  the  Indians 
were  agiin  to  attack  them.  These  hostile  demonstrations  con- 
firmed the  Indians  in  their  fears ;  and  in  all  probability  they 
began  to  draw  nearer  to  the  French.  This  confirmed  the  suspi- 
cions of  the  English,  and  led  to  measures  whose  tendency  was 
only  to  exasperate 

The  militia  was  ordered  to  be  in  constant  readiness.  At 
York,  Wells,  and  Kittery,  well-armed  soldiers  were  posted.  A 
proclamation  was  issued,  which,  while  it  cautioned  the  people 
against  giving  any  just  provocation  to  the  Indians,  ordered  them 
to  be  constantly  on  the  watch  to  guard  against  treachery .^ 
Guards  were  appointed  to  patrol  the  towns  every  night,  from 
nine  till  morning.  This  state  of  affairs  necessarily  put  an  end 
to  all  peace  of  mind  and  to  all  friendly  intercourse. 

It  would  seem  as  though  man  was  doomed  to  make  his  brother- 
man  miserable.  The  religion  of  the  Son  of  God,  that  is  the 
religion  M-hich  recognizes  God  as  our  common  Father,  and  all 
men  as  brethi-en,  and  whose  fundamental  principle  is  that  we 
should  do  to  others  as  we  would  that  others  should  do  to  us, 
would  have  made  Maine,  from  the  beginning,  almost  a  paradise. 
But  what  an  awful  tragedy  does  its  history  reveal !  And  such 
has  been,  essentially,  the  history  of  all  the  nations.  Such  has 
been  life  upon  this  planet  from  the  fall  of  Adam  to  the  present 
hour. 

To  add  to  these  calamities,  menaces  o''  war  began  again  to 
arise  between  France  and  England.  Unfortunately,  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ryswick,  the  boundaries  between  the  English  and 
French  possessions  on  this  continent  had  not  been  clearly  de- 
fined. Both  courts  still  claimed  the  territory  between  the  Sag- 
adahoc and  the  St.  Croix.  The  English  said  that  they  h^d 
resigned  Nova  Scotia  to  France,  but  nothing  more. 

In  1699  Lord  Bellamont  arrived  in  Boston,  appointed  by  the 
king  as  governor  of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Maine.  He  Avas  an  excellent  man,  intelligent  and  cour- 
teous, with  enlarged  views  of  both  civil  and  religious  liberty .^^ 

»  Records,  Resolves,  and  Jounials  of  the  Massacliusetta  Government,  vol.  vi. 
p.  67. 

*  "Williamson,  vol.  il.  p.  32. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


255 


James  II.  of  England,  who  had  been  driven  from  the  throne  by 
an  indignant  people,  to  give  place"-  to  his  son-in-law,  William, 
died  at  St.  Germain,  in  France,  on  the  16th  of  September,  1701. 
His  son,  called  the  Pretender,  a  zealous  Catholic,  claimed  to  be 
the  legitimate  King  of  England.  The  Catholic  court  of  France 
supported  his  claim.  Six  months  after,  on  the  8th  of  March, 
King  William  died,  deeply  lamented.  His  wife,  it  will  be 
remembered,  was  Mary,  a  daughter  of  James  II.  She  had  a 
sister  Anne.  She  was  declared  by  the  British  parliament  to  be 
the  legitimate  successor  of  William.  She  ascended  the  throne 
on  the  4th  of  May,  1702.  War  was  immediately  declared 
against  France,  whose  court  was  maintaining  a  rival  for  the 
crown. 

The  war-cloud  instantly  threw  its  shadow  upon  our  shores. 
The  British  ministry  claimed  the  whole  Province  of  Sagada- 
hoc, and  the  right,  in  common  with  France,  to  the  fisheries,  on 
all  these  xiorthern  seas.i  Both  of  these  claims  France  resisted. 
Queen  Anne  appointed  Joseph  Dudley  governor  of  her  New 
England  provinces.  "He  manfully  applied,"  writes  William- 
son,  "  his  splendid  abilities,  his  courtly  manners,  and  his  exten- 
sive knowledge,  to  render  all  the  acts  of  his  administration 
acceptable  to  every  class  of  people." 

The  war  between  France  and  England  assumed  very  much 
the  aspect  of  a  religious  war,  a  conflict  between  Protestantism 
and  Catholicism.2 

It  was  generally  believed  that  the  Catholic  missionaries  in 
Maine  were  endeavoring  to  seduce  che  Indians  from  their  alle- 

1  "The  English  people  engaged  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  were  makins 
great  voyages.    About  twenty-seven  hundred  fishermen,  and  two  hundred  and 
tvventy  vessels,  wore  employed  this  single  year  (seventeen  hundred  and  one) 
They  took  and  cured  two  hundred  thousand  quintals  of  fish,  besides  four  thou- 
sand  hogsheads  of  train  and  liver  oxV  —  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  33. 

2  Gov.  Bellaniont,  in  one  of  his  mldresses  to  the  General  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts,  said,  "Divine  providence,  in  bringing  to  pass  the  late  happy  and  won- 
derful  revolution  in  England,  has  been  pleased  to  make  King  William  the  glorious 
instrument  of  our  deliverance  from  the  odious  fetters  and  chains  of  Popery  and 
despotism,  which  had  been  artfully  used  to  enslave  our  consciences,  and  subvert 
all  our  civil  rights.  It  is  too  well  known  what  nation  that  king  (James  II) 
favored,  of  what  religion  he  died,  and  no  less  what  must  have  been  the  execra- 
ble treachery  of  bun  who  parted  with  Acadia  or  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  noble  fishery 
on  that  coast.  — "-j 


25G 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


glance  to  the  British  crown,  and  to  enlist  their  sympathies  in 
behalf  of  France.  A  legislative  act  was  therefore  passed,  as 
early  as  March,  1700,  which  ordered  the  Catholic  missionaries  to 
leave  the  State  before  the  tenth  day  of  the  next  September, 
under  penalty  of  exemplary  punishment. 

This  was  an  act  of  intolerance.  But  if  it  were  true,  as  the 
legislature  fully  believed,  that  these  missionaries  were  endeavor- 
ing to  incite  the  savages  to  renew  their  horrible  scenes  of  con- 
flagration, scalping,  and  murder,  this  was  the  mildest  punishment, 
which,  under  the  circumstances,  could  have  been  inflicted  upon 
them. 

Gov.  Dudley  arranged  to  hold  a  council  personally  with  the 
sagamores  of  the  eastern  tribes,  that  he  might  learn  their 
disposition  and  intentions.  The  assembly  met  at  Falmouth,  on 
the  Casco  peninsula,  the  20th  of  June,  1703.  It  was  evident 
that  the  sagamores  did  not  feel  that  it  was  safe  for  them  to  rely 
upon  the  honor  of  the  English.  They  came,  prepared  to  defend 
themselves,  if  treachery  were  to  be  practised  upon  them. 

Eleven  sagamores  appeared,  representing  five  of  the  most 
important  tribes  in  Maine.  Gov.  Dudley,  aware  of  the  efi'ect 
of  imposing  appearances  upon  the  savages,  came  in  almost  regal 
pomp.  A  numerous  retinue  of  gentlemen  from  Massachuse^tts 
and  New  Hampshire  accompanied  him. 

But  the  Indians,  in  the  splendor  of  the  occasion,  quite  eclipsed 
their  white  brethren.  The  sagamores  entered  the  fine  harbor 
of  Portland  in  the  balmy  sunshine  of  a  June  day,  with  a  fleet 
of  sixty-five  canoes,  containing  two  hundred  and  fifty  plumed 
and  painted  warriors,  in  their  richest  display  of  embroidered  and 
fringed  and  gorgeously-colored  habiliments.  They  were  all 
well  armed  ;  and  the  beholders  were  much  impressed  by  their 
martial  appearance.^ 

The  governor  had  brought  a  large  tent,  sufficiently  capacious 
to  accommodate  his  suite  and  the  Indian  chiefs.  When  all  had 
assembled,  the  governor  arose,  and  said, 

"I  Iiave  come  to  you  commissioned  by  the  great  and  good  Queen  of  Eng- 
land.  I  would  esteem  you  all  ac  brothers  and  friends.  It  is  my  wish  to 
reconcile  every  difficulty  whatever  that  has  happened  since  the  last  treaty." 

1  History  of  the  Indian  Wars,  by  Samuel  Penliallow;  Coll.  of  N.  H  Hi<,t  Soc 
vol.  1.  p.  20.  ■' 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE.  257 

A  Tarratine  chief,  called  Simmo,  rose  to  reply.     With  great 
dignity  of  manner  he  said,—-  ^ 

Presents  were  then  exchanged,  and,  with  some  simple  yet 
solemn  ceremonials,  professions  of  friendship  were  ratified.  The 
council  continued  in  session  for  two  or  three  days.  Several 
subjects  were  discussed.  Bomaseen,  of  whom  we  have  before 
spoken,  IS  reported,  during  the  conference,  to  have  said,  — 

"Although  several  missionaries  have  come  to  us,  sent  by  the  French  to 

iWes.  ^'""  ^'"'w  *''  ^"^'^'  ^"^  "^'  y^*  *heir  words  have  made  n^ 
impression  upon  us.  We  are  as  firm  as  the  mountains,  and  will  so  continue 
as  long  as  the  sun  and  moon  endure. "  i  continue 

Professions  of  cordial  frendship  were  uttered  on  both  sides, 
li-very  thing  seemed  to  indicate  a  settled  peace.  The  fraterniza- 
tion was  rather  French  in  its  character  than  English  ;  for  there 
was  feasting,  shouting,  dancing,  and  singing,  according  to  the 
most  approved  measures  of  Fren  h  jollification. 

The  joyful  tidings  spread  rapidly,  and  lifted  a  very  heavy  bu- 
den  from  the  hearts  of  the  people,  who  were  appalled  in  con- 
templating  the  horrors  of  another  Indian  war.  Many  were 
preparing  to  flee  again  to  the  safer  regions  of  Massachusetts. 
But  now  they  were  encouraged  to  remain.  A  gentle  tide  of 
emigration  began  also  to  flow  in,  influenced  by  the  cheapness  of 
the  land,  the  richness  of  the  soil,  the  abundance  of  valuable 
timber,  and  the  fisheries,  which  were  yielding  such  valuable 
returns. 

Some  suspected  the  Indians  of  having  treacherous  intentions 

at   Ins  council.    And  this  was  simply  because,  in  firing  a  salute 

n    el  bra  ion  o    the  conclusion  of  peace,  their  guns  were  found 

loaded  with  balls.     But  the  Indians  never  thought  of  loading 

*  Drake,  book  ii!.  p.  117. 

s  rouhailow's  History  of  the  Wars  of  New  England,  p.  & 


258 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


their  guns  with  powder  only.  They  had  often  been  betrayed. 
They  had  many  not  unreasonable  suspicions,  that  the  proposed 
council  was  merely  a  trap,  in  which  the  treacherous  English 
were  plotting  to  seize  all  their  principal  sagamores.  They, 
therefore,  came  prepared  to  defend  themselves,  should  it  be 
necessary  to  do  so.* 

"  King  Philip's  War,"  so  called,  lasted  but  three  years ;  but 
they  were-years  fraught  with  inconceivable  woe.  Even  civilized 
men  in  war  gradually  lose  all  humane  attributes.  The  average 
savage  becomes  a  perfect  demon.  The  second  conflict  was 
usually  called  "  King  William's  War."  It  originated  in  dissen- 
sions between  the  courts  of  France  and  England,  which  plunged 
the  two  nations  into  hostilities.  The  French  endeavored  to 
weaken  her  fci'  by  the  capture  of  her  New  England  colonies.  The 
savages  were  not  reluctant  to  engage  in  their  service  as  allies ; 
for  they  had  a  chance  of  thus  recovering  their  county  from 
settlers  whom  the^  began  to  (dislike  and  dread.  This  dreadful 
war,  in  which  savage  ferocity  received  a  new  and  terrible 
impulse  from  French  science  and  supplies,  lasted  ten  years. 

John  Bull  has  never  been  a  favorite  in  any  land  where  he  has 
placed  his  foot.  The  Indians  never  loved  the  English.  There 
were  individual  exceptions;  but  the  English,  generally,  were 
onl}"-  tolerated  by  the  natives.  An  air  of  melancholy  now  per- 
vaded the  minds  of  all  the  reflecting  sagamores.  They  saw 
their  tribes  fast  dwindling,  while  the  English  were  increasing  in 
numbers  and  power.  Extensive  territory,  foruierly  the  undis- 
puted hunting-grounds  of  the  tribes,  was  now  claimed  by  the 
invaders,  either  as  theirs  by  the  right  of  conquest,  or  by  purchase, 
which  both  parties  knew  to  be  fraudulent.  The  English  were 
arrogant,  domineering,  apparently  regarding  the  Indian  as  one 
who  had  no  rights  which  an  Englishman  Avas  bound  to  respect. 
The  French  had  identified  themselves  with  the  Indians,  married 
into  their  families,  taught  them  many  arts  of  war,  and  abundantly 
supplied  them  with  the  best  of  arms  and  ammunition.     They 

>  "  Bomaseen,  a  sachem  of  a  tribe  of  the  Kennebecs,  whose  resilience  was  at  an 
ancient  seat  of  tlie  sasaniores,  called  Xorrldgewock,  in  l(i!)4,  came  to  t\\n  fort  at 
Pema(iuiil,  with  a  fla<;  of  truce.  He  was  tieaclierously  seized  by  thoo  wiio  com- 
manded, and  sent  prisoner  to  Poston,  where  he  roinaiaed  some  moutlis  in  a  loath- 
some prison."  —  Drake,  p.  111. 


THE  n I, STORY  OF  MAINE. 


209 


had  very  zealously  imbued  their  minds  with  the  principles  of 
the  Catholic  religior.,  whose  .  eremonies  were  peculiarly  calcu- 
lated  to  captivate  the  untntored  savage.  They  had  also,  in 
some  degree,  transferred  to  their  minds  the  Frenchman's  here-l- 
j  ary  Imtred  of  the  Englishman.  Mr.  Williamson,  in  his  admira- 
ble  History  of  Maine,"  fairly  represents  the  prevailing  English 
feeling  with  regard  to  the  Indians.     He  writes,—  , 

>,n/'  ^T./'^'f  ""'^'^  *^"  ^'"'''^  ^"  ^h"--  '^^««'io'-'  t«  the  English,  and  in  a 
hatred  of  their  free  politics  and  religious  sentiments.  And  when  snch  pas! 
8ions,  m  unnds  .disciplined,  are  influenced  by  fanaticism,  they  know 
nei  her  restraints  nor  limits.  All  tI,oir  acquaintance  with  the  arts  of  c"viZ 
ized  hfe  soome.'  rathor  to  nl.ase  than  elevate  their  character. 

"They  made  no  advancem.M.ts  in  mental  culture,  moral  sense,  honest 

™  "^t'r  "^"^^t^r^"--  ^"^'-^t-^t^I  with  the  notion  of  CatholiL  h I  ! 
gences,  they  grew  bolder  m  animosity,  insolence,  and  crime.     Their  enmity 

ZZZ:r'^:''':  ^'"^  '-^'^'^  ^^"-^  ''^'^^'-''-^  -^  -  keener  appS 
was  given  for  ardent  spuits,  for  rapine,  and  for  blood.     Dupes  to  the  i?^-ench 

mans"  I  """'  ''  proverbially  bad  as  Pu„.c  among  the  anci;nt  Ko- 

M.  Callieres,  governor  at  Montreal,  whatever  may  have  been 
MS  motives,  in  fact  adopted  a  very  different  policy  from  that  of 
the  English.     He  sent  envoys  lo  the   broken  and   despairing 
remnants  of  the  tribes  in  Maine,  inviting  them  to  emigrate  to 
Canada.     He  set  apart  for  them  large  and  inviting  tracts  of 
land  on  the  banks  of  the  Becancourt  and   the   St.   Francois 
-streams  which  flow  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  south' 
eighty  or  nmety  miles  above  Quebec.     On  each  of  these  rivers 
c  usters  of  wigwams  arose.     The  villages  were  pleasantly  situ' 
ated,  each  with  a  church  and  a  parsonage  house.     A  ferry  was 
also  established  for  the  convenience  of  the  Indians  in  crossing 
thejt.  Lawrence  to  Trois  Rivieres,  on  the  opposite  shore.^        " 
..  ;t  1  such  different  treatment,  there  can  be  no  question  as  to 
the  side  to  which  the  Indian  would  incline  in  case  of  hostilities. 
Ihe  remnants  of  four  tribes  repaired  to  the  spot  to  which  they 
1  ■Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  40. 


260 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


were  thus  hospitably  invited,  and  blended  into  a  new  tribe,  called 
the  St.  Fran9ois  Indians.  It  is  interesting  to  see  how  dififerently 
precisely  the  same  facts  may  be  ^-esented  according  to  the  views 
of  the  writer.  The  very  candid  Mr.  Williamson  writes,  and 
perhaps  with  truth  (for  wlio  can  read  the  human  heart  ?),  "  At 
these  places,  designed  to  be  the  rendezvous  of  the  natives,  the 
French  intended  to  command  their  trade  and  plunder,  to  plan 
their  excursions,  and  direct  their  motions  against  the  Eno-lish 
frontiers." '  '^ 

Baron  Castine  had  returned  to  France  from  his  extensive 
landed  estate  on  the  Penobscot.  He  had  left  behind  him,  in 
possession  of  the  large  property,  his  sou  and  heir,  called  Castine 
the  Younger.  He  was  the  child  of  Castine's  Tarratine  wife, 
who,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  the  daughter  of  the  renowned, 
and  at  least  partially-civilized,  sagamore,  Madokawando.  A 
riotous  band  of  worthless  Englishmen  met  at  the  house  of 
young  Castine,  under  pretence  of  making  him  a  friendly  visit. 

Regarding  their  host  .3  half  Indian,  they  treated  him  with 
every  indignity.  Rioting  through  his  house  like  veritable 
savages,  they  plundered  it  of  every  thing  which  they  deemed 
worth  carrying  away.  It  was  one  of  the  basest  acts  of  treachery, 
and  was  so  regarded  by  all  respectable  men.'^  The  government 
denounced  it  in  severe  terms,  promising  M.  Castine  restitution, 
and  assuring  him  that  the  offenders,  if  they  could  be  arrested, 
should  be  severely  punished.  The  event  was  the  more  deeply 
deplored,  since  there  were  indications  of  another  war  betwe  .r. 
France  and  England.  Such  a  war  would  inevitably  involve  the 
colonies;  and  Indian  warriors,  led  by  French  officers,  might 
inflict  an  incalculable  amount  of  injury. 

Soon  France  and  England  again  grappled  in  what  was  called 
"  Queen  Anne's  War,"  and,  in  the  Ne-..  England  colonies,  the 
"  Third  Indian  War."     All  over   the   worid.  Frenchmen   and 
Englishmen  deemed  themselves  enemies,  who  were  bound  to  do  . 
each  other  all  the  injury  in  their  power.     A  special  effort  was  * 

>  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  40. 

«  "OutiaKeous,  however,  as  it  was,  the  well  minded  sufferer  only  complained 
and  expostulated,  without  avenging  himself;  for,  in  policy  and  sentiment,  he  was 
the  fnend  of  tranquillity."  -  WilUamaon,  vol.  ii.  p  42  »  «» 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


261 


to  be  made  in  the  New  World,  by  the  English,  to  wrench  eolonie, 
^•om  the  Fx-ench,  and,  by  the  French,  to  wrest  them  from  the 
English.  Unfortunately,  the  savages  were  far  more  ready  to 
rally  beneath  the  banners  of  France  than  beneath  those  of  Great 
Uritain. 

Early  in  August,  1703,  a  body  of  five  hundred  French  and 
Indians  entered  upon  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Maine.     These 
well-armed  troops  had  but  feeble   foes   to   encounter.      Thev 
divided  into  six  or  seven  parties,  of  about   seventy-five  men 
each,  to  attack  the  infant  settlements,  where  scarcely  any  resist- 
ance was  to  be  anticipated.     On  the  same  day,  the  10th  of 
August  Wells,  Cape  Porpoise,  Saco,  Scarborough,  Spurwink, 
Purpooduck,  and  Casco  were  assailed.     The  consternation  and 
destruction  were  such,   that  no  detailed  record  was   made   of 
the  awful  scenes  which  ensued.     In  Wells,  thirty-nine  of  the 
inhabitants  were  either  killed,  or  carried  into  captivity.^      This 
IS  all  we  know  of  the  terrible  tragedy.     What  dwellings  were 
burned,  what  scenes  of  individual  anguish   and  sufi-eiincr  oc- 
curred, must  remain  untold,  till,  at  the  day  of  judgment,  all  the 
secrets  of  this  fearful  drama  of  time  and  sin  shall  be  revealed 

Mr. ^Bourne,  in  his  valuable  "  History  of  Wells  and  Kenne- 
bunk,  after  tireless  research,  has  collected  a  few  interesting 
traditionary  narratives,  which  are  probably  founded  in  fact,  and 
which  are  but  a  repetition  of  those  scenes  of  horror  with  which 
the  reader  is  already  familiar. 

^  A  few  fishermen  only  resided  at  Cape  Porpoise.     The  demo- 
niac assailants  plundered  their  humble  homes,  laid  them  in  ashes 
and  carried  the  inmates,  all  whom  they  could  seize,  off  as  prison ' 
ers.     At   Winter  Harbor  ^  there  was  a   small  garrison.     They 
fought  for  a  short  time  bravely ;  but  after  having  several  killed 

«  "  The  horrors  of  that  day  cannot  be  depicted,  -families  broken  un  h,.«. 
bands,  wives,  ,.r  chiklreu  taken  frou.  the  home  circle     M^oTeZv^l  W  M  ^ 

fn   it  .       M      '  '"•''"''  '"  ^^'"'"'  '■""*"™  '-"^^  ^^^^^^  foi-  Proteotfon  and  support 
Zlx>.  245  '"  -«-y-"-^/-'or,o/  Wells  ana  Kennebunk,  ly  EaroaraE. 

f^.L'^^^^Z  '^'^^'■***'^  P'^«  called  'Winter  Harbor,'  after  an  ancient  inhabitant 
"^I^^T^.:^-':^^:!^-  ^^-^^■^•-'.  «>-^  -iles  belo.  Saoo' brir 

,..,,^:..     —  rr  uiuarusvn,  vol.  i.  p.  'JH, 


fe 


362 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


and  wouiuled,  and  being  overpowered  by  numbers,  the  survivora 
were  cunj  died  to  surrender  themselves  to  captivity.  Eleven 
wev  killed,  and  twenty-four  were  captured. 

Th(  people  of  Scarborougii  ^-om  to  have  received  some  inti- 
mation of  the  appro;.],  of  t!:.^  Ibe ;  and  all,  Imrrying  into  the 
garrison,  prepared  Lo  delond  themselves  to  the  last  extremity. 
A  flag  of  truce  was  sent  to  the  fort  by  a  capiive.  The  bearer 
was  detained,  and  no  answer  returned.  After  a  "  lon-^  sie^^e  " 
when  the  men  were  completely  exhausted,  and  were  on°  he 
point  of  capitulating,  re-enforceme-.Ls  un.ve.l,  and  the  bahi-d 
toe  retired.  Undoubtedly  every  thing  outside  of  the  garrison 
was  destroyed. 

In  Spurwink,'  twenty-two  were  killed,  or  taken  captive;  and 
the  little  settlement  was  laid  entirely  desolate.  Purpooduck 
contained  but  nine  log-ctibins.  The  families  were  taken  entirely 
by  surprise.  It  so  happened  that  all  the  men  were  away.  Only 
women  and  children  were  left  behind.  The  savages,  allies  of 
men  who  called  themselves  Christians,  burned  down  the  dwell- 
nigs,  butchered  twenty-five  of  tho  helpless  inmates,  and  carried 
away  eight  as  prisoners.  Th  horrid  spectacle  of  manoled 
bodies  which  they  left  behind  is  too  revolting  to  be  recorded! 

Ihe  little  settlement  at  Casco.a  where  t^ere  was  a  garrison, 

was  the  most  remote  eastern  frontier.     A  new  fort  had  been 

constructed  here,  whicu  was   placed  under  the  command  of 

Major  John  March,  with  a  garrison  of  thirty  men.     The  three 

Indian  chiefs  who  led  the  assailing  party  were  Moxus,  Wanun- 

gonet,  and  Assacombuit,  all  sagamores  of  great  renown.     The 

last  will  be  remembered  as  the  chief   who  was  knighted  by 

Louis  XIV.,  and  received  from  hin.  the  present  of  an  elegant 

sword.  ° 


mol,fh  n?r"^^'f ''^•^'  *"'''^''^  *''"  ^»''*'  ^''^  '""^^  5»  ^"-^^i  on  the  coast,  to  tho 
fi.AlT,''*'  "^^\I»'''^n  n^"'e  'Casco  •  contin.ied  to  !»,  used  all  the  first  <-entury  after 

i^ea.  .1  o.e. .  .e  ^  r^i^ii^i^;^ j^:.sr:  Ti:^::^^^ 

Bay      No  boun.lanes  were  deHne,! ;  but.  when  a  particular  spot  was  desi^ated 
the  loca  t^nns.  borrowed  principally  from  the  Indians,  ^.  J  used  •'- UMo^t 
Portland,  by  William  Willis,  pp.  41)-9a  ^  ■' 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


268 


It  IS  8uul,  we  know  not  by  what  authority,  that  the  three 
sagamores  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  inviting  Major  March  to  a  con- 
ference.     Though  lie  suspected  treachery,  he  went  out  upon  tho 
plain  to  meet  them,  ,   mr.ied,  and     .king  with  him   only  two 
very  age<  and  infirm  num.     The  chiefs  saluted  him  win.    ivilitv 
ani  then  drawing  th.,,.-  tomahawks  from  beneath  their  robei 
he  three  fell  furiously  upo.    Major  Marrh  ;  whilo  his  two  com- 
panions,  Messrs.  Phippei,  and  Kent,  were  shot  duwi  by  Indians 
jn  amb;..h.'     March,  being  a  .er^      rong  man,  wrested  a  toma- 
iiawi  irom  one  of  his  assailants,  and  valiantly  defended  himself 
against  the  t.ree.     All   this  could  scarcely  have  occupied  one 
mn.le  minute  of  time;  and  yet,  at  that  very  minute.  Sergeant 
Hook  arrived,  with  a  file  of  t.     men,  from  the  fort,  and  rescued 
the  major  from  his  peril.     This  story  seem    so  very  improbable, 
lat  It  is  impossible  to  give  it  full  credence.^ 
The  sicL,    continued  six  days  an  1  six  n.-,rhts.     There  was  no 
rep(,.se  for  u.e  inmates  of  the  gainson,  as   every  moment  an 
assault  wa«  expected  from  ov      -owenng  numbers.     At  the  close 
ot  the  SIX  days,  the  enemy  received  a  re-enforce,aent,  increasing 
their  number  to  about  five  hundred.3    The  new  arrivals  con- 
sisted  of  detachments   flushed  witl.  victory.     M.  Bobassin,  a 
J^rench  officer,  then  assumed  command.     He  brought  with  him 
a  sloop  a. d  two  shallops,  which  he   had  captured,  and  also 
mu.  h  plunder.     Scientifically  he  u-ent  to  work  in  an  attumpt 
to  undermine  tlie  fort  on  the  water-side.     As  the  fort  w;-    situ- 
ated on  a  high   bank,  this  could  be  done  without  exp,    are  to 
any  fire  from  the  garrison.     The  r  force  was  so  superior       that 
of  the  En-lish,  that  they  hadno  hing  to  fear  from  a  sally. 

They -were  advancing  in  thi  engineering  very  rapidly  and 
prosperously,  and  were  on  the  eve  of  .he  capture,  when  an 
armed  vessel,  commanded  by  Capt.  Cyprian  Soutb  xck.  came  to 
ae  aid  of  the  despairing  uiison.  Probably  the  vessc'  waa 
armed  -thcann.m,  vhich  the  assailants,  ha^ing  muskets  onlv, 
could  not  resist.     The  tide  of  victory  was  turned.       1,e  Fren. 

«dv»r""I'^"""'  "' '"'  '"'*'"'^  °^  ^"^^'•■^'^  ^^«"'  ^"t««.  "Pl'ippen  and  Kent  heine 
advanced  in  vearw   '\  f>rp  ^n  in«r7n  *!...<-  i  .  •  i ..  ,    ,  'vom,,  nemg 

Priam      TI,*»v  ifo^'  T,      .  """'"  "^^  °^  *''«^"''  ^^  J>'venal  said  of 

2  (vu       i       '"^'"'  ^^'"''^  '^"""«''  *"  *^8e  tlie  knife  .  •£  tlie  sacriiice.' " 
2  \\  illis's  History  of  Portlan.  ,  p.  314.  oai-imLO. 

'  "Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  42. 


264 


TffE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ih:W 


and  Indians,  abandoning  every  thing,  fled  precipitately.  This 
magmficent  bay  was  full  of  indentations,  into  which  the  canoes 
of  the  savages  could  glide.  Capt.  Southack  recaptured  the 
sloop  and  two  shallops ;  but  the  French  and  Indians,  having  a 
flotilla  of  two  hundred  birch  canoes,  effected  thoir  escape. 

The  soldiers  of  the  garrison  now  came  out  to  view  the  deso- 
lations  which   this  savage  warfare   had   caused.     Every  thin- 
which  would  burn  W.1S  reduced  to  ashes.    Notb'ng  remained  bu't 
shapeless  ruins.     When  Major  March  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  this  post,  he  moved  there  with  his  fa.nily.     Beinff  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  means  and  great  en<    ry,  he  was  soon 
in  possession  of  a  very  thrifty  farm.     He  wrot.  "to  the  General 
Court,  that  he  had  lost,  by  the  attack,  a  sloop  and  it.  furniture 
eighty-nme  head  of  slieep  and  cattle,  five  acres  and  a  half  of 
wheat,  SIX  acres  of  excellent  pease,  and  four  acres  and  a  half  of 
Indian  corn.     His  whole  loss  exceeded  five  hundred  pounds.* 
It  IS  estimated,  that,  in  this  brief  campaign,  tlie  enemy  killed  or 
captured  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maine." 

'  Bourne's  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebimk,  p.  314 

To  arm  a  force  sufllcientto  repel  their  cruel  invaders,  Rovernment  doo.n^rl  tt 

sp.rit  of  enterprise  in  the  inhabitants,  which  n.a^le  them  endure  incredihL  hll 


CHAPTER  XV. 


THE  R77AL  CLAIMS  OF  FRANCE  AND  ENGLAND. 

Jocelyn'8  Visit -Tlie  Destruction  of  Black  Point  -  The  Vicissitudes  of  War- 
A  Naval  Expedition  — Merciless  Ravages  — Destruction  at  Port  Royal  —The 
Expedition  to  Norridgewock- Exchange  of  Prisoners  -  Treason  suspected 
—  Incidents  of  the  Conflict— A  Renewed  Attack  upon  Port  Royal  — Rage 
of  Gov.  Dudley  -  The  Third  Attack  and  its  Failure  -  Naval  Battle  at  Winter 
Harbor -The  Conquest  of  Nova  Scotia -The  Commission  to  Quebec  — 
Exchange  of  Menaces. 

rpHIS  sudden  outburst  of  savage  violence  threw  the  whole 
-*-  .egion  into  a  otate  of  terrible  confusion.  Many  fled ;  others 
assembled  their  families  in  the  crowded  and  consequently  com- 
fortless garrison-houses,  and  went  armed,  and  in  bands,  to  their 
work.  Massachusetts,  with  her  custor  ,,ry  energy,  sent  prompt 
aid.  A  troop  of  horsemen  was  quartered  at  Wells.  Three 
hundred  and  sixty  men  were  marched  to  Pegwacket,'  which  was 
one  of  the  principal  resorts  of  the  Indians.  Another  well-armed 
band  was  sent  to  Ossipee  Ponds.^ 

The  hostile  bands  of  French  and  Indians  continued  to  ravage 
the  seacoast,  apparently  resolved  to  destroy  every  garrison,  to 
lay  every  settlement  in  ruins,  and  entirely  to  depopulate  the 
country  of  its  English  inhabitants.  There  was  a  region  called 
Black  Point,  then  quite  noted,  which  was  a  portion  of  the 

1  "Betwtecn  Fryeburg  Academy  and  Saco  River  is  tlie  celebrated  Lovolla 
Pond,  lialf  a  league  in  length,  though  less  than  a  mile  in  width  at  any  place.  This 
beautiful  section  of  country  was  anciently  called  Pegwacket  (Peckwalket,  Pe- 
guawett),  one  of  the  principal  and  most  favorite  lodgements  of  the  Sokokis  tribe 
and  also  the  theatre  of  a  desperate  battle  with  tlie  Indians.  Here  are  cr.rious 
mounds  of  earth,  one  sixty  feet  in  circumference,  artificially  raised  by  them,  of 
which  no  tradition  nor  conjecture  can  give  any  satisfactory  account."  —  William- 
ton,  vol.  1.  p.  28. 

2  The  Ossipee  Elver,  one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Saco,  takes  its  rise 
among  these  ponds,  a  few  miles  across  the  Une  in  New  Hampshire. 

206 


i 


2C6 


THE  niSTORr  OF  llAimi. 


present  town  of  Soa.bo,o„gh.    Capt.  Jocelyn,  to  the  record  of 

took  boat  for  tb^ ^^,l,SZr,J»^        I  ''    °"'°'-     ^'"'  '-"'  "^  J"'/  1 
the  Province  of  Matae  trh  °°,°    7'  "'"'  "''"''  "'  ^^"^  I"""",  i" 

mere  wilderness  here  anH  fV,Lr  i     .^  ^'  '"'"'"  "°  o""^^  than  a 

With  as  few  hoies!"  "  '  '^  ""  ""^''^'  ^  ^^^  «-"-<^d  Plantations 

Here  the  families  were  collected  in  tlie  garrison-liouse      On 
the  morning  of  the  6th  of  October,   1703    morof  Z' 

of  the  g„„,  hastily  repaired  to  tl  ai^o T  !■  fs^^  7T 

r  rjt"fd;'tt"tr-  .^'/-f-'ng  ewz::";hat' 

sels  bore  their  melaneholy  freio-ht  manv  „f  ,l  ■ ,         ™^' 

orphans,  to  so.„e  phtce  of  ife  ^  CLv  uid  T  7]  "1 
clothed  ,y  the  hand  of  eharit,."' A  ^nVittXrAnh  :  bA:'' 
oh  dren "m';  H ''  »f '-"■'-vk.d  hi.nself,  his  wife      f  flS 

Jrfe:;ied  tio"  pa  :t  T  ■:  s^i;^:^  r"- "-  "r^'-'- 

the  savages  ca„,e  nels.„la«!,r"ll\t'g  :  rrr:^':^ 
were  about  to  kill  the  child  ind  ln,;i^  „  a      .        ^^"^'"^tj,  they 

g  At  iiei  wick,  two  houses  were  burned,  one  man  was  killed, 

1  Jocelyn's  Voyages,  pp.  is,  20 

«  Hntchhison's  n«tury  of  Massacbusett.s,  voL  ii.  p.  149. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


267 


one  wounded,  and  three  carried  into  captivity.  They  attacked 
the  garrison,  but  were  repulsed.  In  their  rage  they  bound  one 
of  their  prisoners,  Joseph  Ring,  to  a  stake,  and  tortured  him  to 
death  with  every  device  of  demoniac  cruelty.  They  danced 
arouna  their  victim,  responding  to  every  groan  with  shouts  and 
yells  of  delight. 

Major  March  of  Casco,  with  three  hundred  men,  pursued  a 
band  of  the  retiring  foe  as  far  as  Pegwacket,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  killing  six,  in  capturing  six,  and  in  recovering  consid- 
erable plunder.  It  is  said  that  this  was  the  first  loss  wliich  the 
savages  experienced  in  this  desolating  campaign.  The  liberal 
reward  offered  by  the  legislature  for  Indian  scalps,  which  in- 
cluded a  bounty  of  twenty  pounds  for  every  Indian  child  under 
ten  years  of  age,  induced  Capt.  Tyng  and  several  others  to 
organize  hunting-parties  to  traverse  the  wilderness  on  snow- 
shoes,  in  mid-winter,  to  hunt  down  the  savages  J  but  all  these 
expeditions  were  unsuccessful. 

During  this  melancholy  winter,  the  government  expended 
nearly  a  thousand  dollars  in  establishing  a  strong  garrison  near 
the  falls  in  Saco."  Spring  came,  with  its  sunny  skies  and  swell- 
ing buds,  only  to  renew  the  terror  of  the  people.  This  was  the 
season  for  the  savages  to  re^open  their  campaigning.  The 
French,  in  Canada,  had  furnished  their  allies  with  ample  sup- 
plies. 

Major  Mason,  with  nearly  a  liundred  friendly  Indians,  belong- 
ing to  the  Pequods  and  Mohegans  of  Connecticut,  was  statione'd 
at  Berwick.  Siill  the  prowling  savages  succeeded  in  shooting 
several  persons,  and,  in  expression  of  their  hatred,  horribly 
mangled  their  remains.  In  addition  to  these  marauding-parties, 
plundering,  burning,  and  murdering  on  the  land,  French  pri- 
vateers swept  the  coast.  Not  a  fishing-boat  could  leave  a  bay 
or  inlet  without  danger  of  capture.  It  is  often  said  that  an 
offensive  is  the  best  defensive  war.  It  was  decided  to  be  expe- 
dient to  attack  the  French  in  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia.  Thus 
the  desolations  of  war  would  be  removed  from  Maine  into  the 
regions  of  the  enemy,  and  the  French  would  be  constrained  to 
retain  their  forces  at  home  for  the  protection  of  their  own  fire- 
Bides. 


263 


TOE  Bisroxr  of  uawe. 


ha^l?'"'!,"'""  7""  '"'""''^  '°  ^'"J'"'  '^^"J''™!''  Church,  who 

IT    [  ".""''  •  ""''  "^^  '"""■'«<'  men  were  |)Iaced 

under  h,8  command.  Three  vesseb-of-war  convoyed  hii  Httle 
fleet  of  flfty-one  boats,  of  various  .izes.  One  of  «  e  war-  U™ 
earned  forty-eight  guns,  theo.her  thirty-two.  The  thW  w  J, 
provmce  galley.     The  fleet  sailed  from  Boston  the  2i?t  of  Zy, 

ou^'of  prt*?V'"'r''°'''"  "■^'^'^''O  of  Metinieus,  just 
out  of  Penobscot  Bay.  Two  armed  boats  were  sent  to  a  nd<,h. 
bonng  .sland  where  they  captured  a  French  familv  and  a 
Canadian  Indjan.     The  captives  were  not  disposed  to  "be  com- 

that  there  were  several  other  cabins  along  the  shores  in  the 
v.cm.ty,  and  that  .ome  French  officers  were  build  „g  a  f'-t  at 
Passamaquoddy.     Tl>e  prisoners  were  compelled  to  act  as  pilota 

friend"  '°°  ""'''  '"'"'''  """'^  '"  "'^  "-"-»-  '>^>^ 
These  were  not  days  of  forbearance  and  mercy.  The  atro- 
c.t,es  wlueh  had  been  perpetrated  by  the  French  and  h,d'ans 
were  such,  that  the  avengers  were  ready  to  shoot  dov.n  m™ 
women,  and  cinldren  as  pitilessly  as  if  they  had  been  so  many 
wolves  atiU  ,t  was  expedient  to  take  as  many  captives  a,  nZ 
s.ble,  that  they  might  be  used  as  ransom  for  E^iglisl,  prL" '" 

Quite  a  number  of  both  Ifrench  and  Indians  were  killed  •  aiid 
several  captives  were  taken.  Among  the  latter  was  a  daughter 
of  Baron  Castme  with  her  children,  we  know  not  how  many 

":;■,:"      "''^'""''"""°'  ««'"'  ""d  culture,  was  then  on 
a  visit  to  J^  ranee. 

Again  the  fleet  spread  its  sails.  After  a  brief  tarry  at  Mount 
Desert,  the  party  proceeded  to  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  in  whose 
lonely  waters  a  secret  place  of  anchorage  was  sLht  ■  A 
squadron  of  whale-boats  was  despatched,  led  by  Col!  Church 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


269 


himself,  to  explore  the  shores.  That  the  settlers  in  the  lonely 
cabins  might  not  be  apprised  of  his  approach,  and  thus  escape 
into  the  woods,  he  rowed  by  night,  and  kept  concealed  by  day. 
Orders  were  given,  that  not  a  gun  should  be  fired,  even  to  shoot 
an  Indian,  if  he  could  possibly  be  killed,  or  taken,  in  any  other 
way.  *^ 

Thus  he  succeeded  in  capturing,  one  after  another,  four 
French  emigrant  families.  They  were  all  poor,  and  there  was 
but  little  plunder  in  their  log-cabins  worth  taking;  but,  such 
as  It  was,  It  was  seized,  and  placed  in  the  boats.  One  of  the 
captures  consisted  of  the  ftimily  of  a  poor  French  widow,  with 
her  orphan-children.  Col.  Church  was  energetic  and  merciless. 
The  scenes  of  horror  he  had  witnessed  had  roused  his  soul  to 
the  higiiest  pitch  of  rage,  and  had  hardened  his  heart.  The 
readiness  with  which  ha  would  retaliate  upon  helpless  ones,  no 
matter  how  innocent,  the  wrongs  which  demoniac  men  had  in- 
flicted upon  the  dwellers  in  Maine,  drew  down  upon  him  severe 
censure,  and  has  materially  dimmed  the  splendor  of  his  other- 
wise great  exploits.  He  then  ravaged  the  surrounding  region 
with  the  indiscriminate  mercilessness  of  the  tornado.  The 
widow  and  the  orphan  were  alike  the  victims  of  his  fury.i 

From  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  the  armament  sailed  out  into  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  that  immense  sheet  of  water  which  separates 
Isew  Brunswick  from  Nova  Scotia,  and  renders  the  latter  prov- 
ince so  nearly  an  island,  that  it  is  entered  by  a  neck  of  land 
only  about  twenty  miles  wide.  Here  the  avenging  squadron 
divided.  The  ships,  with  several  of  the  boats,  crossed  the  bay, 
a  distance  of  about  sixty  miles,  to  Port  Royal  (Annapolis). 

The  day  before  the  arrival  of  tlie  fleet,  Castine  the  Youn^rer, 
with  about  sixty  Canadian  soldiers,  had  re-er.forced  the  garrfson 
in  their  strong  works.  The  fort  was  deemed  too  formidable  to 
be  attacked.^  But  the  troops  in  garrison  could  not  venture 
beyond  the  protection  of  their  ramparts. 

Col.  Church  made  terrible  havoc  of  all  the  settlements  around. 
Many  persons  were  killed  ;  and  utter  desolation  took  the  place 

«  Collections  of  New  ItefNAire  fI»stor«ial  Society,  vol.  i.  p.  33-35;  Hutcliin- 
son's  History  of  Ma»saelui»M'««,  r  -i.  M.  p.  ua.  *iuicma 

'  Uuivei-sal  Hidtory,  vol.  ^p.  Ifls. 


i: 


270 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


.■3»Wp 


,it  -i 


of  peaceful  homes  and  smilincr  fields      Gnv   n.wii       •    i  •       , 

mg.     Ihe  triumphant  fleet  returnprl   fr.  n/  ^       T    ■ 

absent  but  about'tbree  mo  ,t         "  w. ^.^ r.""^  '■''™"  '^™" 

•;-  cuelty  :  y„„  cannot  refine  it."    Tl    'd.; -£„?::  ""™""' 

d,eadfn,.     By  the  Engli.b,  capt Wes leC  ^  le    t Tat  1  """^ 
orf,na,y  hunaanity,  and  were'never  pu    to  to  t    e      But 

con:Lt'ir°Tfr,e"''  'r;'°"°  ^"^  ™^"^  "^ "  ^h:;!:  «; 

Zt  1  ,      '  ""'"'"•  ""<'  ■'">«  '^l'"'l'-en,  d,a...ed  by 

tuieu  CO  CiCcitli  tor  a  savage  holiday  '  * 
The  fort  rt  Winter  Harbor,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  S.™ 

'    S  :n  't^f  V';"^'"  ™"'"?'""  fordefeno:tri°„'/: 

tt-1    oi    xtvo.      At  the  same    time   Cnl    Riifr^n    ,1,1    1 
accompanied  Pn'   ri.n,..i  •  Wilton,  who   had 

sent    vifh       f  p         '"'  '"^''^^  "^  '"«  ^^^^«  expedition,  was 

»-    of  course,  have  had  Tueh   infl^^c  '  r'-thClroT 
The,e  were  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  warrior,  who  met  the," 

•  Churcli's  Fifth  Expedition,  p.  158. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


271 


in  this  council.  The  priest,  as  usual,  appointed  religious  ser- 
vices,  that  the  hearts  of  the  savages  might  he  inspired  by  the 
sanctions  of  relidon.^ 

The  Indians  were  not  often  taken  by  surprise.  Their  scouts 
kept  vigilant  watch.  When  the  little  army  reached  Norrid-e- 
wock,  after  their  long  and  painful  tramp,  there  was  no  one 
there :  all  had  fled.  A  large  chapel,  with  a  vestry,  was  standinc., 
and  a  cluster  of  very  comfortable  Indian  wigwams.  These  the 
soldiers  laid  in  ashes.  Being  much  disappointed  in  not  finding 
either  captives,  food,  or  plunder,  they  commenced  their  march 
home  through  drifting  snows  and  wintry  gales. 

I:i  war,  blows  must  be  received  as  well  as  given.    Gov  Suber- 
case  of  Nova   Scotia  gathered  an  army  of   five  hundred  and 
hfty  French  and  Indians ;  the  savages  being  led  by  the  noted 
Assacombuit.     He  made  terrible  havoc  among  all  the  En-lish 
settlements  within  his   reach.     An    uncounted    number  were 
slain  ]  a  hundred  and  forty  were  taken  prisoners  ;  and  a  lar-e 
amount  of  plunder  was  seized.     He  exacted  conflagration  for 
conflagration,  prisoner  for  prisoner,  blood  for  blood.     At  lenc^th 
the  prisoners  had  so  accumidated  on  both  sides  as  to  be  quit°e  a 
burden       Gov.  Vaudreuil  of  Canada  sent  one  of  his  captives, 
Capt  Hill,  to  negotiate  an  exchange.     Many  of  the  friends  of 
the   lost  did  not  know  whether  they  had  been  killed,  or  had 
been  made  prisoners.     William  Dudley,  a  son  of  the  governor, 
v/as  sent  to  Canada  with  seventy  prisoners,  to  receive  an  equal 
number  in  return.     He  could  however,  obtain  but  sixty.     Mr. 
vv  lUiamson  writes,  — 

"  Guilty  of  detestable  hypocrisy,  Vaudreuil  pretended  that  the  Indians 
were  an  nidependent  and  freeborn  people,  and  that  he  had  no  rigiit  or  power 
to  demand  their  captives  ;  whereas  they  were  in  fact  well  known  to  be 
entire  dupea  and  vassals  to  his  will."  2 

In  point  of  fact,  the  statement  of  the  French  governor  was 
undoubtedly  true.  The  Indian  chiefs  regarded  the  captives, 
whoo,  th.^!.'  own  war-parries  had  taken,  as  exclusively  their 
own,  and  entirelv  beyond  any  control  of  the  French.     They 

1  History  of  Norri.lgewock,  by  William  Allen,  p.  34. 

2  "Williamaon,  vol.  ii.  p.  CO. 


272 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


-  y 


Icept  them  to  exchange  for  their  own  captive  warriors      TI,« 
French  could  obtain  posse««ion  of  these  vicLs  Tly  by  p.,^ 
for  them  a  high  ransom.  ^  ^  P'^^'"» 

Young  Dudley  protracted  his  discussions  as  Ion-  as  possible 

cotLIZ'^Zf^-^'      ™^  ''-'  "egotiations%:r:mde; 
consicleidtion,  there  was   a  virtual   truce.     He  thus    in  snm« 

It  is  mournful  to  contemplate  ho^^  little  eonfideuce,  at  times 
man  can  repose  m  lus  fellow-man.  Capt,  William  Rowso  ™ 
t  vice  sent  n,  a  vessel,  with  a  flag  of  truce  and  twerflr 
g^oners,  to  Nova  Scotia,  to  ofFeet  an  exchange  oTIptir 
He  was  accused  of  treacherously  being  »  accom;iice  witr  two 
merchants  of  Boston,  and  Samuel  Vetch,  subsequently  t he  C 
Mr  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  carrying  arms,  Tmmunitt  and" 
other  mjhtary  supplies,  to  the  enemy.  Thus  the  love  of  g^'uTn- 
fluenced  then,  to  take  advantage  of  the  flag  of  truce  with  wlil 
1  :'l :;    '^^"  ;■■''-'"'  "'^  "■-  -»  Sovemme  t,  "o  sC^' 

ui  f ""m™     .m'  "'""'  "'  ™™='"S'  "'"^  oonflagratio S 
slaughter,  the  settlements  of  the  En<vlish      n„.v  ,vl.„  *i 

the  queen  to  g.ve  her  stgnature  to  the  verdict  averted  their 

J!ore  deplomble  still.  Gov.  Dudley  himself  was  suspected  of 

b  ;ug  engaged  nr  this  nefarious  traflic.    Though  not  p  oved 

gmlty,  and  perhaps  he  was  entirely  innocent,  stdl  the  imp  "a- 

tu,n  rested  upon  him.      Gov.  Dudley  was  aristocra  io  to  I^ 

a.,tes,  and  was  by  no  means  a  cordial  advocate  of  a  renubUcan 

form  of  governu,ent.     He  was  consequently  unpopuTr    and 

During  the  summer  of  1705,  French  privateers  and  English 
8t.ll  floated  from  the  r.amparts  of  the  strong  fort.    Small  war- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


278 


bands  of  savages,  sometimes  united  with  a  few  French    con 
tnujed  to  prowl  about,  killing,  capturing,  and  burning,  as  they 
could  find  opportunity.  ^  ^ 

In  Kittery,  five  were  killed,  and  a  number  of  captives  were 
aken.     Among  these  was  Mrs.  Holt,  an  accomplished  lady  of 
high  connections.     For  such  a  person  to  be  a  prisoner  in  the 
hands  of    brutal  savages   must  be  awful  beyond  conception. 
Thei;e  were  several  cases  of  the  utter  ruin  of  families  in  assas- 
sination  and  cai^ture.     A  band  of  eighteen  Indians,  rushing  from 
the  forest  near  York,  seized  four  little  children  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Mr.  Stover.     One,  being  too  young  to  travel,  they 
knockec m  the  head.     As  one  of  their  own  warriors  had  been 
shot  in  their  retreat  with  the  children,  these  demoniac  men  took 
vengeance  by  putting  a  little  boy  to  death  with  awful  tortures. 
On  the  29th  of  April,  a  party  sprang  from  ambush,  at  Kit- 
tery, and  seized  Mr.  Shapley  and  his  son.     The  wretches,  to 
gratify  their  love  of  cruelty,  gnawed  off  the  first  joint  of  each 
fixiger  and  thumb  of  the  unhappy  young  man,  and  stopped  the 
bleeding  by  inserting  the  mangled  stumps  into   the  bowl  of 
tobacco-pipes,  heated  red  hot.     This  .eems  to  have  been  one  of 
their  liivorite  modes  of  torture.     Much  havoc  was  perpetrated 
tins  year,  in  the  unprotected  settlements  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire. 

The  war  had  continued  three  years ;  and  the  Indians,  ever 
fickle,  never  persistent,  began  to  grow  weary  of  it.  Terrible  as 
had  been  the  suffering  they  had  caused,  they  had  reaped  but 
lit  le  benefit  for  themselves.  The  French,  in  Canada,  proposed 
neutraUty.  While  the  courts  of  France  and  England  continued 
to  carry  on  the  war,  they  proposed  that  the  French  and  En-lish 
colonies,  struggling  against  the  hardships  of  the  wilderness  in 
this  new  world,  should  stand  aloof  from  the  conflict  i 

From  this  peace-offer.  Gov.  Dudley,  we  must  think  very  un- 
wisely,  dissented.  He  thought  and  said  that  the  only  way  to 
secure  a  permanent  peace  was  to  drive  the  French  entirely  out 
of  Acadia  and  to  take  possession  of  the  whole  country  in  the 
name  of  tlie  Queen  of  England.3 

1  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  53. 

«  Histoire  do  la  Kouvelle  France,  par  Charleyobc.  vol.  ii.  p.  313. 


274 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


i 


m 


Thus  the  dreary  year  of  170G  passed  away,  with  continued 
burnings,  assassinations,  and  captures.     In  January,  1707,  Col. 
Hilton  was  sent  in  a  vessel  to  Casco,  with  supplies  for  tlie  garri- 
son there.     There  were  two  hundred  and  twenty  men  stationed 
at  that  point,  with  orders  to  range  the  country  as  they  could,  in 
pursuit  of  Indians.     This  was  necessary  but  inglorious  warfare. 
One  day  a  party  struck  upon  an  Indian  trail,  whiJi  they  fol- 
lowed until  they  came  ui)on  a  wigwam,  where  there  were  four 
Indian  men,  with  a  middle-aged  woman  and  a  babe.     They  shot 
the  men,  and  took  the  woman  and  child  captives.     They  then 
compelled  the  woman,  by  threats  of  death,  to  conduct  them  to  a 
spot  where  eighteen  of  her  companions  were  encamped.     They 
were  all  asleep,  unsuspicious  of  danger.     It  was  just  before  the 
dawn  of  the  morning.     A  well-aimed  volley  of  bullets  instantly 
kdled  all  but  one,  and  he  was  captured. 

This  event  caused  great  rejoicing.  The  Indians  were  so  wary, 
that  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  any  of  them  were 
caught.  In  the  spring  of  1707  another  naval  expedition,  of 
more  than  a  thousand  men,  was  fitted  out  against  Port  Royal. 
Col.  ]March  was  placed  in  command.  Numerous  transports  and 
whale-boats  were  convoyed  by  a  well-armed  vessel  of  war.' 

But  to  attack  a  scientifically-constructed  French  fort,  defended 
by  veteran  French  soldiers,  with  formidable  cannon  frowning 
through  the  portholes,  was  a  very  different  undertaking  from 
that  of  burning  the  cabins  of  poor  settlers,  and  shooting  Indians, 
either  asleep  in  their  encampments,  or  running  in  terror  before 
their  foes.  A  thousand  men  were  disembarked.  The  inhabit- 
ants around  all  fled  into  the  fort  for  protection.  A  council  of 
war  decided  that  the  fort  was  too  strong  to  be  taken  by  the 
raw  troops  encamped  before  it. 

The  troops  were  re-embarked  in  haste,  and  returned  to  several 
of  the  English  garrisons  along  the  coast.  The  chagrin  of  Gov. 
Dudley  manifested  itself  in  undignified  violence  of  speech.  He 
denounced  ^larch  as  unfit  for  command,  and  declared,  that,  if 
another  Vossel  of  the  squadron  should  return  to  Boston,  he 
would  put  to  death  every  man  who  should  step  on  shore. 

1  "He  (Gov.  Dudley)  was  exceeilingly  anxious  to  see  Port  Roval  re.lnoe.l  as 
Bitch  an  event  ^vould  .complete  the  entire  conquest  of  Nova  Scotland  convert  it 
into  an  English  province."  -  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  63 


^Ir./ 


Tnt  nrsTonr  of  maihe.  275 

Another  armament  was  speedily  organized.     Gov.  Dudlev 
was  enconraged,h.„,is  operation,  by  tl>e  promise  that  En  "^ 
wo  dd  send  an  efficcnt  Oeet  to  co-operate  with  him  in  the  00m 
pie  e  conquest  both  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada.     Col    M  ,"1 
was    o  popular,  notwith.standing  the  tirades  which  had  b    „ 
aunched  agamst  him,  that  the  governor  did  not  v  ntnre  t! 
supei-sede  hnn      He,  however,  appointed  three  men,beTs  of  1, U 
counetl  to  be  the  colonel's  associates  in  command. 
These  troops  relanded  before  the  fort  at  Port  Roval  on  the 

tr  trLtr  U  '™'-  ,  '"  "?  "^■"'  """'•  *^  I'>oncrLd ".,  c, 
strengtlenng  their  works,  and  increasing  their  nn.nbers     Sick 
ness  had  ,,,vaded  the  little  army  of  Col.°Marcl,.     Evrinete 
nenced  sod.ers  could  see  that  the  works  presented  an  i  ,  11 
nabic  front  again.,t  any  force  they  eould  Irng  ao-ainst  it      AH 

Il.e  French  took  advantage  of  this  signal  defeat  to  rouse  tl,o 
Indians  to  new  endeavors  to  drive  the  invading  Englisli  from  the  r 
lu.nt,ng.g,.o„nds     There  were  now  but  six  Engl  sh   e   lem  n 
surviving  1,1  Maine, -those  of  Kittery,  Berwick,  York   W  11 
Caseo,  and  Winter  Harbor.    Towards  all  of  the  e  the  In  1  a« 
marched  m  wolfish  b.ands.     They  fell  upon  a  house  in  Kittry 
and  massacred  all  the  inmates.     Four  men,  with  a  lady.  £.' 
L utiefield,  were  caught  on  the  road  between  York  and  Well, 
Tley  were  probably  hastening  to  some  garrison-house.     M    ' 
L.   lefleld  had  two  hundred  dollars  in  money  with  her      A 

in  tlSXd.  "'  '""  ""'P^"  '"'  P'""""-'^'  »"  kft 

The  Indians  in  their  canoes  larked  around  all  the  spots  to 
which  flshing-vessels  were  likely  to  resort.  These  vessds  had 
usually  two  or  three  men  and  a  boy  on  board      H  Jf  T  1 

= 'la  V"'\™^'  ^""--  ™ '■^-'n^ouf  t^a  r 
Horn  the  land,  easily  captured  them. 

On  the  21st  of  September,  1707,  a  hundred  and  fifty  Indians 
made  an  attack  upon  WhUer  Harbor.  They  came  in  a  fl^t  of 
fifty  canoes,  three  warnors  in  each  canoe.     Two  shallops  were 


P  .  .'  i 


;H 


276 


TITE  niSTORY  OF  StAINE. 


m  the  lu.:bor,  manned  by  eight  very  determined  men.  They 
knew  that  the  vessels  would  be  first  attacked.  Unintimiduced 
by  the  fearful  odds  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  eight,  they 
made  preparations  for  a  desperate  defence.  Concealing  them- 
selves behind  bulwarks  of  plank,  they  made  every  gun  ready  for 
rapid  discharges.  The  fleet  came  swarming  on,  while  the 
savages  rent  the  air  with  their  hideous  yells. 

The  English  waited  ^ill  the  canoes  were  so  near,  that  every 
bullet  was  sure  to  strike  its  target.  All  then  fired  at  once.  A 
few  canoes  were  disabled,  and  their  inmates  thrown  into  tem- 
porary confusion  ;  but  the  rest  pressed  undaunted  on.  They 
would  soon  surround  the  small  vessels,  and  in  resistless  num- 
ber be  leaping  over  their  sides.  The  English  abandoned  one, 
and,  entering  the  other,  cut  the  cables,  spread  a  sail,  and  en- 
deavored to  put  out  to  sea.  The  Indians  seized  the  forsaken 
shallop,  and,  raising  her  mainsail,  commenced  the  pursuit. 

A  slight  breeze  caused*  both  vessels  to  move,  thouoh  they 
crept  along  slowly.     Th-  English  had  taken  the   bes t° vessel  ; 
and  the  Indians  were  unskilled  mariners.     When  the  savao-es 
saw  that  they  were  falling  astern,  they  placed  a  dozen  canoes 
ahead  to  tow  their  vessel  along,  with  fishing-cords  for  tow-lines. 
The  English,  also,  got  out  oars.     The  pursuers  and  the  pursued 
were  often  so  near  each  other,  that  the  Indians  endeavored  to 
grapple  the  blades  of  the  oars  of  the  English.     A  perpetual 
firing  of  musketry  was  kept  up.     Both  parties  vere  ingenious 
m  devices  to  avoid  exposure  to  the  bullet.     This  sincrular  en- 
gagement was  continued  for  three  hours.     The  Indians  lost,  in 
killed  and   wounded,  about  thirty.     Only  one  man,  Benjamin 
Daniel,  was  killed  on  board  the  vessel.     His  last  words  were, 
"  I  am  a  dead  man ;  but  give  me  a  gun  to  kill  one  more  beforo 
I  go."     The  loaded  gun  was  placed  in  his  hand,  but  he  had  no 
strength  to  fire  it. 

The  people  around,  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  Indians  by 
a  cannon  fired  at  the  fort,  hurried  to  the  garrison.  The  savan-es, 
disheartened  by  their  losoes,  did  not  venture  an  attack.^ 

Soon  after  this,  two  men  at  Berwick,  returning  from  public 


^  ^. 


7     K  n  I  STORY 


Maine. 


277 


worship,  were  shot  down  by  the  Indians.     The  neighbors  pur- 
sued  and  overtook   them,  and,  by  an  un  xpe-ted  fire,  threw 
them  mfo  snch  consternation,  that  they  droppe.'   thei.      :hV 
and  fled.     Son-.o  plunder  was  regained,  and  three  scalps. 

Til     wa-       vp  nrreat  suffering  tlirougliout  Miin        Tlie 

inhabitanl  ^i  a  very  small  supply  of  food,  were  very 

inconv.  menu,  ci  u'ded  into  narrow  garrison-houses.  No  man 
could  pass  a  few  rods  from  the  door  of  the  garrison,  without 
(  -er  of  being  shot  down.  Not  a  rod  of  land  could  be  safely 
taxed  beyond  reach  of  the  sentry-box.  As  to  lumberincr  and 
fishing,  those  pursuits  had  to  be  entirely  abandoned.  °Thu3 
passed  the  fifth  summer  of  this  desolating  war,  in  which  man's 
inhumanity  inflicted  untold  misery  upon  his  fellows. 

The  next  ir,  1708,  was,  in  Maine,  a  season  of  general 
paralysis.  N.  idustrlal  pursuits  could  be  undertaken.  The 
settlers  kept  carefully  huddled  together  in  the  garrisons.  Scouts 
and  spy-boats  were  continue  y  vigilant.  The  French  made  an 
efFortto  unite  all  the  northern  tribes  to  exterminate  the  En<^lish  • 
but  various  obstacles  thwarted  their  plans.  Gov.  Dudley  alsJ 
endeavored  to  organize  another  expedition  against  Port  Royal  • 
but  it  proved  an  entire  failure* 

In  February  of  1709,  Gov.  Dudley  sent  a  scout  of  one  hun- 
died  and  fifty  men  to  visit  all  the  old  settlements  of  the  Indians, 
and  see  that  they  were  laid  utterly  desolate.  He  said  that  it 
was  his  object  to  teach  the  Indians  that  the  French,  whom  they 
had  so  zealously  served,  were  unable  to  protect  them  from  the 
punishment  they  so  richly  merited,  from  the  avengin^r  hands  of 
the  English.  "  We  shall  never,"  the  governor  added,  "  be  long 
at  rest,  until  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  constitute  a  part  of  the 
British  empire." 

In  the  summer  of  this  year,  the  Indians  of  the  Kennebec  sent 
a  flag  of  truce  to  Boston  to  sue  for  peace.  But  it  is  quite  evi- 
dent that  the  English  were  not  in  tavor  of  pe.  o  with  Franco, 
until,  at  least.  Nova  Scotia  should  be  wrested  from  tiie  French 
crown.  Tlie  sufferings  of  a  few  hundred  poor  emigrants  in 
Mame  they  deemed  too  trivial  to  be  thought  of  in  these  o-reat 
national  issues.  ^ 

1  Massachusetts  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  426. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


247 


massacred ;  but,  by  the  aid  of  the  French  soldiers,  he  rescued 
the  rest,  and  removed  them,  with  Chubb,  to  a  small  neighbor- 
ing island,  where  they  were  placed  under  a  strong  guard.' 
Both  French  and  Indians  legarded  this  conquest  as  a  great 
achievement.  The  fleet  returned  to  the  Penobscot;  and,  flushed 
witli  victory,  new  efforts  were  made  by  the  French  to  enlist  all 
the  tribes  as  allies  in  the  renewal  of  the  war. 

The  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  created  much  anxiety  in 
Boston.  It  was  feared  that  the  fleet  would  sweep  the  whole 
coast,  from  the  Penobscot  to  the  Piscataqua,  burning  and 
destroying.  Five  hundred  men  weie  promptly  raised,  and  sent 
to  the  Piscataqua,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Church.  But 
no  enemy  appeared  there. 

Three  British  men-of-war,  with  a  smaller  vessel  of  twenty 
guns,  and  a  fire-ship,  sailed  from  Boston  for  the  Penobscot,  to 
attack  and  destroy  the  French  squadron  ;  but  the  fleet  was  just 
visible,  far  away  in  the  distant  horizon,  on  its  return  to  Quebec. 
Though  it  was  pursued  for  a  few  hours,  it  was  soon  entirely 
lost  sight  of  in  a  dense  fog.  The  English  vessels,  on  their  way 
back  to  Boston,  captured  a  small  French  shallop,  commanded 
by  Capt.  Villeau,  with  twenty-three  French  sailors  on  board. 

Major  Church  embarked  a  portion  of  his  division  in  a  small 
well-armed  vessel,  and  sailed  along  the  coast  until  he  cast 
anchor  at  the  Island  of  Monhegan.  He  then  boldly  pushed  on 
to  Penobscot  Bay,  and  ascended,  until  abreast  Camden  Heights.'' 

1  "  We  will  now  inform  the  reader  of  the  wretohed  fate  of  Capt.  Pasco  Clmhb 
It  wa3  not  long  after  he  had  committed  the  bloody  deed  of  killintr  the  Irfdian 
sagamores,  before  he  and  the  fort  were  taken  by  the  French  and  the  Indian.s  He 
was  exchanged,  and  returned  to  Boston,  where  he  suffered  much  disgrace  for  his 
treachery  with  the  Indians.  He  lived  at  An,h,ver,  in  Massachusetts,  where  the 
Indians  made  an  attack,  in  February,  l(>i)8,  in  which  lie  was  killed.  '  When  they 
found  that  they  had  killed  him,  it  gave  them  as  much  joy,'  says  Hutchinson,  'as 
the  destruction  of  a  whole  town,  be<-ause  they  had  taken  their  beloved  vengeance 
ot  inni  for  Im  perlidy  and  barbarity  to  their  counfrvmen.'  They  shot  him 
through  several  times,  after  he  was  dead."— yjraie,  book  iii.  p.  113. 

^  "  Camden  Heights  are  about  ten  miles  overland  from  Owl's  Head  There  are 
five  or  six  of  them,  in  a  range  from  northwest  to  south-east;  and  they  are  clothed 
M'lth  forest-trees  to  their  tops.  Mount  Batty,  which  is  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  Irom  Camden  Harbor,  is  about  nine  hundred  feet  high.  In  our  second  war 
with  Engla.id,  an  eighteen-pounder  was  placed  upon  its  summit. 

"These  are  probably  the  mountains  seen  by  Capt.  Wevnsouth  in  1005  and  by 
Ciipt  Smith  in  KJli,  when  they  explored  Penobscot  Bay."  -i'ee  WUliamso^^'s  IlUtory 
of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  95. 


248 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  pilot,  who  was  familiar  with  that  region,  and  who  had  once 
been  a  captive  there  in  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  infonned 
Capt.  Church,  that,  about  sixty  miles  up  the  river,  there  was 
a  small  island,  which  was  a  place  of  geu  '  resort  by  the 
Indians.  ^ 

It  is  supposed  that  ti)is  was  the  ancient  Lett,  or'oidtown 
Island.  There  was  a  village  iiere,  which,  for  a  long  time,  con- 
tinned  to  be  one  of  the  most  memorable  of  the  Indian  towns.  It 
was  situated  on  the  southerly  end  of  an  island,  containing  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  very  rich  soil.  Church  as- 
eended  tlie  river  in  his  vessel  as  far  as  what  is  called  the  Bend, 
where  Eddington  now  stands.'  Small  vessels  could  usually 
ascend  nearly  to  this  point.  Here  Church  cast  anchor.  Land- 
nig  a  portion  of  his  force,  he  commenced  a  march  up  the  west 
bank  of  the  river. 

It  was  the  month  of  August.  The  region  was  beautiful,  and 
the  climate  in  that  latitude,  at,  Uiat  season,  charming.  Ascend- 
ing a  tew  miles,  they  passed  many  spots  which  the  Indians  had 
formerly  inhabited,  but  which  were  then  abandoned.  It  was 
the  custom  to  hunt  Indians  as  one  would  hunt  wolves.  Often 
no  respect  was  paid  to  sex  or  age.  The  men  succeeded  in  kill- 
ing four  or  five  o,:  the  natives,  and  in  wounding  several.  A 
sliattered  bone  must  be  a  terrible  calamity  to  a  poJr  Indian,  who 
can  have  no  surgical  aid. 

The  adventurers,  having  imlioteJ  this  amount  of  dama-e 
returned  to  their  vessel,  and  sai.ed  for  the  Bay  of  Fundy  °A 
few  French  emigrants  had  their  scattered  cabins  on  the  northern 
shores  of  this  bay,  where  their  wives  aiJ  children  lived,  in  the 
extrenje  of  poverty.  They  raised  a  few  bushels  of  corn,  caught 
a  ew  fishes,  and  occasionally  trapped  a  beaver,  or  shot  a  bird. 
Iheir  comfortless  homes  were  scarcely  a  remove  above  the  wicr. 
warn  of  the  savage.  '^ 

In  terror,  the  inmates  of  these  hovels  fled  into  the  wilderness 
Capt.  Church  burned  their  houses,  destroyed  their  little  har- 
vests, and  plundered  them  of  their  furs  and  skins,  and  of  what- 

Mn!..r  T?'"/!'f  '^.""""'°  °'  ^^^  Penobscot  with  the  Stillwater,  at  the  foot  of 
Mar  h  Tslaml,  the  r.ver  flows  south-westerly  three  nn-os  to  the  held  of  the  tide  at 
the  Bend,  where  its  usual  ebb  aaJ  flow  are  two  feet.'  -  Williamson  vol  «  d    « 


Tn€  HISTORY  oy  mmne. 


249 


ever  else  was  worth  carrying  away.>  As  he  was  sailing  home- 
wards with  his  slender  booty,  he  met,  in  the  waters  of 
Passamaquoddy  Bay,  an  English  squadron  of  three  vessels,  from 
Boston.  Col.  Hawthorne  was  in  command.  Capt.  Church, 
thus  superseded,  was  directed  to  join  the  fleet,  and  accompany 
them  to  an  attack  upon  St.  John.  The  enterprise  was  unsuc- 
cessful, and  the  vessels  returned  to  Boston. 

The  inhabitants  of  Maine,  the  English,  and  the  savages,  were 
now  alike  wretched.  No  man  could  leave  his  door  without 
danger  of  being  shot.  N9  family  could  lay  down  to  sleep  at 
night  without  being  liable  to  hear  the  horrible  war-whoop 
before  the  morning,  and  of  being  subjected  to  the  awful  tragedy 
of  conflagration,  scalping,  and  massacre.  Stern  Nature  seemed 
in  harmony  with  the  cruelty  of  man.  The  winter  was  one  of 
unprecedented  cold;  and  storms  of  sleet  and  snow  howled 
through  the  tree-tops,  and  swept  all  the  dreary  fields.  Many, 
both  Indians  and  English,  were  starved  to  death.  Nine  Indians, 
who  were  out  hunting,  after  eating  their  dogs,  were  found  dead, 
the  victims  of  famine.^ 

Major  Charles  Frost  was  in  command  at  Kittery.  He  was 
pe^  uliarly  obnoxious  to  the  Indians,  as  they  accused  him  of 
several  acts  of  treachery.^  A  plan  was  formed  to  kill  him. 
Several  Indians  hid  behind  a  large  log,  about  five  miles  from 
his  house,  to  shoot  him  on  his  way  to  church.  It  was  Sunday 
morning,  June  4,  1697.  Apparently,  his  wife  was  riding 
behind  him,  on  a  pillion  ;  and  some  one  was  walking  by  the  side 
of  the  horse.  There  was  a  simultaneous  discharge  of  the  guns 
of  the  savages ;  and  all  three  fell  to  the  ground  in  the  convul- 
sions of  death. 


»  "  Anions  tlie  settlements  011  the  north  shore  of  that  hay,  he  made  gz^at 
destruction,  and  took  cousiderahle  phuuler."—  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  646. 

2  Mather's  j^fagnalia,  vol,  "i.  p.  CSii. 

3  "We  have,  in  narratinfr  the  events  in  the  life  of  Modokawando,  noticed  tho 
voyage  of  Major  Waldron  to  the  eastern  cop.st  of  Maine.  How  much  treachery 
■was  manifested  at  that  tune  hy  the  Indians,  which  cansed  the  English  to  massa- 
cre many  of  them,  we  shall  not  take  up,in  us  to  declare.  Yet  this  we  cannot  hut 
bear  in  mind,  tliat  we  have  only  the  account  of  those  who  performed  the  tragedy, 
and  not  tliat  of  those  on  whom  it  fell.  Capt-  Charles  Frost  of  Kittery  was^wirh 
Waldron  upon  that  expedition,  and,  next  to  him,  a  principal  actor  in  it.'"'  —  Z>raAe, 
hook  iiL  p.  lOU. 


250 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Two  young  men  who  were  hurrying  with  the  tidings  to  the 
garrison  at  Wells  were  shot  by  the  lurking  Indians.     Five  sol- 
diern,  who  had  ventured  a  little  distance  from  the  garrison  at 
JTork,  were  found  scalped,  and  with  their  bodies  pierced  with 
bullets.     One  unhappy  man,  who  had  incurred  the  rage  of  the 
savages,  was  roasted  to  death  at  a  slow  fire.     A  few  men  from 
Wells  went  upon  Cow  Island  for  fuel.     A  man  and  his  two 
sons  were  stationed  to  keep  watch.     The  lurking  savages  seized 
them,  and  carried  them  off  in  a  canoe.     There  were  several 
canoes.     Lieut.  Larabec  was  out  on  a  scout.     He  caught  sicrht 
of  the  httle  fleet,  and  shot  three  o^'  the  Indians,  res.uing  one 
captive.     The  other  two  were  carried  awuy       Doubtless  the 
Indians,  in  revenge,  tortured  them  to  death. 

The  French  raised  an  army  of  fifteen  hundred  Frei.c'^  ^nd 
Lidians  to  recapture  Nova  Scotia,  and  ravage  all  the  coasts  of 
JNew  Ii^ngland.  This  was  a  prodigious  force  for  this  country,  in 
those  days.  It  created  great  alarm.  At  a  vast  expense  of 
money  and  labor,  all  the  fortifications  were  strengthened  and 
supplied.  Five  hundred  soldiers,  under  Major  March,  were 
pushed  forward  io  the  forts  in  Maine.  Ranging  parties  were 
sent  in  all  directions  to  intercept  the  Indians. 

Major  March  cast  anchor,  with  his  troops,  at  Damariscotta.i 
A   band  of  Indians  had  discerned  his  approach.     They  knew 
where  he  would  attempt  a  landing,  and  concealed  themselves  in 
ambush.     Scarcely  had  the  troops  placed  their  feet  upon  the 
shore  of  the  silent   and   apparently  solitary  wilderness,  when 
there  came  a  loud  report  of  musketry,  a  volley  of  bullets  swei^t 
through   their  ranks,  and  their  ears  were  almost  deafened  by 
^le  shrill  war-whoop.     Nearly  thirty  were  killed  or  wounded, 
llie  English,  now  well  accustomed  to  Indian  warfare,  rallied 
for  a  vigorous  defence.     The  savages  fled,  probably  with  but 
very  slight  loss.     It  was  their  great  aim  to  strike  a  blow,  and 
then  run  before  the  blow  could  be  returned.2 

Two  days  after  this,  on  the  11th  of  September,  1G97,  peace 

r.  I  r,^^!"r'lr°"'^,''  navigable  for  large  ships  al.ont  twelve  miles  from  tl.e  sea 
2  Mather's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii.  p.  553. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


251 


between  France  and  En<,'lan(l  was  concluded  by  the  famous 
Treaty  of  Ryswlok.  Tidings  of  the  happy  event  did  not  reach 
Boston  until  the  10th  of  December.  The  Indians,  unaided  by 
the  French,  could  accomplish  but  little,  though  there  were 
occasional  assassinations  and  plunderings.  Early  in  the  summer 
of  1608,  tbo  savages  sent  in  their  flags  of  truce  to  our  outposts, 
imploring  peace. 

A  conference  was  held  at  Penobscot  on  the  14th  of  October, 
1698.     Two  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  met  six  saga- 
mores, accompanied  by  a  large  retinue  of  Indians.     The  Indians 
were  very  sad.     Mournfully  they  sang  requiems  for  the  dead. 
"VVar  to  them  had  brought  famine,   and   famine   had  brought 
pestilence.     A  terrible  disease  was  sweeping  away  hundreds  of 
their  people.     Many  of  their  most  illustrious  men,  the  revered 
Madockavvando »  being  of  the  number,  were  inchuled  among  its 
victims.     The  English  commissioners  insisted,  that,  in  addition 
to  the  return  of  all  the  captives,  the  Indians  should  drive  all  the 
Catholic  missionaries  out  of  their  country.     It  certainly  speaks 
wpU  fur  the  influence  which  theso  teachers  had  exertrd  upon 
the  minds  of  the  savages,  that  the  sagamores,  as  with  one  voice, 
should  have  rei)lied,  "  The  white  prisoners  will  be  free  to  go 
home,  or  stay  v/ith  their  Indian  friends.     But  the  good  mission- 
aries must  not  be  driven  away." 

Another  conference  was  held  at  Marepoint,  now  in  the  town 
of  Brunswick,  in  January,  1699.  Major  Converse  and  Col. 
Phillips  met  the  sagamores  of  most,  if  not  all,  the  tribes  between 
the  Piscataqua  and  the  Penobscot.  Here  a  previous  treaty  was 
signed  and  ratified,  with  additional  articles.  The  dreadful  war 
bad  lasted  ten  years,  impoverishing  all,  enriching  none.  The 
woes  it  had  caused,  no  finite  imagination  can  gauge.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  between  five  and  seven  hundred  of  the  English  were 
killed,  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  were  carried  into  captivity, 
many  of  whom  perished.     One  Indian  warrior,  Assacombuit,2 

1  "Madockawamlo  and  Rqiiando  ^^e^e  the  most  powerful  cliiefs  during  this 
war.    They  are  described  by  Hubbard  as  'a  strange  kind  of  moralized  savagen 
gi-ave  and  serious  in  their  speech,   and  not  without  some  show  of  a  kind  of 
rehgion.'  "  —  Willis's  Ilistovi/  of  Portland,  p.  213. 

2  "TJiis  sachem  was  known  among  the  French  by  the  name  of  Nescaiubiouif 
hut  among  the  English  ho  was  called  Assacambuit  and  Assacombuit.    He  wa.s  J 


252 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


boasted,  and  probably  trutlifully,  that  he  had  killed  or  captured 
a  hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children.' 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  but  well  authenticated,  that,  in  many 
cases,  young  children  captured  by  the  savages,  and  brought  up 
among  them,  were  often  very  unwilling  to  leave  the  wigwam, 
and  return  to  civilized  life.  The  attachment  between  them  and 
the  members  of  the  Indian  families  became  very  strong.  Very 
affecting  were  the  partings  Avhich  sometimes  took  place.  Even 
in  the  present  case,  Mr.  Williamson  testifies,  that  "  a  few  who 
were  captured  in  their  childhood,  becoming  attached  to  the 
society  of  the  savages,  chose  to  remain  with  them,  and  never 
would  leave  the  tribes." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  royal  charter  of  William  and 
Mary,  dated  Oct.  7,  1691,  included  essentially  the  territory  of 
the  present  State  of  Maine,  in  two  great  divisions.  One  of 
th(3se,  extending  from  Piscataqua  to  the  Kennebec  River,  was 
called  the  Province  of  Maine ;  the  other,  which  included  the 
region  between  the  Kennebec  and  the  St.  Croix,  was  denomi- 
nated the  Province  of  Sagadahoc.2 

Maine  became  virtually  a  province  of  Massachusetts,  and  so 
continued  for  a  hundred  and  thirty  years.3  The  administration 
of  Sir  William  Phips  continued  about  two  and  a  half  years. 
He  died  in  London  in  the  year  1694.  Mr.  Williamson  pays  the 
following  well-merited  tribute  to  his  memory  :*  — 

"He  was  a  man  of  benevolent  disposition  and  accredited  piety,  tliouo-h 
sometimes  unable  to  repress  the  ebullitions  of  temper.     He  was  not  only 

faithful  to  tlie  Frencli  as  one  of  their  own  nation.    In  170G  he  sailed  for  France 
and  was  presented  to  his  Majesty  Louis  XIV.,  at  Versailles.    Here,  anion-  other 
ennnent  personages,  he  became  known  to  the  historian  Charlevoiv     Tire  kinj; 
hrhamr-T^"^*'''  ^'""  ""  *'^''^'"'*  '"''°'''^'  ''^  '**  i'«POi'ted  to  have  said,  holding  up 
"  '  This  hand  has  slain  a  hundred  and  forty  of  your  Majesty's  enemies  in  New 

ilill^itllUl. 

"Whereupon  the  king  forthwith  knighted  hin),  and  ordered  that  henceforth  a 
pension  of  eight  livres  a  day  (about  $1.50)  be  allowed  hin.  for  life."  -Brake,  book 

1  See  Mather's  Magnalia,  vol.  ii.  p.  558;  History  of  Kev,  England,  by  Daniel 
N..al,  vol.  u.  I).  644;  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  MO. 

2  This  region  was  inserted  in  the  charter,  without  any  speeilic  name,  thon-b  it 
was  ns,.ally  called  as  we  have  ux^niioued.  -  Summary  of  British  ScUkmcnl  in 
North  America,  by  William  Boiujlaaa,  vol.  i.  p.  3a2. 

8  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  10. 
*  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  d.  23. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


258 


onp'-getic  and  exceedingly  persevering  in  his  purposes,  hut  Le  possessed  good 
abilities,  unsullied  integrity,  and  strong  attachments.  Ilis  unremitting  as- 
siduities to  promote  the  best  interests  of  Maine,  the  Province  of  his  nativity, 
and  to  enforce  measures  devised  for  its  defence  and  reUef ,  are  evidences 
monumental  of  his  patriotism,  and  his  high  sense  of  obligation  and  duty." 

Massachusetts,  in  assuming  the  government  of  Maine,  re- 
signed to  the  crown  of  England  all  jurisdictional  rights  to  Nova 
Scotia.  The  community  there  consisted  mainly  of  a  mixed 
breed  of  Canadians  and  Indians.  They  had  been  mostly  under 
French  influence,  were  generally  Roman  Catholics,  and  their 
sympathies  were  with  France.  The  people  of  all  Maine  had 
become  essentially  one  with  the  people  of  Massachusetts  in 
their  social  habits,  tlieir  political  views,  and  their  religious 
observances.  Massachusetts  had  ever  been  to  Maine  a  kind  and 
sympathizing  friend. 

The  impoverishment  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  at  the  close 
of  the  war  was  dreadful,  almost  beyond  comprehension. 
Houses,  barns,  and  mills,  witli  all  the  implements  of  agriculture, 
had  been  consumed  by  the  flames.^  The  people  of  York  wished 
for  a  grist-mill.  They  were  unable  to  build  one.  They  offered 
a  man  in  Portsmouth,  if  he  would  put  up  a  mill,  a  lot  of  land 
to  build  it  upon,  liberty  to  cut  such  timber  as  he  needed,  and 
their  pledge  to  carry  all  their  corn  to  his  mill  so  long  as  he  kept 
it  in  order. 

The  worn  and  wasted  people  gradually  returned  to  the  deso- 
lated spots  which  had  once  been  their  homes.  Log-cabins  again 
began  to  arise  in  the  solitudes  of  Falmouth,  Scarborough,  and 
at  various  other  points,  over  which  pitiless  war  had  rolled  its 
billows.  In  this  state  of  affairs,  some  malicious  persons  set  the 
cruel  report  in  circulation,  that  the  colonists  were  making 
preparation  to  fall  upon  the  Indian  tribes,  and  exterminate  them. 
It  was  said  that  this  rumor  originated  with  the  French,  who 
were  still  anxious  to  extend  their  possessions  farther  west,  and 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  aid  of  the  savages.^ 

The  Indians,  greatly  frightened,  began  to  withdraw  from*  the 

»  "No  mills,  no  enclosures,  no  roads,  but,  on  the  contrary,  dilapidated  habita- 
tions,  -^vide  v,-a'-ted  fields,  and  ir.elancliolj-  rrdna."  —  Williamsvii,  vol.  ii.  p.  31. 
a  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  113. 


254 


THE  HIS  TORY  OF  MAINE. 


English  settlements.  Tlas  alarmed  the  English ;  and  they  com- 
menced preparations  for  defence,  apprehending  that  the  Indians 
were  again  to  attack  them.  These  hostile  demonstrations  con- 
firmed the  Indians  in  their  fears ;  and  in  all  probability  they 
began  to  draw  nearer  to  the  French.  This  confirmed  the  suspi- 
cions of  the  English,  and  led  to  measures  whose  tendency  was 
only  to  exasperate. 

The  militia  was  ordered  to  be  in  constant  readiness.  At 
York,  Wells,  and  Kittery,  well-armed  soldiers  were  posted.  A 
proclamation  was  issued,  which,  while  it  cautioned  the  people 
against  giving  any  just  provocation  to  the  Indians,  ordered  them 
to  be  constantly  on  the  watch  to  guard  against  treachery .^ 
Guards  were  appointed  to  patrol  the  towns  every  night,  from 
nine  till  morning.  This  state  of  affairs  necessarily  put  an  end 
to  all  peace  of  mind  and  to  all  friendly  intercourse. 

It  would  seem  as  though  man  was  doomed  to  make  his  brother- 
man  miserable.  The  religion  of  the  Son  of  God,  that  is  the 
religion  which  recognizes  God  as  our  common  Father,  and  all 
men  as  brethren,  and  whose  fundamental  principle  is  that  we 
should  do  to  others  as  we  would  that  others  should  do  to  us, 
would  have  made  Maine,  from  the  beginning,  almost  a  paradise. 
But  what  an  awful  tragedy  does  its  history  reveal !  And  such 
has  been,  essentially,  the  history  of  all  the  nations.  Such  has 
been  life  upon  tiiis  planet  from  the  fall  of  Adam  to  the  nr&sent 
hour. 

To  add  to  these  calamities,  menaces  of  war  began  again  to 
arise  between  France  and  England.  Unfortunately,  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ryswick,  the  boundaries  between  the  English  and 
French  possessions  on  this  continent  had  not  been  clearly  de- 
fined. Both  courts  still  claimed  the  territory  between  the  Sag- 
adahoc and  the  St.  Croix.  The  English  said  that  they  had 
resigned  Nova  Scotia  to  France,  but  nothing  more. 

In  1699  Lord  Bellamont  arrived  in  Boston,  appointed  by  the 
king  as  governor  of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
and  Maine.  He  was  an  excellent  man,  intelligent  and  cour- 
teous, with  enlarged  views  of  both  civil  and  religious  liberty.^ 

•  Records,  Eesolves,  andJounials  of  the  MassaRhnsfiUs  r,«vorn,i,ont  ^r^^  vi 
'  Wmiainson,  vol.  il.  p.  32. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


255 


James  II.  of  England,  who  had  been  driven  from  the  throne  by 
an  indignant  people,  to  give  place"  to  his  son-in-law,  William, 
died  at  St.  Germain,  in  France,  on  the  ]  jch  of  September,  1701.' 
His  son,  called  the  Pretender,  a  zealous  Catholic,  claimed  to  be 
the  legitimate  King  of  England.  The  Catholic  court  of  Franco 
supported  his  claim.  Six  months  after,  on  the  8th  of  March, 
King  William  died,  deeply  lamented.  His  wife,  it  will  be 
remembered,  was  Mary,  a  daughter  of  James  II.  She  had  a 
sister  Anne.  S'le  was  declared  by  the  British  parliament  to  be 
the  legitimate  successor  of  William.  She  ascended  the  throne 
on  the  4th  of  May,  1702.  War  was  immediately  declared 
against  France,  whose  court  was  maintaining  a  rival  for  the 
cro\/n. 

The  war-cloud  instantly  threw  its  shadow  upon  our  shores. 
The  British  ministry  claimed  the  whole  Province  of  Sagada- 
hoc, and  the  right,  in  common  with  France,  to  the  fisheries,  on 
all  these  northern  seas.i  Both  of  these  claims  France  resisted. 
Queen  Anne  appointed  Joseph  Dudley  governor  of  her  New 
England  provinces.  "Ha  manfully  applied,"  writes  William- 
son, "  his  splendid  abilities,  his  courtly  manners,  and  his  exten- 
sive knowledge,  to  render  all  the  acts  of  his  administration 
acceptable  to  every  class  of  people." 

The  war  between  France  and  England  assumed  very  much 
the  aspect  of  a  religious  war,  a  conflict  between  Protestantism 
and  Catholicism.2 

It  was  generally  believed  that  the  Catholic  missionaues  in 
Maine  were  endeavoring  to  seduce  the  Indians  from  their  alle- 

1  "The  English  people  engaged  in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  were  niakinc 
great  voyages.    About  twenty-seven  hundred  fishermen,  and  two  hundred  and 
twenty  vessels,  were  employed  this  single  year  (seventeen  hundred  and  one) 
They  took  and  cured  two  hun.lred  thousand  quintals  of  fish,  besides  four  thou- 
sand hogsheads  of  train  and  liver  oW."  —  WilUamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  32. 

2  Gov.  Bellamont,  in  one  of  his  aildresses  to  the  General  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts, said,  "Divine  providence,  in  bringing  to  pass  the  late  happy  and  won- 
derful revolution  in  England,  has  been  pleased  to  make  KingWilliam'the  glorious 
instrument  of  our  deliverance  from  the  odious  fetters  and  chains  of  Ponerv  and 
de.spotism,  which  had  been  artfully  used  to  enslave  our  conscience.s,  and  subvert 
all  ourcivd  rights.  It  is  too  well  known  what  nation  that  king  (James  II) 
favored,  of  what  religion  he  died,  and  no  les.s  what  must  have  been  the  execra- 
ble treachery  of  him  Avho  parted  with  AoQ.lin  /m.v,>,.o  q^„).i„   „_,  ^u i  i    ^  - 

on  that  coast."  -aScotia,  and  the  uoble  fianery 


256 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


gmnce  to  the  British  crown,  and  to  enlist  their  sympathies  in 
behalf  of  France.  A  legislative  act  was  tuerefore  passed,  as 
early  as  March,  ITOO,  which  ordered  the  Catholic  missionaries  to 
leave  the  State  before  the  tenth  day  of  the  next  September, 
under  penalty  of  exemplary  punishment. 

This  was  an  act  of  intolerance.  But  if  it  were  true,  as  the 
legislature  fully  believed,  that  these  missionaries  were  endeavor- 
ing to  incite  the  savages  to  renew  their  horrible  scenes  of  con- 
flagration, scalping,  and  murder,  this  was  the  mildest  punishment, 
which,  under  the  circumstances,  could  have  been  inflicted  upon 
them. 

Gov.  Dudley  arranged  to  hold  a  council  personally  with  the 
sagamores  of  the  eastern  tribes,  that  he  might  learn  their 
disposition  and  intentions.  The  assembly  met  at  Falmouth,  on 
the  Casco  peninsula,  the  20th  of  June,  1703.  It  was  evident 
that  the  sagamores  did  not  feel  that  it  was  safe  for  them  to  rely 
upon  the  honor  of  the  English.  They  came,  prepared  to  defend 
themselves,  if  treachery  were  to  be  practised  upon  them. 

Eleven  sagamores  appeared,  representing  five  of  the  most 
important  tribes  in  Maine.  Gov.  Dudley,  aware  of  the  eff'ect 
of  imposing  appearances  upon  the  savages,  came  in  almost  regal 
pomp.  A  numerous  retinue  of  gentlemen  from  Massachusetts 
and  New  Hampshire  accompanied  him. 

But  the  Indians,  in  the  splendor  of  the  occasion,  quite  eclipsed 
their  white  brethren.  The  sagamores  entered  the  fine  harbor 
of  Portland  in  the  balmy  sunshine  of  a  June  day,  with  a  fleet 
of  sixty-five  canoes,  containing  two  hundred  and  fifty  plumed 
and  painted  warriors,  in  their  richest  display  of  embroidered  and 
fringed  and  gorgeously-colored  habiliments.  Thev  were  all 
well  armed  ;  and  the  beholders  were  much  impressed  by  their 
martial  appearance.^ 

The  governor  had  brought  a  large  tent,  sufficiently  capacious 
to  accommodate  his  suite  and  the  Indian  chiefs.  When  all  had 
assembled,  the  governor  arose,  and  said, 

"  I  have  come  to  you  commissioned  by  the  great  and  good  Queen  of  Eng- 
land. I  would  esteem  you  all  as  brothers  and  friends.  It  is  my  wish  to 
reconcile  every  difficulty  whatever  tliat  has  happened  since  the  last  treaty  " 


HlstO; 

vol.  i.  p.  20, 


y  <ii  the  Indian  Wars,  "by  Saimiel  Penliallow;  Coll.  of  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


257 


A  Tarratine  chief,  called  Simmo,  rose  to  reply.     With  great 
dignity  of  manner  he  said,  —  ^ 

"We  thank  you,  good  brother,  for  coming  so  far  to  talk  with  us.     It  is  a 

f  r;he!^gr;r^^3- ^^^^     - -^ 

Presents  were  then  exchanged,  and,  with  some  simple  yet 
solemn  ceremonials,  professions  of  friendship  were  ratified.  The 
council  continued  in  session  for  two  or  three  days.  Se-eral 
subjects  were  discussed.  Bomaseen,  of  whom  we  have  before 
spoken,  IS  reported,  during  the  conference,  to  have  said,— 

"Although  several  missionaries  have  come  to  us,  sent  by  the  French  to 
break  the  peace  between  the  English  and  us,  yet  their  words  have  made  no 
impression  upon  us.  AVe  are  as  firm  as  the  mountains,  and  will  so  TntLue 
as  long  as  the  sun  and  moon  endure. "  i  continue 

Professions  of  cordial  frendship  were  uttered  on  both  sides. 
Ji-very  thing  seemed  to  indicate  a  settled  peace.  The  fraterniza- 
tion was  rather  French  in  its  character  than  English ;  for  there 
was  feasting,  shouting,  dancing,  and  singing,  according  to  the 
most  approved  measures  of  French  jollification. 

The  joyful  tidings  spread  rapidly,  and  lifted  a  very  heavy  bur- 
den from  the  hearts  of  the  people,  who  were  appalled  in  con- 
templating  the  horrors  of  another  Indian  war.  Many  were 
preparing  to  flee  again  to  the  safer  regions  of  Massachusetts. 
But  now  they  were  encouraged  to  remain.  A  gentle  tide  of 
emigration  began  also  to  flow  in,  influenced  by  the  cheapness  of 
the  land,  the  richness  of  the  soil,  the  abundance  of  valuable 
timber,  ^and  the  fisheries,  which  were  yielding  such  valuable 

Some  suspected  the  Indians  of  having  treacherous  intentions 

at  this  council.     And  this  was  simply  because,  in  firing  a  salute 

n  celebra  ion  o    the  conclusion  of  peace,  their  guns  were  found 

loaded  with  balls.     But  the  Indians  never  thought  of  loading 

'  Drake,  book  iii.  p.  117. 

«  Penhallow's  History  of  the  Wars  of  New  England,  p.  a. 


258 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


their  guns  with  powder  only.  They  had  often  been  betrayed. 
They  had  many  not  unreasonable  suspicions,  that  the  proposed 
council  was  merely  a  trap,  in  which  the  treacherous  English 
were  plotting  to  seize  all  their  principal  sagamores.  They, 
therefore,  came  prepared  to  defend  themselves,  should  it  be 
necessary  to  do  so.* 

"  King  Philip's  War,"  so  called,  lasted  but  three  years ;  but 
they  were-years  fraught  with  inconceivable  woe.  Even  civilized 
men  in  war  gradually  lose  all  humane  attributes.  The  average 
savage  becomes  a  perfect  demon.  The  second  conflict  was 
usually  called  "  King  William's  War."  It  originated  in  dissen- 
sions between  the  courts  of  France  and  England,  which  plunged 
the  two  nations  into  hostilities.  The  French  endeavored  to 
weaken  her  foe  by  the  capture  of  her  New  England  colonies.  The 
savages  were  not  reluctant  to  engage  in  their  service  as  allies ; 
for  they  had  a  chance  of  thus  recovering  their  county  from 
settlers  whom  they  began  to idislike  :iad  dread.  This  dreadful 
war,  in  which  savage  ferocity  received  a  new  and  terrible 
impulse  from  French  science  and  supplies,  lasted  ten  years. 

John  Bull  has  never  been  a  favorite  in  any  land  where  he  has 
placed  his  foot.  The  Indians  never  loved  the  English.  There 
were  individual  exceptions ;  but  the  English,  generally,  Avere 
onl}"-  tolerated  by  the  natives.  An  air  of  melancholy  now  per- 
vaded the  minds  of  uU  the  reflecting  sagamores.  They  saw 
their  tribes  fast  dwindling,  while  the  English  were  increasing  in 
numbers  and  power.  Extensive  territory,  formerly  the  undis- 
puted hunting-grounds  of  the  tribes,  was  now  claimed  by  the 
invaders,  either  as  theirs  by  the  right  of  conquest,  or  by  purchase, 
which  both  parties  knew  to  be  fraudulent.  The  English  were 
arrogant,  domineering,  apparently  regarding  the  Indian  as  one 
who  had  no  rights  which  an  Englishman  Avas  bound  to  respect. 
The  French  had  identified  themselves  with  the  Indians,  married 
into  their  families,  taught  them  many  arts  of  war,  and  abundantly 
supplied  them  with  the  best  of  arms  and  ammunition.    They 

•  "  Bomaseen,  a  sachera  of  a  tribe  of  the  Kenncbecs,  whose  residence  was  at  an 
ancient  seat  of  tlie  sasainoies,  called  Norridgewock,  in  lfi!)4,  came  to  the  fort  at 
remaquiil,  with  a  flag  of  truce.  He  was  treacherously  seized  by  tliose  who  com- 
manded, and  sent  prisoner  to  Boston,  where  he  roniaiued  some  months  in  a  loath- 
some prison."  —  Drake,  p.  HI. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


259 


had  very  zealously  imbued  their  miuds  with  the  principles  of 
the  Catholic  religion,  whose  ceremonies  were  peculimly  calcu- 
lated to  captivate  the  untutored  savajre.  They  had  also  in 
some  degree,  transferred  to  their  minds  the  Frenchman's  hered- 
1  ary  liatred  of  the  Englishman.  Mr.  Willian.son,  in  his  admira- 
ble  History  of  Maine,"  fairly  represents  the  prevailing  English 
feeling  with  regard  to  the  Indians.     Ho  writes,—  , 

"  They  a,-reed  with  the  French  in  their  avr>rsion  to  the  Endish  and  in  a 
hatred  of  then-  free  politics  an.  religious  sentiments.  Aud  ^v^en  s"h  pas! 
Bions,  HI  minds  undiscipline.,  are  „„iue„oed  by  fanaticism,  they  know 
no.  her  restraints  nor  limits.  All  their  acquaintance  with  the  arts  of  c"viZ 
ized  hfe  seemed  rather  to  abase  thn ,    elevate  th.ir  character. 

'"I hoy  made  no  advancements  in  mental  culture,  moral  sense,  honest 
mdus try  or  manly  enterprise.  ,fatuated  with  the  notion  of  Catholi  induN 
gences,  they  grow  bolder  in  animosity,  insolence,  and  crime.  Their  enmity 
was  more  implacable,  their  habits  more  l.prav.d;  and  a  keener  appS 
was  giyen  for  ardent  spirits,  for  rapine,  and  for  blood.     Dupes  to  the  IWh 

h^E^  ,   b  '^""''  '"  *'°  "'"'^*^^'  ^^'-^^y  «^^"^^^«°--    ^-/-/-V/^  among 
mans  "'       '  "  P-vorbially  bad  as  Pu.".  among  the  ■anci;nt  Ro! 

M.  Gallieres,  governor  at  Montreal,  whatever  may  have  been 
his  motives,  in  fact  adopted  a  very  different  policy  from  that  of 
the  Enghsii.     He  sent  envoys  to  the   broken  and   despairing 
remnants  of  the  tribes  in  Maine,  inviting  them  to  emigrate  to 
Canada.     He  set  apart  for  them  large  and  inviting  tracts  of 
land  on  the  banks  of  the  Becancourt  and    the   St.   Francois 
-streams  which  flow  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  south' 
eighty  or  ninety  miles  above  Quebec.     On  each  of  these  rivers 
c  usters  of  wigwams  arose.     The  villages  were  pleasantly  situ- 
ated, each  with  a  church  and  a  parsonage  house.     A  ferry  was 
also  established  for  the  convenience  of  the  Indians  in  crossing 
the  St  Lawrence  to  Trois  Rivi^>res,  on  the  opposite  shore.^        " 
With  sucii  differ-.L  u.atment,  there  can  be  no  question  as  to 
the  side  to  which  the  Indian  would  incline  in  case  of  hostilities. 
The  remnants  of  four  tribes  repaired  to  the  spot  to  which  they 

1  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  40. 
^  History  of  the  French  Dominions  in  North  and  South  An.»ri-.„  i,.,  a.,.™„ 
Jc^ys.  pp.  ..Kll;  Topographical  Description  of  Canada.  by-.T^seph  Bouci'lLu^ 


I 


260 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


were  thus  liospitably  invited,  and  blended  into  a  new  trilio,  called 
the  St.  Francois  Indians.  It  is  interesting  to  see  how  differently 
precisely  the  same  facts  may  be  presented  accordi:  j  to  the  views 
of  the  writer.  The  very  candid  Mr.  Williamson  writes,  and 
perhaps  with  truth  (for  who  can  read  the  human  heart  ?),  "  At 
these  places,  designed  to  be  the  rendezvous  of  the  natives,  the 
French  intended  to  command  their  trade  and  plunder,  to  plan 
their  excursions,  and  direct  their  motions  against  the  English 
frontiers."  ^ 

Baron  Castine  had  returned  to  France  from  his  extensive 
landed  estate  on  the  Penobscot.  He  had  left  behind  him,  in 
possession  of  the  large  property,  his  son  and  heir,  called  Castine 
the  Younger.  He  was  the  child  of  Castine's  Tarratine  wife, 
who,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  the  daughter  of  the  renowned] 
and  at  least  partially-civilized,  sagamore,  Madokawando.  A 
riotous  baud  of  worthless  Englishmen  met  at  the  house  of 
young  Castine,  under  pretence  of  making  him  a  friendly  visit. 

Regarding  their  host  .,s  half  Indian,  they  treated  him  with 

every   indignity.      Rioting   through    his    house    like   veritable 

savages,  they  plundered  it  of  every  thing  which  they  deemed 

worth  carrying  away.    It  was  one  of  the  basest  acts  of  treachery, 

and  was  so  regarded  by  all  respectable  men.''    The  government 

denounced  it  in  severe  terms,  promising  M.  Castine  restitution, 

and  assuring  him  that  the  offenders,  if  they  could  be  arrested, 

should  be  se.'erely  punished.     Tlie  event  was  the  more  deeply 

deplored,  since  there  were  indications  of  another  war  between 

France  and  England.     Such  a  war  would  inevitably  involve  the 

colonies;    and  Indian  warriors,  led  by   French  officers,   might 

inflict  an  incalculable  amount  of  injury. 

Soon  France  and  England  again  grappled  in  what  was  called 
"  Queen  Anne's  War,"  and,  in  the  New  England  colonies,  the 
"  Thud  Indian  War."     All  over   the  world.  Frenchmen  and 
Englishmen  deemed  themselves  enemies,  who  were  bound  to  do  . 
each  other  all  the  injuiy  in  their  power.     A  special  effort  was  * 

•  ■Williamson,  %ol.  ii.  p.  40. 

2  "  Outiaseons,  liowever,  as  it  was,  the  well-ininde.l  sufferer  only  complained 
and  expostulate.!,  without  avenging  himself;  for,  in  policy  and  sentiment,  he  wa, 
the  fnend  of  tranquillity,"  —  WUUamson.  vn!.  ii,  p.  42, 


THE  HISTORT  OF  MAINE.  261 

to  be  made  in  the  New  World,  by  the  English,  to  wrench  colonie, 
from  Uie  French,  and  by  the  French,  to  wrest  them  from  the 
English.     Unfortunately,  the  savages  were  far  more  ready  to 

BrUain'"'''  ^^""^"^  ""^  ^'''"''  ^^'^"  ^^""^'^^^  ^^'""^^  °^  ^"^^^ 

Early  in  August,  1703,  a  body  of  five  hundred  French  and 
Indians  entered  upon  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Maine.     These 
well-armed  troops  had  but  feeble   foes   to   encounter.      They 
divided  into  six  or  seven  parties,  of  about  seventy-five  men 
each,  to  attack  the  infant  settlements,  where  scarcely  any  resist- 
ance  was  to  be  anticipated.     On  the  same  day,  the  10th   of 
August  Wells,  Cape  Porpoise,  Saco,  Scarborough,  Spurwink, 
Puipooduck,  and  Casco  were  assailed.     The  consternation  and 
destruction  were  such,   that  no  detailed  record  was   made   of 
the  avvful  scenes  which  ensued.     In  Wells,  thirty-nine  of  the 
inhabitants  were  either  killed,  or  carried  into  captivity  »      This 
IS  all  we  know  of  the  terrible  tragedy.     What  dwellings  were 
burned,  what  scenes  of  individual  anguish   and  suffeiincr   oc- 
curred, must  remain  untold,  till,  at  the  day  of  jud-^ment  all  the 
secrets  of  this  fearful  drama  of  time  and  sin  shall  be  revealed 

Mr.  ^  Bourne,  in  his  valuable  "  History  of  Wells  and  Kenne- 
bunk,  after  tireless  research,  has  collected  a  few  interesting- 
traditionary  narratives,  whichare  probably  founded  in  fact,  and 
which  are  but  a  repetition  of  those  scenes  of  horror  with  which 
the  reader  is  already  familiar. 

_  A  few  fishermen  only  resided  at  Cape  Porpoise.     The  demo- 
niac assailants  plundered  their  humble  homes,  laid  them  in  ashes 
and  carried  the  inmates,  all  whom  they  could  seize,  off  as  prison- 
ers.    At   Winter  Harbor  ^  there  was  a   small  garrison.     They 
fought  for  a  short  time  bravely ;  but  after  having  several  killed 

•  "  The  horrors  of  that  day  cannot  b6  depicted,  -families  broken  „n  h,.^ 

Sd;;s;p-— ^^^ 

Zl:l  245.  ""'"  ^-^^-y-'-"-tory  of  Wells  anU  EenLunJc.  ,y  E^^Te. 

'  '7''«  celebrated  place  called  'Winter  Harbor,'  after  an  ancient  inhabitant 
there  by  tlio  name  of  \V!tit«r  iu  oi,n„„  «r.„  ,  y,.      ,'    .        .,      '♦"•^'ent  inaaDitant 

and  the  head  of  the  tide."  -  I^^IL;  vof  i' tS  "'  '"  ''*""  '"'^' 


262 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


and  wounded,  and  being  overpowered  by  numbers,  the  survivors 
were  compelled  to  surrem  .r  themselves  to  captivity.  Eleven 
were  killed,  and  twei,*y-four  were  captured. 

The  people  of  Scarbwrough  seem  to  '.Hve  received  some  inti- 
mation of  the  approach  of  the  foe-  v  \  all,  V^-rying  into  the 
garrison  prepared  to  defend  themselves  to  the  last  extremity. 
A  flag  of  truce  was  sent  to  the  fort  by  a  captive.  The  bearer 
was  detained,  and  no  answer  returned.  After  a  "  ln„rr  sie-rg  " 
when  tiie  men  were  completely  exhausted,  and  were  on°the 
pomt  of  capitulating,  re-enforcements  arrived,  and  he  bailled 
toe  retired.  Undoubtedly  every  thing  outside  of  the  garrison 
was  destroyed. 

In  Spurwink,!  twenty-two  were  killed,  or  takeu  captive:  and 
the  httle  settlement  was  laid  entirely  desolate.  Purpooduck 
contamed  but  nine  log-cabins.  The  families  were  taken  entirely 
by  surprise.  It  so  happened  that  all  the  men  were  away.  Only 
women  and  children  were  left  behind.  The  savages,  allies  of 
men  who  called  themselves  (Jhristians,  burned  down  the  dwell- 
ings, butchered  t^7enty-five  of  the  helpless  inmate.,  and  carried 
away  eight  as  prisoners.  The  horrid  spectac  .  of  mangled 
bodies  which  they  left  behind  is  too  revolting  to  be  recorded! 

The  little  settlement  at  Casoo,^  where  tjiere  wao  a  garrison, 

was  the  most  remote  eastern  frontier.     A  new  fc.  t  had  been 

constructed  here,  which  was   placed  under  the  command  of 

Major  John  March,  with  a  garrison  of  thirty  men.     The  three 

Indian  chiefs  who  led  the  assailing  party  were  Moxus,  Wanun- 

gonet,  and  Assacombuit,  all  sagamores  of  great  renown.     The 

last  will  be  remembered  as  the  chief   who  was  knighted  by 

Louis  XIV.,  and  received  from  him  the  present  of   in  ele-ant 

sword.  ° 


sr  "^^';r:^i:';^;,:r,r  J  r  ^'  "^  ^"''°"""  "^  '-'-''^' 

tJlul'"  "^'V"'"f""u"'*'  '^''"'''  '  '^'^"""'•e''  to  '^e  used  all  the  firstcent.iry  after 
the  settlement,  notwithstanding  the  town  had  received  fro.u  Massachusetts  the 
corporate  name  'Falmouth,'  as  early  as  um.   The  plantation  uporthe  Neck  and 

fZinJ^  I'O-uKlanes  were  defined;  but,  when  a  particular  spot  was  designated, 
the  loca  t^nns,  borrowed  principally  from  the  Indians,  were  used  "  -  IIMorvof 
Portland,  hi,  William  Willis,  pp.  ii)-m.  uistory  of 


rns  msTORY  of  maine. 


263 


It  IS  said,  we  know  not  by  what  authority,  that  the  three 
sapamores   ,ent  a  flag  of  truce,  inviting  Major  March  to  a  con- 
ference.    1  hough  he  suspected  treachf^ry,  he  went  out  upon  the 
plain  to  meet  them,  unarmed,  and   ta,    ug   with  him  only  two 
veiy  aged  and  infirm  men.     The  chiefs  saluted  him  with  civility, 
and    l,<.n  drawing  their  tomahawks  h^na  bmeath  tl.eir  robes, 
the  three  fell  fur    usly  upon  Major  March  ;    .hile  his  two  com- 
ranions,  Messrs.  Phippen  and  Kent,  were  ..hot  uown  by  Irdians 
in  ambush.'     Mureh,  belug  a  very  strong  ma.,  wrc,   ed  a  toma- 
Jmwk  from  one  of  his    .sailants,  and  valiantly  defended  himself 
against  the  turee.     All  this  ..   uld  scarcely  have  occupied  one 
single  minute  of  time;  and  yet,  at  that  very  min.'te.  Sergeant 
Hook  arrived,  with  a  file  of  ten  men,  from  the     rt,  and  rescued 
the  major  from  his  peril.     This  story  seems  so  very  improL  ble, 
that  it  IS  impussiL  ■  to  give  it  full  credence.' 

The  siege  conlinued  six  u  vs  anci  six  nights.     Tl  ere  was  no 

repose  for  tho  inmate,    of  the  garrison,  as   every  moment  an 

assault  was  expected  from  overpowei  uig  numl       .     At  the  close 

of  the  six  days,  the  enemy  received  a  le-enforce.nent,  increasing 

ti.eir  number  to  about  five  hundred.3     The  new  arrivals  con- 

sisted   of  detachments   flushed  with  victory.     M.  Bobassin,  a 

i^rench  uffic.r,  then  assumed  command.     He  brought  with  him 

a  sloop  and  two  shallop,    whinh  he   had  captured,  and  also 

much  plunder      Sci  utifically  he  went  to  work  in  an  attempt 

to  undermine  tlie  fort  on  the  water-side.     As  the  fort  was  situ- 

ated  on  a  high  bank,  this  could  be  done  without  exposure  to 

any  fire  from  the  garrison.     Their  force  was  so  .   perior  to  that 

of  the  English,  that  they  h.d  iiothing  to  fear  fron.  a  saHy 

They  -were  advancing  in  this  engineering  very  rapidly  and 
prosperously,  and  were  on  the  eve  of  the  capture,  when  an 
armed  vessel  commanded  by  Capt.  Cyprian  Southack,  came  to 
the  aid  of  the  sp-iring  garrison.  Probal'y  the  vessel  waa 
armed  with  cannon,  whi,  n  the  assailants,  having  muskets  only, 
could  not  resist.  The  tide  of  victory  was  turned.  The  French 
1  Penhallow,  in  lug  history  of  Indian  wars,  writes,  "Phippen  and  Kent  bein.. 

8  "Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  42. 


264 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


t 


I 

I 


and  Indians,  abandoning  every  thing,  fled  precipitately.  This 
magmficent  bay  was  full  of  indentations,  into  which  the  canoes 
of  the  savages  could  glide.  Capt.  Southack  recaptured  the 
Bloop  and  two  shallops ;  but  the  French  and  Indians,  having  a 
flotilla  of  two  hundred  birch  canoes,  effected  their  escape. 

The  soldiers  of  the  garrison  now  came  out  to  view  the  deso- 
iations  which   this  savage  warfare   had   caused.     Every  thin- 
which  would  burn  was  reduced  to  ashes.    Nothing  remained  bu° 
shapeless  rums.     When  Major  March  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand  of  this  post,  he  moved  there  with  his  family.     Beinff  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  means  and  great  energy,  he  was  soon 
in  possession  of  a  very  thrifty  farm.     He  wrote  to  the  General 
Court,  that  he  had  lost,  by  the  attack,  a  sloop  and  its  furniture 
eighty-nine  head  of  sheep  and  cattle,  five  acres  and  a  half  of 
wheat,  SIX  acres  of  excellent  pease,  and  four  acres  and  a  half  of 
Indian  corn.     His  whole  loss  exceeded  five  hundred  pounds.' 
It  IS  estimated,  that,  in  this  brief  campaign,  the  enemy  killed  or 
captured  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maine.' 

«  Bourne's  History  of  Wells  and  Kennebunk,  p.  314 


CHAPiER  XV. 

THE  RIVAL  CLAIMS  OP  PRANCE  AND  ENGLAND. 

Jocelyn'8  Visit -Tlie  Destruction  of  Black  Point  -  The  Vicissitudes  of  War  - 
A  Naval  Expedition  —  Merciless  Ravages  —  Destruction  at  Port  Itoyal  —  The 
Expedition  to  Norrldgewock  —  Exchange  of  Prisoners  -  Treason  suspected 
—  In.idents  of  the  Conflict— A  Renewed  Attack  upon  Port  Royal— Ra'-e 
of  Gov.  Dudley  -  The  Third  Attack  and  Its  Failure  -  Naval  Battle  at  Winter 
Harbor -The  Conquest  of  Nova  Scotia— The  Couunisslon  to  Quebec  — 
Exchange  of  Menaces. 

rpmS  sudden  out!-urst  of  savage  violence  threw  the  whole 
-*-  region  into  a  otate  of  terrible  confusion.  Many  fled ;  others 
assembled  their  families  in  the  crowded  and  consequently  com- 
fortless garrison-houses,  and  went  armed,  and  in  bands,  to  their 
work.  Massachusetts,  with  her  custor  ,ry  energy,  sent  prompt 
aid.  A  troop  of  horsemen  was  quartered  at  Wells.  Three 
hundred  and  sixty  men  were  marched  to  Pegwacket,'  which  was 
one  of  the  principal  resorts  of  the  Indians.  Another  well-armed 
band  was  sent  to  Ossipee  Ponds.3 

The  hostile  bands  of  French  and  Indians  continued  to  ravage 
the  seacoast,  apparently  resolved  to  destroy  every  garrison,  to 
lay  every  settlement  in  ruins,  and  entirely  to  depopulate  the 
country  of  its  English  inhabitants.  There  was  a  region  called 
Black  Point,  then  quite  noted,  which  was  a  portion  of  the 

»  "Betwteen  Fryeburg  Academy  and  Saco  River  is  the  celebrated  Lovell'a 
Pond,  half  a  league  in  length,  though  less  than  a  mile  in  width  at  any  place.  This 
beautiful  section  of  country  was  anciently  called  Pegwacket  (Peckwalket,  Pe- 
puawett),  one  of  the  principal  and  most  favorite  lodgements  of  the  Sokokis  tribe 
and  also  the  theatre  of  a  desperate  battle  with  the  In.lians.  Here  are  ciirioua 
mounds  of  earth,  one  sixty  feet  in  circumference,  artiHcially  raised  by  them,  of 
which  no  tradition  nor  conjecture  can  give  any  satisfactory  account."—  ir*«*am- 
son,  vol.  1.  p.  28. 

2  The  Ossipee  River,  one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Saco,  takes  its  rise 
among  these  ponds,  a  few  miles  across  tlie  line  in  New  Hampshire. 


2C6 


IE  imrORT  OF  MAINE. 


present  town  of  Scarborough.    Capt.  Jocelyn,  to  the  record  of 
^r:rf63rt''''">''f"1  referred,  to/chU  at  thif^^^ce 

town,  Lre  ^.^.^,Z\LlT2^^:lZZ l""  '•*';-'' -""S'  ">-  a 
took  boat  for  the  easUTi,  „rrt  rr.  .    ^  "'■     ■^'"'  '-"'  »'  J^ly  I 

fourteenth  day;  «rc;u  rv  aU  -  n""'"''"'  T^  "'^  ""'«'  '"■"'"  "->*„,  the 
mere  wUdemes  "1,63  ,7.  K  T'  ""  '  "*"'"'■  '"'"«  °°  <"'•«•■  thaa  a 
with  a.  few  h„„;,t!"  .  "  ""'"•  ""^  "'='  '«»'<'«•  '  '«"  """ered  plantation. 

Here  the  families  were  collected  in  the  garrison-l,„u,e     On 
the  morinng  of  the  6th  of  October    1703    ,^„t       ., 
ninetee^  in  „n„,her,  all  well  arn.et;vent"o\tt:  ttt  2"^' 
he  garo^'T      T  ^VTr^  ^'S'"  "'^»  "<>-  lefttogr  S 

The  victors  then  attacked  the  fort.     Tl  ere  ,"1^  to  1     T 
small  vessels  in  the  harbor.     The  crewrjant     I     .,  '"" 

of  the  guns,  hasti.,  repaired  to  th   aid  'o     ^  1  fs^^  T" 

Tt  ^u't"  f'i;'"';'"T-  ,  ^','^"""""  -™»"  -'^-T  that'  hi 
sels  bore  their  melancholy  freight  manvof  hT      -i 

were  carried  i,ito  captivity     Ifc  is  lu^TT    .       •         *^^'^"g'^ter 
+!,„  ^"iJttviLj.    -It  ih  ScUd,  that,  returnino- to  C'lnn^l.i 

..^.a^ogfeili    their  .a;:!^^^^^^^^^^^ 

g.rl.     At  Berwrck,  two  houses  ware  burned,  one  n>a„  was  Mled! 

1  Jocel.vn'3  Voyages,  pp.  is,  20 

»  Hutchinson's  History  of  MassacLusetts.  voL  U.  p.  149. 


#« 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


267 


one  wounded,  and  three  canied  into  captivity.  They  attacked 
the  garrison,  but  were  repulsed.  In  their  rage  they  bound  one 
of  their  prisoners,  Joseph  Ring,  to  a  stake,  and  tortured  him  to 
death  witli  every  device  of  demoniac  cruelty.  They  danced 
around  their  victim,  responding  to  every  groan  with  shouts  and 
yells  of  delight. 

Major  March  of  Casco,  with  three  hundred  men,  pursued  a 
band  of  the  retiring  foe  as  far  as  Pegwacket,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  killing  six,  in  capturing  six,  and  in  recovering  consid- 
erable plunder.  It  is  said  that  this  was  the  first  loss  which  the 
savages  experienced  in  this  desolating  campaign.  The  liberal 
reward  offered  by  the  legislature  for  Indian  scalps,  which  in- 
cluded a  bou-.ty  of  twenty  pounds  for  every  Indian  child  under 
ten  years  of  age,  induced  Capt.  Tyng  and  several  others  to 
organize  hunting-parties  to  traverse  the  wilderness  on  snow- 
shoes,  iu  raid-winter,  to  hunt  down  the  savages ;  but  all  these 
expeditions  were  unsuccessful. 

During  this  melancholy  winter,  the  government  expended 
nearly  a  thousand  dollars  in  establishing  a  strong  garrison  near 
the  falls  in  Saco.-  Spring  came,  with  its  sunny  skies  and  swell- 
ing buds,  only  to  renew  the  terror  of  the  people.  This  was  the 
season  for  the  savages  to  re-open  their  campaigning.  The 
French,  in  Canada,  had  furnished  their  allies  with  ample  sup- 
plies. 

Major  Mason,  with  nearly  a  hundred  friendly  Indians,  belong- 
ing to  the  Pequods  and  Mohegans  of  Connecticut,  was  stationed 
at  Berwick.  Still  the  prowling  savages  succeeded  in  shooting 
several  persons,  and,  in  expression  of  their  hatred,  horribly 
mangled  their  remains.  In  addition  to  these  marauding-parties, 
plundering,  burning,  and  murdering  on  the  land,  French  pri- 
vateers swept  the  coast.  Not  a  fishing-boat  could  leave  a  bay 
or  inlet  without  danger  of  capture.  It  is  often  said  that  an 
ofeensive  is  the  best  defensive  war.  It  was  decided  to  be  expe- 
dient to  attack  the  French  in  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia.  Thus 
the  desolations  of  war  would  be  removed  from  Maine  into  the 
regions  of  the  enemy,  and  the  French  would  be  constrained  to 
retain  their  forces  at  home  for  the  protection  of  their  own  fire- 
sides. 


268 


THE  niSTO&T  OF  MAINE. 


had  olfjfi"""  T  ""'"''"'  *°  '^'"J"  '''="J'""'"  Church,  who 

■n.th  the  title  of  colonel;  and  five  hundred  men  were  placed 

fleet^of  flVvTuTh";  '')'''  vessels-of-war  convo,ed  hii  h  t  e 
Ueet  of  flfty-one  boats,  of  various  sizes.  One  of  the  war-shins 
earned  forty-eight  guns,  the  other  thirty-two.  The  thM  wafa 
pro™ce  galley.     The  fleet  sailed  from  Boston  the  21st  of  Zy, 

The  vessels  first  cast  auchor  at  the  Island  of  Metinicus,  just 
out  of  .  enobscot  Bay.    Two  armed  boats  were  sent  to  a  n  ,lh- 
bor,ng   ,slancl    where   they  captured  a  French  family  a^d  a 
Canadian  Indian.     The  captives  were  not  disposed  to  be  com 
munieative.    But  threats  extorted  from  them'  the  inf  rma  i^n 

^cti  !  n  T7  r™"'  f"''  ""'''"'  "'""8  "-  *»-'  in  the 
vicinity,  and  tnat  some  French  oificers  were  building  a  fort  at 

Pas..maqu„ddy.  The  prisoners  were  compelled  to  aJt  as  pi  oj 
Sends  "°  "'""'  "''■"'"  '""'^  '"  *=  "'"''''-"''  «f  tl'e^ 
These  were  not  days  of  forbearance  and  mercy.  The  atro- 
cities winch  had  been  perpetrated  by  the  French, .„d  Mans 
were  such,  that  the  avengers  were  ready  to  shoot  down  me^ 

wolves.     Still  It  was  expedient  to  take  as  many  captives  as  nos- 
sible,  that  they  might  be  used  as  ransom  for  E^nglis'i  ^ITJ^ 
Quite  a  number  of  both  French  and  Indians  were  killed  •  and 
several  captives  were  taken.     Among  the  latter  was  a  dauMitor 
of  Baron  Castme  with  her  children,  wc  know  not  how  many 

fvLtt  F   '  ''^""*  '""•  °'  ''""'"'  """  '^"""'■<''  ^^  "'«'  o. 
a  visit  to  I^  ranee. 

Again  the  fleet  spread  its  sails.  After  a  brief  tarry  at  Mount 
Desert,  (he  party  proceeded  to  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  in  whoL 
lonely  waters  a  secret  place  of  anchorage  was  sLht.'  A 
squadron  of  whale-boats  was  despatched,  led  by  Col  Church 

TTiuted  States  passes  tl.rougli  it,  on  its  west  side    i.ifn  ^t    r        '" '.'^'■^   "^  *h« 
enters  its  north-west  part.-  -  M.CuUorn::C::^<:;Dil^  '''''''  ^^'^^'^ 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


269 


himself,  to  explore  the  shores.  That  the  settlers  in  the  lonely 
cabins  might  not  be  apprised  of  his  approach,  and  thus  escape 
into  the  woods,  he  rowed  by  night,  and  kept  concealed  by  day 
Orders  were  given,  that  not  a  gun  should  be  fired,  even  to  shoot 
an  Indian,  if  he  could  possibly  be  killed,  or  taken,  in  any  other 
way.  '' 

Thus   he   succeeded  in   capturing,  one   after  another,   four 
French  emigrant  families.     They  were  all  poor,  and  there  was 
but  httle  plunder  in  their  log-cabins  worth  taking;  but,  such 
as  It  was,  it  was  seized,  and  placed  in  the  boats.     One  of  the 
captures  consisted  of  the  fiimily  of  a  poor  French  widow,  with 
her  orphan-children.     Col.  Church  was  energetic  and  merciless. 
Ihe  scenes  of  horror  he  had  witnessed  had  roused  his  soul  to 
the  highest  pitch  of  rage,  and  had  hardened  his  heart.     The 
readiness  with  which  he  would  retaliate  upon  helpless  ones,  no 
matter  how  innocent,  the  wrongs  which  demoniac  men  had  in- 
flicted upon  the  dwellers  in  Maine,  drew  down  upon  him  severe 
censure,  and  has  materially  dimmed  the  splendor  of  his  other- 
wise great  exploits.     He  then  ravaged  the  surrounding  region 
With   the   indiscriminate   mercilessness   of   the  tornado.     The 
w^ow  and  the  orphan  were  alike  the  victims  of  his  fury.» 

From  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  the  armament  sailed  out  into  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  that  immense  sheet  of  water  which  separates 
JSew  Brunswick  from  Nova  Scotia,  and  renders  the  latter  prov- 
ince so  rn^-rly  an  island,  that  it  is  entered  by  a  neck  of  land 
only  about  ■,v-,fy  miles  wide.  Here  the  avenging  squadron 
^^Y  '  '    '  "^^^^•^  several  of  the  boats,  crossed  the  bay, 

a  distance  of  about  sixty  miles,  to  Port  Royal  (Annapolis). 

The  day  l)cfore  the  arrival  of  the  fleet,  Castine  the  Youncrer 
with  about  sixty  Canadian  soldiers,  had  re-enforced  the  garrrscn 
in  their  strong  works.  The  fort  was  deemed  too  formidable  tc 
be  attacked.2  But  the  troops  in  garrison  could  not  venture 
beyond  the  protection  of  their  ramparts. 

Col.  Church  made  terril>le  havoc  of  all  the  settlements  around. 
Many  persons  were  killed ;  and  utter  desolation   took  the  place 

«  Collections  of  New  Hmnpsl.ire  Historical  Society,  vol.  1.  p  j«-33;  Hutchin- 
son 3  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  133.  t-  ,  lu. 
"  Uuiversal  Hiatory,  vol.  id.  p.  153. 


270 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


of  peaceful  homes  and  smilinn-  f  pUia      n^     rv    i, 

dress  .„  „.e  ,egis..,„e.  ,.„'S:4'f;„.fo7;,f:tiV:  tj^ 

•;  is  cruelty  :  y„„  cannot  refine  it."     Sd  "■-  M  l.      ™™' 

""  jr  iir  .i:f  :;tir  r  nr  •  ^ 

uminaiy  Humanity,  and  were  never  put  to  thp   fnvf,,,..      r  ^ 
what  ^agination  can  gange  the  miscr^  „f  ."ch  ,°      ^f  .it 
eo„s,st,ng  of  father,  mother,  and  littlf  childre      d  110^ w 

accompanied  Col.  Church  as  .^ajor  in  his    ate  exnc'di  1 

woe,  T  ';- ™-;:-^^^^^^^^^ 

and  they  all  travelled,  in  dead  of  winter,  throuM,  the  v  1 1^5 ' 

rodT::^:::t;dar  S;-"^- ^^-f"  "^^^ 
^i..™ediatei/:;:rthr;:ot::r:otr^^^^^^^ 

-st,  of  course,  have  had  Teh  ^1:  „c  'Tn   th;:Tei":r 
There  wore  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  warriors  whLtX:: 

'  Cluirch's  Fifth  Expedition,  p.  158. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


271 


in  this  council.  The  priest,  as  usual,  appointed  religious  ser- 
vices, that  the  hearts  of  the  savages  might  he  inspired  by  the 
sanctions  of  reliorion.^ 

The  Indians  were  not  often  taken  by  surprise.  Their  scouts 
kept  vigilant  watch.  When  the  little  army  reached  Norrido-e- 
wock,  after  their  long  and  painful  tramp,  there  was  no  one 
there :  all  had  fled.  A  large  chapel,  with  a  vestry,  was  standing, 
and  a  cluster  of  very  comfortable  Indian  wigwams.  These  the 
soldiers  laid  in  ashes.  Being  much  disappointed  in  not  findinn- 
either  captives,  food,  or  plunder,  they  commenced  their  march 
home  through  drifting  snows  and  wintry  gales. 

In  war,  blows  musi  be  received  as  well  as  given.    Gov  Suber- 
case  of  Nova   Scotia  gathered  an  army  of   five  hundred  and 
lifty  French  and  Indians ;  the  savages  being  led  by  the  noted 
Assacombuit.     He  made  terrible  havoc  among  all  the  Eno-lish 
settlements  within   his   reach.     An    uncounted    number  were 
slain;  a  hundred  and  forty  were  taken  prisoners;  and  a  lar-e 
amount  of  plunder  was  seized.     He  exacted  conflagration  for 
conflagration,  prisoner  for  prisoner,  blood  for  blood.     At  lenc^th 
the  prisoners  had  so  accumulated  on  both  sides  as  to  be  quit°e  a 
burden       Gov.  Vaudreuil  of  Canada  sent  one  of  his  captives, 
Capt  Hill,  to  negotiate  an  exchange.     Many  of  the  friends  of 
the   lost  did  not  know  whether  they  had  been  killed,  or  had 
been  made  prisoners.     William  Dudley,  a  son  of  the  governor 
was  sent  to  Canada  with  seventy  prisoners,  to  receive  an  equal 
number  in  return.     He  could  however,  obtain  but  sixty.    Mr. 
VVilhamson  writes,  — 

"  Guilty  of  detestable  liypocrisy,  Vaudreuil  pretended  that  the  Indians 
were  an  independent  and  freeborn  people,  a,id  that  he  liad  no  riglit  or  power 
to  demand  their  captives  ;  whereas  they  were  in  fact  well  known  to  be 
entire  dupes  and  vassals  to  his  will."  2 

In  point  of  fact,  th7  statement  of  the  French  governor  was 
undoubtedly  true.  Th^  Indian  chiefs  regarded  the  captives, 
whom  their  own  wa  -piv,r^,s  had  taken,  as  exclusively  their 
own,  and  entirely  beyond  any  control  of  the  French.     They 

1  History  of  Norridgewock,  by  -William  Allen,  p.  34. 
*  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  50. 


272 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


t  fe 


It  is  mournful  to  contemplate  how  little  confideuce  at  tim,, 
jnancan  :^p„se  in  hi.  fe,Iow-n,an.     Capt.  Wiliram  Lie  "as 
tw.co  sent  m  a  vessel,  with  a  flag  of  truce  and  t,ve,Ttv  flur 
g^one,.,  to  Nova  Scotia,  to  effe^  an  e.cha,,^  of  'p.iv 
He  was  aecnsed  of  treacherously  being  an  accomplice  wUh  two 
merchants  of  Boston,  and  Samuel  Vetch,  snbscqu'e    lylh   E„? 
nsh  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  canning  arms,  ammunitrn  a,fd 
0  ler  mjluary  supplies,  to  the  enemy.    Thus  the  love  "f  g2,  ta^ 
fluonced  them  to  take  advantage  of  the  iiag  of  truce,  with  wlic"> 
t  eyhad  been  mtrusted  by  their  own  s,n.rnmen  ,  to  supSv 

lau^M  Hir    ,h"  """  f  '^™"'"='  ^"*'>  «™fl'>Utio?a„d 
Slaughter,  the  settlements  of  the  English.     They  were  thrown 

heTuT't"   ■  "f ""'  "^  ""  '^^'"'««-     The  neg         " 
the  queen  to  grve  her  signature  to  the  verdict  averted  their 

More  deplorable  still,  Gov.  Dudley  himself  was  suspected  of 
b  .  g  engaged  ,n  this  nefarious  traffic.  Though  not  p  ovel 
guilty,  and  perhaps  he  was  entirely  innocent,  stdl  the  iZ^a 
t.on  rested  upon  him.  Gov.  Dudley  was  aristoc  io  fS 
tastes,  and  was  by  no  means  a  cordial  advocate  of  a  republican 
s  ™.al  of'^r™""'"-     "^™^  consequently  unpopul'      S 

During  the  summer  of  1705,  French  privateers  and  EnWi.sh 

s  iT  Ti;:r"r"""™r""=  "p  -""■  o-™  ^^o^tt^ 

ikh  ve'ssefs  ';'=".';' f"'^™'^'^^'^  "'  -pturing  seven  of  the  Eng. 
Ush  vesse  s.  It  wdl  be  remembered  that  tlie  garrison  at  Port 
Royal  had  dnven  off  their  English  assailants.  And  though  1 
Egbsh  ravaged  all  the  region  around,  the  banners  o  e  ^tn  h 
Bt.ll  floated  from  the  ramparts  of  the  strong  fort.    Sma  ,  vat 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


273 


bands  of  savages,  sometimes  united  with  a  few  French    con 
tnuied  to  prowl  about,  killing,  capturing,  and  burning,  as  they 
could  find  opportunity.  ^ 

In  Kittery,  five  were  killed,  and  a  number  of  captives  were 
taken.     Among  these  was  Mrs.  Holt,  an  accomplished  lady  of 
high  connections.     For  such  a  person  to  be  a  prisoner  in  the 
hanas  of    brutal  savages  must  be  awful  beyond  conception. 
There  were  several  cases  of  the  utter  ruin  of  families  in  assas- 
sination and  capture.     A  band  of  eighteen  Indians,  rushing  from 
the  forest  near  York,  seized  four  little  children  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Mr.  Stover.     One,  being  too  young  to  travel,  they 
I  nocked  in  the  head.    As  one  of  their  own  warriors  had  been 
shot  la  their  retreat  with  the  children,  these  demoniac  men  took 
vengeance  by  putting  a  little  boy  to  death  with  awful  tortures. 
On  the  29th  of  April,  a  party  sprang  from  ambush,  at  Kit- 
tery and  seizea  Mr.  Shapley  and  his  son.     The  wretches,  to 
gratify  their  love  of  cruelty,  gnawed  off  the  first  joint  of  each 
fiuger  and  thumb  of  the  unhappy  young  man,  and  stopped  the 
bleeding  by  inserting  the  mangled  stumps  into   the  bowl  of 
tobacco-pipes,  heated  red  hot.     This  seems  to  have  been  one  of 
their  fovorite  modes  of  torture.     Much  havoc  was  perpetrated 
tins  year,  in  the  unprotected  settlements  of  Massachusetts  and 
JNew  Hampshire. 

The  war  had  continued  three  years ;  and  the  Indians,  ever 
ickk,  never  persistent,  began  to  grow  weary  of  it.  Terrible  as 
had  been  the  suffering  they  had  caused,  they  had  reaped  but 
little  benefit  for  themselves.  The  French,  \a  Canada,  proposed 
neutrahty.  While  the  courts  of  France  and  England  continued 
to  carry  on  the  war,  they  proposed  that  the  French  and  Eno-lish 
colonies,  struggling  against  the  hardships  of  the  wilderness  in 
this  new  world,  should  stand  aloof  from  the  conflict  i 

From  this  peace-offer,  Gov.  Dudley,  we  must  think  very  un- 
wisely,  dissented.  He  thought  and  said  that  the  only  way  to 
secure  a  permanent  peace  was  to  drive  the  French  entirely  out 
of  Acadia  and  to  take  possession  of  the  whole  country  in  the 
name  of  the  Queen  of  England.3  ^ 

^  Williaiusoij,  vol.  ii.  p.  53. 

a  Histoire  de  la  KouvoUe  Franco,  par  Charlevoix,  vol.  U.  p.  3ia 


,1 


274 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Thus  the  dreary  year  of  170G  passed  away,  with  continued 
burnings,  assassinations,  and  captures.     In  January,  1707,  Col. 
Hilton  was  sent  in  a  vessel  to  Casco,  with  supplies  for  the  garri- 
son there.     There  were  two  hundred  and  twenty  men  stationed 
at  that  point,  with  orders  to  range  the  country  as  they  could,  in 
pursuit  of  Indians.     This  was  necessary  but  inglorious  warfare. 
One  day  a  party  struck  upon  an  Indian  trail,  which  they  fol- 
lowed until  they  came  upon  a  wigwam,  where  there  were  four 
Indian  men,  with  a  middle-aged  woman  and  a  babe.     Tliey  shot 
the  men,  and  took  the  woman  and  child  captives.     They  then 
compelled  the  woman,  by  threats  of  death,  to  conduct  them  to  a 
spot  where  eighteen  of  her  companions  were  encamped.     They 
were  all  asleep,  unsuspicious  of  danger.     It  was  just  before  the 
dawn  of  the  morning.     A  well-aimed  volley  of  bullets  instantly 
killed  all  but  one,  and  he  was  captured. 

This  event  caused  great  rejoicing.  The  Indians  were  so  wary, 
that  It  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  any  of  them  were 
caught.  In  the  spring  of  1707  another  naval  expedition,  of 
more  than  a  thousand  men,  was  fitted  out  against  Port  Royal. 
Col.  March  was  placed  in  command.  Numerous  transports  and 
whale-boats  were  convoyed  by  a  well-armed  vessel  of  war.» 

But  to  attack  a  scientifically-constructed  Frencii  fort,  defended 
by  veteran  French  soldiers,  with  formidable  cannon  frowning 
through  the  portholes,  was  a  very  different  undertaking  from 
that  of  burning  the  cabins  of  poor  settlers,  and  shooting  Indians, 
either  asleep  in  their  encampments,  or  running  in  terror  before 
their  foes.  A  thousand  men  were  disembarked.  The  inhabit- 
ants around  all  fled  into  the  fort  for  protection.  A  council  of 
war  decided  that  the  fort  was  too  strong  to  be  taken  by  the 
raw  troops  encamped  before  it. 

The  troops  were  re-embarked  in  haste,  and  returned  to  several 
of  the  English  garrisons  along  the  coast.  The  chagrin  of  Gov. 
Dudley  manifested  itself  in  undignified  violence  of  speech.  He 
denounced  JNIarch  as  unfit  for  command,  and  declared,  that,  if 
anothe:  vessel  of  the  squadron  should  return  to  Boston,  he 
would  put  to  death  every  man  who  should  step  on  shore. 

1  "He  (Gov.  Dudley)  was  exreedingly  anxious  to  see  Port  Eoyal  redur-e.!,  as 
such  an  event  wouUl  .complete  tl.o  e.uire  conquest  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  convert  it 
into  an  English  province."  —  WilUam&on,  vol.  ii.  p.  53. 


,:i,-L 


Tne  nisTORT  of  uaine.  ^n 

Another  nrmarnent  was  speedily  organized.  Gov.  Dudley 
wa  eno„,„.„ged,  ,n  this  operation,  ^,y  the  promise  that  En"land 
would  send  an  efficient  fleet  to  eo-operate  lith  hi,n  in  the  ™m 
pie  e  eonquest  both  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada.  Co  Ma"d 
was  o  popular  notwithstanding  the  tirades  wl.ieh  h^d  be  „ 
aunohed  agamst  h.m,  that  the  governor  did  not  venture  to 
upei-sede  ,m  He,  however,  appointed  three  member"  ^W° 
conned  to  be  the  colonel's  associates  in  eommaud. 

These  troops  relanded  before  the  fort  at  Port  Royal,  on  the 
10th  of  August  1T07.     In  the  mean  time,  the  Frene  ,  1 J  ,  e, 
strengthentng  their  works,  and  increasing  their  nn.nber      Si  ! 
ness  had  .nvaded  the  little  army  of  Col.°March.     Even    nexpe 
nencod  sold,e>-s  could  see  that  the  works  presented  a„  iZel 
nable  front  against  any  force  they  could  bring  against  UI 

were  al.ke  disheartened.     In  ten  days,  having"  aelpH,,; 
notlung  the  troops  returned  to  their  vessels,  ani  sailed  back  to 
Casco,  Boston,  and  other  English  ports 

lu.bans'tr""''  *"°,''  '"'™"'"=°  "^  ""^  '''S"»l  ''^fe"'  to  rouse  the 

hunting-g,ounds.  There  were  now  but  six  Euglish  settlcu.ents 
surv.v,ng.„Maiue,- those  of  Kittery,  Berwick,  Yorl"  W  H 
Casco,  and  Winter  Harbor.  Towards  all  of  these  the  lud  ana' 
marched  ,n  woltish  bands.  They  fell  upon  a  house  in  K  t  " 
and  massacred  .all  the  inmates.  Four  men,  with  a  lady  S' 
Lutlefleld,  were  caught  on  (he  road  between  York  and  Wel^ 
They  were  probably  hastening  to  some  garrison-house,  il  ' 
L.   lefield  had  two  hundred  dollars  in  money  with   her.     A 

The  Indians  in  their  canoes  lurked  around  all  the  .spots  to 
whteh  fishmg-vessels  were  likely  to  resort.  These  vcssds  had 
usually  two  or  three  men  and  a  boy  on  board.     Ha  f  Tdotn 

tiom  the  land,  easily  captured  them. 

On  the  21st  of  September,  1707,  a  hundred  a,,d  fifty  Indians 
n^de  an  attack  upon  Winter  Harbor.  They  came  in  a  fleet  of 
fifty  canoes,  three  warriors  in  each  canoe.     Two  shallops  were 


276 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


m  the  huibor,  manned  by  eight  very  determined  men.  They 
knew  that  the  vessels  would  be  first  attacked.  Unintimiduted 
by  the  fearful  odds  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  to  ei-ht,  they 
made  preparations  for  a  desperate  defence.  Concealhi^  them- 
selves behind  bulwarks  of  plank,  they  made  every  gun  ready  for 
rapid  discharges.  The  fleet  came  swarming  on,  while  the 
savages  rent  the  air  with  their  hideous  yells. 

The  English  waited  till  the  canoes  were  so  near,  that  every 
bullet  was  sure  to  strike  its  target.  All  then  fired  at  once.  A 
few  canoes  were  disabled,  and  their  inmates  thrown  into  tem- 
porary confusion  ;  but  the  rest  pressed  undaunted  on.  They 
would  soon  surround  the  small  vessels,  and  in  resistless  num- 
bers be  leaping  over  their  sides.  The  English  abandoned  one, 
and,  entering  the  other,  cut  the  cables,  spread  a  sail,  and  en- 
deavored to  put  out  to  sea.  Tiie  Indians  seized  the  forsaken 
shallop,  and,  raising  her  mainsail,  commenced  the  pursuit. 

A  slight  breeze  caused » both  vessels  to  move,  thou"h  they 
crept  along  slowly.     Th^  English  Imd  taken  the   best° vessel ; 
and  the  Indians  were  unskilled  mariners.     When  the  savages 
saw  that  they  were  falling  astern,  they  placed  a  dozen  canoes 
ahead  to  tow  their  vessel  along,  with  fishing-cords  for  tow-lines. 
The  English,  also,  got  out  oars.     The  pursuers  and  the  pursued 
were  often  so  near  each  other,  that  the  Indians  endeavored  to 
grapple  the  blades  of  the  oars  of  the  English.     A  perpetual 
firing  of  musketry  was  kept  up.     Both  i)arties  were  ingenious 
in  devices  to  avoid  exposure  to  the  bullet.     This  sin-ular  en- 
gagement was  continued  for  three  hours.     The  Indiairs  lost,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  about  thirty.     Only  one  man,  Benjamin 
Daniel,  was  killed  on  board  the  vessel.     His  last  words  were, 
"  I  am  a  dead  man ;  but  give  me  a  gun  to  kill  one  more  beforj 
I  go."     The  loaded  gun  was  placed  in  his  hand,  but  he  had  no 
strength  to  fire  it. 

The  people  around,  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  Indians  by 
a  cannon  fired  at  the  fort,  hurried  to  the  garrison.  The  savages, 
disheartened  by  their  losses,  did  not  venture  an  attack.^ 

Soon  after  this,  two  men  at  Berwick,  returning  from  public 


^^^ 


THE  UiSTOUT  OF    "  ilNE. 


277 


worship,  .,-.  shot  down  by  the  Indiana.  The  nelr^hbors  pur- 
sued  an  ertouk  them,  and,  by  an  unexpected  fire,  th  -w 
then,  -u  ,  such  consternatiot)  that  they  dropped  their  packs, 
and  fi  Some  plunder  was  r*  .gained,  and  three  scalps. 

Til,      -as  a  year  of    ,  oaf       ff..-  'iroughout  Miine.     The 

1  habitants,  .ften  with  a  .  .^i-ply  of  food,  were  very 

i.u;oireniently  crowded  mto  ,  ar.  v  rarrison-houses.  No  man 
could  pass  a  few  rods  from  the  door  of  the  garrison,  without 
danger  of  h  ug  ,  down.  Not  a  rod  of  land  could  be  safely 
til  ed  beyo.ui  reacu  of  the  sentry-box.  As  to  lumbering  and 
fishmg,  those  pursuits  had  to  be  entirely  abandoned.  Thus 
passed  the  fifth  summer  of  this  desolating  war,  in  which  man's 
inhumanity  inflicted  untold  misery  upon  his  fellows. 

The  next  year,  1708,  was.  ,  Maine,  a  season  of  general 
paralysis.  No  industrial  pursuu.  could  be  undertaken.  The 
settlers  kept  carefully  huddled  together  in  the  garrisons.  Scouts 
and  spy-boats  were  continually  vigilant.  Th  French  made  an 
effort  to  unite  all  the  northern  tribes  to  exterminate  the  Encdish  • 
but  various  obstacles  thwarted  their  plans.  Gov.  DudleJ-  also 
endeavored  to  organize  another  expedition  against  Port  Royal  • 
but  it  proved  an  entire  failure-.^ 

In  February  of  1709,  Gov.  Dudley  sent  a  scout  of  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men  to  visit  all  the  old  settlements  of  the  Indians, 
and  see  that  they  were  laid  utterly  desolate.  He  said  that  it 
was  his  object  to  teach  the  Indians  that  the  French,  whom  they 
had  so  zealously  served,  were  unable  to  protect  them  from  the 
punishment  they  so  richly  merited,  from  the  aven-iuT  hands  of 
the  English.  "  We  shall  never,"  the  governor  added"  »  be  Ion- 
at  rest,  until  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  constitute  a  part  of  the 
British  empire." 

In  the  summer  of  this  year,  the  Indians  of  the  Kennebec  sent 
a  flag  of  truce  to  Boston  to  sue  for  peace.  But  it  is  quite  evi- 
dent that  the  English  were  not  in  favor  of  peace  with  France, 
until,  at  least.  Nova  Scotia  should  be  wrested  from  the  French 
crown.  The  sufferings  of  a  few  hundred  poor  emigrants  in 
Mame  they  deemed  too  trivial  to  be  thought  of  in  these  great 
national  issues. 

1  Massachusetts  Records,  vol.  vii.  p.  426. 


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278 


THE  niHTORY  OF  MAINE. 

In  1710  a  new  effort  was  made  for  the 
^ojal,  in  wliicli  the  British  Gov 


conquest  of  Port 
ernment  took  an  active  nart     A 

^nnapol,..      The  troops  were   landed  safely  on  the  9xi  Z 

several  divs  if  P.  f     '    f  ^"^3^ /«  the  Penobscot,  and  remained 
eveial  dLiys  at  CasUne  s  beautiful  residence  at  Biguvduce  rCas 

ton's  Nova  Scotia.  vol.i  p!^    '  ^"'"^"^^^^^'^  History,  vol.  U.  p.  ig7;  Il.mh„. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


279 


On  the  1st  of  November,  thev  took  a  canoe,  and,  with  three 
Indian  guides,  paddled  up  the  Penobscot  River.  About  ^icrht 
miles^ above  the  present  city  of  Bangor,  they  came  to  an  isknd 
called  Lett.  Here,  probably  where  the  village  of  Oldtown  now 
stands,  they  found  a  cluster  of  Indian  wigwams,  containing 
about  one  hundred  inhabitants,  with  fifty  canoes  upturned  upon 
the  greensv/ard. 

The  Indians  were  not  disposed  to  let  them  go  any  farther 
They  detained  them  for  several  days.     Mr.  Levingston  would 
undoubtedly  have  lost  his  life,  but  for  the  interposition  of  Mr 
Castine    whom  the   savages  regarded   as  an    adopted   Indian, 
the  child  of  the  daughter  of  one  of  their  most  illustrious  chiefs 
and  their  friend.  ' 

The  journey  was  resumed  on  the  4th  of  November  ;  the  com- 
missioners, with  several  Indian  guides,  still  ascending  the  river 
m  two  canoes.  On  the  second  day  Levingston's  canoe  was 
overset,  an  Indian  guide  was  drowned  ;  and  he  lost  his  gun  and 
all  his  personal  effects.  The  ice  was  making  fast.  The  other 
canoe  soon  became  torn  and  leaky,  so  that  it  had  to  be  aban- 
doned. 

For  forty  days  these  hardy  men  travelled  through  the  wilder- 
ness on  foot,  guided  by  the  compass  alone.  The  weather  was 
so  stormy,  or  they  were  enveloped  in  such  dense  fogs,  that,  for 
nineteen  days,  they  did  not  see  the  sun.  They  waded  throuo-h 
snow,  knee  deep,  crossed  as  they  could  unbridged  and  icy 
torrents,^  forced   their  way  through  swamps   encumbered  with 


almost    impenetrable    entanglements    of 


spruces,  cedars,  and 


underbrush.  A  week  before  they  reached  any  human  habita- 
tions, they  had  consumed  all  their  food.  They  then  lived  upon 
the  rinds  of  trees,  and  such  dried  and  withered  berries  as  the 
wintry  gales  had  not  yet  torn  from  the  branches. 

They  reached  Quebec  on  the  16th  of  December,  where  they 
remained  about  two  months,  accomplishing  but  little.  Indeed, 
their  mission  seemed  to  be  one  rather  to  utter  threats  than  to 
propose  terms  of  peace.  The  governor  of  Canada,  in  response 
to  the  menacing  letter  sent  him  by  the  English  authorities, 
replied,  — 


280 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


willing  lo  acs„pt  ,„eh  „cul,-„litv     Tf  ,h„  r     r  L'    f         '''"S'"''  ''« 
".e„„.,,  t../„Ul  l.oa4t»e-Uby*;t^':tr'°'"  '"^  '^'^""'"^ 

The  conquest  of  Nora  Scotia  settled  many  dispu^.d  „ue,tions 
there  still  was  no  confirmed  peace.    More  than  a  year  before 

peacr'Br:,""'r7'/.''"'  °'  '"-  'o  Boston,  supplieau,:* 
peace.  But  the  Enghsl,,  intent  r.pon  seizing  Nova  Scotia  in^ 
perhaps  sti  1  hoping  to  gain  Canada,  were  certaiTly  ,„   ^^er 

resnlt  was  accomplished.    I„  August  a  man  ami  won,       Z 
n  ive   ";:™'""^°f  'f"'-'^--"'  two  men  were  carried  av™ 

per^f:ro/zrlC^l:^':n^^^^ 

The  other  was  on  the  part  of  the  English.     Col    Walton 
with  one  hundred  and  seventy  men  on  a%cco„„„  trin!  t  ur' 
had  i-eached  Sagadahoc.    By  a  decoy  he  seized  a  sa.^more 
with  his  wife,  and  several  other  Indians     Re^n,,..  .1       =""""^''' 
was  not,  as  1.  thought,  sufficiently  'clmuttu      t  he'f  ™- ^ 
his  friends.  Col.  Walton  allowed  the  savages,  who  we  e  „T   U 

SC'llL""'^  "^"^^'™  '"  -"-  ->'-  -  P'~'h 
Soon  afte-  this,  Walton  captured,  at  one  time  three  and 
ag^nn  five  prisoners.  It  is  not  known  whether  he  killed  t,e'm„r 
earned  them  away  as  captives.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Indhr 
having  captured  a  man  by  the  name  of  Ayes  t^^ited  S 
kmdly,  and  sent  him,  with  a  flag  of  truce  to  Fo,'t  wt 

While  Nova  Scotia  was'  in  the  hands  of  the  French,  they 
*  Williamson,  vol  ii.  p.  02. 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAfNE. 


281 


claimed  possession  as  far  west  as  the  Kennebec,  and  actually 
held  the  country  as  far  as  the  Penobscot.     This  dispute,  as  to 


boundaries,   being   now  settled,   the    English 


were    intensely 


desirous  of  extending  their  conquest  over  the  whole  of  Canada. 
In  thiT  design,  the  men  in  power  Avere  not  to  be  thwarted  by 
the  moans  ascending  from  a  few  log-cabins  in  the  wilderness  of 
Maine:  consequently  the  appeals,  both  of  the  Canadian  French 
and  the  Indians,  for  peace,  Avero  alilce  unheeded. 

Col.  Nicholson,  returning  to  Boston  triumphant  from  the  con- 
quest of  Nova  ccotia,  repaired  to  England  to  solirit  the  cfBoient 
aid  of  the  goven.ment  for  the  new  enterprise.  He  took  with 
him  five  Mohawk  sagamores.  These  plumed  and  painted  war- 
riors, the  bloodhounds  of  the  human  race,  were  allies  of  the 
English.  They  were  ready  to  fight  on  any  side  which  would 
pay  them  the  highest  wages. 

In  England  these  barbaric  chieftains,  in  t^.nr  gorgeous  ap- 
parel, attracted  great  attention.  Immense  crowds  followed 
them  whenever  they  appeared  in  the  streets  of  London.  The 
highest  of  the  nobility  cai.lod  upon  these  their  brother  aristo- 
crats. Queen  Anne's  husbr^.d,  Prince  George,  had  recently 
died  ;  and  the  court  was  in  mourning.  At  the  royal  charge,  the 
Indian  chiefs  were  all  richly  clad  in  robes  of  black  broadcloth, 
with  scarlet  cloaks  edged  with  gold  fringe. 

Thus  prepared  for  presentation  to  royalty,  they  were  con- 
ducted to  the  palace  of  St.  James,  in  two  regal  coaches,  with 
all  the  emblazonry  of  courtly  splendor.  Tiie  lord-chamberlain 
introduced  them  to  her  Majesty  the  queen.  One  of  the  saga- 
mores, addressing  Anne,  and  speaking  in  behalf  of  his  com- 
panions, said,  — 

"  Should  you  capture  the  Canada  countiy,  and  put  the  French  under  your 
feet,  it  would  give  us  great  advantage  in  hunting  and  in  war.  Let  your 
princely  face  shine  upon  us.  We  are  your  allies.  We  wiU  never  turn  our 
backs.    We  will  all  staid  firm.    Nothing  shall  move  ua. " 


ft.r? 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

BEITISH  AND  INDIAN  DIPLOMACY. 

Enthusiasm  of  the  British  Government  — TlinTTi-.^f  *     .,,    r, 

tine-St."  oTu'e  Mh,t^  X P  f "-«""'«'«'  <"  'he  Y„„„g«r  Caa- 
-Eearl,,.  tie  Fom  S,7r  f'ff  ■^""''"°-'*^''='™'I'""''nl»">' 
Charaeto  »f  F..W  R-J"'  <"'™"  »'  ^— '=-eioon„  P,„,pect»  _ 

»J1HE  EMglish  Government,  cheered  by  the  eonquestof  Nova 
J-    Scotm    and  ammated  by  the  presence  of  the  Mohawk 

into  the  field,  engaged  with  enthusiasm  in  fitting  out  an  expedi- 
tion for  the  conquest  of  Canada.   A  fleet  wa3  sp°eedily  eqZed 

8tore-sh,ps.     Seven  veteran  regiments  of  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough  s  army  were  placed  on  board,  with  a  fipo  train  of  heavy 
artillery.    Admiral  Walker,  an  officer  of  established  reputation 
was  intrusted  with  the  command.     When  this  powerful  am": 

On  the  80th  of  July,  IVll,  the  fleet  caUod  from  Boston  for 

th   capture  of  Quebec.    But  God  seemed  to  frown  upon  the 

enterprise.    In  entering  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  ei'ht 

transports  were  wrecked  and  a  thousand  men  sank  benealh  rhe 

waves.    It  was  an  awful  spectacle  as  viewed  from  the  other 

vessels  of  the  fleet.    The  loss  was  so  terrible,  both  of  men  a'ld 

the  mum  ions  of  war,  that  the  energies  of  officers  and  er  w 

seemed  ahke  paralyzed.     Overwhelmed  with   disappointmenT 

and  chagrin,  they,  with  one  accord,  abandoned  the  enterpTo 

282 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


283 


_  Expeditions  were  still  sent  out  from  the  Massachusetts  colo- 
nies, to  cruise  along  the  shores  of  Maine  in  pursuit  of  Indians  • 
but  the  savages  were  on  their  guard,  and  could  not   be  found' 
Prowling  bands  of  Indians  succeeded  in  shooting  a  few  of  the 
English  who  had  here  and  there  ventured  into  the  fields.     Dur- 
ing the  next  summer  (that  of  1712),  twenty-six  of  the  English 
set  lers  were  killed  or  captured  in  the  vicinity  of  York,  Kit^ery, 
and  Wells.     The  settlers  were  completely  disheartened.     Thev 
could  not  move  without  danger  of  assassination.     A  child  could 
not  p  ay  upon  a  doorsill  without  being  exposed  to  seizure  by 
some  burly  savage,  and  dragged  screaming,  before  the   eyes  of 
Its  agonized   parents,  into   the   forest.     The  Indians  became 
increasingly  bold  in  these  petty  acts  of  warfare. 

Still  England  intent  upon  the  conquest  of  Canada,  did  not  wish 
for  peace.     And,  while  there  was  war  between  France  and  En- 
and,  It  could  not  but  be  that  the  savages  would  be  enlisted  o°n 
the  one  side  or  the  other.    The  Indians,  thougli  invisible,  seemed 
to  be  everywhere.     Not  a  movement  escaped  their  notice.     A 
scouting-party  was  marching  from  the  garrison  at  York  towards 
Cape  Neddock.     It  Avas  on  the  14th  of  May,  1712.    Suddenly 
from  the  silent  wilderness,  a  band  of  thirty  savages  sprano-  up 
and  poured  in  upon  them  a  deadly  fire.     Oiie,  the  leader?  Serl 
gean     Nalton,   was   instantly  killed :    seven   others,    probablv 
struck  down  and  crippled  by  wounds,  were  captured.      The 
survivors  fled  precipitately,  and.,  with  the  utmost  difficulty,  suc- 
ceeded in  regaining  the  fort.     Mr.  Pickernel,  at  Spruce  Creek, 
alarmed  by  the  rumor  of  the  vicinity  of  the  Indians,  was  leavin*^ 
his  door,  with  his  fomily,  to  take  refuge  in  the  garrison,  when  I 
bullet  from  a  concealed  savage  struck  him  dead.     His  wife  was 
also  wounded,  and  his  little  child  scalped.     The  poor  child,  left 
lor  dead,  recovered  from  the  dreadful  wound.      There  were 
several  similar  individual  acts  of  suffering  and  death 

A  very  exciting  event  took  place  at  Wells,  on  the  16th  of 
Septeniber  There  was  a  large  bridal  party  held  at  the  garri- 
son. _  Ehsha  Plaisted,  a  young  man  of  Portsmouth,  was  to  be 
married  to  Hannah  Wheelwright,  a  beautiful  girl  of  eighteen, 
a  daughter  of  one  of  the  first  families.  The  family  connection 
was  large,  and  the  acquaintance  extensive.     Prominent  guests 


■1P>I.>.. 


284 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


ZVn     °™  Portsmouth  and  other  adjacent  settlements 
Some  came  by  water ;  others,  in  well-armed  binds,  on    o  X   ' 

Senl'f  ^^V°"^''^"^'    '^  ^-'^  -   escort  of   h"; 
friends  from  Portsmouth.  young 

wel-:::'  Tim?.^:!!-".  '"^-?  »-  --■vited  .0  the 


'o- 


tread  o(  H,Jr  !f  "'.'  ™^  '"  ""^  '^•■'*'  '"*  ">«  stealthy 
tread  of  the  t.ger,  through  the  obscurities  of  the  forest  tl  ev 
placed  themselves  in  ambush  to  cut  off  all  the  diris  oi    of    Z 

retmn  to  the.r  homes.  It  was  evident  that  they  were  aot  onTv 
perfectly  familiar  with  all  the  re.-ion  but  tl,7  „  ^ 

they  had  gained  an  acquaintance  w-r'the  umt  of  thTLZ' 
and  wrth  tl,e  general  arrangements  for  the  occasion  '         ' 

Iho  nup  ,a  s  were  celebrated  ;  and  in  feasting  and  frolic  thn 
hour  of  „,d„,ght  had  passed,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  morn 
ing  had  dawned.     Some  of  the  friends  were  nrcnaH,,,!  t„  T 
when  it  was  found  that  two  of  the  hors  s  werZS     ThTe' 

T    1  l[      ,         *^'^™'  ^PPa^ently  without  any  thou-ht  of 

L  d.ans.     They  had  not  proceeded  far,  when,  from    hrdfeet 
sdence  and  sohtude  of  the  forest,  a  volley  of'  musketry  as  lued 
them      Two  fell  dead.     Tucker,  severely  wounded,  was  can 
tured  by  the  ambushed  savages.  ^' 

to  tlio  gammon.     The  most  able  and  the  bravest  men  of  th« 

=rro?tr::;rrrtSrtitf-'"^""-^^^^^^^^^ 

but  witir  ehivalric  w/X  T^d  ^^g^^f  ^ 
then,^    They  sprang  upon  their  horses,  .and,  in  smaU  bS    ode 
in  Afferent  directions  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  Indh  „s 
But  the  wdy  savages  had  placed  themselves  in  am"u;h  on 

men  victuiis.  The  bridegroom,  a  very  heroic  youni  man  led 
one  of  hese  parties  of  seven  or  eight  men  on  horseback  So„1 
they  fell  into  an  ambush.  At  one  discharge,  every  hoi-se  Z 
shot  down;  one  man  was  kUled;  and  youno:  Wa  Ld  Tn  T 

^:^"i:T'''  "(  '",'  ^"^^^  "^^^  f 'cm  fh'ei  "o  ! 
cealment :  the  others,  in  the  darkness,  escaped. 


I 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


285 


The  savages  seemed  to  understand  perfectly  the  enterprise  in 
which  they  were  engaged.  Plaisted  was,  in  their  view,  the  son 
of  a  rich  father.  They  wi.hod,  if  possible,  to  capture  him,  that 
they  mighfc  extort  a  heavy  ransom.  It  was  this  desire  which 
probably  led  them  to  shoot  down  the  horses,  instead  of  the  men 
In  their  greot  eagerness  to  secure  him,  the  others  were  allowed 
to  escape. 

The  Indians,  having  accomplished  their  purpose,  rapidly  fled 
A  party  of  seventy  soldiers  was  immediately  mustered  to  pursue 
them.  They  came  up  with  the  foe  in  a  forest,  where  every 
Indian  could  take  his  station  behind  a  tree.  The  English  soon 
found  that  they  were  outnumbered  by  the  Indians  more  than 
two  to  one.  After  a  brief  skirmish,  in  which  one  only  was 
killed  c_..,  oach  side,  the  English  ceased  firing,  and  sent  forward 
Lieut.  Banks,  with  a  flag  of  truce,  to  ascertain  on  what  terms 
young  Plaisted  could  be  ransomed.  Six  Indian  chiefs  met  the 
flag.  Among  them  was  the  noted  Bomaseen,  of  whom  we  have 
before  spoken.* 

The  chiefs  were  not  prepared  to  make  an  immediate  arran-e- 
raent.  They  wished  for  more  time  to  consider  the  matt'er. 
Ihey  promised  to  bring  their  captives,  in  five  days,  to  Richraan'a 
isjand,  where  they  would  be  ready  to  settle  the  question.  Not- 
withstanding the  large  force  at  the  Indians'  disposal,  they  at- 
tempted no  further  raids,  but  immediately  retired.  Plaisted 
was  finally  redeemed  ;  his  father  being  compelled  to  pay  a  ran- 
som estimated  in  value  at  three  hundred  pounds,  equivalent  to 
about  fifteen  hundred  dollars.^ 

On  the  30th  of  March,  1713,  the  celebrated  Treaty  of  Utrecht 
was  signed.  There  was  now  peace  between  France  and  Encr. 
land  Nova  Scotia,  the  ancient  Acadia,  was  formally  surren- 
dei^ed  to  tlie  English.  Thus  this  dreadful  and  wicked  war  was 
ended.    The  Indians  had  long  desired  peace.    Great  was  their 

rrLl^^-'^l^''  remembered  that  Bomaseen  was  one  of  the  Norridsewock  sachems 

ilTaS^ttlTirot*  '''''-''  "  ""^""-    ''^^  --^'«  -^^  nowCliSj 

«  Collections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  iii.  p.  mo-  see  also  ti,. 

acconn  of  this  affair  as  given  by  Williamson,  vol.  I'^.m,  L'^aLo  by  BmS'e  S 

his  History  of  Kennebunk  and  WeUs,  p.  280.  "  «viao  uy  uoume,  to 


286 


THE  niSTORf  OF  MAINE. 


fe.,o„  of  (hciroffc.nce»,  compel  ej  (Vr*  *, ';''""'"*'"S  «™- 
allegianco  to  U,o  British  cmwn  "''^  ""'  "">*  "^ 

articles  tho  governor  „ml  CO  Z'^'  ,'"?''°  '"  ^'S"  "'''"»'" 
for  the  faithi,  peZ^aVc  '  Tt,.:?  il'^r' '°  ^'?  "°»'»^"' 
tai-t  these  hostages  at  their  own  cx'lr  '  ""''  '°  ■""'"■ 

Rive.  St.  John,  Ptw,"  nd'   enfet -^rrr  "™  '"^ 

nnTo"the^r  cJ;;:::.:? "  ""^''"' '"  ^p'*-  »-•  p-^t  toX 
af^rti;™Lfor,r?„,rbiC:-of  m"""'"/'''';'  ""'^--  "'•™ 

o.-,captuie<,.  HuM-ltrt  3ffl"^yof'lr'''r'""^'' 
estimates,  !hat,  in  the  thirfv  .i^t,/  -^         Massachusetts, 

six  thousand  o  the  Zthtf  l!  Jr™,''''',T"  ^•'^^''"''  "I^, 
tl.e  casualties  of  wL  f   « l^T  ^."?'''"f  '■'■«•  P«'»l'ed  from 

Neari,  all  mourned  some  m  Sjr  "l  'li  "^^'T  "f^'' 
tion  was  awful.     The  loo-  „.,!,;„  *''■"""'  *'"'  '•'^so'a- 

flelds,  long  uncult^t  ed  r^  s  n^;r''  "T"""  '°  ''"''^-  The 
and  d,o™:,  and  all  ^iM  shrubs     '  "  '°™'""^  "'"'"'  "^  I'"^'- 

The  fur-trade  had  become  entirelv  extinct     T      i     • 
fislung  were  at  an  end.     Maine  was^n  ^  t'te  of        '"^  °f 
ment  scarcely  conceivable.     Fathe-s   ami  f         ""Povensh- 
daughters,  who  had  been  cantnr!,,  ,       "'  '"°"'="  ""«• 

of  Canada;  and  no  one  Imew  7^,'  '"'i'  ^'""  ""'"^  ™  ""=  '""s 
There  wer;  no  faem.J:r;:X:  ^IC^ s™f  f"^  ''^»''- 

:r;s  ^b'rrbrinS  v  ^^'  -"- "  ^^" 

were  found  so  wi^d  sp  fsed  T.t  itT '"J  7^  ""^  "'^' 
colleet  them.    Many  wereTost  and  n,  ■^^l""'^''/'''''^  "onths  to 

BuHngthisten,L-:atl;insrte7;ire!;h-dof 


THE  mSTOBY  OF  MAIXe.  287 

mll"!IZ  ""'""'""  °^  "'''™  ^"'^"^'  »'>*  P^^My  „3  nary 
more  of  thcT  women  «„d  children,  from  IW  bullet,  e™"„Te 
and  «  arva  ,o„.    Several  tribes  had  become  so  enfeebled  a, To 

wh-:,  Ti  o'e::  "h"'"'",'  f"™'^^- '"'- '--'  "'*'"-/ 

wmcii  Iho  English  exacted  were  so  abasing,  that  the  Indiam 
never  would  have  accepted  them,  had  they  not  been  eompe  ed 
to  do  so  by  poverty,  suffering,  and  helplessness.  ^ 

Castme  the  Younger,  tho  son  of  Baron  Castine,  and  whose 

and  r^w'erfu  "o?  tr"'  '"^''^  "'  ""'  ''  *"=  ■"-'  ^"-^^ 

::;y ':— i„t;maT"'Trb™d''^f"f''=r  -^tt  " 

flowed  through  l^s  veins.  "rLmt  Ith ^h  'i:held° t 
courteous  manners  of  tho  French  noblesse ;  Ind  he  b  came  a 
man  of  mteihgenee  and  culture.  From  his  excellent  mothe"  ha 
mhented  sympathy  for  her  race,  and  was  ever  herota  ly  dt 
posed  to  cast  in  his  lot  with  that  much  injured  pTopk  H  ^ 
ntelhgence  taught  him  that  the  Indians  we  o  gaininn-VJthi*- 

ou,  of  all  the  chieftains  m  urging  peace.    Mr.  Williamson  rav, 

sagamoro  of  th„  T,n„ti„o  tnbe  tad  h?!    ° ,   n       °^"'  •  "°  ™  "  *'' 
French  kf.g.     Dy  his  s2Z[„,'  „f  7  ''"'  °  °""™i«»i™  «"m  the 

uniform  which  ho  sometimes  wore    vet  o,    nil  .  ^^™*  ^''"'^ 

The  perfect  confidence  which  the  Enriish  reposed  in  hi, 
honor  was  manifested  in  their  trusting  him,  as  f  rfend  and 
companion  to  conduct  Major  Levingston  th  ough  the  wUder- 
ness  from  Port  Koyal  to  Quebec.  . 


n 


:ii« 


=^— f 


urn 


Tnr.  msTOHY  of  uainb. 


oDout  to  d.  IV,,  upon  Alamo.     A  sUblo  government  be^an  slowl  v 
oari,7T"'-     '"^''"'"""»  for  education  and  reliCn  bin 

:zu:  ^"""'  ^""''"°" "-  """^  "•  p-mote-pur!;;':? 

For  thirty-eight  years,  the  inhabitants  of  Itaino  had    !,.„„ 
engaged  m  an  „In>o.,t  inees.ant  oonfliet  with  the    ndiam     Z 

would  „  -~  "Z^^!^^^^^ 

happily  together,  with  ever-increasing  prosperity      nit  .1 
were  years  of  general  in,poverish:nent  a^d  voe     The  wL?'^ 
suspended  all  the  meetings  of  the  Superior  Cu't  of  MaC     l' 
»ns>ver  to  petitions  from  Maine,  the  General  Court  of  M 
ehusetts,  on  the  5th  of  June  1711  orde"/  tt     c  '™" 

to  hold  an  annual  session  at  kitter;  ""■  ^"f"'"  ^""^ 

po^at^r  rr  "'  •'T'  '"'•  "'"  '°'™  <"  Berwiek  wa,  ineor- 

for;trr'^iry'tr'"r'weTirv"  "v-  '"!"•  ^-^  •"-- 

borough  Falmouth,^ J^^r^lSf,:.  'S ^it^^^X 

iesjiectaDle.     It  speaks  well  for  this  TiPnnl«    +i,nf  ^ 

i7no  «  «i       1  people,  that,  as  earlv  ai 

pastor.      He  was  succeeded  by  Rev    Jprpm,'..!,   w 

eminent  for  his  seholarship  and  his^^Iiy'^r  trtT-X'hryr 

the  eommun.ty  was  blessed  with  his  ministrations.     °''='"^'''" 

luttery  was  divided  into  two  Darishe..     Tl,=  „„ 
called  Flint     I?,,,,  T  1     I.  paiisnes.     iiie  new  one  was 

calied  Uiot.    Rev.  John  IJogers  was  settled  here  in  1715     The 

able  character  of  the  people  muy  he  inferred  from  the  fe 
that  he  continued  to  fill  the  pulpit  for  fifty-ei-ht  vear,      T^  T 
old  parish  at  Kittery,  the  peoplf,  as  earl/a^Y     ;  'u  'h  a  par' 
snago,  and  supported  a  faithful  pastor  for  flfte  n  T  a"      In 
the  year  1714,  there  was  a  church  there  of  forty-three  memU 
Rev.  John  Newmarch,  a  scholarly  man,  and  a  graduTirfrom 

people  lor  thirty-five    years.      In  Ynrlr    Ro^r    g  i   ^i,     , 

ministered,  wit/ nntiri'ng  flde.i^,  tl^r^.  „    "y^t 
was  a  man  of  many  eccentricities,  but  hiohlv  esteemed  for  I^ 
accomplished  scholarship  and  his  many  virtol  " 


I 


THE  mai^k!  OF  UAise.  jjj 

The  eastern  provinces  of  the  State  presented,  at  the  e.ose  of 
the  war  truly  »  melancholy  a,peot.     More  than  „  hun  relmile, 

.„"  "oT;!,'!     fM""""-'r', '"""  -"''""'■-'  "■=  eomfortah     d   eU 

were  a  bsf  r  :",?  '''-"""'""''•     Title-deeds  and  roeOr,k 

were  all  „.t.     I„  ve.»etthng  the  region,  it  was  deemed  exnedi- 
en   that  the  people  should  gather  in  small  villages  of  t  v^  y  „r 

on  tl:  :!:'::.  "'""■"•  '"'='  ""■"  -"'--'^  -™  Sene^Hy 
Emigrants  hegan  slo..viy  io  return  to  the  demolished  towns  of 

yea.  1  14  here  were  ahout  twenty  fawilies  i,.  Falmouth-  and 
these  faunhes,  notwithstanding  their  great  impoveriZ  nt  at 
once  commenced  building  a  meetin"-hoii-»      LI.t    v-  , 

was  one  of  the  lastof  the  SilapidTted  to™  ^hieht  1  r^^^S" 
Upon  the  death  of  Richard  Wharton,  the  proprietor  o    the 
Pejepscot  purchase,  the  whole  immense  territory  ildcVt 

The  Z:r  T  ""  '°  "  ^™"I""-'^  '"■■  ™»  hu,fdd  pounds 
The  boundary  bne,  rt  will  be  remembered,  as  then  nndrrstooT 
ran  from  five  mdes  above  the  Upper  Falls,'  in  a  nortl"east  db-ee ' 

:L^:w!;.t^:lt::rtirs.t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
tierth/s;t:S''""- ^-^•'■"— ~"-^^^ 

wie? 'Cf "°''''  l"i  "'"  "'"'   '°^"'*'P»  ■  'hose  of  Bruns- 
wick, ropsham,  and  Harpswell.    The  two  first  were  six  mil, 
square;  one  on  tire  north  or  east  side  of  the  river  t      oX 
on  U.C  southern  side.    The  third  town,  Harpsw™  induded  a 
pen,nsula  running  down  into  the  bay,  Li  L  mZs     FoH 

dwdbnl      T      ™'-,    '"  ""'  ^'''  "1^  'here  was  not  a  sin'^ 
dwelhng  in  Brunsw.ek  excepting  the  fort  at  the  falls,  and  a 

ttough  „,„„»■  pL,,e,  ab^l  ^XrS    r«      °"','»"»J-  "-"k'.  »">l  „«,,ea 


290 


block-house  at  Me 


THE  HISTOR-/  OF  MAINE. 


laquoit  Bay.  Three  families  had  settled  in 
lopshara.  It  was  not  until  about  1720  that  any  fomilie j  en- 
tered  Harpswell.' 

Gi-adually  families  began  to  return  to  the  utter  desolation 
wnich  reigned  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc.     A  Bos^rn  gen- 
tieman  erected   at  Arrovv.ic   Island  =  a  large  brick   dwelling, 
whicl     emaaned  there  for  more  than  half  a  century.     In  th^ 
Kar  1710  there  were  twenty-six  residents  on  the  island.     In 
answer  to  a  petition  from  the  inhabitants,  it  was  incorporated, 
together  wxth  Parker's  Island,3  in  the  year  1710,  by  the  name 
of  Georgetown.     Fifteen  new  settlers  immediately  repaired  to 
the  p  ace;  and  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  sent  a  sergeant's 
guard  of  twenty  men  to  protect  the  inhabitants  for  six  months. 
This  was  then  the  most  remote  sectlement  on   our  eastern 
irontier,     The  Sagadahoc  plantations  have  been  appropriately 
called  the  '^  Ancient  Dominions  "  of  Maine.     In  the  e.frly  his^ 
toiy  of  the  otate,  this  region  had  more  celebrity  than  any  other, 
with  perhaps  the  exception  of  York  and  Falmouth.     Here  a 
colony  was  established  as  early  as  1607,  thirteen  years  before 
the  commencement  of  the  Plymouth  Colony.     In   1623,  but 
thr^o  years  after  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  there  were  eighty- 
four  fiimihes  residing  in  tliis  region;  and  quite  a  fleet  of  fisher- 
men annually  visited  those  waters. 

There  were  two  patents,  which  embraced  all  the  land  in  this 
vicinity.  The  one  was  the  Pejepscot,  to  which  we  have  jus. 
referred,  fhe  othe.  was  called  the  Plymouth  or  Kennebec 
patent.  The  proprietors  of  each  of  these  territories  offered 
such  families  as  would  remove  there,  one  hundred  acres  of  good 
land,  and  promised  to  pay  the  expenses  of  their  removal.  As 
an  additional  inducement  they  offered  to  contribute  hberally 

SodeJIItliT"'  "'  "■  ^-  ''■    '"   ''^''  ''""^^"""^  °^  Massachusetts  Historical 

^  Anwsic  Island  is  about  five  miles  long  with  a  mean  breadth  of  abo.it  one 

1?    Af     TT'"'  ^'^^'^"^•'^'"S  to  Williamson,  four  thousand  acres  of  land    Collide 

lel^^^^^^^^^^  TT'  '''"''■    '''''''  "  '""^''  "■-■^"  land  audits 

ot  er  'rec  on      \''V        '''  1  f^'"''  ^''^'''^'  *'^«  ""«  ^'^ter  .liscards  and  the 
otheisieckon   -miha>mon,  vol.  i.  p  53  ;  Coolidue  and  Mansflekl,  p.  34. 

B Jk  invS     Jt^'n^  " V'T'""*'!"'^'  ^'  ^"°^"^'^'  ^-"  "  ^^^^^'^^  fron.  it  by 
U.U.1C  l.nei.    It  IS  nine  miles  long,  and  on  an  average  a  mile  aii.l  a  half  in  wi.ltii 

contamn.g  about  ten  thousand  acres."  -  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  S.  ' 


"-Si-^rs-'H^ '■:',:. .,  i 


THE  HISTORY  0^  MAINE. 


291 


towards  the  support  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  Soon  a  strong 
stone  fort  was  built  at  Augusta,  then  called  Cushnoc  or  Cush- 
enoc  It  was  the  strongest  fortress  in  the  eastern  country,  and 
was  for  some  time  maintained  at  tlie  public  expense.  In  refer- 
ence  to  the  encouragement  given  to  emigrants,  Penhallow 
writes,  "Several  towns,  as  of  Brunswick,  Topsham,  Georgetown, 
and  Cushenoc  began  to  be  settled.  A  great  many  .-^ne  build' 
mgs,  with  saw-milLs,  were  erected.  Husbandry  began  to  thrive 
and  great  stocks  of  cattle  were  raised."  i 

braT.th  ,f  "'^f"t^^^«7  ^^^«  then  deemed  a  very  important 
branch  of  inuustry.  In  some  seasons  more  than  twenty  vessels 
were  engaged  in  this  employment.  All  sorts  of  timber  were 
also  sent  to  Boston,  and  even  to  foreign  ports.  Duiino-  the 
winter  of  1716,  the  fort  of  Pemaquid  wa^  repaired,  Tnd  gait 
son  was  established  there.  The  Indians  were  alarmed  in  view 
of  the  strong  forts  which  the  English  were  raising  at  important 
point...  Again  there  were  rumors  of  another  war  between 
France  and  England      It  is  said  that  the  French  endeavoi^    ^ 

mentl  nf'.rV  ,  i  ""  ^"''""^'  '^  ^^"^""^  ^^  '"^^  -^— 1- 
hen  lands,  and  intended  to  take  possession  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. Ihe  Catholic  missionaries,  by  identifying  themselves  with 
the  Jndians,  and  becoming  incorporated  into  their  tribes,  had 
obtained  a  wonderful  ascendancy  over  them.  The  Indians  had 
ceased  to  regard  them  as  foreigners,  and  looked  upon  them  as 
the  wisest  and  best  of  their  own  people. 

The  English  authorities  had  tried  in  vain  io  drive  the 
French  missionaries  from  Norridgewock.  They  now  decided  to 
make  the  endeavor  to  supplant  their  influence  by  establishing 
English  missions  among  the  tribes.^  By  previous  appointment 
the  governor  and  his  council  met  a  large  number  of  the  Indian 
chiefs  at  Arrowsic.  It  was  in  August,  1717.  The  governor 
was  a  hauglity  man,  and  was  not  inclined  to  be  concihatory  in 
speech  or  manner.     He  presented  the  sachems  witli  the  Bible,^ 

I  Jf"J\»''o^^''s  In«^iau  Wars  was  printed  in  the  vear  172C. 

tnbe,  and  become  their  instructor.-  IF.    .ion  v21  ll  p  n"  "*  '^' 

■n  iiie  >ear  icm,  tlio  second  edition  of  tlie  Indian  Bible  hv  An-  vu  ^ 
completed.  -Drakc't  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  ii.  p.  57?  '  ^   ^'^  ^''°''  ^^ 


292 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1    I 


11  i 


in  tlie  Indian  language,  and  said  to  them,  "  This  book  contains 

the  true  religion.     Mr.  Baxter,  who  has  accompanied  us,  will 

remain  with  you,  and  teach  you  its  principles." 

One  of  the  sagamores  promptly  replied,  "  All  people  have 

their  own  religious  teachers.    Your  Bible  Ave  Jo   not  care  to 

keep.     God  has  given  us  teachers.     Should  we  abandon  them, 

we  should  offend  God."' 

The  chiefs  then  turned  to  the  political  questions  which  were 

creating  trouble ;  and,  in  the  conference  which  ensued,  they 
showed  themselves  to  be  men  of  remarkable  strength  of  mind, 
and  good  common-sense.  Their  principal  speaker  said,  "  We 
admit  that  the  land  west  of  the  Kennebec  River,  the  English 
have  a  claim  to  regard  as  theirs  ;  but  certainly  no  sale  has  ever 
been  made  to  them,  of  the  country  east  of  that  river." 

The  governor,  with  dogmatism  and  discourtesy  which  those 
dignified  chieftains  keenly  felt,  instead  of  arguing  the  point 
at  all,  Bxclaimed,  "  You  may  be  assured  that  we  will  never  part 
with  one  inch  of  our  lands  in  that  quarter." 

There  was  for  a  moment  silence ;  and  then  these  chieftains 
simultaneously  rose,  and,  without  uttering  a  'word,  left  the 
council,  repaired  to  their  canoes,  and  paddled  to  another  island. 


1  According  to  the  acconnt  given  in  the  "Lettres  Ediflantes  et  Curieusea 
ccntes  des  Missions  Etrangeres,"  one  of  tlie  chiefs  gave  the  following  answer  to 
tlie  proposition  that  they  should  dismiss  their  missionary,  and  take  an  English- 
man in  his  stead :  — 

"  Yon  astonish  me  by  the  proposition  you  make.  When  yon  first  came  here 
yon  saw  me  a  long  time  before  I  saw  the  French;  but  neither  you  nor  your  min- 
isters spoke  to  me  of  prayer,  or  of  the  Great  Spirit.  They  saw  my  furs,  my  skins 
of  beaver  and  elk.  Of  these  only  they  thought.  These  they  sou  ^t  with  the 
greatest  eagerness.  I  was  not  able  to  furnish  them  enough.  When  1  .arried  them 
a  large  quantity,  I  was  their  gix-at  friend,  but  no  farther. 

"  One  day,  my  canoe  having  missed  its  route,  I  lost  my  way.  After  wan- 
dering a  long  time  I  landed  near  Quebec.  Scarcely  had  I  aiTived  when  one  of 
the  Black  Rohes  came  to  see  me.  I  v  ^s  hmded  with  furs;  but  the  Fremih  Black 
Robe  scarcely  deigned  to  look  at  them.  He  spoke  to  mo  at  once  of  the  Great 
Spirit,  of  heaven,  of  hell,  and  of  prayer  which  is  the  only  way  to  reach  heaven. 

"I  heard  him  with  pleasure,  and  remained  a  long  :ime  in  the  village  to  listen 
to  him,  I  demanded  baptism,  and  received  it.  At  last  I  returned  to  my  country, 
and  related  what  had  happened  to  me.  My  friends  envied  my  happiness,  ancl 
vnahciX  to  partii'ipate.  They  departed  to  find  the  Black  Robe,  and  demand  of  him 
baptism.  It  is  thus  that  the  French  have  acted  towards  me.  Thus  I  tell  you  that 
1  hold  to  the  prayer  of  the  French.  I  shaU  be  faithful  to  it  until  the  world  is 
burned  up." 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


293 


They  had  brought  with  them  to  the  council  an  English  fla^,  as 
inchcative  that  they  were  the  friends  and  allies  of  The  English 
This  flag  they  left  behind  them,  the  silent  token  of  thei?  d t 
pleasure. 

The  English  claimed  the  land  belonging  to  the  Indiam,  east- 
ward of  the  Kennebec  River,  on  the  ground  that  the  king  of 
France  had  ceded  those  lands  to  them  by  the  Treaty  of  Ufeeht 
The  sagamores,  as  nsnal,  appealed  to  their  revered  friend  and 
advocate.  Father  Rasle,  for  advice,-    He  in^ediately  wrote  to 
the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  tbat  the  king  of  France  had 
never  conceded  to  the  English,  lands  which  belonged  to  the 
Indians     He  had  merely  witl.drawn  the  French  flag  from  those 
lands  where  he  had  been  the  protector  of  the  Indians,  and  had 
surrendered  to  the  English  the  right  of  purchasing  aui  colon^z- 
jng  the,r  lands.    And  the  king  of  France,  he  safd,  would  Ll 
bound  to  protect  those  Indians,  should  the  king  of  En-^Iand 

relTe rttt-v  '""■  '^''™  '^"°''""'  """'""'y  '"  *^'^«  °'I"' 

_  Armed  with  tl.is  letter,  the  sagamores,  probably  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  next  day,  returned  to  Arrowsic.'  The  conference 
was  renewed.  The  governor  did  not  conceal  his  indigna^r 
wla  he  i^onounced  to  be  "the  insolent  interference  of  the 
Jesuit  Knowing  inll  well  that  the  Indians  had  suffered  so 
severely,  that  they  would  submit  to  almost  any  indignity  lahr 
an  consent  to  the  renewal  of  the  war,  he  asfumela  !  nac t 
attitude,  and  threatened  again  to  draw  the  sword.    This  brou-.l^ 

"It  is  our  desire  to  live  i„  peace.     We  wish  (o  open  (riendlv  trad,  •.■ 
ounZ'iinef':;  ""  ""'■"'"  ^  """"-'■•  '"  '"«  l--ndfa,U  a,;:; 

™.es;7r;:"t:L=s::ir;:.'^r;^rc.= 

disturbed  111  seeing  so  many  forts  going  up."  ^   "''''' 

iMimoti,,,,  t„  .l,at  effect.  »e.sl.bo„„B  .sland;  tat  ™  liave  n„ 


I  ill 


294 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  governor  had  conquered.  New  articles  of  agreement 
were  entered  into,  such  as  he  dictated.  The  hun.iliat°ed  saga- 
mores returned  to  their  homes,  feeling  that  the  English  were 
their  enemies,  and  that  the  French  were  their  friends  ^ 

vr^TTnlf"''"rZ""^'  *'  '"'"'^  ''''  settlements  east- 
ward  of  the  Kennebec  River.     Several  families  reared  their  log 
cabins  on    he  Damanscotta.^    It  is  said  that  at  that  time  there 
was  not  a  house  between  Georgetown  and  Annapolis,  with  the 
exception  of  a  single  fisherman's  hut  on  Damal-iscoUa  Island! 
A  strong  and  capacious  fort,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
Indians,  was  budt  on  the  easterly  bank  of  St.  George's  River 
near  where  Thomaston  now  stands.     At  a  short  distance  from' 
tha  ,  a  block-house  was  erected.     The  large  area  between  was 
enclosed  by  palisades.     This  fortress,  which  could  bid  defiance 
to  all  Indian  assailments,  afforded  ample  accommodation  for  a 
garrison  .     two  hundred  and  fifty  men.     Another  strong  fortress 
was  built  on  the  east  >side  of  the   Kennebec  River,  opposite 
fewan  Island.     It  was  called  Fort  Richmond.^ 

The   spring  of  1721  opened   gloomily.      The    Indians  were 
much  dissatisfied  in  view  of  the  encroachments  of  the  English 
The  strong  forts  they  were  building  indicated  that  the  En'o-bsh 
were  determined  to  hold  possession  of  the  country.     In  these 
RasTe  *       ■^'''^'^"'  unquestionably  had  the  sympathy  of  Father 

1  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p    199  •  Colloctint,,  nf  ^. 
Hampshire  Historical  Society,  vol.  ii.  p.  8!).  '  ^•'"^''*'°»'  "^  ^«^^ 

2  "The  Da.nariscotta  Kiver  -      •.  from  the  Damariscotta  fresh  ponds  which 
are  m  Jefferson  and  Nobleborou,.,  a„.l  whi..h  are  three  or  fou    leare      /len"  h 

..LlTrT''^  Kichn.ond  Fort  was  not  far  from  t]>e  margin  of  tlie  river  on 
ground  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  above  the  water;  fron.  which  the  la.  Wab  ;n^ 
ascends  There  was  thereabouts,  in  1820,  a  ha/nlet  of  tlfte  n  o  w  nty  h  ^s  l 
a  few  stores,  and  two  or  three  wl.arves,''_ir.mm,sou,  vol  ii  p  .^^'^"'^  ''^"^««' 
m^^J'S:^^:::^:^:^'^  comu.nications  found  in  the  "Lett^s 
"At  the  time  that  the  war  was  about  to  be  rekindled  between  the  European 
powers  the  English  governor  (Dudley),  who  had  latelv  arrived  a  BosZ  T 
quested  a  con  erence  with  our  Indians  by  the  seashore;  on  an  sland  wS  he" 
designated.    They  consented,  and  begged  me  to  acconpany  them  blithe      htt 

iT^hV'M  r.V"''  ^''""•'^  ^"  '^"^  ^^«"'  propLtL^swhi  Indgh    be 
made  to  them,  so  that  they  could  be  assured  thcix-  answer,  would  contain  a^thi,^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAJNE. 


295 


igreement 


At  the  eastern  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia  there  is  a  narrow 
strait  called  Canseau,  whicli  separates  the  peninsula  of  Nova 
Scotia  from  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  This  large  island, 
embracing  an  area  of  four  thousand  square  miles,  the  English 
asserted,  was  included  in  the  surrender  of  Nova  Scotia.  This 
claim  the  French  denied,  and  prepared  to  make  it  the  depot  for 
their  future  fisheries.  The  English  also,  in  maintenance  of 
their  claim,  established  a  post  on  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
island.  The  Indians  of  that  region  attacked  the  English  post, 
and  plundered  it  of  its  fish  and  mercltondise.  The  Indians  of 
Maine  had  nothing  to  do  with  this  remote  transaction. 

But  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  assumed  that  Father 
Rasle  had  instigated  the  movement,  and  that  he  was  endeavor- 
ing to  inspire  the  Indians  to  enter  upon  a  new  war  with  religious 
fanaticism.  A  vote  was  passed  that  a  detachment  of  a  hun°dred 
and  fifty  soldiers  should  be  sent  to  Norridgewock,  with  a  reward 
of  five  hundred  pounds  offered,  if  the  uody  of  Rasle  were 
brought  to  Boston  dead  or  alive.  The  council,  however,  did 
not  agree,  as  it  was  thought  that  two  hundred  pounds  was  a 
sufficient  reward  to  offer. 

^  In  this  gloomy  state  of  affiiirs  there  was  a  general  apprehen- 
sion that  another  war  was  about  to  open  its  horrors.  Many  of 
the  settlers  in  Maine  began  to  abandon  their  homes.i  The 
governor  was  angry,  and  issued  a  decree  forbidding  it.  But 
the  fathers  of  young  families  had  more  fear  of  the  tomahawk 
of  the  Indians  than  of  the  displeasure  of  the  government  of  Mass- 
achusetts. The  chiefs  frequently  visited  the  forts,  and  always 
with  sincere  protestations  of  their  desire  for  peace.  At  the 
same  time  they  made  no  attempt  to  disguise  their  sense  of  the 
wrongs  which  were  inflicted  upon  them.  In  addition  to  the 
encroachments  constantly  made,  the  English  were  grossly  vio- 
lating the  terms  of  the  treaty  which  they  themselves  had 
dictated. 

The  Indians  had  pledged  themselves  not  to  purchase   any 

contrary  to  their  relision  or  the  interests  of  the:  •.  •^n's  service.  I  therefore  fol- 
lowed  them,  wiih  the  intention  of  merely  remaining  in  tlieir  quarters  to  aid  their 
connols  witliout  appearing  before  tlie  governor." 

'  Huicliinsoira  iiistory  of  Siassachusetts,  vol  ii.  p.  236. 


296 


THE  HTSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


goods  excepting  at  established  trading-houses      Rnf  n.  f     v 
There  were,  at  this  time,  two  French  T^fhln 

winoh  they'ccW  not  ^vej'"'  *'"  ^^""^^  ^^^'^'i'  ^ut 
anxious  to  prevent  a  renewal  of  hos"  ,  7^^  T  '" 

.hat  t-e  p.„„e .  a:*T.'ri\T„rrt  •  r  To  tTrir  r- 

I  have  applied  to  the  villao-es  nf  *5f    v,.        ■         ,11  '     -^n<^refore 

upon  ..f,  .„  ...^;ltth^to^  nrt,,::,  ^^.^.-^ .--« 

send  o  deputation  to  the  plaee  arrninT.  ,"""'"."'  ^-T'llgewock,  ami  to 
-ho  dare  let  the  English  tZTyt^^iZTt.T'T  i;'""""'  "■'•"'^• 
the  one  at  No„.id^„,cU  it  the,  coi;;l?:h;i':ra:i:lt" '"'^'  *"° 

rate,  though  perhaps  not  ready  to  „n   e  f  n    \  \        fe  »  generally  very  a.-cn- 
imolerance  which  goaded  the  savage" t^o  wai  '^'-^""^^■^-^«"-"*  "*  tl.at  British 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


297 


According  to  Mr.  Williamson,  the  governor  of  Canada  invited 
the  Indian  sagamores  and  sachems,  from  the  Kennebec  and  the 
Penobscot,  to  meet  on  Padeshal's  Island,  near  Arrovvsic,  for  a 
general  council.      On  the  1st  of  August,  1721,   ninety  birch 
canoes  bore  to  that  island  two  hundred  Indians.     Father  Rasle 
accompanied  the  Kennebec  Indians,  and  young  Castine  accom- 
panied those  from  the  Penobscot.     We  are  not  informed  as  to 
the  results  of  this  council.     According  to  Mr.  Williamson,  a 
letter  was  sent  to  Capt.  Penhallow,  who  commanded  the  gar- 
rison at  Arrowsic,  stating  that,  if  the  English  settlers  did  not 
remove  from  that  region  within  three  weeks,  the  Indians  would 
come  and  kill  them  all,  and  burn  their  houses,  and  kiJl  their 
cattle.     It  is  hardly  possible  that  such  a  menacing  letter  could 
have  been  sent  by  the  sachems  there  convened.     It  is  univer- 
sally admitted  that  .the  sagamores  were  very  anxious  to  avoid 
the  renewal  of  hostilities.     The  Kennebec  Indians  convened  at 
Norridgewock,  where  the  influence  of  Father  Rasle  was  para- 
mount, had  just  sent  to  Boston  proposals  for  peace,  couched  in 
the  most  humble^and  imploring  terms.     It  is  universally  known 
that  young  Castine,  by  far  the  most  potent  chief  among  the 
Penobscots,  was  the  constant  advocate  of  peace ;    and,  more- 
over, the  three  weeks  passed  away,  and  there  was  no  hostile 
movement  whatever  among  the  Indians.     Not  an  Englishman 
was  killed,  not  a  house  was  burned,  not  an  act  of  plunder  took 
place. 

The  general  feeling  of  the  British  towards  Father  Rasle  was 
that  of  the  most  intense  hostility.  Mr.  Williamson  undoubtedly 
expi-esses  the  popular  feeling,  when  he  writes  of  this  Catholic 
missionary,  — 

"  So  often  had  his  malignity,  pride,  and  officious  interference  awakened 
among  the  Indians  new  complaints,  that  the  people  of  the  province,  for  good 
reasons,  ranked  him  among  the  most  infamous  villains,  and  would  have 
given  more  for  his  head  than  for  a  lumdred  scalps  of  the  natives."  i 

1  In  reference  to  tl.ese  events,  Charlevoix,  the  French  historian,  writes  "  Anrfes 
plu«e,„.s  tentatives  .rabora  pour  enga-^er  ,es  sauvages,  par  les  olfrks  et  les 
pron.esses  les  plus  seduisautes,  a  le  livreraux  Auglais,  ou  cl.i  u.oins  a  la  renvoyer 
a  Quebec  et  a  pren.lve  en  sa  place  un  de  leurs  u.inistres;  eusuite  pour  le  sur- 
p.emlre  et  pour  1  enlever,  les  Anjrlai.  resolut  de  a'eu  dofaire,  quoirpHl  Icur  eu  dut 
coutei,  uiirent  sa  tete  a  priH,  et  pronurent  miUe  livres  sterling  a  celui  qui  la  leur 
porterait."  —  Charlevoix,  t.  ii.  p.  380. 


Il, 


298 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


laeir  auuiiruble  "  Description  of  New  Fnolnr,,!  "  i-  • 

accordance  with  the  facts.     TJiey  wifte,  ~  " '"'''  '"^ 

held  ia  chock  \^yihZZ1^7\r    I  r'^'^^^  ^"  trade,  they  were 

these  circumstauc'e    oVoL  Jid^^^^^^^^^     ^  '"  ^^orndgewocks).     Under 

Of  the  Village,  and  the  .^urde/oTSrrhL^S^^  ''''  ''''-'''''^ 

The  f^lowing  additional  passage,  from  their  candid  and  accu 
rate    Instorj,  explains  truthfully  the  reason  why  tLlwh 
had^so^.uch  nrore  influence  over  the  Indians  tl  J  1  E^^hS 

^i^'^Zi:^;^,T£:il  ^-^--e  a^^a^s  found  on 
the  settlements  of  the  En.  Lh'     B  t  t^  ^  "'''''  ™'^^'"^^  '''l''''^'  ""^^ 

were  entirely  opposite      Wh  etheP  ^^ans  used  by  the  two  nations 

flexibility  of'  chLeter,  ^^:^/::^^f^Vf^  ^-*^"-  -^ 
giving  them  warlike  implements',  a^^  a  '  i.  1  1  ^ X  T't  '''""' 
cursions,  and  becorain-  iiitim-itnlv  !  i     ro   ,      ;      I        »"' Imnting  ci- 

Engnsh  looted  ..poniSttotoir^^r^  "'""'  ''^  ■»""»S«.  'Le 
tunity  fo,- their  iler,ahwl™  ""''  ''"'■'■"■. '"W"?  every  oppor- 

ate  then."  ■       """"'"■■'""■  ""''  "»'"S  everymeans  to  a„„oyand  ezas^r. 

garrisons  rising  on  territory  ^^■hiTfT  \  \     7  ''^'^  '*'^"^ 

bor      They  made  their  escape.     This  was  considered  Ltl; 
English  a  very  hostile  not      tt'^.,  ^^usiueita  oy  the 

a.l  to  be  ,eac,.  for  „..,  ..a  to  arre.t  a^ri^dLl  t^tlt  U^; 

»  History  and  Description  of  New  Pnrrinn,!  i>   ■^r 
vol.  1.  IX  233  -Lngland,  by  Messrs.  Cooliilge  and  Mansfield, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


209 


could  find,  and  hold  tliem  in  custody  until  :the  hostages  were 
surrendered.  A  special  meeting  of  the  General  Court  was  con- 
vened at  Boston,  on  the  23d  of  August,  1721 ;  and  it  was 
decided  to  pursue  and  i.;inish  the  Indians  for  the  crime  of 
Itchcllion  against  the  Englisli  government. 

Three  hundred  soldiers  were  enlisted  to  prosecute  the  war. 
A  proclamation  was  issued,  demanding  of  the  Indians  that  they 
should  deliver  up  to  the  English  Father  Rasle  and  every  other 
French  missionary.  They  were  also  required  to  make  ample 
reparation  for  all  past  injuries.  If  these  terms  were  not  promptly 
complied  with,  the  soldiers  were  commanded  to  seize  the  Indi- 
ans wherever  found,  and  send  them  captives  to  Boston. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  these  stern  measures  were 
adopted  without  opposition.  Many  good  men  remonstrated 
against  them.  They  declared  that  the  stipulations  made  in  the 
treaty  of  Arrowsic  had  never  been  fulfilled,  that  the  Indians 
had  been  atrociously  wronged  without  having  any  opportunity 
to  obtain  redress,  and  that  they  had  been  guilty  of  notliing 
which  warranted  a  resort  to  such  measures  of  violence.  These 
loud  remonstrances,  together  with  the  recapture  of  the  hostac^es, 
caused  a  slight  relaxation  of  the  war  movement,  but  no  reljTxa- 
tion  in  the  uncompromising  spiiit  of  those  in  power. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

THE   VICISSITUDES   OF  WAR. 

Basle  .^nd  his  ClC^^H,  l"  J'''"^' "  ^^T  I^^P'-^''--'t-- -  Father 
Norn<lgewock- Death  of  R.^Io  t~k  "  '  f  ^"'"••»^^««» " Slaughter  at 
we,rslchievemen;-Dli^t::;aI;;e."'^  *°  '''^  Memory-Capt.  Love- 

rj^HE  English  had  seized  ^any  peaceable  Indian^,  who  were 
-L    guilty  o„o  cnn.e  and  charged  with  no  act  of  hostility 
and  were  holding  them  as  hostages  for  the  good  behavio    /f' 
the  tnbes      On  the  13th  of  June  two  partie^  of  Indiarrthe 
one  ft.tn  the  Androscoggin  and  the  other  from  the  Kenlbec 
met  at  Merry  meeting  Bay.     There  were  twenty  canoes  tnal' 

tamdies.     All   were   treated    humanely.      They  soon  Vhov.t.ri 
he  women  and  children,  and  all  the  men  excep  inr    n      Th    e 
they  held  as  indemnities  for  the  safety  of  the  four  Jndi.n  f 
tages  in  the  hands  of  the  English.  ^''" 

strt iT  n  ""'"^  '° t  '""''  T'^"'  ^''"^"^^'  ^^"^^"«  ^^^"•-     Each  party 
struck  blows  as  fast  and  heavy  as  possible.     The  Indians  en 

cleavored  to   surprise    Fort    George,   near  Thomaston       They 

burned  a  sloop,  and  killed  several  prisoners,  but  they  were  coZ 

pelled  to  retire  before  obtaining  a  surrender.     The  attTck  w^s 

soon  renewed,  but  with  equal  want  of  success.     The  BriS 

o"  tZr^  TV  'r  !"''^"'  ^^^"-'^"^^  '^  ''^  ^"^^^'^^  -- '"t 

0  t  twenty      This  fortress  was  built  by  the  individual  proprie 
tors  of  what  was  called  the   Waldo  Patent.     The  Government 

adopted  it  as  a  public  garrison   sent  to  it  .   .«  «  f  "  " 

-,  ^  .  ,     o"^''''""'  t>enc  to  It  a  re-enforcement  of 

forty-five  men,  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  ammunition^     Cob 


Till:  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


801 


Thomas  M^estbroolc  was  placed  in  command.  Two  or  three 
Enghshmen  were  captured  from  a  boat  which  landed  from  a 
vessel  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  One  Englishman  was  killed  at 
Casco,  and  several  Indians  were  pursued  and  shot  down. 

Capt.  John  Harman  ascended  the  Kennebec  in  pursuit  of 
Indians.  His  boats  conveyed  thirty-five  well-armed  men.  He 
saw  the  gleam  of  camp-fires  in  the  woods.  Silently  he  landed 
his  troops,  and,  in  the  darkness,  crept  through  the  foresc.  They 
reached  the  encampment.  The  Indians  were  asleep  without 
any  guard.  Deliberate  aim  was  taken.  There  was  one  deadly 
volley.  There  remained  only  the  corpses  of  fifteen  Indians. 
We  know  not  that  one  escaped.  The  victors  gathered  up  the 
guns,  the  ammunition,  and  the  blankets  of  the  Indians,  and 
returned  triumphantly  to  their  boats. 

In  July,  1722,  the  governor  and  council  proclaimed  that  the 
Indians  were  "  traitors  a  1  robbers,"  and  declared  war  against 
them  as  the  king's  enemies.  ' 

The  Indians  were  feeble.     They  could  no  longer  inflict  any 
extensive  injury.     They  could  not  wander  far.     All  that  they 
could  accomplish  was  occasionally  to  shoot  an  Englishman,  cap- 
ture  a  boat,  and  burn  a  cabin,  tomahawking  or  capturing  the 
inmates.     The  British  prepared  to  prosecute \he  war  with  great 
vigor,   being    apparently  resolved    to    exterminate    the    race. 
Several  armed  vessels  were  employed,  with  a  fleet  of  w  lale- 
boats,  sufficient  to  cruise  along  all  the  coasts,  and  penetrate  all 
the  rivers  where  Indian  villages  could  be  found.     An  army  of 
a  thousand  well-armed  men  was  employed  upon  the  various 
expeditions  now  undertaken.    A  hundred  soldiers  were  stationed 
at  York,  thirty  at  Falmouth,  twenty  at  North  Yarmouth,  ten  at 
Maquoit,  twenty-five  at  Arrowsic,  and    twenty-five  at   Fort 
Richmond. 

A  detachment  of  three  hundred  men  was  sent  to  the  Penob- 

»  "Both  in  and  out  of  the  legislatTire  there  were  men  who  doubted  whether  a 
war  upon  the  native,  would  he  j.istirtable,  '  We  have  been,'  they  said,  '  .ierelict 
both  as  to  n.orul  and  stipulated  duties.  We  have  not  performed  our  enRaRements 
towards  the  nd.ans  in  the  establishment  of  trading-houses,  and  the  prevenUoa 
^JTa!  T!  "f  °'''''^"^'  ^cording  to  treaty  promises.  The  measures  of  strong 
drink  dealt  to  them  are  a  scandal  to  our  religion,  and  reproach  to  our  country.' " 
--  rnuiamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  117, 


-I' 


802 


THE  niSTOIiY  OF  MAINE. 


?    i 


<ifp 


to    1  0     ,  d,an».     F„„r  hundred  «,.ilom  and  soldi.,-,  were  de- 

Ip^;  °'r=v''"  ™"*  '"■'"""'  ""■  '-■-'- uivo:  and 

t  on      wTu    Tl  '"",?  7''^  ""'''y  "■"'='"  °'  I'"'""'  '"'Sta- 
tion.    Wo  Unsh  to  add  that  a  bounty  was  offered  of  flft,.™ 

pomuU  for  the  scalp  of  eve-y  Indian  U,y  of  twd'o  ye,«lf 

sSof  C'l     '°'\"'°-''°™"'"'"'-""  ''»™"™g'"l  tl.0  adopfion  of  'a 
Boit  of  h  nd.pr,vateeru,g  u,  pu«uit  of  scalps.     To  all  volunteers 
who,  without  pay  or  rations,  would  embark,  at  thei,  o,™  ex 
,«nsc,  .„  t  e  search  for  scalps,  a  boun.y  of  'a  hundred  "u,! 
was  offered  for  each  one  taken.'  ^ 

Indians;  thus    he  Canadian,  the  Nova  Scotian,  and  the  Maine 

attack  upon  the  flounshu^g  settler^^nt  at  Arro^vsic,  whicli,  it 
wi    be  remembered,  was  then  called  Georgetown.     It  was  ea  ly 

Ints'^llTT""^  ;'  '•"  T>  °'  '^P'""'^''  1"22.  The  inhabit"; 
ants  al  took  refuge  in  the '  garrison,  after  having  killed  one  of 
the  Indians  and  wounded  three  others. 

The  Indians  attacked  the  fort ;  but,  finding  that  they  could 
make  no  impression  upon  it,  they  killed  fifty  head  of  cattle,  and 
«W  ^;r"'^'r''^  ^^°"'^^  "^  '''^''''     One  Englishman   only  was 

tixin"  fn    H        f^^^"^°"^^'   ^"t'  fi'^^^i"S  these  works  also  too 
otiong  for  them  to  carry,  they  retired  up  the  river 

On  the  nth  of  February,   1722,   Col.    Thomas  Westbrook 
embarked  from  the   mouth  of  the   Kennebec  iiiver,  with. 

as  fa    as  the  Penobscot.     He  had  several  small  Vessels  wel 
armed,  and  a  good  supply  of  whale-boats.     They  apparently 
found  nothing  to  employ  them  until  they  reached  M     Desert 
where  they  made  a  short  stop.     They  then  ascended  the  r^e  ' 
and  cast  anchor,  as  is  supposed  in  Marsh  Bay  ' 
There  they  left  their  vessel  and  boats,  and  commenced  a  march 

«  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  lis. 

"  ^^ar.sh  Hay  is  an  expansion  of  tho  Penohqrnf-  Ri^r  ^t  •,       , 

port.    Here  the  n.ajestic  strean>  i.  n.^  ^^  afnUr^Stle  Th^  nl*  "'"'f  ''T'''- 

of  Frankfort  is  situated  on  the  vr-^t^.^'i  ;  -t'-Af         V  ^^'°  P'<^''^'^a«t  village 

navigation.    See  Williamson  vol'    n.-/:  ""' ^^^''  '"'  '''"'  ''^'^'^  of  winter 

oeo  Williamson,  \ol.  i,  p.  ,,,'.;  Cojauge  and  Mansfield,  p  127 


THE  HISTORY  Of  MAINE. 


808 


through  the  forest,  still  ascending  the  river  in  search  of  an 
important  village  and  fort  of  the  Indians  which  were  known  to 
have  heen  in  that  region.  At  length  they  reached  a  spot  which 
IS  supposed  to  have  heen  the  lower  Stillwater  in  Orono,  about 
BIX  miles  above  Kenduskeag  River.'  Here  Col.  Westbrook  left 
a  guard  of  a  hundred  men  to  protect  the  provisions  and  tents, 
while  he  selected  fifty  veterans  in  Indian  warfare  to  go  in  search 
of  the  fort.  It  was  soon  found,  without  the  scouts  beincr  dis- 
cover.'d  by  the  Indians.  " 

Forty  men  were  left  on  guard  on  the  west  side  of  tiie  river. 
The  whole  of  the  remaining  force  was  then  ferried  across  in 
canoes  hastily  prepared.  Rapidly  traversing  the  trails  on  the 
eastern  bank,  they  reached  a  point  opposite  the  fort  and  village 
about  SIX  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  It  was  abo°ut 
the  10th  or  11th  of  March  It  was  dark.  The  fort  was  on  an 
island.  The  winter  had  been  remarkably  open,  and  the  stream 
was  not  frozen  over ;  still  immense  blocks  of  ice  were  swept 
along  by  the  black  current. 

But  not  a  camp-fire  was  burning;  not  a  torch  glimmered 
through  the^larkness;  not  a  sound  was  heard  to  disturb  the 
wintry  silence  of  the  drear  scene.  The  morning  light  revealed 
only  d.esolate  and  abandoned  habitations.  The  wary  Indians 
apprehending  such  a  visit,  had  in  the  previous  autumn  retired! 
taking  with  them  every  thing  of  the  least  value.  The  En<^lish 
after  their  long  voyage  and  painful  march,  found  nothina,  not 
even  a  poor  scalp  to  reward  them.  '^ 

The  Indians  had  probably  received  instruction  from  French 
engineers  in  building  the  forf  It  was  quite  scientifically 
arranged  being  seventy  yards  in  length  and  fifty  in  breadth. 
1  he  stockades  were  of  heavy  timber  firmly  planted,  and  fourteen 
:ieet  in  height.  Within  the  stockades  there  were  twenty-three 
com  ortable,  well-built  houses,  regularly  arranged.  On  the 
Bouth  side  of  this  little  fortified  village,  there  was  the  largest 
and  finest  structure  in  the  place.     It  was  the  chapel  which  the 

*     Baiijror  is  on  one  of  the  noblest  rivers  in  the  Northern  Sf -itA,  f  i.»  „.   i     *    * 
an  almost  conntless  number  of  tribntarv  streams     Th«  .^  '        ^    '^"'*  °' 


804 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


i  i 


! 


missionaries  had  roared,  and  it  ™  Imndsomoly  finished  both 
v.thn.  and  „  ,l,o„t.     Tins  ediflec,  consoei-ated  to  C  iS 

The  English  applied  the  torch  to  fort,  divellino-s,  chaoel  ind 
parsonage.  Having  seen  all  rednced  ,o  ashes,  th^y  ,e  ^ne'd  ^ 
the,r  tents,  marched  down  to  their  transports,  and  on  1  "loth 
of  the  month  cast  anchor  at  Fort  George.' 

Another  winter  campaign  was  attempted,  which  proved  even 
more  ,mle.  An  expedition  was  sent  to  destroy  the  vi  la4  at 
Norr,dgewoek,  and  to  kill  Father  Uosle.  On  !he  Cth  l-b 
ruary  the  troops  reached  the  fells  at  r„unswick.  The  storms 
of  wn,ter  were  beating  upon  them,  and  its  drifting  Z7, 
enenmbered  the.,,  path.  It  surely  was  not  wisdom  wWch  d  o 
tated  s  ch  an  enterprise  at  that  season  of  the  year.  PainfuUv 
they  toded  up  the  banks  of  the  Androscoggin  until  thev  mched 

:ow::'t'tv  V  °' ".'-■?'•-  "--»'<-•  of  .1:^;^:^ 

town  of  Jay.  By  erossuig  the  country  from  tliis  place  in  -i 
northerly  da-ection,  a  few  miles  would  t[ke  them  ^  rs4dv 
E.ver,  where  the  beautiful  town  of  Farmingtou  now  corns  t  e 
andscape  By  following  down  the  valley  of  the  Sa  b' E  vt 
«ey  could  reach  Norridgewoek  by  a  totally  unexpeotel  rolte 
Thus  they  hoped  to  strike  the  Indians  entirely  bv  surprise. 

But  just  then  occurred  that  remarkable  phenomenon  known 
n  Ma  „e  as  the  January  thaw.    A  warm  rain,  followed  by  the 

little  .1  was  swollen  to  a  torrent.     All  the  fields  were  covered 

called  aUh.  Ihe  icy  moisture  penetrated  leather  as  thouol,  it 
were  brown  paper.  The  discomfort  was  so  extreme  that  f^r  her 
joumeying  became  impracticable.  The  soldiers,  dividin<r  into 
amal    parties,  returned,  not  having  caught  sight  of  a  "single 


m»U„,.ca  bj-  Uvi„g„„L ,"  _  wmia«mn,  vol,  ulS^Xtt  ^" 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  806 

During  the  year  1723,  the  Indians  could  boast  but  little  more 

in  ki^  fJ  I  r  "''""'  ^"  ''"•'^"  ^^»^^'  they  succeeded 

Ints  o    m"  '"'  n  "°  ^''"''"  '"^"'^^  ""^  ^^^^-^^  «f  tJ^«  -'^'^Wt- 
M, .  Su  hvan  speaks  of  another  who  died  of  fifteen  shot-wounds 
twVm  "i  ^.  T'^  ^''r^''  '"^  Scarborough,  were  shot.     Thei; 

■  V'"  f"™.??"'"  °'  ""-'s^^l-usette  made  strenuous  efforts  to 
mduce  the  MoI„wks  to  onUst  in  the  war  against  the  Miaul  of 
Maine.  This  ferocious  trihe,  in  the  month  of  August  mi 
sent  sixty-three  of  their  most  renowned  warriors  to  e°onfe,  vUh 
the  government  at  Bostcx  They  were  reeeived  „;thtle 
greatest  hospitality,  loaded  with  presents,  and  feasted  with  a 
fat  ox  m  their  own  style,  with  songs  and  dauees.  Yet  for  some 
unexp  amed  reason  they  persistently  refused  to  take  nn  arms 

moltd      T,   "'  ""  '"  Maine,  unless  they  themselvfs  weT 
molested.     T  ley,  however,  consented  that  any  of  their  voun.. 
m»  who  wished  to  do  so,  might  enlist  in  the  service  of  S: 

Only  two  of  the  Mohawks  enlisted.  They  were  lawless  men 
Soon  getting  sick  of  the  bargain,  where  no  plunder  was  to  b 
obtained,  and  still  less  renown,  they  abandoned  ll„:  service  and 
returned  to  Boston.  The  Indians  in  the  eastern  part  o  the 
S  ate  while  eluding  all  pursuit,  were  very  vigilant'^  Exposed 
dwellings  were  sure  to  be  burned,  and  unguarded  boats  or 
unwary  individuals  were  certain  to  be  captured  or  shot.  Tliere 
was  no  safety  but  within  lie  garrison-houses.  A  boat's  c  ew 
was  landing  at  Mount  Desert.  A  band  of  Indians  who  hid 
been    watching    them    sprang    from    ambush,    and    captured 

nef'od  '■';"';*■''''•'  *!""■  ^asperated  as  were  the  Indians  at  this 
pcuod  of  the  war,  they  generally  treated  their  prisonera  very 
humanely.  As  we  have  before  mentioned,  the  children,  even 
of  good  families,  often  became  so  much  attached  to  their  ciiptoi^ 
that  they  were  quite  unwilling  to  return  to  civilized  life.  At 
Vanghan  »  IsUin,!  a  m.an  was  shot,  and  anoUier  near  by.     On 


306 


W.  If 

'  If 

I  il 


fr''' 


:  I  'I 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Kennebank  River  two  families  were    attacked.      Some  were 
Killed,  and  others  carried  into  captivity.' 

On  the  2oth  of  December,  a  very  determined  band  of  about 
sixty  warriors  made  a  desperate  attack  upon  the  fort  at  St. 
George  s  River.2  For  thirty  days  they  continued  the  siege,  with 
a  degree  of  persistence  which  they  had  never  before  manifested. 
Ihe  defence  was  heroic.  At  length  re-enforcements  arrived, 
and  the  Indians  retired,  taking  with  them  one  captive.^ 

For  the  protection  of  the  frontiers  during  the  winter  months 
three  rangnig  parties  were  organized  of  fifty  men  each,  who 
were  to  be  continually  on  the  move  in  search  of  Indian  bands. 
There  were,  at  that  time,  fifteen  forts  or  garrison-houses,  all  of 
which  were  strengthened,  re-enforced,  and  fully  supplied.*  But 
the  Indians,  as  the  snows  fell  heavily  in  the  forests,  and  the  icy 
winds  swept  the  plains,  undertook  no  campaign,  but  gathered 
around  the  fires  in  their  far-distant  wigwams. 

The  desire  to  capture ,  Father  Rasle  continued  unabated.     A 
thousand  livres  were  offered  for  his  head.^    In  mid-winter  Capt 
Moulton  was  seat  with  an  armed  force  up  the  Kennebec  River 
to  Norndgewock,  to  kill  or  to  capture  him.     But  the   vigilant 
eye  of  the  Indians  had  detected  the  movement.     They  alffled 
taking   their  missionary  with    them.      Capt.    Moulton  was  a 
humane  man.    The  little  Indian  village  at  Norridgewock  seemed 
to  be  emerging  from  barbarism  to  civilization.     He  therefore 
hopnig  that  his  example  of  forbearance  might  exert  a  salutary 
influence  upon  the  minds  of  the  Indians,  ordered  his  soldiers  to 
inflict  no  wanton  injury.     The  men  returned  from  their  fruitless 
expedition,  leaving  all  things  as  they  had  found  them. 

'  Sullivan's  History  of  Maine,  p.  230. 

2  St.  George;s  Itiver  rises  in  Montville.    After  running  south  twenty-five  miles 
affor.hng  a  variety  of  ,nill  privilege.s,  it  n.eots  the  tide  in  Warren,  t  vent  v      les 
fron.  ,ts  mouth.    The  oM  fort  was  on  the  east  side  of  ,he  river,   a  out    i      e, 
nn,esahove.ts  mouth.    The  residence  of  Gen.  Knox  was  subsequently  buHUea 
its  rums.  —  Williamson,  vol.  i.  p.  50. 

3  Hutchinson's  History,  vol.  ii.  p.  270. 

■<  These  were  at  St.  George,  Arrowsic,  Kiohmon.l,    North  Yarmouth    Saoo 
Anm.lel,  Kennehunk,  Wells,  York,  Kittery,  and  Berwick.  -Eccords  Ti  and 
Juumah  of  M-<ssarhn,ctts  Government,  v.,1.  ii.  p  lys  Jiesolus,  and 

J  Collections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  viil.  p.  260.    A  livre  was 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  307 

The  Kennebec  was  ftimous  for  Its  rich  fisliPrv  '  <3f. 
sahiion  were  in   abundmnp      W  ?   7    ,        ^*     ^'^^geon  and 

was  at  work  i,>  hie  field,  wl.en  „„see;  sa«"    skulldt  l,iT; 
stumps  and  trees,  shot  him  down,  and  earrfed  'a l  "      .^ 
captives.     At  Kennphi.nt  *l„  *-»"iea  away  his  boys  as 

mill,  tvere  killed.  H  Ben  k  Sr  T?'  "''■"'  "'  "°*  '"  ^  »""" 
his  children  to.ahawltlftl  f oti  rTenorra'ti  "T  " 
^^  and  scalped.    Snch  was  the  chapter  ifttt  ^0',:!; 

30th  of  April    1724      Tl  ,     ."'?  "^^"^''^^°»-     ^^  ^vas  the 

tne  i^airibon.     Ihe  boats  passed  down  the  river  and  «o;i..i    i 

ptr  tX^.  -•  ::i  t(tr  f  ,"-^  «^- "" 

fiio.«         1  ,  '^"^  *"^  Indians  cauo-ht  sio-hf  nf 

stream,  on  both  banks.    They  had  thirty  ..,  '    ,  ,         '" 

cealed.  The  Indians  waited  nn„hL  7.  """"  "  ^  """ 
then  poured  a  deadly  voUey  of  bnl":;:  t  Xf  'Sil 

every  man  was  killed  or  wounded  Tl,«  '^  ^'^"ei.  j\  early 
h.to  their  canoes,  and,  outTrmt tg  lirleTl  '^;'h  Irf 
to  »e.  ventured  upon  an  open  attack,  compllryrotd;™ 


808 


THE  IIISTORr  OF  MAINE. 


I        ! 


The  English,  seeing  their  destruction  to  be  inevitable,  re- 
solved to  sell  their  lives  as  dearly  as  possible.  They  fought 
desperately  until  all  were  shot  down.  How  many  warriors  the 
savages  lost  in  the  bloody  fray,  was  never  known.  It  appeam 
that  there  were  three  friendly  Indians  in  the  boats,  and  these  the 
savages  allowed  to  escape.  The  death  of  Capt.  Winslow  was 
deeply  felt.  He  was  a  young  man  of  great  worth,  a  recent 
graduate  from  Harvard  College,  and  a  member  of  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  families  of  Massachusetts. 

The  savages  succeeded,  during  the  summer,  in  capturing 
twenty-two  fishing  vessels.  They  made  a  fleet  of  fifty  canoes. 
These  light  birch-bark  structures  they  could  carry  through  the 
forest  paths  almost  as  easily  as  they  could  carry  a  musket. 
Each  canoe  was  generally  sufficient  for  three  warriors.  Launch- 
ing them  at  any  designated  point,  they  would  push  out  with 
great  rapidity,  and  entirely  surround  a  small  vessel,  whose  crew 
ordinarily  consisted  of  bx^t  from  five  to  eight  men.  The  captui-e 
was  then  easy.  Any  one  who  exposed  himself  upon  the  deck 
was  sure  to  be  shot  down. 

In  these  encounters  twenty-two  men  were  killed,  and  twenty- 
three  carried  into  captivity .»  The  triumphant  Indians,  having 
destroyed  sixteen  of  the  garrison  of  the  fort  in  the  whale-boats, 
now  paddled  up  the  river,  hoping  to  capture  the  fort  itself,  and 
seize  all  its  valuable  contents.^ 

This  fortification  bade  defiance  to  all  their  eflforts.  It  was 
built  of  hewn  timber,  twer.ty  inches  square.  It  was  quadran- 
gular in  form,  each  side  being  a  hundred  feet  in  length  and 
sixteen  feet  iiigh.  Within  the  enclosure  there  was  a  good  sup- 
ply of  comfortable  barracks  and  a  good  well  of  water.  From 
the  southern  wall  there  was  a  covered  way,  constructed  of  logs, 
leading  to  a  large,  strong  block-house  upon  the  bank  of  the 

»  Hntchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  278;  Penhallow's  Indian 
Wars. 

2  "  The  English  asserted  that  the  Indians  had  sold  the  land  to  Gov  Phins  the 
deed  having  been  .signed  by  one  of  their  chiefs,  Madockawando.  In  renl  v  to  this 
the  Indians  maintained  that  the  Ma.lockawando  and  Sheepscot  John  who  signed 
the  .leed,  were  not  Penobscot  Indians,  one  belonging  to  Machias  and'the  other  in 
the  virnuty  of  IJoston;  consequently  these  chiefs  had  disposed  of  what  did  not 
nghtftdly  belong  to  them,  and  the  deed  was  tlierefore  null  and  \ ok\."  -  Histoiu 
of  New  Ewjlund,  by  Cuulidye  and  Mansjield,  vol.  i.  p.  324. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  309 

mer  Where  several  pieces  of  cannon  commanded  the  stream. 

unnn  Ih  '"'V  '°  'Y  '^'^  ^""^^^  ^"'^^e  but  little  impression 
upon  these  strong  works,  retired,  and  soon  made  their  appear- 
ance agam  at  Arrowsic.  They  succeeded  in  capturing  three  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  in  killing  many  cattle 

About  the  middle  of  July  a  band  of  twenty-seven  made  an 
a  tack  upon  a  house  near  the  garrison  at  Spurwink.  They  shot 
Mr.  Solomon  Jorclan  as  he  was  incautiously  leaving  the  gate  of 
h  garrison.  They  were  driven  off,  and  a  herofc  band  from 
the  fort  pursued  them.  The  Indians,  taken  by  surprise  in 
heir  encampment,  fled,  leaving  behind  them  twenty-five  packs 
twelve  blankets,  a  gun,  and  several  other  articles.    The  Imlh  S 

mXirTl  'T  '}^'  '''''  ^"^  ^"^^  --  f-"^  kill  d 
Him  the  English  scalped,  and  for  the  revolting  trophy  received 
a  bounty  of  a  hundred  pounds  in  Boston  »  ^ 

There  was  no  village  of  the  Indians  which  presented  more 
attractions  than  Old  Point,  where  the  pleasant  li'tle  hlleTof 
Norndgewock  stood.     The  Kennebec  here  makes  a  large  bend 
forming  a  beautiful  and  rich  intervale  of  about  a  hundred  acres' 
The  village  was  regularly  built  on  the  land  as  it  gently  rose 
above    he  intervale.     The  huts  were  erected  on  on^  stree    o 
path,  about  eight  feet  wide.     The  church,  surmounted  by  the 
cross   was  by  far  the  most  imposing  building  in  the  pl^ce      I^ 
stood  a  little  back  from  the  street,  at  thf  lowei  e^  of  th 
village,  and  was  neatly  constructed  of  hewn  timber.     A  sprino- 

alpt  ::~"  ^"'^'  "-^^^  ^^^  ^^"^'  '^^-'^^  ^  a^  an 

1  History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  349 
Francis,  in  liis  Life  of  Father  Rasle  wnte>i   "  wi,^^        1 
ant  town  of  Norridgew.wk  as  it  now  i7n   ,V.  T       ?       ,T  '""'  '"^''^^'^  ^''«  P'^^'^- 
the  people  .all  tl.e  pLe  ^^^Z/: ^^Z^Z  1     "f '"  "^'^  ''"'"^'  ^"^ 
have  carrie.l  luui  thither     If  so  1,«  ho,  f       ^       ,     '       '^  P'"'^''''P'  curiosity  may 

.epu.s  Of  na..re.  stinLjo^  :inr:,::r^.S:^;r^^ 

.nen,ory  of  the  past,  without     'pa  2  s  S  1 ',  W  a  ^h!"'  """;"'"'"  ^"^  ^^'^ 
willbelievetheceaselessworshin^fnlf  ,    I  t-'l'ann,  and  on  wliidi  he 

of  Christian  .levS  ""        ''""''  ""«"'  '^'^"'^  ''''''  '^''^  »h«  aspirations 


310 


THE  HiarORT  OF  MAINE. 


The  nch  intervale,  entirely  free  from  forest  or  brush,  afforded 
an  admirable  cornfield;  and,  under  the  careful  cultui-e  of  the 
women,  an  ample  harvest  of  the  golden  grain  was  generally 
ga  hered.  About  two  miles  above  the  village  there  were  some 
falls  where  salmon,  shad,  and  alewives  were  taken  in  grea 
abundance.  The  poet  Whittier,  in  his  poem  of  ''  Mog  Megone  '' 
gives  a  very  graphic  description  of  the  charming  scenery  of  this 
spot.     AUudmg  to  the  log-built  chapel,  he  writes,  - 

"  Yet  the  traveller  knows  it  a  house  of  prayer 

i'or  the  sign  of  the  holy  cross  is  there ;  ' 

And  should  he  chance  at  that  place  to  he, 

Of  a  sabhath  mom,  or  some  hallowed  day 

Wlien  prayers  are  made  and  masses  are  said 

Some  for  the  living  and  some  for  the  dead  — 

Well  might  that  traveller  start  to  see 

The  tall  dark  forms  that  take  their  way, 

From  the  birch  canoe  on  the  river  shore, 

And  the  forest  paths,  to  that  chapel  door- 

Marvel  to  mark  the  naked  knees,  ' 

And  the  dusksy  foreheads  bending  there, 

While  iu  coarse  white  vesture,  over  these, 

In  blessing  or  in  prayer, 
Stretching  abroafl  his  thin  pale  hands. 
Like  a  shrouded  ghost  the  Jesuit  stands." 

The  church  was  well  adapted  to  make  a  deep  impression  upon 
the  mmds  of  the  Indians.  It  was  quite  richly  decorated  with 
pamtings  of  the  crucifixion,  and  of  other  momentous  events  in 
bibhcal  lustory.  Silver  plate  was  provided  for  sacramental  ser- 
vices. Father  Rasle,  with  ap'  ,tolic  self-denial  and  zeal,  had 
been  laboring  amidst  tlie  solitudes  of  that  remote  wilderness 
for  thirty-five  years.  He  had  made  many  converts,  and  had 
won  to  an  extraordinary  degree,  the  love  of  the  whole  tribe 

The  converts  were  put  on  probation  for  a  time;  and  after 
suitable  instruction,  when  Father  Rasle  became  convinced  of 
their  sincerity,  they  were  baptized,  and  admitted  to  full  com- 
munion. About  forty  young  Indians  were  trained  to  form  a 
choir,  and  in  other  ways  to  assist  the  pastor  in  his  religious 
exercises  They  were  clad  in  surplices  and  other  clerical  robes, 
intended  to  impress  the  people  with  a  sense  of  the  solemnity  of 
their  service.  ^ 

Morning  and  evening  the  Indians  were   assembled  in  the 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


811 


the 


w^Th  r-?r"*T^  "T""^-  ^^"^"^  generally  a  listless  life, 
with  bu  httle  to  do  and  but  little  to  occupy  their  minds,  the 
households  gathered  eagerly  in  the  chapel  to  enjoy  these  observ- 
ances  In  one  of  his  letters  he  testifies  to  the  sweetness  with 
which  the  young  Indians  sang,  and  to  the  unvarying  propriety 
duties     ''"*'''''    ^'''^   '^^'"''^   *^'^  performed    their  religious 

We  have  before  mentioned  that  Father  Rasle  was  by  birth  a 
gentleman  of  illustrious  family,  and  that  he  had  received  an 
accomplished  education  ;  yet  we  can  never  detect  in  his  letters 
a  niurmur  in  view  of  the  hardships  of  his  lot.  To  his  nephew 
in  h  ranee  he  writes,  — 

rplil^''"'  K^™'  ''^  *  '^^''' '''  *^^  '^°°^''  '"  ^^"^^  I  fi"'i  both  crosses  and 
religions  observances  among  the  Indians.     At  the  dawn  of  the  morning  I 

say  mass  in  the  chapel,  made  of  the  branches  of  the  fir-tree.  The  reside 
of  the  day  I  spend  m  visiting  and  consoling  the  savages.  It  is  a  severe 
ttifZige^.r  «°  --y  famished  persons,  without  b'eing  able  t:  rXve 

Many  years  ago  thirty-four  volumes  of  "  Lettres  Edifiantes 
et  Curieuses,  '  written  from  distant  missionary  stations,  were 
publish  in  France.  The  following  extract  from  one  of  Father 
Rasle  s  ■  iters  will  be  read  with  interest.  It  was  dated  at 
NaranL:^auk,  which  is  the  Indian  name  for  Norridgewock,  Oct. 
10.  17^2,  only  about  two  years  before  his  death:  — 

_     -None  of  my  converts  fail  to  repair  twice  each  day  to  the  church  _ 

wh  ch  I  offer  atsunset.  As  it  is  necessary  to  fix  the  imagination  of  these 
Indians  which  is  too  easily  distracted,  I  have  composed  some  appropriate 
prayers  for  them  to  make,  to  enable  them  to  enter  into  the  sphi  of  the 
august  sacrifice  of  our  altars.  Besides  the  sermons  which  I  deliver  before 
them  on  Sundays  and  festival  days,  I  scarcely  pass  a  week-day  without 
making  a  short  exhortation  to  inspire  them  with  a  horror  of  those  vices 
8^  Je  v'irtut'^  ^'^  """'^  '''*'^''*'"'  °'  ^  '^''''Sthen  them  in  the  practice  of 
''  After  mass  I  teach  the  catechism  to  the  children  and  young  persons 

wi'f  .e'r  Td  T':r'  '""'  ^"^^^  "'°  '''  P^^«-*  -«^'*'  -^  --- 
with  perfect  docility  the  questions  which  I  put  to  them.     The  rest  of  the 

niorning,  even  to  mid-day,  is  set  apart  for  seeing  those  who  wish  to  speak 

with  me.     They  come  to  me  in  crowds  to  make  me  a  participator  in  their 


812 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


pains  and  inquiotude.s,  or  to  communicate  to  me  causes  of  complaint  a^^ainst 
im^rc?""^'  ""'  *"  """^*  "^  °"  *'^^'^  ™'™^-  -^  °*her  aff^  of 

re  r?*.  i'  h^'''^°''  T'T'^  ^'""  ™'  *°  ^"«*'-"*^*  «°'"«'  t^  «0"«ole  others,  to 
re-e«tabhsh  peace  m  families  at  variance,  to  calm  troubled  consciences  to 
correct  others  by  reprimands  mingled  with  softness  and  charityjrie  1 
far  as  possible  to  render  them  all  contented.  ' 

"  After  mid-day  I  visit  the  sick,  and  go  around  among  the  cabins  of  those 
who  require  more  particular  instructions.  If  they  hold  a  council,  whi  h  3 
often  the  case  with  these  Indians,  they  depute  one  of  their  principa  men  to 
ask  me  to  assist  in  their  deliberations.     I  accordingly  rep™   'LiLe 

app^v  oTit'T  ^  T  f '  *t '  *'^^^  ^'-^  ^°^-^"^-  --  -- 

approve  of  it.     If,  on  the  contrary,  I  have  any  thing  to  say  in  opposition  to 
their  decision,  I  declare  my  sentiments,  supporting  them  by  weighs  rasons 
My  advice  always  fixes  their  resolutions.  M«y  reasons. 

"In  the  midst  of  such  occupations,  yau  cannot  imagine  with  what  rapidity 
the  days  pass  by.  When  the  Indians  repair  to  the  seashore,  where  tlev 
pass  some  months  in  hunting  ducks  and  other  birds  which  are  found  thZ 
m  large  numbers,  they  build  .on  an  island  a  church,  which  they  cover 
with  bark,  and  near  It  they  erect  a  little  cabin  for  my  residence.  I  t4e 
care  to  transport  thither  a  part ' of  our  ornaments,  and  the  service  is  ler 
Wd  with  the  same  decency  and  the  same  crowds  of  people  as  at'the" 

''You  see,  then,  my  dear  nephew,  what  are  my  occupations.     For  tliat 
which  relates  to  me  personally,  I  will  say  to  you  th^t  I  neither  se  ,  nor  lie^ 
nor  speak  to  any  but  the  Indians.     My  tood  is  very  simple  and  li^it      i 
have  never  been  able  to  conform  my  taste  to  the  meaJor  smoked  fish  of  the 
savages      My  nourishment  is  composed  only  of  corn  which  they  po  ind   ai^ 
of  which  I  make   each  day,  a  kind  of  hominy,  which  I  boil  in  water      The 
only  luxury  in  which  I  indulge  is  a  little  sugar,  which  I  mix  w  th  it  to 
correct  Its  insipidity.     This  is  now  wanting  in  the  forest.     In  tl     sp  in' 
the  maple-trees  contain  a  liquor  very  similar  to  that  which  is  found  in  th^ 
ugar-canes  of  the  southern  islands.     The  women  employ  themselv^      col 
lectn^  this  in  vessels  of  bark  as  it  is  distilled  from  the  trees.     They  then 
boil  It,  and  draw  off  from  it  a  very  good  sugar."  ^ 

_  On  the  19th  of  August,  1724,  a  party  of  two  hundred  and 
eight  men,  accompanied  by  three  Mohawk  Indians,  left  Rich- 
mond Fort,  opposite  Swan  Island,  for  an  attack  upon  Norridge- 
woek.  The  troops  ascended  the  river  in  seventeen  whale-boats. 
The  next  day  they  reached  Teconnet,  now  Winslow,  where 
they  landed  iorty  men  were  left  to  guard  the  boats;  the 
remainder  of  the  party  commenced  a  rapid  march,  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  21st,  through  the  woods,  to  strike  the  foe  by  surprise 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


818 


The  party  was  led  by  Capts.  Harmon  ^  and  Moulton.     Towarda 
the  evening  of  that  day  they  overtook  the  noted  chief  Boma- 
seen,  with  his  wife  and  daughter.     The  chief  and   his  child 
were  both  shot ;  the  wife  was  taken  captive  '^ 
_    It  was  a  little  after  noon  of  the  22d  when  the  soldiers  came 
m  sight  of   the  village.      The  party  was    divided  into  three 
bands  of  nearly  equal  numbers,  so  as  to  encircle  the  village,  and 
cut  off  all  escape.     Two  of  these  were  placed  in  ambuslC while 
the  remainder  were  marshalled  for  an  impetuous  charge.     There 
IS  considerable  diversity  in  the  details  of  the  narratives  which 
are  given  of  the  massacre  which  ensued.      After  examining 
several  different  accounts,  the  writer  thinks  the  following  as 
impartial  as  any  which  can  now  be  given :  — 

The  tliickets  which  surrounded  the  village  were  so  dense  that 
the  assailants  were  not  discovered  until  they  poured  in  a  volley 
of  bullets  upon  the  wigwams  and  their  inmates.  Immediately, 
with  loud  shouts,  the  English  rushed  upon  their  victims.  The 
consternation  was  terrible.  The  only  thing  thought  of  was 
escape  by  flight.  There  were  but  about  fifty  men  in  the  villa<.e 
It  IS  evident  that  nothing  like  a  defence  was  attempted,  since 
the  Indians  were  skilled  marksmen,  and  yet  not  an  Englishman 
was  shot.  ® 

The  savages  endeavored  only  to  save  their  aged  men,  their 
wives  and  their  children.     In  a  tumultuous  mass,  the  women 
and  children  shrieking,  they  rushed  towards  the  river.      The 
encircling  foe  cut  off  escape  in  every  other  direction.     Though 
the  water  was  low,  in  the  channel  it  was  six  feet  deep,  which 
pi^cluded  the  possibility  of  wading  across.     The  husbands  and 
fathers  endeavored,  by  swimming,  to  aid  the  helpless.    A  dread- 
ful slaughter  took  place.     Those  placed  In  ambush  rose,  and  all 
rushed  forward,  hurling  a  storm  of  bullets  upon  the  crowded 
assemblage  of    men,  women,  and  children  struggling  in  the 
water. 

The  deed  was  soon  accomplished.    Many  were  drowned,  and 

iiiey  ten  m  with  Boinaseen  about  Tn,  onnet,  where  thev  sh.it  iiim  .,.  i 
escaping  through  the  river.    His  wife  and  daughlor  ^  t  a  tri,tirn  a'Z 
"S^ZkiVSf  ^"^^^'^  ^^  ^'^  -other  taken. -Z)4e-;So/T/: 


iawi 


8H 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


many  pierceU  by  bullets  were  swept  down  by  thft  stream  to 
their  watery  graves.  It  was  estimated  that  about  eighty  were 
slam.  This  seems  a  small  number  when  we  reflect  that  nearly 
two  hundred  practised  soldiers  were  discharging  their  guns  as 
rapidly  as  possible  upon  them,  taking  deliberate  aim.  The 
awful  deed  of  slaughter  was  soon  accomplished.  The  pursuers 
returned  to  the  village,  where  they  found  Father  Rasle  in  !ie 
parsonage.  As  he  came  forward  to  meet  them,  a  shower  of 
bullets  pierced  his  body,  and  he  fell  dead.* 

The  slain,  such  as  could  be  found,  including  Father  Rasle 
were  scalped,  and  the  soldiers  retired.     Gradually  the  Indians 
who  had  escaped  returned  to  their  utterly  desolated  homes. 
Even  the  stoicism  of  the  savage  was  overcome,  as  he  gazed  upon 
the  smouldering  ruins,  and  che  gory  bodies  of  his  relatives  and 
friends,  man,  women,  and  children,  which  were  strewed  around. 
Their  first  care  was  to  search  for  the  remains  of  their  beloved 
missionary.     These  they  y^ashed,  and  with  prayers  and  loud 
lamentations  buried  below  the  altar,  where  he  had  so  often 
ministered  to  them  in  sacred  things.     Over  the  remains  they 
reared  a  rude  cross.     Their  chief  Bomaseen,  and  the  others  of 
the  dead,  they  also  buried  with  such  solemnities  as  they  had 
been  taught  to  exercise.^ 

The  tribe  was  destroyed.  The  few  woe-stricken  survivors, 
having  completed  their  mournful  task,  turned  sadly  from  the 
homes  endeared  to  them  by  all  the  associations  of  childhood, 
and  which  their  ancestors  had  occupied  through  countless  gen- 
erations, and  sought  refuge  with  the  Penobscots.  The  ntme 
of  the  Norridgewocks  was  blotted  forever  from  the  register  of 
Indian  tribes. 

The  reader  will  be  interested  in  reading  the  account  which 
the  French  historian,  F^re  de  Charlevoix,  gives  of  this  tragic 

1  "Great  brutality  and  ferocity  are  chargeable  to  the  English  in  this  affair 
according  to  their  own  account;  such  as  killing  v-omen  and  children,  and  scalpine 
and  mangling  the  body  of  Father  Easle."  -ZJra/fce'a  Book  of  the  Indiam,  book  iil 
p.  lli(. 

2  For  further  particulars  see  Belknap's  History  of  New  Hampshire  vol  ii 
p.  50;  Hutchinson's  History  of  Ma3sa<;husetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  279;  Penhallow's  Indian 
Wars.  It  flrui  be  perceived  that  there  are  considerable  discrepancies  in  the 
details. 


THE  niSTOBY  OF  MAINE. 


815 


i^iance.       We  give  a  literal  translation  from  the  French :  - 

"  There  were  then  but  fifty  warriors  in  the  villaire      Th.v  -«i,  a  .u  • 
arms,  and  ran  turaultuously,  not  to  defend  /hT  J    ^      •     .^  "*  ^^^" 

fell  dead  near  a  ero„  which  he  had  planW  i„  the  middlltf  ,1       t  ""^ 

thpm   fplifl^of  *         "«  -c-ngasn,  hndmg  that  they  had  none  left  to  resi<»t 
them  fell  firs  to  pillaging  and  then  to  burning  the  wigwams      Thov  «nr  ] 

they  «  hdrew  m  ,o  gxeat  precipilation  that  it  was  ratter  a  lii»h.     T^^ 
seemed  to  be  atruoli  with  a  perfect  panic  *  '•     ^'^ 

carl'  l^iiTz  :rbct*:'/.hen:f '°-  **  "■"«'• "  ™  ** «»' 

lo«W,.g  for'piant,  a„d  hl°L  h      I^ZS'  ^^:  T  l°T  "'" 
in  a  thousand  place,,  acalped,  hi,  ,knl  11  ™  ptc     w^  h  Hi      ""  ."l°' 

tenderly  and  ,„  jnatly  beloved  by  ther.h^  teied  himTthe  "ZT'.  '" 
where  he  had,  the  eveninir  before  ceIehr,t»H  fK.  ?  .     ""'  f'""' 

Where  the  altar  ,tood  befl  tl^TitZ:^^  ""^'*'"'  °">'"^' 

In  the  ye»r  1833,  Benedict  Fenwick,  bUhop  of  Boston  re- 
paned  to  the  s,te  of  the  little  ohapel  of  Rasle.  in  NomZwocT 
and  on  the  anmveraary  of  its  destrnotion,  Aug.  28,  er.ed 
a  monnment  to  the  memory  of  the  self^enying  mission" 

It  was  of  granite,  surmounted  by  an  iron  cross.  From  the 
founda  ion  to  he  highest  point  of  the  cross  is  eighteen  feeT  A 
Latin  inscription,  of  which  the  following  is  a  literS  translf 
tion,  was  cut  into  the  stone :  —  *  "" 


Histoire  Geserale,  t.  ii  p.  332, 


816 


TUB  niaroRY  of  ma/se. 


'•  Rev.  Sehantiati  Rasle,  a  native  of  Franco,  a  missionary  of  the  society 
of  Jesuits,  at  lirst  proachiiig  for  a  few  years  to  the  Illinois  and  Ilurons, 
afterwards  for  thirty-four  years  to  the  Abenaquis,  in  faith  and  charity  a 
true  apostle  of  Christ;  undaunted  by  the  danger  of  arms,  often  testifying 
that  he  was  prepared  to  die  for  his  flock;  at  length  this  best  of  pastors  feU 
amidst  arms  at  the  destruction  of  the  village  of  xNorridgewock  and  the  ruins 
of  his  own  church,  in  this  very  place,  on  the  twenty-third  day  of  August. 
A.D.  1724. 

"  Benedict  Fen  wick,  Bishop  of  Boston,  has  erected  this  monument,  and 
dedicated  it  to  him  and  liis  deceased  children  in  Christ,  on  the  28d  of 
August,  A.D.  1833,  to  the  greater  glory  of  God." 

About  two  years  after,  some  mischievous  individuals  over- 
turned the  monument.  To  the  credit  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Norridgewock  this  conduct  was  not  approved  by  them,  as  was 
evinced  by  their  immediately  replacing  it.  The  accompanying 
cut  represents  this  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Father  Rasle. 


f     ii 


MONUarENT  OF  RASLE,  NORRIDGEWOCK. 

On  the  27th  the  victorious  detachment  returned  to  Port 
Richmond  without  the  loss  of  a  single  man.  This  was  con- 
sidered the  most  brilliant  exploit  in  the  Indian  wars  since  the 
death  of  King  Philip.     Capt.  Harmon  proceeded  to  Boston  wi. '; 


*   •. 


rjJE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


317 


the  scalps  to  obtain  the  rich  reward.    He  was  at  once  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel. 

Still  desperate  Indian  bands  infssted  the  frontiers.  A  regi- 
ment of  three  hundred  men  was  raised  to  range  the  country 
from  the  Kennebec  to  the  Penobscot.  This  region  was  the 
favorite  resort  of  the  Indians  for  fowling  and  fishing.  But  the 
Indians  were  watchful,  and  but  few  were  caught.  In  December 
Capt.  John  Lovewell,  or  Lovel  as  his  name  is  sometimes  spelled, 
went  on  a  military  excursion,  with  thirty  men,  to  Lake  Winni- 
piseogee,  in  New  Hampshire.  They  succeeded  in  killing  and 
scalping  one  Indian,  and  in  capturing  an  Indian  boy.  For  these 
they  received  in  Boston  the  reward  promised  by  law. 

Again  in  February,  1725,  Capt.  Lovewell,  with  fort>  men, 
was  on  the  march  upon  tl  margin  of  a  small  lake,  since  called 
LovewoU's  Pond,  near  the  head  of  Salmon  Falls  River.  They 
came  suddenly  upon  a  party  of  ten  Indians,  all  soundly  asleep 
around  their  camp-fires.  The  English  silently  took  deliberate 
aim,  and  at  a  simultaneous  discharge  of  their  muskets  killed 
nine,  and  sorely  wounded  the  tenth.  The  wounded  man  sprang 
to  his  feet,  and  endeavored  to  escape  ;  but  a  powerful  dog  which 
accompanied  the  English  soon  overtook  him,  and  held  him  till 
he  was  despatched  with  hatchets.  For  these  ten  scalps  the 
victors  received  in  Boston  universal  applause,  and  the  more 
substantial  reward  of  a  thousand  pounds  sterling.* 

The  savages  still  succeeded  in  occasionally  shooting  a  man. 
Two  very  worthy  iarmers  were  killed  in  North  Yiirmouth. 
Several  others  were  attacked,  and  one  severely  wounded  at 
Cape  Porpoise.  At  Maquoit  two  Indians  captured  a  man  by 
the  name  of  Cochran.  The  first  night  they  bound  their  captive 
securely ;  the  second  night  he  was  more  loosely  confined,  and 

'  Drake  gives  the  following accr  :il  of  this  adventure  :  "Lovewell  with  forty 
men,  came  upon  a  small  company  of  ten  Indians  who  were  asleep  by  their  fires 
and,  by  statiuning  his  men  au-.  a  itageously,  killed  them  all.  After  takin"  olT  their 
scalps  these  forty  warriors  marched  to  Boston  ir  -reat  triumph,  with  the  ten 
scalps,  exton.led  upon  hoops,  for  which  they  received  a  thotisand  pounds  This 
exploit  was  the  more  lauded,  as  it  was  suppose.!  that  these  ten  Indians  were  upon 
an  expedition  against  the  English  upon  the  frontiers,  having  new  guns  much 
animumtion,  and  spare  blankets  and  moccasins  to  accommodate  captives.'  This 
however,  was  mere  conjecture.  Whether  they  had  killed  friends  or  pnemies  v/as 
not  quite  so  certain  as  that  they  had  killed  Indians."  —Book  iii.  p.  121  ' 


318 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1 1  m 


the  two  Indians,  weaiy  with  a  long  day's  march,  fell  soundly 
asleep.  Cochran  succeeded  in  loosing  his  bonds,  and,  rising 
sof  ly  with  his  hatchet  killed  them  both.  He  took  their  scalps 
and  therr  guns,  the  indisputable  proofs  of  his  achievement,  and 
returned  to  the  fort. 


CHAPTER  XVIir. 

THE  PROGRESS   AND   TERMINATION  OF    LOVEWELL's   WAR. 

Encampment  at  Great  O.ssipee  -  Serious  Contest  -  Death  of  Love  well -Of 
Suiv7fr  "'  T.^"^^''  "'  Lovewell's  War -Government  Measures- 

S^'^i.n  r;~,  '"°;'''"'''''-^"'"'"P°''''*''^"  °f  Orono- Heath's  Ex- 
pedti..n-At  tack  upon  Young  Castine-The  Dummer  Treaty  -  Indian 
Letters  -  Cost  of  Lulian  Wars  -  Peace  concluded. 

QN  the  15th  of  April,  1725,  Capt.  John  Lovewell  set  out  on 
^another  expedition  against  the  Indians.  He  left  Dunstable 
with  forty.six  volunteers,  thoroughly  equipped.  They  directed 
then-  march  toward  the  Ossipee  Ponds,  near  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Saco  River.  Three  of  the  company  gave  out  under  the 
latigues  of  the  way,  and  returned. 

When  they  reached  the  westerly  side  of  the  Great  Ossipee 
Pond,  ni  New  Hampshire,  about  ten  miles  beyond  the  west  line 
of  Manie,  they  built  a  small  stockade  fort.  This  was  intended 
as  a  place  of  retreat  in  case  of  disaster,  and  also  as  a  hospital 
tor  eight  of  their  number  who  were  sick  and  unable  to  go  any 
tarther.  The^  were  then  about  one  hundred  miles  from  home 
Here  Capt.  Lovewell  left  the  sick  men  with  a  surgeon  and  a 
guard. 

With  but  thirty-two  men  he  resumed  his  march  towards  the 
north-westerly  margin  of  LoveweU*s  Pond,  a  distance  of  about 
twenty-two  miles.  This  sheet  of  water,  situated  in  the  town  of 
Fryeburg,  is  about  two  miles  long,  and  its  average  width  is 
about  iialf  a  mile.  They  moved  with  much  caution,  for  about 
two  miles  west  of  them  there  was  an  Indian  village  called  Peo-- 
wacket.  Like  most  other  Indian  hamlets,  it  was  delightfulfy 
situated  in  a  fertile  and  romantic  spot,  commanding  a  charming 
view  of  land  and  water. 

819 


820 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Here  they  noiselessly  encamped  for  the  night.  They  heard 
the  confused  murmur  of  distant  voices,  which  they  supposed 
proceeded  from  the  Indians,  but  encountered  no  alarm.  A 
chaplain  accompanied  the  party.  He  was  a  very  noble  youno- 
man,  a  recent  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  by  the  name  of 
Jonathan  Frye.  It  was  their  Invariable  custom  to  have  morn- 
ing prayers. 

While  engaged  in  their  devotions  they  were  startled  by  the 
report  of  a  gun.  Cautiously  approaching  the  edge  of  the  pond, 
they  saw,  across  the  water,  at  the  distance  of  nearly  a  mile,  a 
single  Indian  hunter,  who  had  just  discharged  his  gun  at  some 
game.  His  scalp  was  worth  rive  hundred  dollars.  Immediately 
the  party  set  out  to  capture  him.  They  had  not  proceeded  far, 
when  they  came  to  a  small  plain,  smooth  as  a  floor,  covered 
with  pine  trees,  and  entirely  free  from  underbrush.  Such 
plains  often  present  the  most  lovely  spots  in  our  forest  land- 
scapes. X 

To  expedite  their  march,  the  soldiers  threw  off  their  packs, 
and  left  them  in  a  pile  together,  without  any  guard.     They 
could  easily  retrace  their  steps  and  find  them.     Hurrying  on, 
the  whole  party  soon  disappeared  amidst  the  thickening  glooms 
of  the  forest.     After  travelling  about  a  mile  they  camo  again  in 
sight  of  the  Indian.     He  was  not  in  the  least  aware  of  his  dan- 
ger, and  was  sauntering  along  with  a  shot-gun  upon  his  shoul- 
der and  a  few  birds  in  his  hand.     Several  guns  were  immedi- 
ately fired  at  him ;  but  so  hurriedly,  and  the  distance  was  such, 
that  they  all  missed  their  aim.     The  Indian  sprang  behind  a 
tree,  and  saw,  at  a  glance,  that  escape  was  impossible.     Taking 
deliberate  aim,  he  fired  at  Capt.  Lovewell,  inflicting  a  serious 
wound.     Almost-  at  the  same  moment  Ensign  Wymaii  fired,  and 
the  Indian  fell  uead,  pierced  by  his  bullet.     They  took  his  scalp 
and  returned  for  their  packs.  ' 

In  the  mean  time  two  renowned  Indian  chiefs,  Pangus  and 
Wahwa,  returning  from  a  scout  down  the  Saco  River," cauo-ht 
sight  of  the  pile  of  knapsacks.  They  knew  that  the  own^ers 
would  soon  return  for  them.  By  counting  the  packs  they  ascer- 
tained the  number  of  the  English.  It  was  not  difficult  to  trace 
the  path  upon  which  the  English  had  advanced.     There  were 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  g21 

between  seventy  and  eighty  warriors  in  the  Indian  band  i 
They  paced  themselves  in  ambush,  and  awaited  the  return  of 
their  intended  victims.  return  oi 

About  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  8th  of  May  the 
English  were  marching  leisurely  along,  on  their  returnt'lhen 
they  reached  the  ambush.  The  Indians,  completely  surroTmd- 
ing  them,  suddenly  rose,  and  with  presented  gun^s  and  Tad 
shouts  rushed  upon  them.     These  Indians  had  frequented  the 

Capt.  Lovewell'  and   most  of  his   men.     Mr.   Drake    in   hi. 
account  of  the  battle,  says  that  the  savages  were  loath    o  ki 
these  their  former  friends,  and  wished  to  take  them  captives 

account  of  the  conflict,  published  the  same  year  in  which  it 
took  place.  It  IS  certain  that  they  did  not  fire  from  the  ambush 
when  they  might  so  easily  have  shot  down  every  man  without 
being  seen  themselves."  "^  witnout 

thl^'fi^ft^th-''"  f "'"  "^^  ''^''^'^'  "^"^  *^--  --^ 
tneir  liist  fire.       This  only  encouraged  the  English.     Facing 

(.»rnp,t     tL  t  j-  ,        °    unequal  battle    in  hot 

earnest.     The  Indians,  outnumbering  the  English  more  than 

wo  to  one,  immediately  sprang,  each  man  behind  a  tr  e,  and 

enfrely    surrounding    their    victims,    commeueed    the  Ivful 

and  e,ght  of  h,s  men  fell  dead,  and  two  more  were  wounded 

to  the  IZ      Tu  "'""'  *°™  ^y  """  '"■"^'»'  ^""eU  their  way 
to  the  pond   whieh  was  at  the  distance  of  but  a  few  rods 

teet  high.     The  Indians  could  no  longer  surround  them.    The 
bank  presented  a  rampart  to  protect  them  from  the  ballets  of 
the  savages,  and  from  behind  which  they  could  take  deliberate 
«m  at  any  foe  who  should  venture  to  expose  hand  or  head 
Here,  for  eight  dreadful  hours,  these  men  fought.    Thjy  wet 

•  D,*..,  Book  of  tl„  Ml.™,  book  S  p  la  ■  ''*"■■' "  """"''«• 


822 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


80  outnumbered  that  flight  was  impossible.  They  had  no  food. 
Their  knapsacks,  with  their  spare  ammunition,  were  seized  by 
the  savages.  There  was  no  chance  of  any  re-enforcements. 
It  would  seem  that  their  doom  was  sealed,  and  that  by  no  pos- 
sibility could  one  escape. 

At  times  there  was  a  brief  lull  in  the  battle.  The  Indians, 
retiring  beyond  gunshot,  seemed  to  be  holding  a  council.  In 
one  of  the  councils,  or  conferences.  Ensign  Wyman  crept 
through  the  forest,  and  shot  one  of  the  chiefs.  Still  the  Indians 
sent  a  bold  warrior  within  hailing  distance  of  the  English,  who 
shouted  out,  "  Will  you  have  quarter  ?  "  It  is  probable  that 
the  English  felt  assured,  that,  after  they  had  killed  so  many  of 
the  Indians,  no  quarter  would  be  granted,  and  that  their  inevit- 
able doom  would  be  death  by  torture.  Their  reply  was,  "  We 
will  have  no  quarter  but  at  the  muzzles  of  our  guns." 

The  firing  had  become  quite  desultory.  The  combatants, 
upon  each  side,  kept  concealed  as  much  as  possible,  and  fired 
only  when  quite  sure  of  striking  their  foe.  About  the  middle 
of  the  afternoon.  Chaplain  Frye  received  a  mortal  wound.  He 
lived  for  several  hours,  but  was  heard  praying  earnestly  that 
God  would  preserve  his  surviving  companions.  There  were 
among  the  Indians  praying  men.  These  also,  doubtless,  with 
expiring  breath,  pleaded  with  God  in  behalf  of  their  country- 
men. Both  were  unquestionably  sincere.  Alas  for  man  !  How 
strange  must  have  been  the  meeting,  in  the  spirit  land,  of  these 
fellow  Christians,  who  had  killed  each  other  ! 

During  the  engagement,  the  combatants  often  conversed  with 
each  other,  from  behind  their  ramparts,  separated  by  but  a  few 
yards.  They  called  each  other  by  name,  and  talked  in  almost 
friendly  terms.  John  Chamberlain  was  a  very  bold,  magnani- 
mous man,  of  large  stature.  His  gun  had  become,  by  repeated 
firing,  too  foul  for  uce.  He  stepped  down  to  thfi  water  to  wash 
it  out.  Just  at  that  moment  Paugus,  the  Pegwacket  chief,  who 
was  also  a  man  of  herculean  size,  jumped  down  the  bank  to 
wash  out  his  gun.  They  were  at  the  distance  of  but  a  few 
yards  from  each  other.  They  were  well  acquainted,  and  had 
formerly  met  as  friends.     Paugus  could  speak  English. 

The  contest  now  was  to  see  who  would  get  his  gun  first  in 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


323 


order.  As  Paugus  rammed  down  the  bullet,  he  said  to  his  old 
friend,  "I  shall  now  very  quick  kill  you." —  " Perhaps  not," 
said  Chamberlain,  who  had  the  advantage  of  a  gun  which,  in 
charging,  primed  itself.  There  was  an  instantaneous  flash,  fol- 
lowed by  a  report,  and  the  Indian  chief  fell  dead. 

The  savages  took  great  care  to  keep  themselves  concealed ; 
and  it  is  not  probable  that  many  of  them  were  slain  At  night 
the  Indians  withdrew,  when  it  would  seem  that  they  must  have 
known  that  the  English  were  entirely  at  their  mercy.  Many  of 
them  had  fired  from  twenty  to  thirty  times,  and  their  ammuni- 
tion was  nearly  exhausted.  It  is,  however,  not  improbable  that 
the  Indians  had  expended  all  theirs.  They  could  only  obtain 
supplies  by  tedious  journeys  through  the  forests  to  Canada.* 

Both  Messrs.  Penhallow  and  Symmes,  the  two  most  authentic 
narrators  of  the  battle,  estimate  that  the  Indians  lost  between 
forty  and  fifty  of  their  warriors.  This  is  apparently  merely  con- 
•jecture,  and  is  quite  incredible.  As  they  were  decidedly  the 
victors,  withdrawing  of  their  own  accord,  not  being  driven 
from  the  field,  it  is  scarcely  possible  that  they  could  have  lost 
more  than  half  of  their  number.'^ 

Solomon  Keys  received  three  bullet-wounds,  and  was  appar- 
ently dying.  To  save  his  dead  body  from  being  mangled  by  the 
savages,  he  rolled  himself  down  the  beach  to  a  canoe,  which 
chanced  to  be  there.  Almost  senseless  he  succeeded  in  creep- 
ing into  it.  A  gentle  breeze  blew  the  canoe  across  the  pond 
diagonally,  and  landed  it  but  a  short  distance  from  the  stockaded 
fort  into  which  he  contrived  to  creep. 

*  "  In  going  to  Quebec  it  is  necessary  to  take  more  than  a  fortnight  to  reach 
there.  They  have  to  furnish  themselves  with  provisions  for  the  journey.  Ther 
have  different  rivers  to  pass,  and  frequent  portages  to  make.  The  Indians  are 
aware  of  these  inconveniences,  and  are  by  no  means  indifferent  to  their  interests 
But  then-  faith  is  inlinitely  more  dear  to  them.  They  believe,  that,  if  they  detach 
themselves  from  our  alliance,  they  will  shortly  tind  themselves  without  a  mission- 
ary, without  a  sacrifice,  and  in  manifest  danger  of  being  plunr|ed  into  their  former 
heathenism.  This  is  the  bond  which  unites  them  to  the  French."  —  Father  Rasle's 
Letter,  found  in  "  Lettres Edifiantes  et  Curieuses." 

2  Penhallow,  in  his  History  of  the  Indian  Wars,  represents  the  number  of 
Indians  engaged  in  this  conflict,  at  seventy.  Of  these  he  says  that  forty  were 
killed  outright,  and  eighteen  weie  mortally  wounded  who  soon  died  Tiiis  mtkes 
a  total  loss,  in  dead,  of  fifty-eight.  Thus,  according  to  this  estimate,  twelve  only 
escaped  with  their  lives.  In  every  battle  there  are  manv  wnnn.ied  "-h-  -i-h- 
quently  recover.  Did  these  twelve  escape  wounds?  or  was  every  Indian  either 
Killed  or  wounded? 


824 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1„ 


...J 


As  the  sun  went  down  the  moon  rose,  shedding  its  pale  lio-ht 
over  the  gloomy  forest.     The  savages  had  disappeared,  leaving 
solitude  and  silence  to  reign  over  the  dismal  scene  of  slaughter. 
It  IS  impossible  to  account  for  the  fact  that  they  left  the^dead 
bodies  of  Capt.  Lovewell  and  his  men  unscalped.     The  survivors 
felt  that  not  a  moment  was  to  be  lost  in  the  attempt  to  gain  the 
fort.     There  were  but  twenty-two  living.     Two  of  these  werp 
mortally  wounded.     They  could  not  be  removed.      ■:    .     were 
left  to  die  alone.     There  was  no  possible  escape  for  • .      ^  ftom 
this  cruel  fate.     They  had  cause  to  fear  that  the  savages  would 
return  and  wreak  vengeance  upon  them,  in  the  most  direful 
tortures.     Eight  others  were  wounded  more  or  less  severely ;  but 
still  they  were  able  to  hobble  along  in  the  awful  midnight 
retreat.    There  were  but  twelve  unwounded.    This  heroic  band 
had  fought  all  day,  without  food  ;  and,  half  famished,  they  com- 
menced their  painful  march.     Dreadful  was  the  situation  of  the 
exhausted,  bleeding  troops,  without  food,  tents,  blankets,  or  any 
means  for  dressing  a  wound.     The  dead  were  left  unburied,  as 
these  war-stricken  men  commenced  their  retreat.* 

Chaplain  Frye,  a  dying  man  ortally  wounded,  as  we  have 
said,  toiled  along  a  mile  or  two,  when  he  threw  himself  upon  the 
ground  saying,  "  I  cannot  take  another  step.  Here  I  must  die 
Should  you  ever,  through  God's  help,  reach  your  homes,  tell 
my  father,  that  I  expect  in  a  few  hours  to  be  in  eternity,  but 
that  I  do  not  fear  to  die."  « 

All  the  night  long  the  survivors  toiled  through  the  for-st, 
expecting  every  moment  to  hear  the  war-whoop  of  the  approach- 
ing savages,  who  had  probably  gone  to  their  village  for  fresh 
supplies  of  ammunition.  Perhaps  they  found  none  there  ;  and 
this  may  account  for  their  relinquishing  the  pursuit.     In  the 

>  Accuracy,  in  the  details  of  these  events,  is  impossible.  The  same  annalist 
wil  often  give  contradictory  statements.  Williamson  says,  "  Collecting  togeZr 
in  the  evening,  they  found  that  there  were  ten  alrea^iy  dead,  nine  uninfurS  one 
missmg,  and  fourteen  wounded."  uumjurea,  one 

tow'tf  u"h  '  7'f '  ^■^r^°'^  °*  **'"'"•  ^'^^''"^  '^^  ***^  «P«t.  directed  their  march 

2  This  noble  young  man,  who  had  displayed  great  heroism,  was  the  son  of  Cant 
James  Frye  of  Andover,  Mass,  His  amiable  and  promising  character  ha^St«n 
hmi  many  friends ,  and  he  died  greatly  lamented.  He  mTIX^m^H 
march,  which,  unfortunately,  was  lost  with  >>im  ^  *^*'' 


TBE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


325 


f 

morning  the  fugitives  divided  into  three  bands,  hoping  thus  to 
be  able  to  conceal  their  trail.  Nearly  twenty  men,  walking  in 
single  file,  would  leave  a  ti-ack  which  the  eagle-eyed  Indian 
could  easily  discern. 

At  length  sixteen  of  them  reached  the  fort,  where  they  had 
hoped  to  find  refreshment  and  a  reserved  force.     In  a  direct 
line  it  was  distant  from  the  battle-field  but  about  twenty  miles. 
Still  by  the  circuitous  route  which  they  took,  and  encumbered 
by  the  wounded,  several  of  whom  soon  died,  three  or  four  days 
were  spent  on  the  journey.     To  their   bitter  disappointment 
they  found  the  fort  deserted.     It  appeared  afterwards,    that 
when  the  savages  first  sprang  from  their  ambush,  deafening  the 
ear  with  their  hideous  yells,  one  of  the  Englishmen  succeeded 
in  escaping.     He  saw  the  utter  hopelessness  of  his  companions 
surrounded    by  apparently  three    times    their    own    number. 
Upon  reaching  the  fort,  he  gave  an  account,  no  less  true  than 
frightful,  of  the  condition  of  his   comrades.      Capt.  Lovewell 
and  several  others  were  already  killed.      The  rest  were  sur- 
rounded, and  were  selling  their  lives  as  dearly  as  possible. 

The  feeble  band,  for  only  the  sick  had  been  left  behind,  ex- 
pecting every  moment  to  hear  the  yells  of  the  approaching 
savages,  precipitately  fled.  Fortunately  they  left  behind  them 
some  provisions.  The  starving  fugitives,  after  a  short  rest, 
resumed  their  doleful  march.  Their  suflPerings  from  famine^ 
pain,  and  weariness,  cannot  be  adequately  described.  Fourceen 
finally  reached  their  homes.^  Such  are  the  particulars,  so  far 
as  can  now  be  ascertained,  of  what  has  been  called  "  Lovewell's 
Victory."*  A  provincial  poet  of  those  days  commemorated 
the  event  in  verses  which  at  the  time  obtained  much  renown, 
and  which  were  pensively  sung  in  many  farmhouses.  We  give 
the  three  closing  stanzas  :  — 

"  Ah !  many  a  wife  shall  rend  her  hair, 
And  many  a  child  cry  '  Woe  is  me,* 
When  messengers  the  news  shall  bear 
Of  Lovewell's  dear-bought  victory. 

1  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  125. 

a  Mr  Williamson  writes,  "The  battle  of  Pegwacket  broke  the  heart  and  spirit 
of  the  Sokosis  natives.  In  a  short  time  they  withdrew,  an.l  resided  no  more  in 
tlwHft  p,ea.=,nnt  and  ancient  dwelling  places,  till  p«ace.  After  this  event  the  star 
ot  the  tnbe,  pale  and  declining,  gradually  settled  in  darkness."  —  Vol.  u.  p.  141. 


^26  rnS  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 

"  With  footsteps  slow  shall  travellers  po 

Wliere  Lovewell's  Pouil  shines  clear  aud  bright, 
And  mark  the  place  where  those  are  laid 
Who  fell  in  Lovewell's  bloody  flght. 

"  Old  men  shall  shake  their  heads,  and  say, 

'  Sad  was  the  hour,  aud  terrible,  ^ 

When  Lovewell's  brave  'gainst  Paugiia  went. 
With  lifty  men  from  Dunstable.'  "  i 

The  wretched  state  of  the  country  induced  the  legislature  to 
adopt  more  vigorous  measures  to  bring  the  war  promptly  to  a 
close.  The  Indians  had  greatly  dwindled  away.  Poorly  armed, 
and  with  but  scant  ammunition,  they  were  much  disheartened. 
The  loss  of  a  single  warrior  was,  by  them,  very  sensibly  felt. 

All  the  eastern  garrisons  were  strengthened  and  replenished 
by  the  government.  Liberal  pay  was  offered  to  volunteers.  A 
large  number  of  friendly  Indians,  from  Massachusetts,  were 
employed  as  allies.  The  Indian  hostages,  detained  in  Boston, 
became  exceedingly  impatient  of  their  restraint.  It  speaks  well 
for  them,  that  one  of  these  hostages,  together  with  a  captive 
taken  in  war,  was  liberated  with  permission  to  visit  their  tribe 
upon  their  parole  of  honor  to  return ;  and  they  both  faithfully 
came  back,  and  surrendered  themselves  to  imprisonment.  They 
had  been  absent  two  months.  They  brought  back  with  them 
the  following  report,  so  melancholy  for  them,  so  encouraging 
for  the  English  :  — 

"  The  losses  our  tribes  have  met  with,  and  the  daily  terror  they  experi- 
ence, causes  their  lives  to  be  miserable.  They  long  for  peace.  The 
Indians  on  the  Penobscot  are  about  to  propose  a  negotiation,  that  the  war 
may  be  brought  to  a  close." 

Again  they  were  permitted  to  go  back  to  their  friends,  with 
the  stipulation,  that  within  twenty-three  days  they  should 
return  with  a  delegation  of  chiefs  for  a  peace  conference.  It 
was  supposed  that  they  would  aid  in  urging  forward  peace 
measures. 

In  a  former  chapter  we  have  given  a  narrative  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  fort  and  pleasant  little  village  of  the  Indians,  at  Old- 
town,  far  up  the  Penobscot.  This  was  in  February,  1723.  Col. 
Thomas  Westbrook  led  the  expedition.     In  his  official  report  to 

1  Farmer  and  Moore's  Historical  Collections,  vol.  iii 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


327 


Lieut-Gov.  Dutnmer,  he  wrote,  after  describing  the  commodious 
structures  which  the  French  and  Indians  had  reared,  — 

"  We  set  fire  to  tnem  all,  and  by  sunrise  the  next  morning  they  were  all 
in  ashes.  We  then  returned  to  our  nearest  guard,  themie  to  our  tents.  On 
our  arrival  at  our  transports  we  concluded  we  must  have  ascended  the  river 
about  thirty-two  miles. '  *  ^ 

The  Indiafis,  after  the  retirement  of  the  English,  returned  to 
the  ruins  of  their  former  homes.  Their  losses  and  sufferings 
were  terrible.  The  foe,  against  whom  they  were  contending, 
was  infinitely  their  superior.  Game  in  the  forests  had  become 
scarce.  With  difficulty  could  they  obtain  ammunition  for  hunt- 
ing. It  was  necessary  for  them  to  rear  their  humble  villages 
on  the  seashore  or  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  that  by  clamming 
and  fishing  they  might  lengthen  out  their  miserable  existence. 
But  here  the  English  could  easily  come  upon  them  in  their 
ships  and  strong  whale-boats.  Even  if  they  retired  far  back 
into  the  country,  and  planted  their  fields  with  corn,  after  wait- 
ing half-famished,  weary  weeks  for  the  harvest,  they  knew,  by 
bitter  experience,  that  energetic  English  bands  wouid,  in  all 
probability,  pass  through  the  trails  of  the  forest,  lay  their  vil- 
lage in  ashes,  and  trample  their  harvest  in  the  dust. 

Their  doom  was  dreadful.  It  was  no  wonder  that  they 
longed  for  peace.  Sadly  the  returning  fugitives  wandered 
through  the  desolations  of  their  former  homes,  with  no  heart  to 
attempt  to  rebuild.  Oldtown,  the  site  of  this  Indian  village, 
was  upon  an  island  of  the  same  name,  about  twelve  miles  above 
where  Bangor  now  stands.  In  the  year  1806,  the  township  of 
Orono,  previously  called  Stillwater,  was  incorporated,  including 
the  region  of  Oldtown.  It  took  its  name  from  a  celebrated 
Indian  cliief  Orono,  of  the  Tarratine  tribe.  He  was  a  wai-m 
friend  of  the  Americans  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  In  the 
year  1840,  Oldtown  was  incorporated  as  a  separate  town. 
Orono  was  the  one  hundred  and  sixty-second  town  incorporated 
in  the  State,  and  contained  then  about  three  hundred  inhabitants. 
The  unhappy,  despoiled,  half-famished  savages  wandered 
down  the  western  banks  of  tlie  river,  until  they  came  to  the 
spot  where  Bangor  now  stands.     The  region  was  then  an  un- 

1  Collections  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  vol.  via.  p.  264, 2d  ser. ;  Hutch- 
inson's History  of  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii.  p.  273. 


Q 
O 

M 

•«) 


o 


rir^  nisTORY  of  Maine. 

broken  wilderness,  through  which  the  Kenduskeag  Iliver  flowed 
silently  into  the  Penobscot.  Here  they  rebuilt  their  vilhi-e. 
It  IS  probable  that  six  or  seven  French  families  were  with  them- 
for  seven  houses  were  found  with  cellars  and  chimneys.  There' 
were  about  fifty  Indian  huts,  indicating,  in  their  structure,  a 
people  slowly  emerging  from  barbarism. 

Capt.  Joseph  Heath  commanded  the  garrison  at  Richmond. 
He  heard  of  this  Indian  village,  situated  but  about  one  hundred 
miles  north-east  from  him,  through  the  trails  of  the  lonely,  un-- 
mhabited  forest.  In  the  month  of  May,  1725,  Capt.  Heath 
took  a  company  of  men,  and  marched  across  the  country,  from 
the  Kennebec  to  the  Penobscot.  The  Indians  heard  of  his 
approach  ;  and  the  whole  population,  men,  women,  and  children, 
fled  into  the  forest.  They  could  take  with  them  only  such 
articles  as  they  carried  upon  their  backs.  It  is  difficult  to  con- 
ceive how  they  could  have  escaped  utter  starvation.  Probably 
many  of  them  did  perish  of  hunger.        * 

Finding  the  village  deserted,  Capt.  Heath  burned  all  the 
dwellings,  including  a  commodious  church,  and  destroyed  the 
cornfields.  His  party  then  returned  to  Richmond,  not  having 
caught  sight  of  a  single  Indian.  It  was  thought  by  many  that 
this  was  a  very  injudicious  expedition,  considering  that  the 
Indians  had  already  made  proposals  for  a  peace  conference, 
liie  village  destroyed  was  situated  on  what  has  since  been 
called  iort  Hill.  The  Indians  never  attempted  to  rebuild  upon 
this  spot.  They  subsequently  returned  to  Oldtown,  where  they 
re-Rstabhshed  themselves  near  the  graves  of  their  fathers. 

There  was  another  deed  perpetrated  by  the  English,  of  sc 
atrocious  a  character  that  no  English  historian  has  been  willing 
to  dwell  upon  its  details.  The  Indian  village  on  the  Penobscot 
was  destroyed  in  May.  On  the  20tli  of  June  a  few  Indian 
chiefs,  with  a  flag  of  truce,  were  approaching  Fort  St.  Georo-e 
at  Thomaston,  to  sue  for  peace.  A  detachment  from  the  fort 
attacked  them,  killing  cue  and  severely  wounding  another  ^ 

There  was  still  a  third  adventure,  which,  as  a  descendant  from 
the  English,  one  blushes  to  record.     Young  Castine,  of  whom 
we  have  before  spoken,  who  was  ever  the  friend  of  peace,  and 
1  Williamsou'a  History  of  Maiue,  vol.  ii,  p.  lu. 


880 


TnE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


who  had  often  attested  his  raagnjuurnoiis  spirit  toward  the 
i^nglish,  was  in  a  small  sail-boat,  at  anchor  just  off  the  south- 
east point  of  the  present  town  of  Sedgwick,  which  was  then 
called  Na«keag  Point.  He  had  on  board  his  boat  a  lad  supposed 
to  have  been  his  son,  the  child  of  his  wife,  who  was  a  chieftain'a 
daughter,  and  another  boy  by  the  name  of  Samuel  Trask,  a 
captive  from  Salem,  whom  he  had  humanely  redeemed  from  the 
Indians. 

He  saw  an  English  sloop  approaching ;  but  there  was  no  war 
then  between  France  and  England,  and  Castine  had  no  thou-ht 
of  any  danger.     They  were  probably  fishing.     As  soon  as  the 
sloop  came  within  musket-shot  the  crew  opened  fire  upon  him. 
fortunately  none  were  struck  by  the  bullets.     Castine  and  his 
companions  speedily  took  shelter  upon  the  land.     The  captain 
of  the  sloop  then  raised  the  white  flag,  und  shouted  out  to 
Castine,  upon  the  shore,  that  the  firing  was  a  mistake. 
^    The  guileless  young  liian,  incapable  of    treachery  himself, 
immediately,  with  his  companions,  rowed  out  to  the  sloop.     As 
soon  as  they  stepped  on  board  the  Englishman  seized  youn</ 
Trask,  and  turning  to  Castine  said,  "  Your  bark  and  all  it  cont 
tains  are  lawful  prize.     You  yourself  are  justly  my  prisoner. 
You  may  think  yourself  well    off  to    escape  without  further 
molestation." 

Castine  and  his  son  returned  to  the  shore.  Some  of  the  crew 
accompanied  them.  One  of  them  then  seized  the  lad  with  a 
firm  grasp,  apparently  intending  to  kidnap  him.  Castine,  find- 
ing it  impossible  to  extricate  the  boy,  shot  the  miscreant  dead, 
and  with  his  son  escaped  into  the  woods.  Mr.  Williamson 
writes,^  "  The  conduct  of  these  mariners  was  a  great  reproach 
to  them,  and  in  every  respect  the  height  of  impolicy  :  for  the 
Indians  were  now  entertaining  thoughts  of  peace,  and  Castine, 
who  still  possessed  great  influence  among  them,  had  more  than 
on^-  attested  his  magnanimity  by  instances  of  friendship  and  a 
forbearing  spirit  towards  the  English." 

Notwithstanding  these  occurrences  so  calculated  to  exasperate 
the  Indians,  they  still  persevered  in   their  endeavors  to  obtain 

vol!  fi"  r^'"'"''"  ^'""'*"  ^^'"'"    ^""^°"°"^  «^  ^«^^^'  Han,p.sbire  Hbtorlcal  Society, 


THE  IIISTORr  OF  At  AWE. 


881 


peaoe.  Thii-teen  chiefs  met  two  commissioners  from  Boston,  at 
Fort  St.  George.  The  commissioners,  Jchn  Stoddarcl  and  John 
Wainwright,  were  not  disposed  to  be  courteous. 

"Why,"  they  demanded,  "did  you  make  war  upon  the  set- 
tlers?" One  of  the  chiefs,  speaking  ir  behalf  of  the  rest, 
replied,  "  Because  you  have  taken  possession  of  our  lands,  even 
as  far  as  Cape  Newagen.'  You  also,  at  that  place,  seized  two 
Indians,  and  beat  them  to  death." 

"  We  did  not  seize  your  lands,  "  was  the  reply :  "  we  bought 
them.  We  have  the  deeds  which  were  given  us,  and  can  show 
them.  If  our  men  did  kill  yours  it  was  wrong.  But  why  did 
you  not,  according  to  the  treaty,  appeal  to  our  government  ? 
Why  did  you  take  the  hatchet  ?  " 

To  this  the  chief  replied,  "  We  come  for  peace.  We  wish  to 
recall  all  our  young  men  from  the  war." 

The  result  was  that  a  general  council  was  appointed  to  meet 
m  Boston  at  the  end  of  forty  days.  Still  there  was  no  peace  ; 
only  a  prospect  of  peace.  Distant  war  parties,  on  both  sides, 
unaware  that  negotiations  were  opening,  continued  their  cruel 
ravages.  Early  in  November  four  of  the  most  distino-uished 
sagamores  of  the  Kennebec,  Penobscot,  and  other  eastern  In- 
dians, repaired  to  Boston.  The  discussion  which  ensued  lasted 
for  more  than  a  month.  The  Indians  felt  \evy  deeply  that 
their  iuinting-grounds  were  encroached  upon,  and  that  they 
were  defrauded  of  their  territory  by  pretended  purchases  from 
Indians,  who,  having  become  intoxicated,  were  ready  to  sign 
any  contracts  which  their  betrayei-s  miglit  present  to  them. 

At  length  the  Indians  were  compelled  to  relinquish  nil  their 
demands.  ^lostilities  ceased.  Professed  friendship  was  estab- 
lished. The  English  were  left  in  undisputed  possession  of  all 
the  land  which  they  claimed  as  their  own.  The  government  of 
Massachusetts  was    authorized    to    arrange  all  the  trade  and 

1  Boothbay,  Lincoln  County,  is  a  peninsula  situated  between  the  mouths  of 
the  Slmepseot  and  the  Dan.ariscotta  Rivers,  and  is  what  was  f.^miedy  known  a3 
Cape  Newa-en.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  settle.l  as  earlv  as  1(J30  William- 
son speaks  of  the  island  of  Cape  Newagen,  about  four  and  a  'half  uules  long,  and 
of  an  average  width  of  one  mile,  separated  from  Boothbay  bv  a  narrow  channel 
called  rownsendGut.  See  CnoH.l.e  and  ManstieH'.  Description  of  Now  En- 
land,  vol.  1.  p.  09,  and  Williamson's  History  of  Maine,  vol.  i.  p.  55. 


882 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


o  ra  r^^  .'"'  i"^'^^^-     ^'  '-y  I-^-"«  declined 

jom  the  English,  and  compel  the  opposers  to  submission. 

Ind Lr'  n-  ' '"''  ""^^°d^^i°^^l  ^'^^•^ender  on  the  part  of  the 
Indians  Dire  necessity  compelled  them  to  yield  to  the  humil- 
ating  terms.^     This  celebrated  document,  since  known  in  h^ 

I>ecember,  172o.  It  continued  in  force  for  many  years.  The 
Indians  were  oo  feeble  in  strength  and  too  broken  in  spirits  to 
venture  to  violate  its  terms.  ^  ° 

The  General  Court  immediately  established  quite  extensive 
rading-houses  at  Fort  Richmond,  on  the  Kennebec,  and  on  the 

vll.rTf  Th^'^  1  ''  ^"^"^^'^1  ^^^^^'  ^^^^-  ^^^  fl-"-4 
village  of  Thomaston  now  stands,  but  which  was  then  almost 

an  unbroken  wilderness.    Goods  for  Indian  traffic  werXored 
there  to  the  amount  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  dollars 

There  were  but  four  sagamores  present  to  sign  this  tr;aty. 
It  was  deemed  important  that  there  should  be  a  fuller  represen 
tation  of  the  chiefs  of  all  the  tribes.     Another  meetrwa 
appointed.     It  was  held  at  Falmouth,  on  the  30th  of  July,  1726 
Forty  chiefs  attended.     They  represented  nearly  all  the  Maine' 
Nova  Scotia    and  the  Canada  tribes.     Many  o'f  these  IncW 

sabbatlTv      T^  ""•     ^^^^  ^^^^^^  doing  business  on  the 

sabbath  day.     There  were  several  vessels  in  the  harbor,  and 

there  were  taverns  on  the  shore. 
A  large  number  of  Indians  had  accompanied  their  chiefs. 

Ihe  lieutenant-governors  of  Massachusetts  and  New  IlamD- 
shire  were  also  attended  by  quite  a  brilliant  reti.iue  of  soldier  v 
young  men.  All  were  much  impressed  by  the  intelligence  and 
high  moral  qualities  manifested  by  many  of  these  chiefs.  Thev 
mos  earnest  y  requested  of  the  English  authorities,  that  they 
would  prohibit  the  sale  of  any  intoxicating  liquok  to  the'r 
young  men  Lieut.-Gov.  Dummer  assured  them  that  positive 
orders  should  be  given  to  that  effect. 

After  deliberately  examining  and  explaining  the  treaty  in  the 
meeting-house,  it  was  signed,  on  the  part  of  the  English,  by 
^  ^Eecords.  Eesolves.  and  Journals  of  Massachusetts  Goven„„ent.  vol.  xii. 


TBE  BISTORT  OF  UAWB.  333 

Lieut-Gov.  Dammer  and  a  number  of  his  councillors  •  and  ™ 
he  part  of  the  Indians,  by  Wenemovct,  a  chief  rgTmo""  and 

be  seen  m  the  government  archives  at  Boston,  with  all  th. 
signatures  or  respective  marks  of  the  Indians  ■ 

of  outrage  "  TheT  1  'r  ^""''  '=='"  "^'™"  '^^^^'^^  =><='' 
^1™  f-  .  °"  ''^'=""'  g°'«nment  cannot  prevent  the 
perpetration  of  crime.  In  this  respect  the  influence  of  the 
Indian  chiefs  was  superior  to  that  of  the  white  manl  "aws    Stm 

4^z  -r-T  f^rrth~  :f  ts- b:;:^^ 

condemned,  and  all  were  hanged.     There  were  a  W    T ' 

T^Z:"^"    ^^'  -^-  -^  -«-  "P-  the^cL^l^r 

few     One  ;f  th      r'r'T'"^^''  '^^^^  ^^°"^^  ^^^^  »^«en  so 
lew     une  of  the  chiefs,  by  the  name  oi  Wenun^^anet    wl.. 

lived  on  the  River  St.  George,  wrote  to  Gov.  DuZC- 

"  We  look  upon  such  Indians  as  much  our  enemies  as  vonr,     w 
aa  much  danger  from  them  as  any  of  your  peop We      wT  , '''  '" 

punish  them  for  the  wrongs  which  they  have  dot 'f  *  '''  ''  *' 

The  English  traders  persisted  in  selling  rum  fn  +i,^  t  a-  ^ 

Under  the  influence  of  intoxication  the   younl  ^L   f'"""' 
fren/ipd  nnrl  i^.f  „ii      u?  ,  young  men  became 

nenzied  and  lost  all  self-control.     One  of  the  chiefs    bv  th« 

.:^.  i::sr  s= - -i .? -- - -tv- 

own  brethren.     This  is  the  opinion  of  aU  our  chief  m^n     T  !  1  !         ' 
great  governor,  and  am  your  good  friend."  "'^"*'  y°"' 

1  Penhallow's  Indfan  Wars.    Collectiotm  r^t   th^  xr       tt 
Society,  yo!.  1.  pp.  i28-i32.  ^""ections  of   the  New  HanipsJ.ire  Historical 


884 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ll'-fi'j 


Another  sachem,  Wivurna,  wrote  to  the  governor  in  the  fol- 
lowing elevated  strain :  — 

_  "My  brother,  I  am  fully  satisfied;  for  aU  the  blood  that  before  lay  boU- 
mg  m  my  breast  has  flowed  away.  I  now  labor  for  peace  in  our  land. 
Should  any  stormy  clouds  arise,  I  will  immediately  inform  you,  that  they 
may  do  us  no  harm.  In  three  things  you  make  my  heart  glad.  My  grand- 
sou,  wno  was  to  me  dead,  is  alive,  and  has  returned  to  me  safe.  Canava, 
who  was  a  captive,  has  come  home  alive  and  well.  He  is  encouraged  to  do 
good  service.  I  thank  you  for  your  kindness  to  mo  and  to  my  people.  I 
am  now  old  and  gray-headed.  I  have  seen  many  good  men,  English,  French, 
and  Indians;  but  of  all  I  have  not  found  one  like  Gov.  Dummer  for  stead- 
fastness and  justice.  Were  I  a  sagamore,  and  young,  the  first  thing  I  should 
do  would  be  to  see  you;  but  as  I  am  old,  and  not  able  to  travel,  I  heartily 
salute  you,  my  good  friend.     Farewell..  "Wivurna." 

Gov.  William  Dummer,  who  had  become  so  prominent,  was 
born  in  Boston,  in  the  year  1677.  He  went  to  England,  proba- 
bly for  his  education.  There  he  was  appointed,  by  the  crown, 
lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts.  This  was  in  1716.  His 
father-in-law,  Gov.  Joseph  Dudley,  had  just  retired  from  office, 
after  a  stormy  administration  of  fourteen  years. 

Gov.  Dummer  was  a  man  of  irreproachable  morals,  and  of 
firm  religious  faith.  Without  possessing  any  brilliant  qualities 
of  mind,  he  manifestea  sufficient  ability  for  all  the  great  emer- 
gencies which  rose  before  him.  His  highly  eulogistic  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  by  the  celebrated  Rev.  Mather  Byles.^ 

It  is  thought  that  during  this  war  one-third  of  the  four  Abe- 
naquis  tribes  had  perished.^  The  war,  Penhallow  estimates,  had 
cost  the  government  a  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  pounds, 
in  addition  to  the  forts,  which  had  been  reared  and  repaired  at 
a  cost  of  not  less  than  seventy-five  thousand  pounds.  These 
wretched  wars  had  impoverished  the  whole  land.  Every  man 
forty  years  of  age  had  seen  twenty  years  of  war.  Every  boy 
was  trained  to  arms.  The  scenes  of  cruelty  and  blood  every- 
where witnessed  hardened  the  heart  and  brutalized  the  charac- 

»  See  the  admirable  biographical  sketch  of  the  Dumuib.    in  the  Centennial 
Discourse  delivered  at  JS-ewbury,  by  N.  Cleaveland,  Esq. 

2  The  Abenaquii  iuliabited  the  region  between  the  Pisoatav^-ia  River  and  the 
Penobscot.    The  nation  formerly  consLstcd  of  eleveu  allied  tribes.    See  Drake's 
Book  of  the  Indians,  book  iii.  p.  91,  and  Williamson's  History  of  Maine  vol  ii 
p.  464.  '       ■    ■ 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


385 


ter.  Dnnng  this  last  war,  about  two  hundred  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Maine  were  killed  or  carried  into  captivity.  The  anguish 
which  was  thus  sent  to  many  a  humble  cottage,  no  tongue'  can 

Some  of  the  captives  were  put  to  death  by  all  the  demoniac 
nflictions  of  Indian  torture ;  some  perished  from  cold,  exhaus- 
ion,  and  hunger :  some  were  never  heard  of  more,  and  what 
their  tate  was  none  can  know. 

oI^A-  ^""^'T  ''""'  ^'^^'  "'  '^^^^''"-     They  could  be  gentle, 
confiding,  affectionate,  at  one  moment;  and  then,  at  some  sud' 
den  exasperation,  become  cruel  as  fiends.     And  yet  it  was  an 
extraordinary  and  inexplicable  trait  in  their  character,  that  they 
never    hus  transformed  themselves    from   friends   t;   enemies 
without  what  they  supposed  just  cause;  and  they  always  gave 
notice  of  their  hostility  before  striking  a  blow.     The  habif  of 
giving  this  warning  was  invariable.     The  restoration  of  peace 
they  hailed  with  undisguised  and  almost  childish  delight.     We 
now  speak  of  the  majority  of  the  Indians,  the  common  people. 
The  chiefs  were  truly  the  arlstoi,  the  best  of  the  land.     Thev 
were  almost  invariably  intelligent,  serious,  thoughtful  men,  whose 
minds  were  oppressed  with  the  magnitude  of  the  responsibilities 
thrown  upon  them,  as  they  saw  their  tribes  dwindling  away 
and  their  hunting-grounds  passing  to  the  ownership  of  strangers 
Upon  the  settlement  of  the  terms  of  peace,  they  flocked  to 
he  villages  of  their  former  foes,  with  faces  radiant  with  ioy 
In  very  maiiy  cases  the  Indians  and  the  white  families  had  been 
well   acquainted  with  each  other.      They   had  often  met  in 
familiar  intercoui.e    called  each  other  by  name,  and  had  ap- 
pai  ently  cherished  tor  each  other  sincere  friendship 

The  Indians  now  came  rushing  back,  with  smiles  and  cordial 
greetings,  as  if  totally  unconscious  of  the  fiend-like  deeds 
which,  upon  both  sides,  had  been  recently  perpetrated.^  There 
was  one  very  noble  Indian,  by  the  name  of  Ambereuse,  who 
lived  on  the  banks  of  Mousom  or  Mousam  River.'^    He  was 

. 1-1C3  -luiii  "tij,-,. —  n uUumsvn,  vol,  i,  p.  27. 


836 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


eminently  a  man  of  peace,  a  "praying  Indian,"  and  no  persua- 
«on3  could  induce  him  to  engage  in  the  war  on  either  side. 
Ihrough  all  the  bloody  conflict  he  continued  to  visit  the  Eng- 
lish, as  if  peace  had  never  been  disturbed.      Mr.  SuUivan 
writing  of  him,  says,  —  ' 

w/l^'^r??V°  ^''""'"^  ^"  ^"'^^^^  "^"^^'^  Ambereuse,  with  his  wife. 
Hesaidhe  hated  war,  and  only  wanted  to  live  where  he  could  make  his 
brooms  and  his  baskets,  and  live  in  peace.  He  remained  there  for  several 
years,  and  then  removed  to  the  Kennebec." 

There  were  more  than  two  hundred  Indians  present  at  the 
conference  in  Falmouth,  when  the  treaty  of  the  former  year 
was  confirmed  and  ratified.     Over  forty  gentlemen  composed 
the  retinue  of  the  governor.     The  convention  was  held  beneath 
a  spacious  teut  on  Munjoy's  Hill.    At  the  close  of  the  con- 
ference,  quite  a  splendid  banquet  for  those  times  was  given 
beneatn  the  canvas  of  the  tent,  at  the  expense  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts government.     So  large  a  concourse  of  people  had  never 
before   been  gathered  in   any  of   the   settlements  in    Maine 
Though  vessels  at  anchor  in  the  bay  had  brought  supplies,  there 
was  such  an  entire  consumption  of  the  articles  of  food,  that 
one  of  the  annalists  of  that  day  wrote,  "They  left  us  quite 
bare ;  and  nothing  of  the  country's  produce  was  left,  only  three 
bushels  of  corn  and  some  small  things." ' 

The  three-years'  war,  thus  terminated^  was  usually  caHed 
Lovewell's  War,  from  the  important  part  he  took  in  its  cam- 
paigns. It  was  carried  on  by  the  Indians  without  any  recoo-- 
nized  assistance  from  the  French.  There  was,  at  that  time 
settled  peace  between  France  and  England.  Undoubtedly  the' 
sympathies  of  the  French  in  Canada  were  with  their  loncr-tried 
friends,  the  Indians.  But  they  could  not  take  any  active  part 
in  favor  of  the  savages,  without  violating  solemn  treaty  obliga- 
tions. ° 

1  History  of  Portland,  by  William  WUlis,  p.  332. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


THE  DOOM  OF  THE  INDIAN. 

French  Influence -Governor  Dummer-His  Wise  PoUcy-The  Trading- 
Houses -Life  at  Falmouth  -  Governors  Burnet  and  BelSer- ActTa  nft 
?hir  i"^  -  ^'^c'-oa^ments  of  the  English  -  Conference  at  Falmou  ^  -Gov 
Shirley -Vis,t  of  Whitefield- Council  at  St.  George -The  Indians  ilTri 
Peace -Indians  refuse  to  fight  their  Brethren  -  The  Capture  of  Lou  3- 
burg- War  Proclaimed  against  the  Indians- Peace -SubsMing  Billowsl 
New  Claims  of  the  English  -  Fort  at  Teconnet. 

A  ^.f  ^?^^  "^^  ^'^^^'  "  ^^y  ^^«  yo"  aU  so  ardently 
-i-A,  attached  to  the  French,  from  whom  you  can  never  receive 
so  much  benefit  as  you  may  receive  from  the  English  ?  " 

The  chief,  after  a  moment's  pause,  gravely  replied,  «  Because 
the  French  have  taught  us  to  pray  unto  God;  which  the  Eng- 
lish never  did."  ^ 

This  question  was  often  asked  of  the  chiefs  and  of  the  com- 
mon Indians.  Invariably  answers  were  returned  essentially  the' 
same.  I  give  a  summary  of  those  answers,  made  on  different 
occasions,  but  here  brought  together :  — 

"  The  French  are  our  friends  ;  they  advocate  our  rights,  and  become,  as- 
It  were  one  with  us.  They  sell  us  whatever  we  want,  and  never  take  away 
our  lands.  They  send  the  kind  missionaries  to  teach  us  how  to  worship  the 
Great  Spirit ;  and,  like  brothers,  they  give  us  good  advice  when  we  are  in 
trouble.  When  we  trade  with  them,  we  have  good  articles,  full  weight,  and^ 
free  measure.  They  leave  us  our  goodly  rivers,  where  we  catch  fine  salmon,, 
and  leave  us  unmolested  to  hunt  the  bear,  the  moose,  and  the  beaver,  where 
our  fathers  have  hunted  them.  Welove  our  own  country,  where  our  fathers- 
were  buried,  and  where  we  and  our  chUdren  were  bom.  We  have  our 
rights  as  well  as  the  EngUsh  ;  we  also  know,  as  weU  as  they,  what  is  just 
and  what  is  unjust.  "* 

22 

887 


838 


THE  nr STORY  OF  MAINE. 


' '  'When  you  English  came,  v,'e  received  you  with  open  arms.  We  thought 
you  children  of  the  sun  ;  we  fed  you  with  our  best  meat.  Never  did  a  white 
man  go  hungry  from  our  cabins.  But  you  returned  evil  for  good.  You 
put  the  burning  cup  to  our  lips.  It  filled  our  veins  with  poison.  When 
you  had  intoxicated  us,  you  took  the  advantage,  and  cheated  us  in  trade. 
You  now  tell  us  that  our  countiy  is  yours,  that  it  has  passed  from  us  for- 
ever. 

"  You  say  that  you  have  bought  our  lands  from  our  sagamores.  It  is 
not  true.  Our  chiefs  love  their  tribes  too  well,  and  have  too  great  souls  to 
tnrn  their  children  from  the  homes  of  their  fathers.  Where  can  we  go  ? 
We  own  no  other  land.  There  is  no  other  land  so  dear  to  us.  The  forts 
which  you  have  built  on  our  territory  are  contrary  to  treaty ;  and  thev 
ought  to  be  laid  low."  1  ^ 


uri 


Such  were  the  feelings  of  the  Indians.  They  were  sincere 
and  unalterable ;  but  the  utterances  were  eventually  silenced 
by  hopeless  defeat.  Gov.  Dummer  was  anxious  to  withdraw 
the  Indians  from  their  intercourse  with  the  French.  Had  the 
spirit  which  animated  him  prevailed  from  the  beginning,  there 
need  have  been  no  war  whatever  with  the  Indians. 

Gov.  William  Dummer,  an  American  by  birth,  had  been 
acquainted  with  the  Indians  from  infancy.  For  some  of 
them  he  had  undoubtealy  formed  a  strong  attachment.  Many 
of  the  natives  were  noble,  warm-hearted  men.  Gov.  Dum- 
mer knew  how  to  sympathize  with  them  in  their  wrongs. 
The  course  of  conciliatory  measures,  upon  which  he  ener- 
getically entered,  seemed,  for  a  time,  almost  to  obliterate  from 
the  minds  of  the  Indians  the  remembrance  of  their  former 
grievances. 

In  addition  to  the  trading-houses  at  Fort  George  and  Fort 
William,  he  established  a  third  at  Fort  Mary,  near  Winter  Har- 
bor. Men  of  established  reputation  for  integrity  and  discretion 
were  appointed  tc^  preside  at  these  stations.  Tlie  most  valuable 
articles  for  Indian  use  were  deposited  in  each  of  them,  to  the 
amount  of  four  or  five  thousand  dollars.  The  keepers  of  these 
stores  were  instructed  to  sell  them  at  an  advance  only  sufficient 
to  cover  the  prime  cost  with  the  freight  and  waste.  Full  value 
was  allowed  for  the  furs  and  skins  of  the  Indians.     Those  who, 

1  Williamson,  vol.  il.  p.  113. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


889 


f^llr^  ™  """  ^''"^*'  ^^"^  "^^"^^  *^  ^"'i"««  t'-^e  Indians  to 
take  long  journeys  to  Canada  for  purposes  of  trade.     Indeed, 

Zl  tZl  \7""'''t  '"  '^'  ^"^^'^^  trading-houses,  find: 

ing  that  they  could  purchase   commodities   there   better  and 
cheaper  than  either  at  Quebec  or  Montreal. 

Yoyktar^hr^r"'!"  "''\""'  '^'  P""^'P^^  *°""«  -  Maine, 
the  .0?'         ;^"^^-*°!^"'  th«  political  centre.     Falmouth  was 

Lon  of  t^rr  '"'"'"";•.  /'  "•'^^^^  mentioned,  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  luxuries  in  which  our  ancestors  indulged,  that  the 
only  house  m  town  which  contained  a  papered  room  was  the 
parsonage ;  and  the  paper  in  that  house  was  fastenerupon 
the  walls  by  nails,  and  not  by  paste.a  ^ 

At  one  time  in  the  year  1727,  there  were  thirty  vessels  riding 
at  anchor  .n  he  harbor  of  Falmouth.  There  were  then  siS 
four  families  in  the  town.     The  number  increased,  in  two  yeafs 

mstt  of   r  'r'r'-.  ""^^  '''^"^^^  ^^'"^  ™  -ttlld  a 
pasto    of  the  church.     Brunswick  was  one  of  the  first  towns 

reset  led  after  the  desolations  of  these  disastrous  wars.  Stfu 
this,  like  all  other  settlements,  advanced  slowly.  In  1750  there 
were  but  twenty  families  in  the  place. 

Soon  after  the  accession  of  George  IL,  he  appointed  William 
Burnet  governor  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and  Ma  n^ 
He  was  a  very  handsome  man  of  imposing  stature,  and  of  very 
popular  manners.     His  scholarly  tastes,  his  practi;al  commZ 
sense,  and  his  remarkably  cheerful  disposition,  rendered  him 
very  popular.     In  the  year  1730,  Burnet  died.     Jonathan  B  " 
Cher  was  appointed  by  the  crown  to  succeed  him.     He  also 
was  a  native  of  Boston,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  Collec^e,  aid  the 
son  of  one  of  the  most  opulent  merchants.     Endowef  ^a  urat 
with  fine  powei.  of  mind,  he  had  travelled  extensively  abroad^ 
and  his  naturally  graceful  manners  were  much  improved  bv 
intimacy  with  the  best  European  society.  ^  ^ 

One  of  the  first  acts  which  the  governor  signed  was  against 

pp'^rf '■  '^"'^''^'  '"'  '"''^^'^  «^  *^«  Massachusetts  Govern,neut.  vol.  xii. 
"-  History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  364. 


840 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


;;J«a 


L 


duelling.  By  this  it  was  enacted  that  whosoever  should  kill 
another  in  a  duel  should  be  hanged ;  and  that  his  body,  together 
with  that  of  the  one  he  had  killed,  should  be  buried  without  a 
coffin,  and  that  :i  stake  should  be  driven  through  them  both. 
In  the  autumn  of  1732,  the  governor  made  quite  an  extensive 
tour  through  the  settlements  of  Maine.  In  his  next  address  to 
the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  he  said,  — 

"  It  gave  me  surprising  pleasure  to  see  so  large  a  part  of  this  Province 
accommodated  with  fine  rivers  and  harbors,  islands  end  main,  capable  of 
many  and  great  improve! nents.  The  three  rivers,  St.  George's,  Kennebec, 
and  Saco,  are  bordered  with  fine  lands  full  of  timber.  I  cannot  but  think 
this  country  will,  in  time,  be  equal  in  every  thing  to  any  part  of  New 
England." 

To  induce  emigration  to  Maine,  several  townships  were  sur- 
veyed, and  farm  lots  of  a  hundred  acres  each  marked  out.  One 
of  these  farms  was  offered  to  any  man  who  would  within  three 
years  settle  upon  it,  erecting  a  house  eighteen  feet  square, 
and  who  would  clear  from  five  to  six  acres  for  mowing  and 
tillage. 

In  the  year  1735,  the  population  of  Maine  probably  amounted 
to  about  nine  thousand  souls.  There  were  nine  towns,  and 
several  settlements  called  plantations.  About  fifteen  hundred 
of  these  inhabitants  were  in  the  Sagadahoc  region.  There  were 
about  three  hundred  and  seventy  men  there  capable  of  bearing 
arms.^  Commerce  was  reviving.  The  articles  of  export  were 
fish,  fur,  and  lumber.  The  forests  of  Maine  were  a  great  store- 
house of  wealth.  Masts,  boards,  shingles,  and  timber  were 
shipped  in  considerable  quantities. 

But  again  the  Indians  became  alarmed.  The  increasing 
settlements  were  encroaching  upon  their  territories,  and  the 
thoughtful  men  saw  clearly  that  the  time  was  fast  approaching 
when  they  would  be  driven  from  all  their  possessions.  The 
English  were  building  new  fortifications,  and  repairing  the  old 
ones.  The  sagamores  sadly  complained  of  this ;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  thsy  stated  that  they  were  extremely  anxious  that 
peace  should  be  perpetuated.     The  subject  was  referred  to  a 

1  Summary  of  British  Settlements  in  North  America,  by  William  Douglass 
vol.  i.  p  304. 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


841 


committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature.    After  conferring 
with  the  chiefs,  they  made  the  following  report,  which  we  give 
,  slightly  abbreviated :  ■— 

"  The  Indians  have  unquestionably  possessory  rights  to  the  lands  in  the 
extensive  wilderness  where  they  dwell.  This  hiis  often  been  recognized  by 
the  purchases  which  have  been  made.  In  the  year  1694,  Madockawando 
ceded  to  Sir  William  Phips  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  George's  River  as 
far  as  the  upper  tails,  but  no  farther.  The  chiefs  acknowledge  that  they 
have  consented  to  have  English  settlements  made  as  far  as  the  falls-  and 
they  claim  that  the  English  have  no  right  to  take  possession  of  the  lands 
above  the  falls  until  they  have  fairly  puichased  them."  » 

The  report  was  accepted.  A  present  of  five  hundred  pounds 
was  sent  from  the  government,  by  the  hands  of  the  chiefs,  to 
the  tribe,  and  they  returned  to  their  homes  very  happy.  In  the 
year  1737,  Brunswick  was  incorporated,  the  eleventh  town  in 
the  State.  It  was  originally  called  Pegypscot,^  and  its  first 
inhabitant  was  Thomas  Purchas.  In  1735  there  were  between 
thirty  and  forty  men  in  the  settlement.  After  the  lapse  of  half 
a  century  it  contained  a  population  of  thirteen  hundred  and 
eighty-seven. 

The  governor  generally  visited  Maine  every  year.  He  had 
frequent  and  friendly  interviews  with  the  Indians.  He  was 
deeply  impressed  with  the  value  of  the  harbor  at  Pemaquid, 
and  repeatedly  urged  upon  the  legislature  the  importance  of 
putting  it  in  a  better  state  of  defence.  He  arranged  for  a  con- 
ference with  a  large  delegation  of  Indians,  at  Falmouth.  The 
meeting  took  place  in  the  month  of  July,  1732.  The  governor, 
with  a  large  retinue  of  gentlemen,  took  passage  from  Boston  to 
Falmouth  in  a  man-of-war.^ 

Soon  after  the  governor's  arrival,  about  two  hundred  Indians 

•  Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  191. 

2  Ml-.  AV'ulis  spells  tliis  name  Pejepseot;  it  is  also  so  spelled  by  Coolidge  and 
Manslield;  but  we  follow  here  the  orthography  of  Mr.  WiUiainson,  who  seems  to 
have  taken  it  from  the  Jounial  of  the  House  of  Repre.sentatives,  p.  28 

8  Mr.  Williamson  gives  the  year  na-)  as  the  date  of  this  council.  Mr  Willis 
thmks  this  a  mistake.  He  writes,  "The  misa  prehension  of  Mr.  Freeman  in  re- 
gard to  the  year,  led  Williamson  into  an  error  in  his  Historv  of  Maine  vol  ii  p 
201,  in  assigning  to  this  year  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  at  Falmouth.  This  took 
place  m  1732,  and  thevB  was  no  conference  here  or  occasion  for  it  m  1739  "  —Jour- 
nal of  Rev.  T/iomaa  Htnith,  p,  90. 


843 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


came.     They  were  all  well  clad,  seemed  friendly,  and  professed 
the  most  ardent  wishes  to  perpetuate  amicable  relations.     But 
they  brought  with  them,  floating  at  the  i.         of  their  canoes,  a 
trench  flag,  which  excited  some  suspicions  of  their  sincerity. 
It  IS,  however,  not  imprcoable,  that  as  they  had  no  flag  of  th dr 
own,  and  as  the  English  always  appeared  under  their  flag,  they 
considered  this  merely  as  an  ornament,  which  they  regarded  L 
an  accompaniment  of  their  fringes  and  their  plumes.     If  they 
had  meditated  treachery,  they  certainly  had  too  much  shrewd- 
ness to  commence  operations  by  flaunting  an  obnoxious  banner 
in  the  eyes  of  those  whom  they  wished  to  deceive. 

The  Indians  encamped  on  Hog  Island.     Each  morning  they 
paddled,  in  their  fleet  of  canoes,  to  Munjoy's  Hill,  where  tb 
council  was  held  under  an  immense  tent.     The  signal  for  the 
meeting  was  the  firing  of  a  gun  from  a  man-of-war  in  the  bar- 
bor,  and  the  raising  the  royal  Jack  at  the  maintop.     As  the 
Enghsh  objected  to  the  display  of  the  French  flag,  the  Indians 
laid  It  aside,  and  raised  an  English  banner  at  the  head  of  their 
leading  canoe.     A  renowned  Penobscot  chief,  by  the  name  of 
Loron,  was  the  principal  captain  and  speaker  of  the  Indians 
In  accordance  w.'th  their  custom,  they  brought  presents  of  furs 
as  pledges  of  the  sincerity  of  their  speech.     A  cliief   by  the 
name  of    Toxus  spoke  first.      Addressing  the    governor,  he 
said,  •^— 

,  o  r  ^^  '\^^  ^^^  ^"^^  "'^  overruling  nower  over  all  things.    He  has  brouffht 
'a.  here  at  this  time.     The  reason  of  our  coming  is  our  hearty  desire  for  ifve 

7lTT^'  /:  *  t°'"'  °'  '"^-^^"'^^  ^-^'i  *«  «««  yoi  EzceUency,  I 
shake  hands,  and  offer  these  furs  as  our  money. "  ^ 

The  governor  urged  them  to  dismiss  their  French  reli-ious 
teachers,  and  to  accept   English   missionaries  in   their  stead 
Loron  requested  a  little  time  to  consider  the  matter.     The  next 
day,  with  diplomatic  skill  which  would  have  honored  Tallev- 
rann,  he  replied,  —  ^ 

''  Friend,  we  have  been  thinking  of  what  your  Excellency  said  to  us  yes- 
terday. As  to  prayers,  it  was  mentioned  in  the  treaty,  that  there  .should  he 
no  dispute  about  rehgion.  It  would  be  trifling  on  our  part  to  attempt  to 
answer  what  you  have  said  on  that  subject.    We  are  too  few  to  ente   upou 


TBf!  BISTORT  Or  MAINE. 


348 


this  question,  which  is  a  weighty  matter.  There  are  other  tribes  to  be  con- 
sulted. When  we  have  ascertained  their  minds,  we  shall  be  better  able  to 
answer  you.  We  had  the  advice  of  the  other  tribes  with  regard  to  the 
peace:  we  therefore  think  it  proper  to  seek  their  advice  in  this  affair."* 

The  interview  was  in  all  respects  cordial  and  friendly.  The 
governor  assured  them  of  his  good-will,  and  made  them  some 
valuable  presents.  At  the  close  of  the  council  they  partook 
together  of  a  public  dinner  in  the  tent. 

Gov.  Belcher,  after  a  stormy  administration  of  ten  years,  was 
succeeded  as  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  by  William 
Shirley.  About  five  years  before  this,  in  1734,  the  town  of 
Windham  was  laid  out  and  settled  mainly  by  a  colony  from 
Marblehead,  Mass.  The  township  consisted  of  twenty-five 
thousand  five  hundred  acres  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Pre- 
sumpscot  River.  Each  man  had  a  farm  of  a  hundred  and 
twenty  acres.  There  were  also  sixty-three  compact  ten-acre 
lots  surveyed,  that  the  settlers,  for  the  advantage  of  protection, 
schools,  and  religious  privileges,  might  dwell  in  something  like  a 
village." 

In  the  year  1741,  the  renowned  George  Whitefield  visited 
Maine.  He  went  to  York,  Wells,  Biddeford,  Scarborough,  Fal- 
mouth, and  North  Yarmouth,  preaching  the  gospel  of  salvation 
through  faith  in  an  atoning  Saviour,  with  wonderful  power. 
Large  numbers  were  influenced  to  commence  a  new  and  better 
life.  He  was  indefatigable  in  his  labors,  having  been  known  to 
preach  sixteen  times,  and  to  travel  over  those  rough  roads  a 
hundred  and  seventy  miles,  in  a  single  week. 

Gov.  Shirley  was  an  Englishman  by  birth,  and  a  lawyer  by 
profession.  He  had  resided  in  Maine  six  or  seven  yeai-s,  and 
had  thus  become  acquainted  with  the  manners  of  the  people. 
His  ability  and  integ-ity  had  secured  their  confidence.  England 
and  Spain  were  then  fighting  each  other.  By  the  promise  of 
large  pay  and  a  share  in  the  bootv,  between  five  and  six  hun- 
dred men  were  recruited  from  the  Province  of  Maine,  for  an 

1  Journal  of  Eev.  Thomas  Smith,  p.  70.  Mr.  Smith  was  at  that  time  the  honored 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Falmouth.  For  many  years  he  kept  a  daUy  record  o£ 
passing  events. 

2  History  of  Wladliaui,  hy  Thomas  Laurens  Smith,  p.  51. 


844 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


«pedition  to  Cuba.    But  few  of  them  ever  saw  thoir  homes 

itantsof  Ma.ue,  and  forcing  them  on  hoard  their  men-of-war 
Th,»  mfamou.  course,  resisted  in,  led  to  the  war  of  1812     The 

Ind  Znf  irT'""';"  "'  "'"  ^••■"'™""»  '"  Maine  led  many 
rinTnll  '^  ''"""'.■<l"ng  tribes  of  the  Saco.  the  AndroscJ 
gin,  and  the  Kennebec,  to  withdraw  to  the  unbroken  forests  of 

"iritlef  "'''  ""™  °'  "  -""^  ---  ^■■" 

eso^rtZmlit™-',".-''"?''-  "^''^  8«vorn„r,  with  a  large 
esoor  from  bo  h  legislative  branches,  repaired  to  St.  George's 
to  hold  a  conned  with  the  sagamores  of  the  Etechemu,  Se  ' 
These  Indians,  as  ha3  been  mentioned,  occupied  tTe  com  hJ 
between  the  Penobscot  ai:d  the  St.  .Toh;  botlf  ncl"  ve  C 
Ind  ans  were  prompt  in  their  attendance.  They  came  in  a  hii 
fleet  of  canoes,  and  entered  the  harbor  not  will.  H?  p  f 
but  with  the  Briti.h  flag  at  the  head  of "h^i  '  ^Thif Zld 

seem  to  indicate  that  the  French  flag,  under  which  thev  Ind 
previously  entered  the  harbor  at  Falmouth,  was  intended  nerdv 

on,      bT::';""'  "  "  ■"'"''"^-     ■^"^  ">-""S  wastes 
ous     Both  parties  were  exceedingly  anxious  for  peace      But 

the  Indians.     On  the  other  hand,  the  Indians  clung  tenaeiouslv 

to    he  homes  of  their  fathers ,  and  yet  they  despairincly  eU 

hat  influences,  quite  beyond  their  control,  were  each  yet  drW 

ng  them  farther  away  from  their  ancient  hunting  gro  ,n^    .  rf 

whl'h'cruTdTe'ad  t""''  '"  T'  ?"'""■    ^="»""S  1""«»"» 
wniou  could  lead  to  no  good  results  were  avoided      TI,p  tim„ 

was  passed  in  the  interchange  of  courtesies  ;  and    he  gtve™ 

made  valuable  presents  to  the  Indians,  of  powder  and  slot  Id 

of  other  articles  which  had  become  to  them  necessaits  of  he 

French  for  such  purchases.  '    "  * 

J.lT^'°'  """""  '=«""»"'  '-  -""«■  A.„».ca..,Wima,„  Doug,.,., 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  845 

On  this  excursion  the  governor  made  a  careful  examination 
he  !aiV~"^'^*    ^"^  ^''  """^^^  ^  *^^  legislature,  on  his  retm-n, 

••  The  iaexhau8tible  aupplies  of  wood  and  lumber,  and  the  several  kinds 
a.dgreaq«a„tUies  of  naval  stores  which  this  region  is  capable  of  p^du! 
c  ng,  no  less  than  the  navigable  rivers,  the  numerous  harbor,  and  good  soil 

IZZ::C''  ''  ""'''''  '"^""^^  ""'  encouragement  ani  protfctiou  o] 

By  the  census  of  1743,  it  appeared  that  there  were  in  Maine 
eleven  towns,  and  a  probable  population  of  twelve  thousand 
inhabitants.  The  poor  Indians  were  fast  dwindling  away  bv 
death  and  by  emigration  to  Canada. 

The  Spanish  war  raging  in  Europe  drew  France    into  an 
alliance  with  Spain,  against  Great  Britain.^     This,  of  course, 
ed  to  a  conflict  between  the  French  and  English  colonists  on 
these   shores.      Each  party  exerted   its   utmost  endeavors    to 
engage  the  Indians  as  allies.     The  French,  as  was  to  have 
been  expected,  were  the  more  successfd.     Again  horrid  war 
recommenced  its  ravages  of  shrieks,  misery,  blood,  and  death. 
1  he  war  was  commenced  by  an  attack  made  by  the  French 
and  ludiaiis  upon  an  English  settlement  at  Canseaa,  in  Nova 
bcotia.      The  French  governor  of  Cape  Breton   sent  several 
armed  vessels,  with  about  nine  hundred  men,  and  took  possession 
ot  the  island.     Soon  after,  three  h.mdred  Indians,  led,  it  is  said, 
by  a  French  missionary,  M.  Luttre,  attacked  Annapolis.     They 
laid  siege  to  the  place ;  but,  re-enforcements  arriving  from  Bos- 
ton, they  were  compelled  to  retire. 

War  is  the  most  expensive  of  all  earthly  employments.  New 
torts  were  reared,  and  the  old  ones  strengthened.  A  hundred 
and  twenty-one  men  were  sent  to  be  distributed  to  the  garrisons 
at  Fort  George,  Pemaquid,  Richmond,  Brunswick,  and  Saco. 
Ihree  hundred  men  were  organized  into  scouts,  which  parties, 
ever  on  the  move,  were  generally  led  by  friendly  Indian  guides. 

^  This  famous  war  for  the  ^wsfreansM^ceMion,  commenced  byrrederick  n  of 
Prnss,a,  not  only  drew  all  Europe  into  it.  vortex,  but  also  led  Frene  Canadiani 
and  English  colonists  and  savage  Indians  tocutti„L.«...h  nth-'«  thro--  °v'  -? 
not  the  slightest  idea  of  what  they  were  fighting  for "  '  " 


ill 


346 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINF. 


^^n!^ll^  ^''''^'  '^  gunpowder  were  sent  to  be  distributed 
among  the  towns. 

A  delegation  was  appointed  by  the  governor  to  visit  St. 
George,  and  ascertain  the  feelings  of  the  Penobscot  Indians. 
They  met  many  of  the  chiefs  in  council,  and  received  from 
them  the  assurance  of  their  continued  desire  for  peace.  It  was 
dmded  to  conjmence  a  vigorous  war  against  the  Indians  of 
Nova  Scotia.  The  tnbes  residing  in  Maine  were  forl)idden,  by 
the  government  of  Massachusetts,  from  holding  any  intercourse 
:if  t  'TrT  «^^— ^-ddy  Bay.    A^ur^dr  d Tound 

of  age.     Fifty  pounds  was  offered  for  that  of  a  child  younger 
than  twelve,  or  for  that  of  a  woman.»  * 

of  whifp""^^'"?!!" '"'''^""'^P'"''^"^-  But  a  vagabond  band 
of  white  men  fell  upon  an  unoffending  band  of  Indians  on  the 
eastern  s.ae  of  St.  George's  River,  killing  one,  and  severe!, 
woundmg  others  The  government  did  all  in  its  power  to  atone 
for  this  enme.  Forty  pounds  in  money,  a  blanket,  and  ml" 
othei  articles  were  given  to  the  widow.  The  wounded  we/e 
furnished  with  medical  aid,  and  were  carefully  conveyed  to  their 
homes  on  the  Penobscot.  ^ 

fifttTtf -^  ''  '^'!  ^""^'^'^  '''^'^^  '^'  ^^"^f«  ^"g--«-«d  to  join 
fifty  ot  their  men  to  every  band  of  a  hundred  and  fiftv  of  the 

Enghsh,  raised  to  subdue  any  refractory  Indians  who  might 
attempt  to  disturb  the  peace.  To  test  the  Indians,  the  English 
now  demanded  that  the  sagamores  should  furnish  their  quota 
of  warriors  to  march  against  the  tribes  in  Nova  Scotia.  This 
demand  was  made  with  the  not  very  courteous  menace,  that,  if 
ofT.V",'  ^^Pli^d -f  within  forty  days,  the  governm;nt 
of^  Massachusetts  would  declare  war  against  the   Indians  of 

The  sagamores  vyere  in  great  perplexity  and  distress.    Several 
councils  were  held,  and  the  subject  was  earnestly  discussed 
The  i.sult  was,  that  in  January  they  sent  an  express  to  Boston 

indnil'^-  S"^'^^""^^'^^  '^^'  '^^^y  found  it  impossible  to 
mduce  their  young  men  to  take  up  arms  against  their  brother 
Indians  of  the  St.  John.  ^^^omer 


1  Suzumary,  by  Douglass,  p.  320;  WilUamson.  vol.  il.  p.  218. 


THE  HISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


847 


For  carrying  on  the  war  against  the  French  and  their  allied 
Indians,  ^-wo  regiments  were  raised  in  Maine.  One,  from  the 
vicmity  ot  Kittery,  consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  and  sixty-five 
men,  under  Col.  William  Pepperell;  t,he  other,  of  twelve  hun- 
dred and  ninety  men,  was  formed  from  the  towns  adjoining 
Falmouth,  and  was  commanded  by  Col.  Samuel  Waldo. 

Louisburg,  upon  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  was  one  of  the 
most  important  and  best  fortified  of  the  posts  of  the  French. 
With  its  ramparts,  its  ditches,  its  batteries,  one  of  them  mount- 
ing twenty-eight  forty-two  pounders,  it  was  justly  considered 
the  Gibraltar  of  America.  The  labor  of  twenty-five  years  had 
been  expended  upon  these  fortifications,  and  they  had  cost  the 
■  French  crown  thirty  million  livres.»  It  would  seem  that  all  the 
English  colonies  embarked  with  great  enthusiasm  n  the  enter- 
prise  of  making  the  conquest  of  Louisburg.2  Col.  Pepperell 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  was  first  in  command.' 
Though  trained  to  war,  he  was  a  devout  man.  He  applied  to 
Rev.  Mr.  Whitefield,  then  preaching  in  Maine,  for  his  opinion 
of  the  enterprise.     He  replied, 

"  The  scheme  is  not  very  full  of  encouragement.  The  eyes  of  all  will  be 
upon  you.  Should  you  not  meet  with  success,  the  widows  and  orphans  will 
utter  complaints.  Should  you  be  successful,  many  will  look  upon  you  with 
envy,  and  endeavor  to  eclipse  your  glory.  You  ought,  therefore,  to  go  with 
a  '  smgle  eye ; '  then  you  wiU  receive  strength  proportioned  to  your  uecea- 

Mr.  Whitefield,  at  the  earnest  suggestion  of  Col.  Pepperell, 
gave  him  a  motto  for  his  flag.  It  was  "Nil  desperandum,' 
Christo  duce."  »  An  army  of  four  thousand  men  was  embarked 
in  a  fleet  of  thirteen  vessels,  besides  transports  and  store-ships. 
The  vessels  carried  two  hundred  guns.  On  the  24th  of 
March,  1745,  the  squadron  sailed.  Before  casting  anchor  in 
the  waters  of  Louisburg,  the  fleet  was  joined  by  ten  other 
British  ships  of  war,  mounting  four  hundred  and  ninety  guns. 

1  Halibnrton'3  History  of  Nova  Scotia,  vol.  i.  pp.  98-112. 

2  "All  the  talk  is  about  the  expedition  to  Louisburg.  "There  is  a  niar.rellous 
zeal  and  coneun-enoe  through  the  whole  couutry  with  respect  to  it.     Such  as  the 

Ike  was  never  seen  in  this  part  of  the  world."  -  Smith' 8  JounicU,  p.  UC;  dateFeb. 

a  Nothing  is  to  be  despaired  of,  Christ  being  the  leader. 


348 


THE  BISTORT  OF  UAISE. 


appeared  beW  T""^  ''^""  •"'"'  "^  ^P"''  ""^  '<l"-dron 

The  al'rrtr,'  r"'  '""'^^'^  "'*  »^^'-'y-y  OPP-'""" 
and  S     F     f   r  ,      ?  '"""■'  conducted  with  like  bravery 
and  skil .    For  forty-four  days  the  battle  raged,  with  scarcely  a 
moment  s  intermission.     We  have  no  space"  here  to  entertto 

Lomsburg  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  English     There  were 

defentrof  rr  '■r"'^"',™''  ""■■^y  inhabitants  withi„; 
detences.     Of  these,  two  thousand  were  able  to  bear  arms 

thev  tee  Srr';T'  '"  ""'  '"""""<'  "^  impoverishment, 
they  weie  left  to  struggle  against  life's  dire  adversities. 

Nme  thousand  cannon-balls  and  six  hundred   bombs  were 

thrown  mto  the  city  before  the  surrender.     Durin.  thTconZt 

hL  b"f  i"'/  '■""'"''  ""<•  *'"'^  "•«■■■'  "1°   h     F  e  ch 

to  be  a  fifth  Indian  war.     The  refusal  of  the  Indians  of  Maine 

^TrEuTT  '"^"■,^-*-»  »  Nova  Scotia  was  considt  d 
by  the  Engbsh,  as  indicative  of  hostile  intentions,  and  almost 
equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  hostilities. 

No  more  trading-..nasters  were  appointed,  and  trade  with  the 
Mians  ceased  Thus  they  were  constrained  to  resorlt  he 
Fienoh  for  their  supplies.  The  English  made  vigorous  prepay! 
ions  for  the  conflict.  Block-houses  were  built,  r.mpatsweTe 
thrown  up;  parties  were  organized  as  scouts,  to  be  con^nuaUv 
perambulating  the  country;  and  almost  eve  y  ablc-bodM  m"n 
was  converted  into  a  soldier.     The  English'^.ere  stron.."he 

thenar     Tlie  English,  who  could  have  no  doubt  of  success  in 
contending  against  so  feeble  a  foe,  could  add  to  their  tm  toria^ 

set?s"d!.l^!f  °^  '^"?"'''  ""•'■  ""^  g''-«™""'nt  of  Massaclm- 
setts  declared  war  against  all  the  eastern  tribes  of  Maine  with- 
ou  exception.  Large  bounties  were  offered  for  cap «;  s  „. 
«alps.-    It  would  seem  that  the  Indians  were  entirely  uTp-- 

1  Williamaon,  p.  2i0;  Smith's  Journal,  p.  120. 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


349 


pared  for  this  outbreak.     In  terror  they  abandoned  their  homes 
to  seek  the  protection  of  the  French.    Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  of  Fal- 
mouth,  in  his  valuable  Journal,  writes,  under  date  of  Oct.  2, 
1745,  that  not  an  Indian  had  been  seen  or  heard  of  on  the 
eastern  frontier,  for  nearly  a  month.     He  says,  that,  immediately 
upon  the  announcement  of  hostilities,  they  fled  away  to  Canada. 
It  was  a  miserable  war.     There  was  no  such  thing  as  a  battle 
between  the  English  and  the  Indians.     There  was  no  array  of 
forces  against  each  other.     Scouting  parties  of  the  English 
ranged  the  woods,  hunting  Indians,  as  they  would  hunt  wolves 
or  bears.     Prowling  bands  of  savages  killed  cattle  and  swine, 
occasionally  burned  a  house,  and  shot  at  the  white  men  when- 
ever they  could  get  a  chance  to  do  so  unseen.    To  describe 
these  events  would  only  be  to  repeat  what  has  already  been 
recorded.    But  terror  reigned  in  every  lonely  farmhouse.     Every 
few  days  the  tidings  would  be  heard  of  some  man  shot,  or  some 
family  massacred.     These  reports  were  ot»,en  greatly  exagge- 
rated.     The  great  desire  of  the  English  was  to  capture  Canada. 
Mr.  Williamson  writes, — 

'  'In  none  of  the  Indian  wars  were  the  savages  more  subtle  and  inveterate 
yet  m  none  less  cruel.  They  despaired  of  laying  waste  the  country,  and 
expelling  the  inhabitants.  They  rather  sought  to  satiate  their  revenge  upon 
particular  individuals  or  families;  to  take  captives  and  scalps,  for  the  sake 
of  the  price  or  premium  paid  them  therefor  by  the  French,  and  to  satisfy 
their  wants  by  the  plunder  of  houses  or  slaughter  of  cattle;  a  cow  c  -  an  ox 
being  frequently  killed  by  them,  and  nothing  taken  but  the  tongue."  i 

The  English  trained  furious  dogs  to  chase  the  Indians,  and  to 
tear  them  down,  women  and  children,  with  bloody  fangs. 
Orders  were  issued  for  the  organization  of  troops  to  drive  all 
th'^  Indians  and  the  French  settlers  out  of  Nova  Scotia.a  Amidst 
these  horrors,  it  is  pleasant  to  record  an  occasional  act  of  human- 
ity. A  few  Indians,  by  stratagem,  captured  Capt.  Jonathan 
Williamson,  of  Wiscasset.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent 
men  in  the  settlement.  In  his  capture  they  were  careful  not  to 
wound  him.  Two  others,  whom  they  might  have  killed,  they 
allowed  to  escape.    He  inquired  the  reasons  for  this  conduct. 


1  Williamson,  vol.  U.  p.  241 


wiiiiaiiisoji,  vol.  il  p.  247. 


m 


p. 


Iff-:'' 


850 


TffE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


O.I^  r'       "'^  ^eq"ested,"  they  said,  »  by  the  governor  of 

Quebec    to  secure  an  intelligent  prisoner,  who  is  canaWe  of 

gmng  information  respecting  the  plans  of  the  En  "ish  ^         "' 

In  conducting  him  through  the  wilderness  to°Quebec  thev 

tr.a  ed  hxm  with  the  utmost  kindness,  liberally  sharrn.  wl  LS 

all  the  provisions   they  could  procure.^      Winter  came    wi^h 

unusual  severity,  and  great  depth  of  snow.    Miita"  exDeditTon^ 

■       had  engrossed  the  energies  of  the  people      ThllT    """Pr  ^^°°« 

faminn      Tu       1-  1      .  .,.         i-we  people.     1  here  was  almost  a 

Ola   d,  ,„i  „.j„„3  ^„j  ^^^^^^  ^^^^  «e  to 

There   was  misery  everywhere,  happiness  nowhere     Id  rfi 

X:;1hCrt:,iri:  -  «--  or  aLlw^onfi 

create  «  mnro  o  °"®  °J.^"'^"^-     The  imagination  could  scarcely 

r;r:rer-rr;!:i:f/°"-^  ^-^  °^  -'-- "-» '=>' 

The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  signed    Oct     7    174« 
peace  to  the  world.    Several'of  the  fhiefs  „nhe  Ma^ne  iX: 

ot  Jnne,  1740.     There  was  quite  a  nnmerous  delegation  ren 

0     h""t'-T'"'L"''  Kennebec  and  the  Penobscot  trib  "'on'; 
of  the  chiefs,  addressii.g  the  governor,  said,- 

co^^r-rriptitdrL:^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Mans  attended,    ^■inetefnrfs  sljn^ed Thl  tt ty'°o7 p^oT 
It  was  essentially  the  same  as  the  "  Dummer  Treatv  "     If 
oalW  the  "  Submission  and  Agreement  " of  thSs.  " 

When  sueh  a  storm  has  been  raging  over  life's  ocean,  it  takes 

^  Williamaon,  vol.  11,  n  2M  3  -Rrin- 

I  vui.  u.  p.  ,ioj.  a  Williamson,  vol.  11.  p.  268. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


851 


some  time  for  the  billows  to  subside.  Vagabond  ^yhite  men 
contmued  to  shoot  the  Indians.  In  vain  the  natives  appealed 
to  the  legal  tribunals  for  redress.  "  Certain  it  is,  that  whenever 
a  white  person  was  tried  for  killing  an  Indian,  even  in  times  of 
profound  peace,  he  was  invariably  acquitted,  it  being  impossible 
to  impanel  a  jury  on  which  there  were  not  some  who  had 
suffered  by  the  Indians,  either  in   their  persons,  families,  or 

Predatory  bands  of  savages  from  Canada,  accustomed  to 
plunder,  continued  for  a  time  their  banditti  excursions,  killing 
plundering,  and  burning.  "But  it  was  manifest  that  the  in' 
stances  of  mischief  were  principally  acts  of  mere  revenge  com- 
mitted by  stragglers  and  renegadoes,  unencouraged  probably 
by  any  tribe.  The  sagamores  of  Penobscot,  and  even  of  Nor- 
ndgewock,  declared  that  they  had  no  share  in  the  late  rupture 
and  expressed  strong  desires  of  immediately  renewing  thei^ 
tormer  trade  and  connections  with  the  English."  ^ 

The  intelligent  Indians  could  not  look  upon  the  continued 
encroachments  of  the  English  without  anxiety.  Though  con- 
scious that  this  could  not  be  prevented  by  any  force  of  arms 
which  they  could  wield,  they  made  frequent  and  earnest  appeals 
to  the  government,  in  vindication  of  what  they  deemed  their 
rights.  Permanent  and  steadily  increasing  se.Jements  were 
established  at  Woolwich,  Edgecomb,  Bath,  Dresden.  Bowdoin- 
ham,  Topsham,  and  many  other  places.  Strong  fortifications 
were  arising  at  many  important  points. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  whole  population  of  Maine  in  1744 
was  from  twelve  to  fifteen  thousand.''  Falmouth  was  the  largest 
town  in  the  Province.  The  hunting  grounds  and  fishing  sites 
of  the  natives  were  fast  passing  from  them.  Soon  after  this, 
the  English  claimed  all  the  land  from  the  Kennebec  River  east 
to  the  Sheepscot,  and  as  far  up  the  Kennebec  as  Norridc^ewock 
They  were  taking  possession  of  the  territory,  and  strengthen- 
mg  themselves  in  it.  Gov.  Shirley,  with  several  commissioners, 
met  a  number  of  the  sagamores  at  Fort  Richmond.  There  is 
something  pitiable  in  the  tone  of  the  chief  Indian  speaker  on 
thia  occasion.     He  said,  — 

1  WnUauison,  vol.  ii  p.  272.  a  Smith's  Journal,  p.  137. 


852 


THE  BISTORT  OF  A! A  INK. 


%M  ■  IS 


The  governor  exhibited  deeds,  signed  by  Indian  chiefs  in 
proof  that  the  English  had  purchased  the  iLis  Z^^^^Z 
rephed,  and  without  doubt  veiy  truthfully,  _  "^«"<"^°»« 

At  the  close  of  this  conference  one  of  the  chiefs  said  "I 

ge  drunk.  We  entreat  you  to  give  orders  to  Capt.  Zithgow 
TZty^r  "'  "'^"'  ""»  -y  --  '-  t>^an'  one  ^Z 
_  The  question  as  to  the  title  to  the  lands,  the  English  decided 
ZtZ77  ^""^^^-'--S  'hat  they  had  been  de'ed  d  to  hem 
by  the  Indians     Ot  course  the  Indians  felt  deeply  aggrieve" 

rf  Ltd  T"  '""°r ^'^''  "'*'"  "''^*  "^^  ^""^d  fhe°tintory 
of  Sagadahoc,  was  Newcastle,  so  named  from  the  Duke  of  New^ 

:t:  c^niir  """'"^ "'  ''•'  ■'"«•  ""^  ^™  o--"  «»^^ 

There  were  increasing  dissatisfaction  and  murmurs  with  in- 
dividual Indians.  It  was  also  asserted  that  the  Fr^nrwere 
endeavoring  to  incite  them  to  renew  hostilities.  The  most  Ion! 
venient  route  from  Quebec  to  the  eastern  provinces  oTMane 
was  to  follow  up  the  Chaudidre  about  a  hundred  mile,  then  to 
eross  the  unbroken  wilderness  through  an  Indian  trai'  a  di, 

Uead  lliver.    This  point  was  about  fifty  miles  above  the  Indian 
settlement  at  NorUdgewock.     It  was  apprehended  tha    the 
Indians  far  away  upon  these  upper  waters  of  the  river,  gathet 
...g  from  Maine  and  Canada,  and  aided  by  the  Frenck,  m^^t 

1  Journal  of  the  Kev.  Thomaa  Sinitb,  pp.  1B3, 164. 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


858 


establish  a  general  rendezvous,  and  make  raids  upon  the  lower 
settlements.  No  such  attempt  was,  however,  undertaken,  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  such  was  evrr  coiuomplated.  Subse- 
quent events  render  it  much  more  probable  that  the  rumor  was 
started  by  designing  men,  as  an  ex  (use  for  taking  possession  of 
the  lands  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  river,  by  erectin^r  forts 

The  governor  ordered  six  companies  to  be  organized  ready  to 
march  at  the  shortest  notice.     He  also  issued  the  severe  com- 
mand, that,  should  any  Indians  of  Norridgewock  be  guilty  of 
any  mischief,  the  troop,  should  1  advance   upon  their  villa-e 
utterly  destroy  it,  and  either  kill  or  capture  every  member  V 
the  tnbe.i     The  government  ordered  a  very  strong  fort  to  be 
buUt  at  Teconnet,  on  the  .astern  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  at  the 
junction  between  that  river  and  the  Seba.sUcook.      This  was 
making  an  advance  from  Fort  Ri.  hmond,  thirty-five  miles  up 
the  river,  into  the  territory  which  the  Indians  claimed  as  their 
own  and  from  which  they  had  so  eariu  stly  entreated  that  they 
might  not  be  driven.     This  fort  was  garrisoned  by  eight  hun- 
dred men.     In  anticipation  of  another  war  with  the  French  and 
Indians,   an  alliance    was  formed   by   the    English    with   the 
Mohawks,  the  fiercest  warriors  on  the  continent. 

The  great  and  terrible  struggle  was  approaching  between  the 
two  most  powerful  kingdoms  on  the  globe,  France  and  Eno-land 
for  the  possession  of  this  contineni.  France  was  beginnTn<T  to 
rear  her  forts  from  the  Lakes  to  New  Orleans,  intendiao-  to  hold 
control  of  the  majestic  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi 
and  to  shut  up  the  English  upon  the  narrow  border  east  of  the 
Alleghanies.  England  was  resolved  to  drive  the  French  from 
Canada,  and  to  take  possession  of  the  whole  country.  In  the 
awful  conflict  which  ensued,  not  only  the  poor  Indians  were 
doomed  to  be  crushed,  but  thousands  of  humble  European  emi- 
grants suffered  woc^  Lh«  very  recital  of  which  tortures  the  soul. 

1  History  of  Maine,  by  William  Williamson,  vol  ii.  p.  297. 
23 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  OLD  TEENCH  WAR,    AND  THE  WAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 

COMMENCED. 

The  Upper  Kennebec!  explored  — New  Forts   hniif     w„^     uu  .t.     ,    ,. 
Renewec,      Eng,i..AtLties-wrrb'^^^^^^ 

nessof  the  LKlians- Incorporation  of  Towns-Efforts  of  l«rnd  to  En 
slave  America-The  Stamp  Act-The  Tea  Tax-Blttl Lf  Sngtorf- 
Patnofsm  of  the  People  of  Maine -Scenes  in  Falmouth  -  vLT  of    h^ 
British  Sloop-of-War-Capture  of  Capt.Mowatt-Hi™Threat3 

TpIVE  hundred  troops  were  sent  up  the  Kennebec  River  to 
ru  ^y^"'%^'^^  carry ing-phices  between  that  river  and  the 
_Chaudi6re.  It  was  ascertained  that  no  fort  had  been  attempted 
m  that  region,  by  either  the  French  or  the  Indians.  The  site 
selected  by  the  English  for  the  new  fort  was  beautiful.  It  was 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  below  Teconnet  Falls.  It  was  built  of 
solid  timber,  twenty  l^et  in  height,  and  sufficiently  capacious  to 
accommodate  a  garrison  of  four  hundred  men.  The  name  given 
this  structure  was  Fort  Halifax.  ' 

Two  other  forts,  quite  similar  in  strength,  were  built  farther 
down  the  river,  each  of  them  on  the  eastern  side.     One  was  at 
Cushnoc,^  now  Augusta,  near  the  eastern  end  of  the  present 
bridge.     They  gave  it  the  name  of  Fort  Western,     .he  other 
was  about  a  mile  above  the  northern  end  of  Swan  Island      It 
was  called  Fort  Shirley.^    From  Fort  Western  to  Fort  Haliftxx 
was  a  distance  of  eighteen  miles,  through  a  pathless  and  unin- 
habited wilderness.     The  governor  ordered  a  road  to  be   out 
through  the  forest  suitable  for  wheel  carriages.    Arrangements 

^  This  name  is  sometimes  spelled  Cushenoc. 

Fort  t^lfoT  "'"'''  '"  ""  ^^^"^'^'^  °'  ^"'"•^^-*'  *'  --  «°™«"n.e8  caUed 
351 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


855 


were  also  made,  so  that  an  express  might  be  sent,  by  means  of 
whale-boats  and  videttes,  from  Falmouth  to  Fort  Halifax,  in 
twenty-four  hours. 

On  the  6th  of  November,  1754,  couriers  reached  Falmouth 
with  the  tidings  that  a  band  of  Indians  had  assailed  some  men 
from  the  garrison  of  Fort  Halifax,  who  were  cutting  timber, 
and  killed  one  man,  and  carried  away  four  others  as  captives. 
Also  a  rumor  had  reached  the  fort,  that  five  hundred  French 
and  Indians  were  about  to  march  from  Quebec  to  make  an 
attack  upon  the  fort.  A  re-enforcement  of  a  hundred  men  was 
immediately  sent  to  strengthen  the  garrison.  Six  companies  of 
minute-men,  in  Maine,  were  ordered  to  be  ready  to  march  at 
the  shortest  notice. 

It  soon  appeared  that  this  hostile  outbreak  was  perpetrated 
by  the  Canada  Indians  of  St.  Frangois.i  Public  opinion  was 
greatly  aroused  against  these  Indians.  Many  demanded  that 
they  should  be  utterly  exterminated.  A  hundred  pounds  was 
offered  by  the  General  Court,  for  the  scalp  of  any  one  of  them, 
and  ten  pounds  more  for  an  Indian  taken  alive.  There  were 
mutual  recriminations  and  retaliations  by  which  France  and 
England  gradually  drifted  into  the  deplorable  "  French  war," 
without  war  having  been  formally  declared  by  either  party. 
Awful  tragedies  ensued,  which  could  scarcely  have  been  exceeded 
in  Pandemonium. 

We  have  no  space  here  to  enter  into  the  details  of  the  conflict. 
We  can  only  briefly  allude  to  the  events  which  transpired  in 
Maine.  The  most  awful  scenes  of  distress  were  witnessed. 
The  civilized  combatants,  in  their  rage,  proved  that  savages 
could  not  exceed  them  in  cruelty.  Several  months  lapsed  before 
there  were  any  acts  of  violence  in  Maine.    It  is  very  evident 


1  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  governor  of  Canada  hatl  invited  the  fragments 
of  tribes,  broken  by  war,  to  settle  on  lands  which  he  had  assigned  to  them  on  the 
two  small  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Besancoitrt  and  St.  Francois.  Here  they 
were  aided  in  building  their  houses.  A  church  and  a  parsonage  were  erected, 
and  a  missionary  and  interpreter  furnished  them.  They  were  called  the  St.  Fran- 
cois Indians,  and  were,  of  course,  entirely  devoted  to  the  French,  who  had  treated 
them  with  such  brotherly  kindness.- ITt/ttanMO/i,  vol.  ii.  p.  40;  Jeffrey'. i  History  of 

the  French  Tinmininnit  n  Q-  TnnrirtfnnhUni   n^.<..M-«4.-,.-   -f  ri ,-.»-'  i-     i-  .     .    n 

chette,  p.  67. 

23 


856 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


hut    he  Inchans  there  v,   re  exceedingly  reluctant  to  be  drawn 

nto  the  war      Dur.ng  the  summer  of  1755,  five  or  six  men,  in 

d  ff  rent  locaht.es,  .ore  shot,  sever.:.  u<.,..e.  wore  burned,  ^nd 

thf/llTn  •''''''  '^''^^'"  ''^'^''-  ^"  ^''''-^'     It  •«  probable 
that  all     as  was  done  by  straggling  bands  from  Canada;    still 
on  the  11th  o    June,  1754,  the  G<  aeral  Court,  in  retaliation  lor 
these  acts,  declared  war  against  all  the  Indians  in  Maine,  except- 
ng  those  on  the  Penobscot.     Two  hundred  pounds  were  offered 
o  volunteers  for  every  Indian  scalp.     It  was  ku.vvn  that  the 
feeble  and  disheartened  Indians  could  make  no  show  of  battle 
They  were  to  be  hunted   down  like  bears  and  wolves.     The 
Indians  were  struck  with  dismay.     "  They  retired  back,"  writes 
Mi.  Wilhamson;  "and  we  hear,  after  this,  of  no  more  mischief 
perpetrated  by  them  this  season,  on  our  frontiers  "  i 

As  a  general  rule,  tlie  English  settlers  hated  the  Indians,  and 
were  anxious  to  get  entirely  rid  of  them.     They  made  but  ittle 
distinction  between  frierids  and  enemies.     If  a  Canadian  Ind  an 
engaged  in  any  act  of  aggression,  the  English     ...  prompt  to 
take  vengeance  upon  any  Indians  they  might  chance  to  meet 
no  matter  how  inoffensive  in  conduct  or  how  friendly  in  heart  * 
Capt.  James  Cargill,  of  Newcastle,  was  commisc^-oned  to  raise 
a  scouting  company.     He  chanced  to  meet  a  band  of  Indian 
Wers  peaceful  men,  who  had  no  thought  of  any  hostile  act. 
He  shot  down  twelve,  and  took  their  scalps.     They  were  worth 
to  lain  and  his  party  two  thousand  four  hundred  pounds.     Soon 
aftex  they  met  a  friendly  Indian  woman,  MarcLt ;  she  was 

W  r"\  ""'  '''"™"^  ^^""^  '^  '''^  '^  ^he  garrison,  with 
her  babe  in  her  arms.  They  shot  her  down.  With "lyinc.  b -eath 
she  entreated  them  to  protect  her  child.  They  killed  Uie  babe 
before  its  mother's  eyes.2 

cou^dte  r  '^PP^^'^^^^^f.  ^°^  ""r'^^r--  ^^  "«ual,  no  verdict 
could  be  found  against  him,  though  there  was  no  enial  of 
the  facts;  but  there  were  many  good  men  whose  hearts  were 
m  ed  with  grief  by  such  atrocities.  The  General  Court  offered 
all  the  Indians  who  would  enlist  in  the  public  service,  the  same 
pay  as  other  soldiers  had.    Nine  of  the  chiefs  were Tnvited  into 

1  "Williamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  312. 

«  Eatoa'8  Narrative,  pp.  12, 13.  as  quoted  by  Mr.  Winjaiuson,  yd.  ii.  p.  315. 


TBB  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


357 


St.  George's  Fort  to  oowfer  upon  this  matter.  They  were  all 
seized  as  prisoners,  and  were  assured  that  they  would  not  be 
liberated  until  they  enlisted.  Dreadf il  was  their  erbarrass- 
ment.  The  Canadian  Indians  were  thei  friends  and  brethren. 
The  French  had  ever  treated  them  witi,  tls-'  utmost  kindness  ; 
and  ytt  they  W(  -e  informed,  that,  unless  th.;y  would  enlist  to 
fight  these  their  fnends,  a  war  of  exterrainntion  wouhl  bp  waged 
against  them.  On  the  5th  of  November  war  w  13  declared 
against  this  Pt:  ubscot  iribe,  and  large  premiums  wjre  offered 
for  their  scalp -^.^ 

It  was  !iot  until  June,  1756,  that  England  published  a  declar- 
ation of  war  against  France.  Gov.  Sairley,  wh  .se  administra- 
tion had  lasted  sixteen  years,  became  very  unpt  .  )ular,  and  was 
with(h-awn.  Sevr-  d  mouths  passed  before  a  successor  was  ap- 
pointed. The  Indims,  goaded  to  desperation,  on  the  24th  of 
March,  1756,  killed  t\\  >  men  and  wounded  a  third  near  Fort 
George's.  Ou  the  3d  oi  May  one  mnu  was  si  in  TIarpswell, 
and  two  scaped  by  flight.  There  were  but  ti  ■  Indians,  who, 
in  ambush,  attackcil  these  three  well-armed  white  men.  They 
carried  their  captive  to  Canada,  where,  in  about  a  year,  he 
obtained  hi«  liberty.  On  the  14tli  of  May  two  men,  in  Wind- 
ham, were  ;  Uct  and  scalped  1)y  a  party  of  Indians  in  ambush. 
One  Indian  was  sho'  and  anoth.  wounded.  At  the  head  of 
Arrowsic  Island,  in  t/eorgetown,  Mr.  Preble  and  his  wife  were 
killed,  as  they  were  pLmting  corn,  and  their  three  children  were 
carried  to  Canada. 

The  Indians  treated  these  little  orphans  with  gi  it  nderness, 
carrying  them  upon  their  backs  when  they  were  atigaed,  and 
sharing  liberally  their  food  with  them.  These  cliildren  beoame 
so  much  attached  to  their  Indian  parents  that  they  wept  biti,  ily 
when,  being  ran^  ned,  they  were  taken  from  liem  to  be  restored 
to  civilized  life.  Inei  mother's  father,  Capt.  Harnden,  of 
Woolwich,  went  to  Canada  for  them,  and  such  's  his  testimony 
respecting  their  treatment.  At  Fort  Halifa>  wo  men  fishinc* 
were  shot  and  mortally  wounded. 

Such  was  the  char    ter  of  this  needless  war.     Tiiough  but 


jr— -^^----q-gai 


*  Jouniui  of  the  Massacbiisotts  House  of  lieprese  a  Natives,  vol.  ix.  p.  248. 


m 


Tan  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


move  f.,„  ,,i,  i„„,,  „.,,,^^^  dung ;  ;A  i  „  „tt  i\"  ™t;^'' 

Indians  were  despondent.    Gloom  w„»  even^lLe     T 
furame  in  the  lund.     To  n.1.1  t„  .1.    '^  "™^,  "'""">•    Hioicivas 

out,a„a„gedin,.„I:ontl    /„    ;r;l»  T""';"  f"''" 

son  at  St'  GeXe?'  Ve:;  tSrr  T"""'""'''  "'"  ««.- 
write,-  *"  ^  ""tl'fully  does   Mr.  Williamson 

them,  ou.  ow.  people  „e«  .„e  tot  J7^;.^'-Zl^.T'  ""  ■'*°" 
nJ7'ron;'roL7drtun1  IL'""'""'^^^'  "■^'' '"'™""  '"^  ^- 

them  dow^,  besfde:  t^:^  n ;  Lr"c:i:T'n '°  *"•"' 

a  ladj- of  remarkable  beauty  1^?™.         ^        ""''''*''■'•  """• 
captured,  with  her  ehild!!n  ,r  ,  "">'  "'^=''«'l'li»l>ments,  was 

They  we  e  carried  to  0^1^;,"  '■"I,''"^'""-'!  had  been  killed. 
J        c  caiuea  to  <^anada,  where  thev  were  senarafprl      iv,r 

^IraXrtr^i—  ""'  '^^^  ""C  "ml,  t: 

Wknowle-droft^S/;/--  ->'•  -ver  obtain  the 

It  was  difficult  to  find  the  Indian,      Tl,.„ 
abandon,,.d  the  frontiers.    I„  1758  H^'     Tf  ^  ^"'^  generally 
Its  atmosphere  was  eve,  it.    I      Harpswell  ,vas  incorporated. 

resorted  t'ob;  tCi  k     TW  T  "''"''"°'"  """  ''  ""» 

or  three  acts  of  violence  Jn  tl??  ^T^  f"  ^^'"'  ""'^ '>"> 
In  other  portions  of  ouie^L  ^  "'  *''"  ^'"''""^  '»  M"'"'- 
France  an^d  ^.:;:^Z^:^IZ1:^^.  ''Tl  ''T" 

sisted  of  abou    f^'ur  3r  d     u!  'T""^  """'  *"  '"'"<'  ■=""- 
^  Williamson,  vol.  li,  p.  334. 


THE  UISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


859 


made  upon  Meduncook,  now  Friendship,  where  eight  men  were 
either  killed  or  captured. 

*'  These,"  writes  air.  Williamson,  "  so  far  as  our  knowledge 
extends,  closed  the  scenes  of  massacre,  plunder,  and  outrage 
by  the  Indians,  during  the  present  war  and  forever."  * 

During  the  next  year,  Qu.  hoc,  Ticonderoga,  Niagara,  and 
Crown  Poii.t  fell  before  the  valor  of  British  armies ;  and  the 
banners  of  France,  not  long  after  this,  were  driven  from  this 
continent.'  It  was  a  great  achievement;  but  it  was  accom- 
plished through  woes  to  humanity  which  no  tongue  can  ade- 
quately tell. 

The  Indians  were  no  longer  to  be  feared.  A  military  force 
was  sent  to  Penobscot  to  take  possession  of  that  magnificent 
valley.  A  site  was  selected  for  a  fort,  about  three  leagues  below 
Orphan  Island,  in  the  present  town  of  Prospect.  It  was  both 
fort  and  trading-house.  Though  the  Indian  tribes  were  greatly 
broken,  and  were  crumbling  to  decay,  there  were  still  many 
thousand  Indians  in  that  region,  eager  to  sell  their  furs  for  the 
commodities  which  the  English  offered  in  exchange.  A  gentle- 
man who  visited  the  fort  soon  after  its  erection,  wrote,  "  I  have 
seen  one  of  its  rooms  as  full  as  it  could  be  well  stowed,  with  the 
first  quality  of  furs,  beaver,  otter,  and  sable." 

The  structure  was  called  Fort  Pownal.  It  cost  five  thousand 
pounds,  and  was  garrisoned  by  a  hundred  men.  The  governor, 
in  his  message  to  the  legislature,  said  that  he  had  taken  military 
possession  of  a  large  and  fine  country,  which  had  long  been  a 
den  for  savages,  and  a  lurking-place  for  renegado  Frenchmen. 
In  October,  1750,  the  plantation  of  Nequasset,  sometimes  T;alled 
Nauseag,  was  erected  into  a  town,  by  the  name  of  Woolwich. 
The  Indians  were  compelled  to  confess  their  rebellion,  and  that 
consequently  they  had  forfeited  all  their  lands,  and  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  of  England.  The  once  powerful 
Penobscot  tribe  had  dwindled  to  five  chiefs,  seventy-five  warriors, 
and  five  hundred  souls.  The  English  granted  the  Indians  per- 
mission to  hunt  through  the  unoccupied  forests,  and  to  rear  their 
villages  upon  such  spots  as  might  be  assigned  to  them. 

1  Williamson,  vol.  li.  p.  333. 

-  Quet)t!0,  the  capital  of  New  France,  capitulated  on  the  5th  of  October,  1759 
—Smollett,  vol.  iiL  p.  475, 


3  GO 


THE  hISTORY  OF  MATN^. 


"-"°dav.  li  :r tSy  r.  %?r"^-  ^— ^"'^ 

wc-.e  no  carts  or  oarKrua^/  ^  ""  *1"'  "'''^^^*  """•  There 
in  the  forests.  JW  and  Wf;"'  ""t  ""'"'^  ''''^''  """"■''"^ 
When  the  s„„.  ^r  cWp  t<,  loTerelt th"'  ^' T  '™^' 
moose  were  taken  in  one  winter  '"'  '"""'^ 

On  the  ISth  of  Pehrunrv  1  Tfiii  d 
as  a  township.     It  embraced  ,h    if     ™"'°''''""''  "»  """"-tered 
den,  Wiscasset,  and  A  „Ttnd   *    % '''"?'  '"""'  °' °^^'- 
counties,Cumberlandtnd;        ,  "'^°  '='""''■    ^wo  new 

the  retir^ent  o  at  PotraT  Ih  """  "'--'^''"^''ed..  Upon 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  wrloe^'inZL  7"  ""'*'"-'°"' 
From  a  valnation  take^  in  t£  v  ar  ,761  f  l^"'""?"""'  ^I'-''. 
the  population  of  the  State  t  1  ',"  "  "^'"""ted  that 

thousand  five  hundred  soX  ""  '°  "bout  seventeen 

e-t."  Mt  w:s"tn'::.Sdr  a""'  ^"7""'  "^  '^« 
district  of  Massachusetts  C  ,  e,v  lln  ""''  •""  '"P"'^"' 
»an  by  birth,  a  graduate  of  Oxfor7un,-vr  '  '™/"  ^"^li^h- 
aristocrat.  In  Jieart  he  ,„..  ,  ■  .""'^"'"y.  and  a  thorough 
republican  view  ptai  i^:  n'tl !  ^  ^-'""^'^  W"-"  ">  the 
was  to  increase  fhe  ::tnd:n  'Tt";.:;?'^  ^ "'  "-'™ 
unpopular  from  his  evident  effn,i  f„       .    ,    ,  ^^   '"'<='"ae 

people.  The  rich  va^of  1  P  T  "'' '"""''"•^'^  "^ ''''= 
settlers.  The  Gener.a/cou:  1  de  Sov  T  "1  '"'  ''•''"■"= 
the  far-famed  island  Mount  Desert  It  i  T/i  "  P"''^'^"'  "' 
probably  intended  to  secur^hkinfl  '"'.''""""'' e''f' was 

obtaining  its  consent  to  fl  /m- ,"™"' '*""'  '''«  ™wn  in 
in  the  /enobsc  t  gi  :  "rh:  !  t'w ''7" '  "'  ""'■'^™  '°™»'"i« 
tatives  to  the  GenerarCourt     T  ill Tl™""  '""'  ^^P™-" 

e-nportir:irCe-~°-— ^^^^^^^ 

1  There  wereoon.sequentlv  at  thU  fly>i^  *i, 
to...,  C.„„,.erla„.I  .seven,  aniil-      ,,   T;e    "L"""'^""    ^"^'^  ''^'^^--'^  «feht 
small  an.l  scattered  .settlements   cal led  nin, .  '^^'^  Perhap.s  as  ,„any  more 

contained  a  hundred  and  UnnXt'^C^:::-    2Xr'f'  ""^  ^'^^'^  ^ 

<i,  nouses,  —inu^/t's  Journal,  p,  74. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


861 


re 

It 
fe 

IS 

^» 

y 
I 

T 
I 


run  the  dividing  line  between  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  1762 
Windham,  Buxton,  and  Bowdoinham  were  incorporated.  This 
last  town  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Peter  Bowdoin,  a  Protes- 
tant, who  had  fled  from  France  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes.  On  the  10th  of  February,  1763,  a  general  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris,  between  France  and  England. 
France  renounced  to  Great  Britain  all  her  northern  dominions 
in  America.  At  this  time  there  was  not  a  settler  in  the  valley 
of  the  Penobscot  above  Orphan  Island. 

The  Indians  were  no  more  successful  than  the  English  in  pre- 
venting acts  of  murder  and  robbery  on  the  part  of  lawless  vaga- 
bonds. An  Iriian  was  hunting  and  trapping  near  Fort  Powiuil. 
Four  Englislimen  killed  him,  and  stole  his  traps  and  furs.  The 
villany  escaped  unpunished,  and  the  Indians  attempted  no 
revenge.  There  were  several  such  cases  which  the  Indians  bore 
with  wonderful  forbearance. 

This  year  the  census  was  taken,  but  it  is  thought  not  very 
accurately.  According  to  the  report  made,  there  remained  but 
thirty  warriors  of  tlie  Norridgewock  tribe,  sixty  of  the  Penob- 
scot, and  thirty  of  the  Passamaquoddy  Indians.  The  whole  pop- 
ulation of  Maine  amounted  to  about  twent}--four  thousand. 

In  the  year  1764,  three  plantations  of  considerable  note, 
Topsham,  Gorham,  and  Boothbay,  were  incorporated.  Tops- 
ham  was  named  from  a  town  in  England  ;  Gorham  was  so  called 
in  honor  of  Capt.  John  Gcrham,  a  revered  ancestor  of  one  of 
the  grantees.  The  first  settler  in  that  plantation  was  Capt. 
John  Phinney,  who  reared  his  lonely  cabin  in  that  wilderness 
in  the  year  1734.  Boothbay  was  the  ancient  Cape  Newagen 
settlement.  The  plantation  was  settled  in  the  year  1630,  soon 
after  the  firet  adventurers  landed  at  Pemaquid.  A  century  of 
earth's  crimes  and  woes  had  since  passed  av/ay,  and  dreadful 
were  the  ravages  those  settlers  had  experienced  during  the 
Indian  wars. 

The  next  year  two  more  towns  were  incorporated,  Bristol 
and  Cape  Elizabeth.  These  were  the  twenty-second  and 
twenty-third  towns  of  the  district  of  Maine.  Bristol  embraced 
the  ancient  and  renowned  Pemaquid.  A  settlement  was  com- 
menced here  as  early  as  1626.     Tlie  name  was  given  from  the 


mi„MJM 

■ 

m 

■ 

1 

THE  HISrORY  OF  MAINE. 


863 


city  of  Bristol  in  England.  Cape  Elizabeth  was  taken  from 
the  o  d  town  of  Falmouth.  The  first  inhabitants  settled  upon 
a  neck  of  land  to  which  we  often  have  had  occasion  to  refer  as 
I  uipooduck  Point.  Nearly  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  place 
were,  at  one  time,  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  Salmon  Falls  River,  above  Berwick, 
there  had  long  been  a  plantation  of  considerable  note,  called  by 
Its  Indian  name,  Tow-woL  In  the  year  1767,  it  was  incorporated 
as  a  town,  by  the  name  of  Lebanon.  The  tide  of  emioration 
was  flowing  rapidly  towards  the  fertile  and  beautiful  banks  of 
the  Kennebec.  In  the  year  1771,  four  towns  were  incorporated 
upon  that  river,  embracing  an  area  of  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  square  miles.  These  were  Hallowell,  Vassalborough,  Wins- 
low,  and  Winthrop.  They  constituted  the  twenty-sixth,  twenty- 
seventh,  twenty-eighth,  and  twenty-ninth  corporate  towns  of 
the  State. 

Hallowell  was  so  called  from  a  distinguished  English  family 
of  that  name.  It  embraced  the  present  territory  of  Augusta. 
There  had  been  occasional  inhabitants  in  this  region,  which  was 
called  Cushnoc  and  the  Hook  for  more  than  a  hundred  years. 
\  *«salborough,  which  then  included  also  Sidney,  was  named 
inm  the  Hon.  William  Vassal,  a  prominent  citizen  of  Mass- 
achusetts. 

Wiii^W  was  also  incorporated  this  year,  including  the  present 
tovyn  of  W^rville.  Here  was  the  famous  Teconnet  of  the 
Indians ;  mA  A  vras  at  this  point,  on  the  neck  of  land  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Sebasticook  and  the  Kennebec,  that  Fort  Hali- 
fax was  reared.  As  early  as  17o4,  eleven  families  built  their 
cal)nis  at  this  frontier  fort  in  the  Avilderness. 

Winthrop  also  was  incorporated,  embracing  territory  whioh 
was  subsequently  set  apart  a.  Readfield.  T.he  territorial  plan- 
tation established  here  was  called  tiie  Poud  Town  Plantation. 
There  were  forty-four  lake,  of  rare  beauty,  within  limits  now 
comprising  Winthrop,  Readfield,  and  a  part  of  Wayne.  It  is  a 
beautiful  region,  commanding  sites  for  villa*,  -^  the  country 
shall  increase  in  wealth  and  populatiori,  whi.-h  perhaps  no  por- 
tion  of  our  extensive  domain  can  surpaw.  This  beautiful  chain 
of  lakes  was  the  great  water-course  over  whK^  the  canoes  of 


864 


TEE  BI8T0RY  OF  MAINE. 


ciaHn '^f  fT  "^  ^^'''  ^'^''^  '^'  I"^^i^"«'  With  a  hic^h  appre 
ciation  of  landscape  beauty,  reared  their  villages      OnlJT 

wna    IS  now  Gai^uier,  by  a  stream  wluch  the  Indians  calle  1 
Cobbossecontecook.     AH  the  nimp«  th«  t^  i-         -"""'^"^  callea 

have  had  so.e  P-^nicul^  Z^^^t  utZIZ:'^  '" 
meanuturgeon  ..„.,  abundance  of,  and  I^^te^  '" 

dre^  l"  T  f  f '  ■^™°*y  ''^'^■•'  "•"•>  «»  'vife  and  ten  chil- 

tt  ntv  fr.';  ^""'■""'"V-^  ™PiX  that  ha  should  builf  a Tole 
Mrs  on  tier""  «™  '"'  «t-',  should  reside,  hhnselfTr 
fitXffllage.'       ""     "'  '"""'  ""^  ''^"''^^  --  "f  'and 

^eppereU.      After  bearing  that  name  for  thirty-seven  years,  it 

because  of  his  sviupatln- for  and  inteSrnt  v  '^^  '°  '^'^'  ^'"""^  ^"«''^°'i 
tomed  to  take  Ins  distinguislied  v  s  lorf  tn  u  ,f  ""'"'■'^"  '^"^^'^i*-'-^-  was  aocus- 
channing  view  of  Cohbos^  ,  .t  lS^,'  e.s^^  h '^  ''"  "°"^*^  "^'"«  ''^  "'« 
House  Hill,  an.l  return  by  the  Naz^-ot^L^rl  "     ™';'  °''''  ""^  "^^'  ^^'''^""«- 

liim  the  niost  interesting  Lnery^nNe/Eii'.n'.  rr^''""  '"''^  *^'^  "^'^  ^ave 
«-.  P.  Z?enson,  p.  35.  y  m  J^e w  England.    _  Historic  Address  by  the  Hon. 

2  Collections  of  Maine  Historical  Society  vol  iv  n  11Q     v 
description  of  this  level v  region  and  if«  I..       t,      ^"  ■^'''■*  '"'^™  mi""*© 

toricaldiscourseof  the^n  sam"e  "^t^^^^  «^«'«'"f  *• -ee  the  admirable  his- 
sons  of  Wlnthrop.  given  at  the  cenLnirrr;  """^  "^  '^"  "^''•^*  ill"«tnous  of  the 
held  in  the  place  centennial  celebration  of  the  first  town-meeting 

already  given  him  an  eltatd^k^^n^^^^^^  ""''^•'"•^'  '^'^-^^  '"^'^ 

»on,  vol.  iv.  p.  200.  ^  '■onfideuce  of  the  public."  -  William. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


365 


was  changed  to  Saco,  which,  by  a  gradual  growth,  has  become 
one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  State. 

Governor  Hutchinson  became   a  vigilant  and  unscrupulous 
advocate  of  unlmiited  prerogative  in  behalf  of  the  crown  of 
England.     The  colonies  were  now  in  peace  and  comparatively 
rich  and  prosperous.     The  great  object  of  the  English  Govern- 
ment was  to  gather  all  the  reins  of  power  into  its  own  hands,  to 
tax  the  people  in  every  adroit  way  in  which  it  could  be  done 
without  raising  too  loud  a  clamor,  and  to  thwart  the  colonists  in 
all  their  endeavors  to  secure  popular  rights.     The  tyrannical 
government  claimed  the  right  of  appointing  the  governors,  of 
removing   the  judges   at   will,   of  framing  the   laws,   and   of 
imposing  taxes  at  its  pleasure ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  the 
rigat  was  denied  the  Americans  of  being  represented  in  parlia- 
ment. 

The  detail  of  these  encroachments,  which  gradually  brought 
the  Americans  and  the  English  into  battle  array  against  each 
other,  belongs  rather  to  the  general  history  of  the  United  States 
than  to  that  of  Maine.  To  overawe  the  people,  a  fleet  of  war- 
ships entered  Boston  Harbor  on  the  28th  of  September,  1768 
Under  cover  of  its  guns,  seven  hundred  British  rernilars  were 
landed,  and  with  loaded  muskets  and  fixed  bayonets,  marched 
through  the  streets  to  an  encampment  on  the  common.  Gen. 
Thomas  Gage  was  placed  in  command,  with  orders  to  enforce^ 
by  bullet  and  bayonet  if  necessary,  all  the  requisitions  of  the 
ministry. 

The  blood  of  the  Bostonians,  and  of  nearly  all  the  American 
people,  almost  boiled  with  indignation.  There  were  but  little 
more  than  two  millions  of  white  people  scattered  along  the 
coast  for  hundreds  of  leagues  of  this  New  World.  The  most 
powerful  empire  then  upon  the  globe,  and,  if  we  consider  the 
destructive  enginery  of  war  in  their  hands,  we  may  say  the 
most  powerful  empire  that  ever  existed,  was  rousing  all  its 
energies  of  fleets  and  urrcx  3  to  crush  out  tlie  liberties  of  these 
feeble  colonies.  For  such  an  infant  David  to  venture  to  engage 
m  battle  with  such  a  gigantic  Goliath,  was  the  bravest,  perhaps 
we  should  say  the  most  reckless  measure,  ever  undertaken  on 
earth. 


866 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  king  of  England,  by  an  act  of  parliament,  "  for  the  bet- 

setts  B,iy,  appoiiited  the  governor.  This  Governor  th,,,  »„ 
frely  at  the  disposal  of  the  king,  appointed  tfe^stiL  rf  2" 
supreme  court  and  the  sheriff..  Juro«  were  n^  onger  to  be 
appointed  by  freeholders,  but  by  the  sheriffs.  By  th"f W  the 
king  was  placed  in  absolute  control.'  In  apnrehensirtW  T 
people  might  resist  the  soldiery,  and  he  deSed  hy The  odont 
Ual  off  '  '"^-^.Pf-''  that,  if  any  one  were  indfeted  fo  cat 
.tal  offence,  he  might  be  sent  to  England  for  trial.  ^ 

remon^rZe  nem"  'T"/"  """-'"o""-  P»-  resolutions  of 
remonstrance,  petition  for  redress,  and  to  organize  for  resistance 
^.ould  circumstances  compel  a  resort  to  tbat  dire  eTtremUv 
There  were  here  and  there  various  acts  of  violence   buT^^ 

::i~f:r '"  *'  ""''^  °'  ^-'-^^  .ouseTLMi: 

The  little  village  of  Lexington  .-as  situated  about  twelve 

su-TOunded  a  small  unfenced  green,  or  common.  Here  the 
meelmg-house  and  public  tavern  stood,  formin-,  wiU^  a  few 
other  houses,  one  of  the  boundaries  of  the  comn,™  L,  th  I 
green  tlie  road  divides.  Tl.  left  branch,  still  bearing  to  the 
north-west,  leads  to  the  village  of  Concord,  ab  ut  si  mHe 
teher  on  Here  about  eighteen  miles  from  Boston,  the  AmZ 
eans  had  deposited  some  provisions  and  military  stork 
Gen.  Gage  sent  out  a  detachment  of  from  eight  hundred  to  a 

ae  troy  them.  It  was  the  night  of  the  18th  of  April  ITT.-; 
when  the  troops,  in  boats,  crossed  the  Charles  Rfver  'and  fn' 
the  darkness,  commenced  a  rapid  march  toward  Co  "co'rd 
Every  precaution  had  been  adopted  by  Gen.  Gage,  to  p  eve„; 
any  ntelligence  of  the  movement  from  spreading  into  the 
oounry.  He  hoped  to  take  the  place  by  surpriserto  destl 
be  VrgrSeX'  '"  '^'""  ""  '^°^'"'  "^""^  ""^  '-^^-e  ^Z 

*  Ancient  Charters,  p.  785. 


I 


TEE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  sgy 

In  Boston  there  were  stationed  ten  regiments  of  veteran  British 
troops ;  and  several  men-of-war  rode  at  anchor  in  the  harbor. 
Notwithstandmg  all  the  efforts  for  secrecy,  vigilant  eyes  watched 
every  measure  of  the  arrogant,  insulting,  detested  soldiery.  In 
addition  to  many  other  watchful  ones,  Paul  Revere  had  arran^^ed 
with  a  fnend,  to  signal  any  important  movement.  He  had  a  fl'eet 
horse  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  with  which  he  could  speedily 

P ''m  i  /'?"•  ^'-  ^^""Sf«^l°^^'  o«r  own  poet,  a  native  of 
l-ortland,  Me.,  has  given  deathless  renown  to  this  midnight  ride, 
m  his  own  glowing  verse, 


<i 


Listen,  my  children,  and  you  shall  hear 

Of  the  midnight  ride  of  Paul  Revere, 

On  the  eighteenth  of  April  in  seventy-five  : 

Hardly  a  man  is  now  alive 

Who  remembereth  that  day  and  year. 

He  said  to  his  friend,  '  If  the  British  march, 

By  land  or  sea,  from  the  town  to-night, 

Hang  a  lantern  aloft  in  the  belfry  arch 

Of  the  North  Church  tower  as  a  signal  light,  — 

One  if  by  land,  and  two  if  by  sea,  — 

And  I  on  the  opposite  shore  will  be, 

Ready  to  ride,  and  spread  the  alarm, 

Through  every  Middlesex  village  and  farm, 

For  the  country  folk  to  be  up  and  to  arm.'  " 

The  signal  appeared.  Revere  mounted  his  horse,  and  galloped 
along  the  road  to  Lexington,  shouting  the  alarm  to  every  family 
as  he  passed.  In  almost  every  dwelling  there  were  minute-men, 
with  guns  and  ammunition,  ready  to  rush  forth  at  the  first  warn- 
ing  Hancock  and  Adams  were  both  at  Lexington.  One  obiect 
ot  the  British  expedition  was  to  capture  them. 

Revere  reached  Lexington.  The  village  was  roused.  The 
alarm  spread  like  wild-fire.  A  small  group  of  men,  with  their 
guns  in  their  hands,  pallid  not  with  feer,  but  with  intensity  of 
emotion,  gathered  in  the  gloom  upon  the  green,  to  decide  what 
to  do  in  the  terrible  emergence.  There  were  but  between  sixty 
and  seventy  present.  The  report  was,  that  there  were  between 
twelve  and  fifteen  hundred  disciplined,  thoroughly  armed  British 
regulars  approaching  under  the  command  of  experienced  gen- 


868 


THE  DISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


erals,  who  had  obtained  renown  in  the  wars  of  Europe      Of 
course  a  forcible  resistance  was  not  to  be  thouo-ht  of  i 

i.ll^^^  "'"''''  ^'u\^^'^  ^^^'™  '^^'  spreading  from  farmhouse  to 
faimhouse   in   all   du-ections.      The  village  church  bells  were 

haste.      The  British  troops  marched  rapidly,  arresting  any  person 
they  encountered  by  the  way.     A  little  before  five  o'clock,  the 
solid  column  appeared  but  a  few  rods  from  Lexington  Gi'een 
marching  at  double-quick  time.     Seeing  dimly  the   unformed 
group  of  Americans  upon  the  green,  they  halted  for  a  moment 
doubled  their  ranks,  and  then  rushed  on.'   Quietly  and  wTh  no 
signs  of  resistance  the  Americans  awaited  the  approach  of  the 
troops.     No  war  had  been  declared.     The  Americans  had  been 
guilty  of  no  act  of  violence.     They  supposed  that  the  British 
were  on  the  march  to  seize  tlie  stores  in  Concord.     Still  even 
this  was  uncertain,  and  they  waited  to  learn  what  were  the  in- 
tentions  and  the  will  of  the  hostile  band. 

The  troops  came  along  upon  the  run.  When  within  a  few 
rods  their  commander,  Lieut.-Col.  Smith,  shouted,  "Lay  down 
your  arms  and  duperse,  you  damned  rebels  I  "  Then,  turning  to 
his  men,  he  exclaimed,  "  Rush  on,  my  boys  I   Fire  I  " 

l.nn^T  ^^'"  '"'f  ''™^'^  "^^'  ^^   ^'^^'  at  least  eicht 
hundred  soldiers  to  fire   upon  a   confused  group  of  farmers 
amounting  to  not  more  than  seventy  at  the  most.     Even    he 
Brush  troops  recoiled  from  such  shameful  butchery,  and  witt 
held  their  fire.      The  infurate  colonel  discharged  his  pi  tl   at 
the  Americans,  and,  brandishing  his  sword  like  a  maniac  Zitn 
shouted,  "  Fire  I  God  damn  you,  fire  I  "    A  t  this  secoild  summ:^: 
he  soldiers  in  the  first  platoon  discharged  their  muskets,  bu 
took  care  to  Uirow  their  bullets  over  the  heads  of  those  whom 
they  seemed  to  be  assailing. 

I>olrt:T::rtt^:X'\^::^al^^^^^^  ^-^^^^^^^^  rice.  Ebene.er 

over  to  land  on  I^    n  rre'^  IW  so  '^^^  \      T  '?"",  """''""■  ^"^^  ^^^«  g«°« 


THE  mSTORY  OF  MAINE.  339 

Tlie  Americans  thought  that  this  was  done  to  fiic^hten  them 
and  that  the  muskets  of  the  English  were  loaded  olytTh 
powder.     They  therefore  remained  ealmly  at  their  post,  neilher 
runmng  away  in  panic,  nor  returning  the'fire.     The^: l^s  t  . 

the  L1i"T"""'^^^     Afewg..  .were  discharged  at 

he  Enghsh,as  the  panic-stricken  Amencans  fled  in  all  direc 

ions.     John  l^vrker  fell  wounded.     He  fired  his  gun  at  the   oe 

and  was  again  loading  it  when  a  British  soldier  ran  him  tb^  'h 

with  the  bayonet.     Resistance  was  hopeless,  but  a  few  others 

ground.     The  English  continued  to  fire  so  long  as  a  sin<.le  re- 
treating American  could  be  seen  within  gun-shot »  " 

ushered  in.     History  records  many  atrocious  crimes  perpetrated 
by  the   government   of  Great  Britain;   but,  amon^  them  all 
perhaps  there  is  no  one  more  unnatural,  cruel  and  crlJnll  th  1' 
this  endeavor  to  rivet  the  chains  of  despotism  upon  her  own  sons 

wS;'"^';^^rr7  ^^^^-^-^^  ^^^^^  the' lardshiplof  h 
wi  deines  ,  and  who  had  come  to  these  solitudes  that  they  mi-^ht 
en  oy  civil  and  religious  liberty.     There  were  thousands  of  the 
noblest  men  m  England  who  detested  these  infamous  measui^s 

ord"ch:r"'"'.f  T""''  ^'^"^ ''''''  ^^-  ^^--^  -^--e' 

Loid  Chatham  on  the  floor  of  Parliament  exclaimed,  in  words 
we  have  already  quoted,  ''  Were  I  an  American,  as  I  am  an 
Eii^ishman,  I  would  never  lay  down  my  arms,^'never,  never! 

The  English  suffered  but  little  fi-om  the  few  bullets  which 
were  thrown  at  them  in  return.  One  man  was  shot  through  the 
leg,  and  one  Avas  wounded  in  the  hand.  The  verdict  whirh  the 
civilized  world  has  pronounced  upon  this  attack  is,  that  it  was 
a  cold-blooded  and  cowardly  massacre,  la  the  dreadful  stru-^le 
which  ensued,  our  unhappy  land  was  doomed  to  woes,  inflicted 
by  what   was  called  the   mother  country,   fur  exceeding  any 

the'«t!rL'!!r"*^'"  ""'^*"''  "'"''^  ^'-^  eiven  of  this  conflict ;  but 
21 


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A  r  a  delay  of  but  twe.iy  or  thirty  minutes,  the  king's 
teooj  resumed  then-  uch  ix  mi  trther  to  Concord.  They 
reached  th.  place  without  Before  leaving  Lexin^^on 

hey  drew  up  on  the  omiuoa,  nred  a  triumphant  salute,°xnd 
gave  three  cheers  m  token  of  their  great  victory.  Concord  con- 
sisted then  man  of  a  little  cluster  of  dwellings,  scattered 
around  in  the  vicuiity  of  a  large  meeting-house.  The  regulars 
aestroyed  all  the  ammunition  and  stores  they  could  find  '  Be 
commg  alarmed  by  the  indications  of  a  popular  rising,  ^nd  of 
the  gathenng  of  the  farmers  to  assail  them,  they  commenced  a 
rapid  retreat. 

The  troops  marched  into  i.      village  of  Concord  about  seven 
o  clock.     It  was  one  of  the  most  lovely  of  ,s,.i„g  .nornings. 
Nearly  a  hundred  minute-men  had  assembh  .  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  court-house,  and  re-enforcements  from  the  neighborin/vil- 
lages  were  fast  approaching.     The  retreat  of  the  British°soon 
became  a  precipitate  flight.     The  Americans,  rapidly  increasing, 
pressed  upon  them  with  great  bravery,  firing  into  their  ranks 
from  every  grove,  and  stone  wall,  and  eminence  where  they 
could  find  a  natural  rampait.     Hour  after  hour  the  fugitives 
were  assailed  by  a  galling  and  destructive  fire,  continually  in- 
creasing  in  severity.     It  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  the 
officers  could  preserve  any  order.    All  was  confusion.    It  is  said 
that  the  whole  country  was  so  aroused,  that  it  seemed  as  if  men 
came  down  fi^m  the  clouds.     The  British  retreated,  as  they 
advanced   with  flanking  parties,  and  with  van  and  rear  guards^ 
With  the  Americans  there  was  no  military  order.     "  Every 
man  was  his  own  general."     Not  a  shout  was  heard.     Scarcely 
a  word  was  spoken.     The  English  thought  only  of  escape.    The 
Americans,  exasperated  by  months  of  oppression,  insolence,  and 
nisult,  thought  only  of  shooting  down  the  haughty  foe  who  liad 
aflected  to  regard  them  with  the  utmost  contempt.     At  one  or 
'"Wliilo  at  Concord  tho  enemy  disabled  two  twenty-four  nomulers  destroy- 
i^ocainagesMith  wheels  for  two  four-pounders;  about  five  hundred  wei-lit  of 


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872 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


a  batTen      ,       f  ■"'"'^  "''"'f  «'-J.  when  something  liie 

ever  the  BA-'^^  """^  ^!J™'  ''"  ""  "^«"  ^^e.    At  length,  how- 
ever the  British  were  driven  almost  upon  the  full  run  before 
the  Americans,  in  a  race  for  life.    The^  sufferings  hZ  thtat 
hunger,  and  exhaustion  were  dreadful     They  ^ou  d  all  h^ve 
eC XS  ;*'  °'  T''''''  •""'  ■""  =>  re-enforilt  :; 

An  oye-witncss  writes,  "  When  the  distressed  troops  reached 
the  hollow  .,uare  formed  by  the  fresh  troops  forTeir  rTcep 
tion,  they  were  obliged  to  lie  down  upon  the  ground    thdr 

enase.  This  re-emorcement  met  the  retreating  British  troons 
near  Leangton,  about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  For  a 
Aort  time  the  fire  of  the  field-pieces  seemed  trstogi    he 

of  t,  e  balls  through  th,  forest,  and  resumed  the  pursuit     l1 

ing  a  desperate  fo.j  so  greatly  augmented  in  strength. 

.hn«  r  ■,  V"  '™='  '"  *'"="•  ^•'^ngeance.  Buildings  were 
shattered  and  despoUed  as  far  as  possible.  Many  would  Lve 
been  laiu  ,.a  athes  had  not  the  close  pursuit  of  the  Americam 

enabled  them  to  extinguish  the  flames.  Sevei-al  of  the  ag  d 
and  ,„fl,.„,  ,,,o,„  t„  fl^,_  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^  he  aged 

Houses  were  set  o.-,  fire  where  women  were  helpless  in  bM 
with  new  born  babes.    No  alternative  was  lef   them  but  to  ^ 
consumed  by  the  flames,  or,  with  the  infant,  on  their  boLs 
to  rush  into  the  streets.  oosoms, 

hretVr'";  °'"'°"''  '"  ""^  '^™»S,  the  exhausted,  bleedin. 
"mrTrf '^  '^''""-'»--  They  took  refuge  „°n 
of  wt  if  the  hi  "'^y  "«'7™"^«t''<l  hy  the  guns  of  vessels 
c„n  1.  ™  ,'■"'""■•  According  to  the  best  estimate  which 
can  be  made,  the  casualties  on  each  side  were  as  follows  •  _ 


American  liUed,  40,  wounded,  88;  mining,  5. 
British  ..      73  ..        j,j        „    S^ij, 


^  Harpev'a  Magazine,  No.  300,  y.  804 
24 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


373 


Tbs  battle  of  Lexington  sounded  the  tocsin  of  alarm  through- 
out all  the  colonies.     The  news  reached  York  in  the  evenin-  of 
the  same  day.     The  next  morning  a  company  of  sixty  men, 
with  arms,  ammunition,  and  knapsacks  full  of  provisions,  set 
out  on  their  march  for  Boston.     This  was  the  first  company 
organized  in  Maine  for  the  war  of  the  Revolution.     On  the  21st 
of  April,  Falmouth  sent  a  strong  company;    soon  after,  Col. 
James  Scammon,  of  Biddeford,  led  a  full  regiment  to  Cam- 
bridge,  ^yhere  the  American  troops  were  being  rendezvoused.' 
Ihe  little  town  of  New  Gloucester  raised  twenty  men.     In  a 
few  days,  more  than  fifteen  thousand  patriotic  Americans  had 
left  for  the  battlefield  their  homes  and  their  farms,  in  seedtime, 
the  most  important  season  of  the  year.     Every  man  was  appar- 
enty  ready  to  pledge  his  life,  his  fortune,  and  his  sacred  honor, 
in  defence  of  the  liberties  of  America. 

Falmouth  was  the  seat  of  justice  for  Cumberland  County. 
Here  there  was  established  the  most  remote  custom-house  in 
JMew  .England.  There  was  an  Episcopal  church  here,  under  the 
pastoral  care  of  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswall.2  This  church  became  the 
nucleus  of  a  party  of  crown  oflBcers  and  their  political  friends, 
who  were  hostile  to  popular  government,  and  warmly  advocated 
the  claims  of  the  British  crown. 

But  many  of  the  prominent  citizens,  together  with  the  over- 
whelming majority  of  the  people,  were  earnestly  patriotic. 
Many  conventions  had  been  held,  where  strong  resolutions  were 
passed  condemning  the  encroachments  of  the  crown.  A  very 
bitter  feeling  sprang  up  between  the  people  )d  the  ro  'ai-'st 
office-holders.     These  advocates  of  the  crown  denounced"  Fal- 


1  "  Col.  Scammon  was  well  fitted  to  shine  in  the  military  profession  •  nossess- 
fag  visor  of  nnn.1  and  body,  and  a  gayety  of  temper  which  Lcurod  the  gooT^  1 
and  attach,nent  of  all  such  as  were  under  his  command/' --/fotonyo/Sl;S 
Biddeford,  by  Georrje  Folsom,  p.  283.  "^ 

min'is^r  J.f  n"r^^''''''"  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  and  in  1750  settled  In  the 
H,.nl ( ,  ^J.^^-'-^S^t'^l^al^t,  over  the  Casco  parish  in  Falmouth.  In  17(54  he 
tnSl  1  r  '  "^T  ^^""'»«"*^>  ^^•''"*  t«  England  to  receive  ordination,  and  rl 
the  Neck.    On  the  breaking  ont  of  the  Revolution,  he  joined  the  royalist  party 

th«  J.f  ;-''  T  ''"' w":^  ''""•^''  ^'''''  ""*^  «^"^'l  f«'  "^"S>-"'1-    At  the  close  S 
the  war  he  reti.rned  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  took  charge  of  a  parish  in  Cornwallis 
..-here  he  retnamed  until  he  died.  -History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  370  ' 


374 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


mouth  to  the  British  authorities,  as  second  only  to  Boston  in  its 
rebellious  spirit. 

When  the  odious  Stamp  Act  was  passed,  in  1765,  an  English 
vessel  brought  packages  of  the  hated  stamps  to  Falmouth,  and 
they  were  deposited  in  the  custom-house.  The  people  assem- 
bled, marched  to  the  custom-house,  seized  the  stamps,  carried 
them  in  solemn  procession  through  the  streets,  and  burned  them. 
When  the  tax  was  imposed  upon  tea,  a  popular  assemblage 
expressed  their  hostility  to  the  despotic  act  in  the  following 
terms :  "  Resolved,  that  we  will  not  buy  nor  sell  any  India  tea 
whatever  after  this  third  day  of  February,  until  the  act  that 
lays  a  duty  on  it  is  repealed." 

When  the  English  Government  closed  the  port  of  Boston,  in 
1774,  the  bell  of   Falmouth  meeting-house  was  muffled,  and 
tolled  funereally  from  sunrise  to  sunset.     By  vote  of  the  town, 
a  county  convention  w^s  held  to  deliberate  upon  the  alarmincr 
state  of  affairs.     Thirty-three  delegates  met,  from  nine  towns", 
m  «  Mrs.  Greele's  Httle  one-story  tavern."     Among  other  im- 
portant measures,  one  was  that  each  member  pledged  himself 
not  to  accept  any  commission  under  the  late  acts  of  parliament. 
There  was  a  wealthy  man  in  the  place,  Capt.  Samuel  Coulson, 
who  had  rendered  himself  very  obnoxious  to  the  people  by  his 
violent  opposition  to  the  popular  sentiment,  and  his  support  of 
the  measures  of  the  crown.     Pie  had  built  a  large  ship.     In 
May,  1775,  a  vessel  arrived  from  England,  bringing  sails,  rig- 
ging,  and  stores  for  the  ship. 

As  England  was  laying  a  heavy  duty  upon  all  her  products, 
an  "  American  Association  "  had  been  formed  in  the  several 
colonies  to  thwart  the  British  monopoly  of  manufactures  and 
trade.  The  committee  in  Falmouth  met,  and  decided  that  the 
packages  should  be  sent  back  to  England  unopened.  Capt. 
Coulson  sent  to  Boston,  and  secured  the  aid  of  a  sloop  of  war, 
the  "  Canseau,"  under  Capt.  Mowatt,  to  enable  him  to  land  the 
goods.  The  excitement  among  the  citizens  was  such  that 
Mowatt  hesitated  in  resorting  to  violent  measures. 

While  affairs  were  in  this  menacing  posture.  Col.  Samuel 
Thompson,  a  bold,  reckless  man,  came  from  Brunswick,  with 
fifty  picked  men,  resolved  to  seize  the  sloop  of  war.     They 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


375 


came  in  boats,  and  secretly  encamped  in  a  thick  grove  on  Mun- 
joy  s  Hill.     It  so  happened  that  the  day  of  their  arrival  Capt. 
Mowatt  and  his  surgeon,  accompanied  by  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswall 
were  taking  a  walk  upon  this  commanding  eminence.      The' 
captain  and  his  surgeon  were  seized  and  held  as  prisoners.     The 
rash  measure  excited  general  consternation.     The  houses  were 
entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  guns  of  the  sloop.     The  second 
officer  m  command  threatened,  that,  if  the  prisoners  were  not 
released  before  six  o'clock,  he  would  open  fire  upon  the  town.» 
Some  of  the  prominent  citizens  called  upon  Col.  Thompson 
and  entreated  him  to  liberate  the  captives.    The  colonel  refused' 
declanng  that  relentless  war  was  now  raging  between  the  two' 
countries  ;  but,  finding  the  whole  town  against  him,  he,  at  -re 
o  clock,  released  them  for  the  night,  upon  their  giving  their 
parole  that  at  nine  o'clock  the  next  morning  they  would  return 
to  his  encampment.     Two  citizens  of  Falmouth,  Messrs.  Preble 
and  Freeman,  pled^od  themselves  as  sureties  of  the  prisoners. 

Nine  o'clock  came,  but  Mowatt  did  not  appear.  Col.  Thomp- 
son angrily  arrested  the  two  sureties,  and  held  them  all  day 
without  food.  In  the  afternoon  he  sent  to  the  sloop-of-war  to 
inquire  why  Mowatt''  did  not  keep  his  uarole.  He  replied  that 
his  washerwoman  had  overheard  threats  to  shoot  him  as  soon 
as  he  appeared  on  shore. 

The  intelligence  of  the  peril  of  Falmouth  spread  rapidly. 
l^ive  or  SIX  hundred  militia-men  from  the  small  settlements 
around,  were  m  a  few  hours  marching  into  the  place.  They 
were  intensely  excited.  A  sort  of  court-martial  was  established 
to  examine  suspected  citizens,  that  they  might  learn  who  could 
be  relied  upon  as  patriotic,  and  who  were  in  sympathy  with  the 
enemy.  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswall  was  summoned  before  this  revolu- 
tionary tribunal.     He  declared,  on  oath,  that  he  abhorred  the 

t  "Our  women  were,  I  believe,  every  one  of  them  in  tears,  or  praying  or 
screammg;  precipitately  leaving  their  houses,  especially  those  who.so  husbands 

ZZrTv       r"'  ""^  "''""''  ^"'"-^"'"^  *^'^"-  e-'l^  ^"^«  countrymen-    cartt 
nev  er  a^kmg  he.r  names,  tliough  strangers,  and  carrying  their  children  either  ou 

?r  V.M,.       '°""'  '"^••"  -"^'"'''J  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  note,  p.  509. 
Ml  \»ill.an,son  spells  these  names  Mowett  and  Wiswell;  Mr.  Willis  spells 
them  Mowatt  ar.d  Wiswall,  as  also  Wiswell.    I  follow  the  sp'elling,  amfi 'tie 

o  tr'n"'"'"'';^^'"'-  ^""'"'""^  '''''''''  '"  '"^  """"^«  «"d  grapWc  descript  ou 
of  the  "Burnmg  of  Falmouth." 


li  r 


376 


TUB  nrSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


rtwl    1   P'-^^f  ^..'^'^""''    '"^    non-resistance.      He  was 
demned*  '  ""''"  questioned,  but  none  were  con- 

Capt.  Coulson's  house  was  entered,  and  his  wine  freely  drank 
An  intoxicated  soldier  fired  two  bullets  which  penetrated  the 
hull  of  the  "  Canseau."    A  n^usket  was  discharged  in  return,  bu 
no  harm  was  done      Gen.  Preble  and  Col.  Freeman  were  still 
held  as  captives,  and  treated  with  severity 

^  mil      T^      r"'T'  '^'  ^^'^'  '^'  "^^"^^  "^-r^hed  into 
Falmouth.     Thursday,  the  11th,  was  observed  as  a  day  of  fast- 
ingand  p.ayer  for  God's  interposition.     It  was  a  day  of  fearful 
excitement.      The    soldiers    succeeded    in    capturing  one    of 
Mowatt  s  boats.     He  threatened  to  lay  the  town  in  ashes  unle^ 
the  boat,  were  returned.     On  Friday,  the  soldiers  left  the  town 
and  returned  to  their  homes.     Thompson's  men  took  with  thZ 
the  captured  boat.     On  Monday,  the  16th,  Mowatt,  still  breath- 
ing  threatenings  and  slaughter,  raised  his  anchors,  and  sailed  for 
Portsmouth      He  took  with  him  Coulson  and  his  new  shin. 
Jiut  the  end  was  not  yet.  ^ 


LAST  BLOCK  HOUSE  OF  FORT  HALIFAX. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE  WAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:  FALMOUTH  IN  ASHES. 

The  British  Fleet-The  Doom  announced  -  The  Conference  -  Tho  T^nmh.r^ 
rnent-Tl^  Expedition  to  Quebec-The  ^pZ-FienZlfsT^: 
Indians-New  Towns  Incorporated  -  The  British  repulsej  at  Machias- 
Anecdoteof  John  Adams-Arrival  of  tlxe  French  Fleet _ The  Foe  estab- 
lished at  Biguyduce-  Terrible  Naval  Disaster  of  the  Americans  -  B^frbarism 
HisEsca"pf' ~         '''"'""  °'  ^"'-  ^-'^-orth-His  Brave  D;:?encn 

q^HE  storm  of  British  vengeance  was  rapidly  gathering,  which 
-^  was  to  doom  unhappy  Falmouth  to  destruction.  On^he  8th 
of  June  the  "  Senegal,"  a  war  vessel  of  sixteen  guns,  arrived,  and 
cast  anchor  in  the  harbor.  Four  days  after,  the  Tory  Coulson 
came  with  his  new  ship,  and  anchored  by  the  side  of  the  »  Sene- 
gal." Coulson  hoped,  under  the  menace  of  such  a  force  to 
obtain  masts  for  his  ship.  But  as  he  was  a  declared  enemy  of 
the  town,  and  the  Provincial  Congress  had  passeu  a  resolve  to 
prevent  Tories  froraconveyingth'.ir  property  out  of  the  country 
the  people  would  not  allow  him  to  take  the  masts. 

Again  both  vessels  departed,  and  nothing  of  special  interest 
occurred  until  the  IGth  of  October.  That  morning  quite  a  fleet 
was  seen  entering  the  harbor.  Capt.  Mowatt  led  the  way  in 
the  "  Canseau."  He  was  followed  by  a  rhip-of-war,  the  "  Cat  " 
two  armed  schooners,  and  a  bomb-sloop.  These  five  vessels 
anchored  abreast  of  the  town,  bringing  their  broadsides  to  bear 
upon  It.  In  consequence  of  strong  head-winds,  this  was  not 
accomplished  until  the  next  day. 

Late  in  the  afternoon  a  flag  of  truce  was  sent  on  shore,  with 
a  letter  to  the  town  authorities.  The  officer  bearing  the  letter 
landed  at  the  foot  of  what  was  then  called  King  Street.    Aa 

S?7 


878 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I 


immense  throng  of  the  excited  people  met  him,  and  followed 
him,  v.'ifhout  noise  or  violence,  to  the  Town  House,  where  he 
delivered  the  letter.  It  was  a  document  ludicrous  for  its  bad 
grammar,  but  clear  in  its  terrible  announcement.  In  brief  it 
was  as  follows  :  — 

"  You  have  long  experienced  Britain's  forbearance  in  withholding  the 
rod  of  correction.  You  have  been  guilty  of  the  most  unpardonable  rebel- 
lion. I  am  ordered  to  execute  just  punishment  on  the  town  of  Falmouth. 
I  give  you  two  hours  in  which  you  can  remove  the  sic'i  and  the  infirm.  I 
shall  then  open  fire,  and  lay  the  town  in  ashes."  i 

Terrible  was  the  consternation  which  this  letter  created.  For 
a  moment  there  was  perfect  silence.  All  seemed  stupefied. 
There  was  scarcely  a  moment's  time  for  deliberation.  Three 
gentlemen  were  chosen  to  visit  Mowatt,  and  see  if  it  were  not 
possible  to  avert  the  threatened  calamity.  But  Mowatt  was 
inflexible.  He  said  thdt  his  orders  were  peremptory,  and  that 
he  had  risked  the  loss  of  his  commission  by  allowing  his 
humanity  so  far  to  influence  him  as  to  give  them  any  warn- 
ing whatever;  that  he  was  ordered  to  anchor  "opposite  the 
town  with  all  possible  expedition,  and  then  burn,  sink,  and 
destroy."  2 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  three  gentlemen  of  the  com- 
mittee were  all  Episcopalians,  and  members  of  Rev.  Mr.  Wis- 
wall's  parish,  and  thus  supposed  friends  of  the  English.  It  was 
late  in  the  afternoon.  A  long,  cold  October  night°was  at  hand. 
Mothers  and  babes,  the  sick  and  the  dying,  were  to  be  driven 
out  into  the  bleak  fields  shelterless ;  there,  with  tears  of  agony, 
to  see  their  homes,  their  furniture,  their  clothing,  their  provis- 
ions, all  consumed  by  the  cruel  flames.  A  more  barbarous  order 
was  never  issued  by  a  band  of  Mohawk  savages.^ 

The  committee  expostulated  with  Mowatt  upon  the  cruelty 
of  his  order.     They  were  his  friends.     They  had  treated  him 

«  See  this  letter  in  full,  in  "Willis's  History  of  Portland,  p.  517. 

2  Burning  of  Falmouth,  by  William  Gould,  p.  13. 

8  "  The  vessels  came  here  directly  from  Bobton;  and  no  doubt  can  be  enter- 
tamed  that  the  order  for  the  destruction  of  the  town  proceeded  from  Admiral 
Graves,  who  then  commanded  in  this  ataXiou."  —  History  of  i'orlland,  hy  William 
Willis,  p.  618. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


879 


with  grea  hospitality  on  his  previous  visit.  There  were  several 
lory  families  m  the  place  who  had  already  suffered  much  from 
their  adherence  to  the  British  Government.  Their  homes  mast 
be  consumed  with  the  rest.  The  flames  would  make  no  discrimi- 
nation Mowatt  was  confused  and  perplexed,  and  manifested 
some  shame  in  view  of  the  barbarous  order  he  was  called  upon 
to  execute.  ■^    . 

^  At  length  he  consented  to  delay  the  bombardment  until  nine 
o  clock  the  next  morning,  if  the  people  would  consent  to  tho 
humiliation  of  entirely  disarming  themselves,  by'  delivering  to 
mm  all  the  cannon,  small  arms,  and  ammunition  in  the  place  If 
eight  small  arras  were  sent  before  eight  o'clock  that  evening, 
he  would  postpone  the  destruction  of  the  town  until  he  had 
sent  an  express  to  Boston,  and  received  further  instructions. 

The  committee  told  him  frankly  that  they  did  not  think  that 
the  citizens  would  accept  those  terms.  They  returned  to  the 
town,  and  communicated  them  to  the  authorities.  An  anxious 
multitude  was  assembled  at  the  Town  House  to  learn  the  result 
of  the  coiiference.  As  with  one  voice  the  heroic  people  rejected 
the  humiliating  proposal.  They  however,  in  order  to  gain 
time  for  the  removal  of  the  women,  the  children,  the  sick,  and 
as  many  of  their  ejects  as  possible,  sent  the  eight  small  arms, 
with  a  message  to  Mowatt,  that  they  would  summon  a  town 
meeting  at  an  early  hour  in  the  morning,  and  give  him  a  definite 
reply  before  eight  o'clock. 

In  the  morning  the  meeting  was  held.  The  citizens,  with 
heroism  worthy  of  Sparta  in  her  brightest  days,  resolved  that 
they  would  not  surrender  their  arms  to  F.ave  their  property. 
This  answer  was  sent  back  at  eight  o'clock  the  next  morning  by 
the  same  committee.  The  members  were  allowed  half  an  hour 
to  row  ashore  and  escape  beyond  the  reach  of  the  bombard- 
ment. 

Promptly  at  nine  o'clock,  the  signal  of  attack  was  run  up  to 
the  mast-head  of  the  flag-ship,  and  at  the  same  moment  the 
blood-red  pennant  of  British  vengeance  was  unfurled  from  all 
the  other  vessels.^    It  was  a  beautiful  autumnal  morning,  with  ' 

>  The  Burning  of  Falmouth,  Ly  William  GouW,  p.  14. 


880 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


a  cloudless  sky,  a  gentle  breeze,  aiwl  an  invigorating  atmosphere. 
The   whole  lovely  expanse  of   bay  and  island   and  continent 
seemed   to  repose  in  the  smiles  of  a  loving  God.     Falmouth 
was  charmingly  situated,  on  the  southern  slope  of  a  gentle  emi- 
nence facing  the  bay.     It  was  the  largest  and  richest  town  in 
the  State.     There  were   about  four  hundred  dwelling-houses, 
quite  compactly  built,  though  each  had  its  garden.     Some  of 
these  dwellings  were  quite  elegant  in  their  sttucture.     There 
were  also  capacious  churches,  a  library,  and  several  public  build- 
ings of  importance,  together  with  many  barns  and  store-houses. 
Such  was  the  town  which  was  destroyed,  and  such  the  day 
on  which  this  atrocious  act  of  crime  and  inhumanity  was  perpe- 
trated.    The  bombardment  was  terrific.     From  nine  o'clock  in 
the  morning  until  six  in  the  evening  an  incessant  storm  of  can- 
non-balls, bombs,  carcasses,  shells,  grape-shot,  and  bullets,  fell 
upon  the  doomed  towp.     In  the  mean  time  one  hundred  men 
were  landed  in  boats  to  apply  the  torch  to  the  buildings  which 
might  be  out  of  the  range  of  shot  and  shell.' 

No  resistance  could  be  of  any  avail.  The  inhabitants  ran 
great  risks  in  their  endeavors  to  save  their  furniture,  while  this 
tempest  of  war  was  raging  around  thsm.  The  town  soon 
presented  a  roaring  volcanic  sheet  of  flame.  Most  of  the  build- 
ings were  of  wood,  which  had  been  thoroughly  driea  in  the  sum- 
mer sun.  Dreadful  was  the  spectacle  which  the  evening  of  that 
awful  day  presented.  Two  hundred  and  seventy-eigh°t  dwell- 
ing-houses were  in  ashes,  in  addition  to  other  public  a°nd  private 
buildings,  which  brought  the  whole  number  destroyed  Up  to 
four  hundred  and  fourteen.  We  cannot  here  enter  into  the 
details  of  individual  misery.  IMany  cases  were  truly  heart- 
rending. 

Edmund  Burke  says  that  to  speak  of  atrocious  crime  in  mild 
language  is  treason  to  virtue.  There  can  be  no  language  too 
strong  in  which  to  denounce  this  fiend-like  outrage.2    A  very 

»  History  of  Portland,  by  William  "WUlis,  p  519. 

n«!ny''Ti*n  '"  T^'^^  «f  npathy  Av.th  the  spirit  nanifeste.l  by  the  Eev.  Samuel 
Deane  D.D.,  Avho  was  then  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  in  Portland,  and 
who  witnessed  the  bombardment.    He  \rrote,  — 

"That  execrable  scoundrel  and  monster  of  ingratitude,  Capt.  H.  Mowatt  of 
Scotland,  who  had  been  treated  with  extraordinary  kindness  a  few  months  before 


TBF.  msroxr  of  UAise. 


381 


oareM  esttaato  was  made  of  the  amount  of  the  losoe,  o.p™. 
enced     They  reached  the  enormous  sum,  in  those  days,  of  fifty- 

shUhngs  T  us  was  Uwful  money,,  which  was  then  equivaleut 
to  two  hundred  and  twenty-nine  thousand  six  hundred  and 
th.rty-nir.e  dollars  in  silver.'  "unuieu  and 

Soon  after  this  the  Ge  .oral  Court  commenced  rearin-  some 
fort,ficat.„ns  at  Falmouth,  and  sent  four  hundred Tdle  °"o 
aid  n,  guardu.g  the  coast  of  Maine.  Gen.  Washington  oroLted 
an  expedrfon  against  Quebec.  The  force  consfsted  of  ahtut 
eleven  hundred  men,  mainly  infantry.     Col.  Benedict  Arnold 

unsullied,  was  placed  m  command.  The  troops  rendezvoused 
a^  New  uryport,  Mass.,  and  sailed  thence,  in  t^.  transpo^:  fit 
Fort  Western,  which,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  at  tl,;  head  of 

trrfher™-   V  f"""t°  ""''''■     TLey  ascended  the    1' 
8.111  father  m  boats,  and  marched  along  the  pathless  banks 
encounter  „g  the  most  exhausting  difScultles,  untU  tl  e^ried 
a  point  abonf,  th  rfv  rr.;i«.,  „i xt      . ,  .        '^J  ^C't^ntu 


Nonidgewock.    It  was  then 


a  point  about  thirty  miles  abov 
about  the  12th  of  October. 

Here  a  small  fort  was  built,  and  a  small  division  left  in  ™r- 
rison.  A  series  of  terrible  disasters  ensued.  There  were  gal  s 
of  almos  wintry  wind,  floods  of  rain,  swollen  torrents,  swamps 
rugged  hiUs,  tangled  forests,  and  fading  provisions.  ThereTi 
reason  o  fear  that  the  whole  armytould  actually  pcrshTf 
hunger  in  the  wilderness.    Many  barrels  of  food  were  Cwith 

He  came  before  it  on  the  17th  of  Octnl.fii.  17-r  „„  / 
his  iufernal  errand,  by  a  flag  w  th  a  I'.tter  f ,,  i  J  V '  T^  T\  '""'"*  "^«  ^°°^° 
at  the  name  thne  p;oposinrto  "pare  the  own  2,1  ,""''"  ""''  "°"^  "P*'"'"S; 
ver-sed,  if  the  cannon  and  ims  S  lllZ^  T^^''""'  '^  «^*  "'«  "■'^^^  '«" 
hi3  hands.  The  inhabitanTalsemModlT  .  ,^k  ^"''^«'''  '^«™  'J^"^^™^  ^^^ 
infamous  proposal.   ThlrX!  hZent  Y  "'  "^'"°'  '"  •''"'^"'^*  *°  »^« 

and  throwing  an  immense  mmnH^rnf  ^""^  *"  cannonading,  bombarding, 

town,  and  kfnSgZefl^ewK^^^^  T'^  '''''''  '"'«  "'«  defenceless 

the  buUdings  werf  rZ^^toTuT^^'Z^^^^^^^  '''"  three-quarters  of 

1  History  of  Portland,  by  William  Willis,  p.  524.  ^' 


mmma 


882 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE 


II 


silver,  clothes,  guns,  and  ammunition.  Upon  reaching  the  mouth 
of  Dead  River,  far  away  in  the  savage  wilderness,  Col.  Enos,  in 
command  of  the  rear  guard,  and  having  the  Gick  under  his  care, 
abandoned  the  enterprise,  and  returned.  He  had  with  him 
about  oiie-ft  urth  of  tlie  army.  For  this  movement  he  was  at 
first  severely  denounced ;  but  a  court-martial  decided  that  ho 
had  not  acted  unwisely  in  so  doing. 

Arnold,  with  his  small  force,  pressed  on  across  the  country, 
a  distance  of  about  one  hundred  miles,  toward  the  ChauditJro. 
He  had  to  force  his  way  through  wilds  never  before  trodden  but 
by  Indians  and  the  beasts  of  the  forest.  On  the  30th  of  Octo- 
ber he  reached,  through  toils  and  sufferings  which  cannot  be 
adequately  described,  the  northern  end  of  Lake  Morantic, 
where  the  River  Chaudicie  flows  from  that  vast  sheet  oi  vvater. 
Their  distress  was  then  so  great,  and  their  remaining  provisions 
so  small,  that  Arnold  c|ivided  all  the  supplies  among  the  compa- 
nies, and  directed  them  to  press  on,  regardless  of  military  order, 
in  search  of  the  Canadian  villages. 

For  a  month  they  toiled  along  without  seeing  a  house,  or  any 
human  being  save  their  own  disheartened  and  emaciated  com- 
panions. Every  morsel  of  food  was  consumed  before  they  had 
arrived  within  thirty  miles  of  the  first  Canadian  village.  They 
killed  their  dogs,  and  devoured  them.  They  boiled,  and  then 
broiled  upon  the  fire  and  ate,  their  breeches,  moccasins,  and  bayo- 
net-belts, which  were  made  of  tanned  moose-hide  On  the  4th 
of  November  they  reached  the  mouth  of  De  Loup  River.  In 
that  iiorthern  latitude  it  was  cold,  dreary,  and  stormy.  Quebec, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  was  still  ninety  miles  north  of  them. 
Many  died  of  fatigue  and  hunger.  Often  a  man  would  drop 
down  in  such  utter  misery,  that  in  less  than  five  minutes  he 
would  be  dead. 

The  situation  of  the  army  was  awful.  To  retreat  was  im- 
possible ;  for  there  was  nothing  but  certain  starvation  before 
them  in  the  wilderness.  To  stop  where  they  were,  was  inevita- 
ble death.  To  march  forward  was  almost  hopeless.  They  were 
in  utter  destitution.  The  men  tottered  along  so  feebly  that  they 
could  scarce!}^  sshoulder  a  gun.  Washington,  with  his  charac- 
teristic humanity,  had  instructed  these  troops  to  abstain  from 
every  act  of  violence  upon  the  people  of  Canada. 


THE  BJBTORY  OF  MAINE.  8/)S 

"  I  charge  you,"  he  wrote,  «  that  you  consider  yourselves  as 
marching,  not  through  an  enemy's  country,  but  that  of  your 
friends  and  brethren;  for  such  the  inhabitants  of  Canad  and 
the  Indian  nations  have  approved  themselves  in  this  unhappv 
contest  between  Great  Britain  and  America." 

Col.  Arnold  had  been  furnished  with  money,  in  specie  to  the 
amount  of  about  four  thousand  dollars.     His'troopTnow  be  1 
to  reach  thriving  Canadian  and   Indian  villages.     With  gr^at 
cheerfulness  the   inhabitants  supplied  him  with   food.     With 
recruited  energies  the  army  pressed  en,  hoping  to  find  Quebec 
undefended  and  without  a  garrison.     On  the  8th  of  Novemb 
they  readied  Point  Levi,  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  i"v  r  ' 
opposia  Que..o.     The   appearance   of  the    American   troops 
emerging  from  the  vast  and  dreary  wilderness,  was  a.  unex- 

cou  d  I    i    '  '"'  '' V '"f  ^  ''"™  *'^  ^^""^^^-    ^'  '^  -i J'  that, 
could  they  have  immediately  crossed  the  river,  Quebec  mi^h 
nave  been  taken.  ° 

But  the  men  were  greacly  exhauoted.     There  was  a  hi-h 
piercing  wintry  wind,  roughening  the  wide  surface  of  the  stream! 
Boats  could  not  readily  be  procured.     Thus  the  golden  onpor- 
tunity  was   lost.      The   British   authorities   fortified  the  city 
Arnold  had  about  seven  hundred  men  at  Point  Levi,  iiftv  of 
whom  were  friendly  Indians.     On  the  first  of  December,  Gen. 
Montgomery  arrived  with  three  armed  schooners,  six  hundred 
men,  and  a  supply  of  food,  clothing,  and  ammunition.     They 
made  a  united  attack  upon  Quebec,  on  the  31st  of  December 
Ihe  assailants  wore  repeUed,  Montgomery  fell,  and  the  Ameri- 
cans evacuated  Canada. 

The  General  Court,  i,;iat  winter,  organized  Maine  into  a  mili- 
tary division.    A  brigadiei-general  was  appointed  over  the  militia 
m  each  county.     All  able-bodied  males,  between  sixteen  and 
sIhT;/'"'  .^r       /\^'  ""^'^'^  ^""'^^  '''''^  the  exception  of 
Indians  '  ^°'^'^'  ^"'^''''   '°^°^^^  °^^»'   ''"^ 

The  awful  war  of  the  Revolution  was  raging  south  of  Maine, 
while  a  small  garrison  was  stationed  at  Falmouth  with  a  battery 
of  SIX  cannon.  The  cruelties  perpetrated  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment  were  so  great  that  every  hour  the  resentment  of  the 


:    ■■''l 


■■:^:x--„jmiumiim3am 


384 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE, 


ill 


Americans,  against  the  unnatural  mother  country,  was  increas- 
ing. On  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  the  Continental  Congress 
declared  these  colonies  to  be  free,  sovereign,  and  independent. 

The  Indians  of  Maine  had,  th-u  far,  reraained  quiet.  Trading- 
houses  had  been  established  at  tort  Pownal,  near  where  Bangor 
now  stands,  and  at  Machias.  The  Penobscot  and  Passama- 
quoddy  Indians  were  cordially  friendly  to  the  Americans.  Ten 
of  the  chieis  of  the  tribes  still  farther  east  repaired  to  Massa- 
chusetts, and  entered  into  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  govern- 
ment, engaging  to  send  six  hundred  men  to  join  the  army  of 
Gen.  Washington.  The  small  settlements  of  Camden  and 
Machias  raised  two  hundred  men  for  the  defeune  of  the  country. 
Thirty  men,  ten  of  whom  were  Indians,  were  stationed  at  Fort 
r  >wnal  for  the  defence  of  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot. 

On  the  7th  of  November,  1776,  the  town  of  Warren  was 
incorporated.  It  was  i^amed  in  honor  of  Gen.  Warren  who  fell 
at  Bunker  Hill.  This  was  the  thirty-fifth  town  of  the  State, 
and  was  the  first  one  which  had  been  incorporated  on  St. 
George's  River,  though  that  valley  had  been  settled  for  about 
forty  years.  There  were  for  many  years  two  settlements  in  this 
region,  —  one  at  Warren,  and  one  at  Thomaston.  St.  George's 
Fort  was  their  common  resort  in  times  of  peril.  They  were 
called  the  "Upper  and  Lower  Towns."  In  the  year  1753, 
seventy  emigrants  from  Sterling,  in  Scotland,  settled  in  a 
cluster  in  this  vicinity.  Subsequently  their  village  took  the 
name  of  the  city  which  they  had  left. 

England  found  that  her  colonies  devebped  unexpected  ener- 
gies. Our  cruisers  were  remarkably  successml.  During  the 
war  they  captured  prizes  to  the  amount  of  about  seven  million 
dollars.  Amidst  many  reverses  and  many  woes,  the  victory  at 
Trenton  filled  the  country  with  exultation.  Our  ally  France,  in 
the  spring  of  1777,  sent  to  the  colonies  a  large  amount  of  arms 
and  military  stores.  For  the  defence  of  the  coast  of  Maine, 
companies  were  raised  and  stationed  at  Falmouth,  Cape  Eliza- 

1  Warren  contains  twenty-seven  thousand  acres.  The  river  is  navigable  to 
Andrews  Pond,  for  vessels  of  one  hundred  tons.  Shad  and  alewives  were  for- 
merly taken  in  Immense  quantities  in  the  river.  Tlie  natives  marked  a  tree, 
near  Hia  first  falls,  above  which  they  forbade  the  English  to  fish.  —MS.  Narrative 
of  Warren  by  Cyrus  Eaton,  as  quoted  by  WilUarmon.  voL  il=  p=  45<5. 


I 


TEH  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


385 


beth,  and  Boothbay.  At  the  latter  place  there  was  a  battery 
of  five  cannon,  the  largest  of  which  was  a  twelve-poiinder 
They  were  supplied  with  fifty  rounds  of  cartridges.* 

Machias  became  a  very  important  place.  It  was  raised  to  a 
continental  establishment.  There  was  an  important  mill  privi- 
lege  here  which  attrac^ted  settlers.  Three  hundred  volunteer 
soldiers  were  placed  there  in  garrison.  Ample  stores  for  trade 
with  the  Indians  were  shipped  to  that  place,  that  their  continued 


i-OWEB  FAXLS,  EAST    MACHIAS,   MK. 


friendship  might  be  secured.     The  Indians  rema!  aed  friendly, 
i»nd  many  of  them  enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  Americans. 

On  the  11th  of  January,  1777,  the  flourishing  plantation  of 
Fry c  burg  was  incorporated.  The  place  had  renown  as  the 
former  seat  of  a  large  village  belonging  to  the  tribe  of  Sokokis 
Indians.  It  was  also  the  theatre  of  Lovewell's  disastrous  fight 
in  the  year  1725.     The  Indians  called  the  place  Pegwacket.^" 


i  Bradford's  Mass.,  vol.  ii.  p.  133. 
25 


«  Williaiason,  vol.  li.  p.  459. 


•■'^simmmmsimmmj^i 


T^'^Sf'^T%'^'^m^mii,im^,mm<i'  ^'tisMHkWWffiKS 


886 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I  11 1 


II 


On  the  20th  of  March,  Thomaston  was  incorporated.  This 
made  the  thirty-seventh  town  in  the  State.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Georgeekeag.  Thomaston  received  its  name  from  a  brave 
officer  of  Massachusetts,  Major-Gen.  John  Thomas,  who  had 
died  the  preceding  May,  in  the  service  of  his  country.  The 
fort  in  this  place  gave  it  celebrity  above  any  other  town  in  the 
valley  of  the  St.  George.  In  1750  the  fort  was  so  crowded,  in 
consequence  of  the  Indian  war,  that  about  twenty  families  built 
two  rows  of  block-houses,  one  hundred  rods  from  the  fort,  and 
surrounded  them  with  palisades  ten  feet  high.  All  the  men 
served  alternately  as  guards  and  sentinels,  ever  ready  to  muster 
to  repel  an  attack. 

The  British  sent  four  war-vessels,  to  batter  down  Machias. 
They  anchored  about  a  mile  below  the  junction  of  East  and 
West  Machias  Rivers.  They  burned  two  dwelling-houses,  and 
several  other  buildings.  The  barges  then,  in  a  dead  calm, 
towed  two  of  the  vessels,  a  brig  and  a  sloop,  to  the  mouth  of 
Middle  River,  about  half  a  mile  below  the  falls.  The  garrison, 
aided  by  the  Indians,  opened  a  deadly  fire  from  each  shore  upon 
the  barges,  and  drove  the  sailors  from  their  boats  on  board  the 
brig.  The  current  swept  her  ashore.  The  men  were  driven  by 
the  bullets,  from  the  deck  into  the  hold.  The  rising  tide  soon 
floated  the  brig  ;  but  the  fire  from  the  north  shore  was  keot  up 
so  briskly  that  the  men  could  not  work  her,  and  she  soon 
grounded  again. 

It  was  indeed  a  wonderful  scene  which  was  then  and  there 
witnessed.  There  were  ^fty  Passamaquoddy  Indians  engaged 
in  the  attack  upon  the  vessels.  It  was  congenial  work  for  them. 
They  could  run  along  the  shore,  hide  behind  the  trees,  stumps, 
and  logs,  and  take  deliberate  aim  at  their  foes,  without  en- 
dangering themselves.  Every  man  in  the  place,  capable  of 
bearing  arms,  rushed  to  the  conflict.  The  Indians  kept  up  an 
incessant,  shrill  war-whoop.  The  white  people  re-eclioed  the 
shout.  These  yells,  from  foes  who  were  scarcely  visible,  echoing 
through  the  forest,  led  the  English  to  suppose  that  the  shores 
were  lined  with  thousands  of  savages. 

A  breeze  arose.     Aided  by  this  the  two  vessels  effected  a 
:retreat  to  the  other  two  vessels  which  were  at  anchor.     The 


THE  fflSrOJRF  OF  MAINE. 


887 


officers,  surprised  at  the  vigor  of  the  resistance  which  they  had 
encountered  after  the  delay  of  a  few  days  abandoned  the  enter- 
prise.  The  Indians  merited  and  received  the  gratitude  of  the 
Americans  for  their  faithful  adnerence  to  their  cause.  Had  they 
istened  to  the  appeals  of  the  English,  they  might  easily,  with 
their  aid,  have  destroyed  all  the  eastern  settlements  ' 

In  the  year  1777,  Burgoyne's  surrender  caused  nine  thousand 
of  our  enemies  to  lay  down  their  arms.^     There  was  no  longer 
any  fear  of  the  invasion  of  Maine  from  Canada.     During  the 
progress  of  the  war  Maine  gained  much  celebrity  from  the  hardy 
and  skilled  seamen  she  furnished  our  infant  navy.     In  addition 
to  their  almost  perfect  seamanship,  they  were  generally  young 
men  of  good  character  and  habits.    Commodore  Samuel  Tuckei 
one  of  the  bravest  of  the  brave,  who  conveyed  in  a  Continental 
Iriga  e  Hon.  John  Adams  as  American  envoy  to  France,  was 
a  native  of  Br^tol,  Me.     Hon.  Mr.  Sprague,  in  his  eulogy  of 
Adams  and  Jefferson,  relates  the  following  well-authenticated 
anecdote  of  an  event  which  occurred  on  the  passage  :  — 

On  the  14th  of  March,  a  vessel  hove  in  sight.  Capt.  Tucker 
soon  came  up  with  it,  and  found  it  to  be  an  armed  British 
cruiser.  After  a  hotly  contested  battle  it  was  captured.  In  the 
midst  of  the  tumult  and  the  carnage,  Capt.  Tucker,  much  to  his 
surprise,  saw  his  illustrious  passenger  on  deck,  musket  in  hand, 
fighting  like  a  common  sailor.  The  captain,  who  was  a  very 
povverful  man  rushed  up  to  Mr.  Adams,  and  in  excited  accente 
exclaimed,  "You  here,  sir!  You  have  no  business  here,  sir! 
I  am  commanded  to  carry  you  safel.y  to  Europe ;  and,  God  help- 
ing me,  I  will  do  it."     So  saying,  he  seized  Mr.  Adams  in  his 

IZlun^'  ^""''  ^'  ^^'''''^^  ^'  ""''"  ^  '^^^'^'  ^^^^"  "^^« 

In  the  year  1778,  two  new  towns  were  incorporated.      The 

first  was   Coxhall,  subsequently  Lyman,   named  probably  in 

honor  of   Theodore  Lyman  of  Boston.     A  few  settlers  had 

"  The  British  force  surrendered  wsm  noan-  n.,-™         .      ^i 
to  2,933.    Total.  0.2i.r  _ nZTfllZ^''^^'  ^'^Soy'^^^  other  losses  amounted 

»  Life  of  Joliu  Adams.    Lives  of  The  Presidents,  p.  74. 


888 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


penetrated  the  wilderness  at  this  place,  about  ten  years  before. 
The  other  town  was  Gray,  so  named  from  one  of  its  proprietors. 
Nearly  thirty  years  before,  an  attempt  had  been  made  to  establish 
a  settlement  here;  but,  during  the  French  war,  the  plantation 
had  been  laid  waste.  In  all  these  new  towns  the  inhabitants 
were  ardent  friends  of  liberty.  The  Tories  resided  in  the  more 
opulent  towns,  where  officers,  under  the  British  Government, 
exerted  a  powerful  influence  over  the  aristocratic  circles  of 
society.  This  year  a  law  was  passed  confiscating  the  estates  of 
three  hundred  and  ten  of  the  Tories,  who  had  resided  in  the 
State,  but  who  had  many  of  them  fled,  taking  refuge  on  board 
the  British  fleet.  They  generally  deemed  it  impossible  that  the 
Americans  could  resist  the  power  of  Great  Britain,  and  doubted 
not  that  they  would  soon  be  returned  in  triumph  to  their  homes. 

The  battle  of  Monmouth,  on  the  28th  of  June,  1778,  gave 
new  hopes  to  the  Americans;  which  hopes  received  another 
impulse  from  the  arrival  of  a  French  fleet  of  twelve  ships  of  the 
line  and  six  frigates,  to  aid  them  in  their  struggle  against  their 
gigantic  foe.  The  territory  of  Massachusetts,  which  included 
Maine,  was  at  this  time  divided  into  three  districts,  the  North- 
ern, Middle,  and  Southern.  The  counties  of  York,  Cumberland, 
and  Lincoln  received  the  distinctive  name  of  the  "  District  of 
Maine."  Timothy  Langdon,  Esq.,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Wis- 
casset,  was  appointed  judge. 

In  1779  Pittston  was  incorporated.  It  was  the  fortieth  town 
in  the  State,  and  the  last  which  was  incorporated  by  the  General 
Court  under  the  royal  charter.  A  settlement  had  been  com- 
menced there  about  eighteen  years  before.  In  May  of  this 
year,  the  British  sent  a  fleet  of  seven  or  eight  war-ships,  to 
plunder  and  burn  the  settlements  on  the  Penobscot.  Nearly  a 
thousand  men  embarked  in  this  fleet  at  Halifax.  They  landed 
on  the  12th,  at  Biguyduce,!  now  Castine,  and  commenced 
building  a  strong  fort  that  they  might  command  the  whole  of 
the  valley.  The  detested  Mowatt  was  assigned  to  this  station, 
with  three  sloops  of  war. 

This  movement  created  much  alarm.     The  General  Court  of 

1  This  name,  taken  from  a  French  gentleman,  Major  Bigiiyduce,  who  formerly 
resided  there,  was  pronounced  Eageduee. 


THE  mSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


889 


Massachusetts,  with  the  approval  of  the  Colonial  Government 
promptly  fitted  out  for  the  capture  of  the  port,  a  fleet  of  nineteen 
armed  vessels  and  twenty-four  transports.  The  floet  carried 
three  hundred  and  forty-four  guns,  and  was  amply  supplied  with 
material  of  war.  The  command  of  the  expedition  was  intrusted 
to  Commodore  Saltonstall,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  un- 
doubtedly a  patriot  and  a  brave  man  ;  but  he  was  sadly  deficient 
in  military  skill.  The  enterprise  proved  a  total  failure,  followed 
by  an  awful  loss  of  life  and  property.  It  is  very  clear  that  the 
.fort  could  have  been  taken  had  proper  measures  been  adopted. 
Gens.  Lovell  and  Wadsworth,  who  commanded  the  land  force 
conducted  with  great  bravery,  but  they  were  not  supported  by 
the  commodore.  The  assaults  which  were  made  were  so  feeble 
that  the  garrison  was  enabled  to  strengthen  its  works,  and  to 
send  to  Halifax  for  aid. 

On  the  14th  of  August,  a  formidable  British  fleet  of  seven 
vessels  entered  the  harbor.  The  result  was  that  the  American 
fleet  was  annihilated.  Some  of  the  vessels  were  captured  by  the 
English.  Some  were  run  ashore  and  burned.  Nearly  all  were 
abandoned.  The  sailors  and  marines  commenced  a  retreat 
through  the  vast  wilderness,  to  the  Kennebec.  After  great  suf- 
fering, most  of  them  reached  the  forts  on  the  river.  This  utter 
defeat  was  extremely  humiliating.  The  General  Court,  after  a 
thorough  investigation  of  the  affair,  pronounced  sentence  in- 
capacitating Commodore  Saltonstall  from  ever  after  holding  a 
commission  in  the  service  of  the  State,  and  honorably  acquitting 
Gens.  Lovell  and  Wadsworth. 

The  British  now  seemed  to  be  securely  established  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Penobscot.  The  American  settlers,  on  the  banks 
and  the  island,  were  exposed  to  constant  insults  and  injuries 
After  the  repulse  of  the  fleet,  the  British  sent  a  party  up  the 
river  to  Bucksport,  where  they  burned  five  dwelling-houses  and 
all  the  out-buildings,  and  returned  to  the  fort  with  the  plunder. 
The  people  of  the  struggling  little  settlement  in  Belfast  were 
pli.p  ^-red,  and  so  outrageously  abused  that  they  were  forced  to 
abandon  their  homes  and  all  their  possessions,  and  in  destitutiou 
and  tears  to  seek  refuge  where  they  could.  It  seems  difficult  to 
account  for  the  fiict  that  British  officers,  who  had  wives  and 


890 


THE  HTSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


children,  and  who  were  generally  gentlemen  by  birth,  could  be 
guilty  of  such  inhumanity  as  to  burn  the  log  cabins  of  poor 
settlers,  rob  them  of  their  little  all,  and  drive  out  mothers, 
babes,  and  maidens  to  perish  of  hunger  and  exposure  in  the 
wilderness. 

There  was  a  poor  man  by  the  name  of  John  Gilky,  living 
upon  an  island.  He  was  absent,  and  only  his  wife  and  children 
remained  in  the  lonely  cabin.  A  boat's  crew  of  Englishmen 
landed.  They  plundered  his  house,  and  shot  his  five  cows, 
though  the  mother,  with  tears  and  on  her  knees,  implored  them 
to  spare  her  at  least  one  for  her  children.  These  men,  sent 
on  this  diabolical  mission  from  an  English  ship,  then  retired, 
leaving  the  family  in  the  depths  of  woe. 

An  English  soldier  fled  from  one  of  these  ships.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  he  was  in  favor  of  American  liberty,  and  did  not  like 
the  employment  he  w^s  in.  Faint  and  hungry  he  came  to  the 
house  of  Shubael  Williams.  The  kind-hearted  American,  poor 
as  he  was,  gave  him  a  seat  by  his  cabin-fire,  and  fed  him.  Wil- 
liams was  seized  by  the  British,  and  was  charged  with  encoura- 
ging the  man  to  desert.  These  English  officers,  who  called 
themselves  civilized  and  even  Christian  men,  sentenced  the  poor 
man  to  receive  five  hundred  lashes  at  the  whipping-post.^  The 
writer  regrets  to  record  such  deeds,  but  history  is  unfaithful  to 
its  trust  if  atrocious  acts  are  not  held  up  to  public  execration. 
Many  Tories  from  Massachusetts  fled  to  this  region,  to  be  under 
the  protection  of  the  English.  All  the  eastern  towns  were  now 
in  great  peril  from  a  foe  more  to  be  dreaded  than  the  Indians. 
The  General  Court  sent  three  hundred  men  to  Falmouth,  two 
hundred  to  Camden,  and  a  hundred  to  Machias.  The  command 
of  this  eastern  department  was  assigned  to  Gen.  Wadsworth. 
His  headquarters  were  at  Thomaston. 

The  island  of  Mount  Desert  suffered  severely  from  the  rav- 
ages of  the  enemy.  Boats'  crews  were  often  landing,  shooting 
the  cattle,  and  plundering  the  helpless  inhabitants.  Bath,  the 
forty-first  town  in  the  State,  was  incorporated  in  the  year  1781. 
It  had  previously  been  considered  the  second  parish  of  George- 


1  Williamson's  History  of  Maine..  roL  ii.  p.  430. 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


891 


town.  The  first  settlement  here  was  in  about  the  year  1G70. 
The  land  was  purchased  of  two  sagamores,  Elderunkin  and 
Nenement. 

Bath  has  become  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  towns 
in  Maine.  It  is  admirably  located  on  the  western  bank  of  Ken- 
nebec River,  twelve  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  largest  ships 
can  float  in  its  secure  harbor,  which  is  never  impeded  by  ice. 
Capt.  George  Weymouth,  as  we  have  mentioned  in  the  early 
part  of  this  history,  ascended  the  river  to  this  point,  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1605.    He  landed,  with  a  boat's  crew,  and  wrote,  — 

"  We  passed  over  very  good  ground,  rleasant  and  fertile,  and  fit  for  pas- 
ture, liavuig  but  little  wood,  and  that  oak,  like  that  standing  in  our  pastures 
m  England,  good  and  great,  fit  timber  for  any  use.  There  were  also  some 
sma  1  birch,  hazel,  and  brake,  which  could  easily  be  cleared  away,  and  made 
good  arable  land."  1  j,  auo 

Ship-building  has  been  its  principal  business.  In  the  year 
1847  it  received  a  city  charter,  and  in  1854  became  the  shire- 
town  of  Sagadahoc  County. 

During  the  vicissitudes  of  the  war.  Gen.  Wadsworth  was 
residmg  in  a  secluded  habitation,  on  the  banks  of  a  small  rill  in 
Thomaston.  His  family  consisted  of  Mrs.  Wadsworth,  an  infant 
daughter,  a  son  five  years  of  age,  and  a  young  lady,  Miss  Fen  no, 
a  friend  of  Mrs.  Wadsworth.  Six  soldiers  were  on  guard.  The 
English  at  Biguyduce  heard  of  his  defenceless  condition,  and 
sent  a  party  of  twenty-five  men,  under  Lieut.  Stockton,  to  cap- 
ture  him.  It  was  the  18th  of  February.  The  ground  was 
covered  with  snow,  and  it  was  intensely  cold. 

At  midnight  the  party  approached  the  house.  The  sentinel, 
outside  at  the  door,  seeing  such  a  band  approach,  rushed  into 
the  kitchen,  which»was  used  as  a  guard-room.  The  English  dis- 
charged a  volley  of  bullets  through  the  open  door.  The  house 
was  immediately  surrounded,  the  windows  dashed  in,  and  vol- 
leys discharged  into  the  sleeping  apartments  of  the  general  and 
of  Miss  Fenno.  The  general,  armed  with  a  brace  of  pistols,  a 
fusee,  and  a  blunderbuss,  fought  with  great  intrepidity,  driving 
the  foe  from  before  his  window  and  fvom  the  door.     The  attack  • 

»  Maine  Historical  Collection,  vol.  v.    Address  by  John  McKeen,  Esq. 


892 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


was  renewed  through  the  entry.  The  general  defended  him- 
self with  a  bayonet  until  a  bullet  passed  through  his  arm, 
rendering  him  helpless.  He  then  surrendered.  He  would  have 
been  shot  down  in  cold  blood  had  not  an  officer  pushed  aside 
the  gun  of  the  assassin. 

Awful  was  the  spectacle  then  witnessed.  The  general  and 
nearly  all  of  his  guard  were  wounded,  and  their  persons  and 
the  floors  were  stained  with  blood.  One  poor  creature,  writh- 
ing in  anguish  from  a  dreadful  wound,  begged  them  to  shoot 
him  and  thus  end  his  torture.  The  windows  and  the  doors  were 
dashed  in,  and  the  house  was  on  fire.  The  thickly  flying  bul- 
lets fortunately  struck  neither  of  the  females  nor  the  children. 
The  general  had  sprung  from  his  bed,  and  was  in  his  night- 
dress. The  bullet  had  struck  his  elbow,  and  the  arm,  from 
which  the  blood  was  gushing,  hung  helpless  at  his  side ;  and  he 
announced  a  surrend,er.  An  English  officer  came  into  his  room 
with  a  lighted  candle,  and  said,  "  You  have  defended  yourself 
bravely.  But  we  must  be  in  haste.  We  will  help  you  put  on 
your  clothes." 

The  excruciating  pain  of  his  wound  rendered  it  impossible 
for  him  to  wear  his  coat.  It  was  given  to  a  soldier  to  carry, 
and  a  blanket  was  f  oread  over  his  shoulders  to  protect  him  from 
the  piercing  wintry  blast.  His  wife  begged  permission  to  exam- 
ine and  drc'  ;  the  wound.  This  was  not  permitted.  A  handker- 
chief was  bound  around  the  arm  to  stay,  in  some  degree,  the 
rapid  gushing  of  the  blood. 

Several  of  the  British  soldiers  were  wounded.  Two  of  them 
were  placed  upon  the  general's  horse,  which  was  brought  from 
the  barn,  while  he,  faint  from  loss  of  blood,  was  compelled  to 
walk  four  miles,  through  the  snow,  to  the  vessel  from  which 
the  party  had  landed.  After  toiling  along  for  a  mile,  his 
strength  entirely  g?ve  out.  As  one  of  the  wounded  British 
soldiers  who  was  riding  was  apparently  dying,  they  left  him 
at  a  house,  and  the  general  was  placed  upon  the  horse  behind 
the  other  soldier.  When  they  reached  the  shore,  off  which  the 
vessel,  which  was  an  English  privateer,  lay  at  anchor,  the  cap- 
tain approached  him,  and  exclaimed  ferociously,  "  You  damned 
rebel,  go  and  help  them  launch  the  boat,  or  I  will  run  you 
through  with  my  sword." 


TBE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


398 


Gen.  Wadsworth  replied,  "I  am  a  prisoner,  wounded  and 
helpless.     You  may  treat  me  as  you  please." 

Lieut  Stockton  came  promptly  to  the  rescue,  and,  addressing 
the  brutal  fellow,  said,  -  Your  conduct  shall  be  reported  to  your 
superiors.  The  prisoner  is  a  gentleman.  He  has  made  a  brave 
defence.     He  is  entitled  to  be  treated  honorably." 

The  general  was  granted  a  berth  in  the  cabin,  and  such  other 
comforts  as  circumstances  would  allow.  The  next  day  the  ves- 
sel reached  Biguyduce.  The  place  was  thronged  with  British 
officers,  sailors,  soldiers,  and  Tories,  who  had  taken  refuge  there. 
They  crowded  the  shore  to  see  the  captives  landed,  and  assailed 
them  with  shouts  of  rage  and  contempt. 

half  a  mile  to  the  fort  A  surgeon  dressed  the  general's  wounds, 
and  he  was  treated  with  great  humanity.  Gen.  Campbell,  who 
commanded  at  the  fort,  expressed  his  high  admiration  of  the 
heroic  de  ence  Gen.  Wadsworth  had  made  against  such  fearful 
odds.  "I  have  heard,"  he  said,  "of  the  treatment  you  received 
from  the  captain  of  the  privatoer,  and  I  shall  compel  him  to 
make  to  you  a  suitable  apology." 

^fl'TlT^""^.^"  T"^  ^^^  ^''^^^"'^  ^™'  ^«  breakfasted  and  dined 
at  the  table  of  the  commandant,  and  books  were  furnished  him 
to  relieve  the  weariness  of  his  imprisonment.  There  was  an 
encampment  of  American  soldiers  at  Camden,  on  the  western 
side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  about  twenty-one  miles  from  Biguyduce 
Lieut.  Stockton  allowed  his  prisoner  to  send  to  that  station,' 
which  was  but  four  miles  from  the  place  where  he  had  been 
captured,  a  letter  to  his  wife,  and  another  to  the  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  by  a  flag  of  truce. 

fai^lv"  ^^''t7f^  felt  extreme  anxiety  in  reference  to  his 
family.  He  had  been  so  hurried  away  that  he  knew  not  their 
tate.  At  he  close  of  a  fortnight  he  learned  that  they  were 
safe.  His  little  son,  buried  in  the  bed-clothes,  had  escaped  the 
bullets  which  had  been  flying  so  thickly  through  the  chamber. 
The  wounds  of  the  general  proved  to  be  very  severe.  It  was 
five  weeks  before  he  could  move  about.  He  wished  for  the 
customary  permission  of  going  abroad  on  his  parole;  but  this 
pnviiego  was  denied  him. 


^jMM^M 


894 


THE  nisTonr  of  mains. 


After  close  confineraent  of  two  months,  his  wife  and  Miss 
Fennr  were  allowed  to  make  him  a  short  visit.  He  then  ascer- 
tained that  he  was  to  be  sent  to  England,  to  ba  tried  as  a  rebel. 
The  British  authorities  were  treating  the  American  prisoners 
of  war  with  the  utmost  brutality.  If  sent  to  Loudon,  there 
was  but  slight  chance  of  his  escaping  the  gibbet.  About  this 
time  Major  Benjamin  Burton  was  captured,  and  was  imprisoned 
in  the  same  room  with  Gen.  Wadsworth.  He  was  a  very  brave 
man,  who  had  been  attached  to  a  fortress  in  the  present  town 
of  Gushing.  His  intrepidity  had  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
English,  and  excited  their  malevolence.  It  was  soon  evident 
that  they  were  both  to  be  transported  to  England. 

Goaded  hy  this  peril,  they  effected  their  escape  through  toils 
and  sufferings,  scarcely  exceeded  by  the  world-renowned  adven- 
tures of  Baron  Trenck.  They  were  in  a  grated  room  within 
the  fort.  The  walls,  of  the  fort  were  twenty  feet  high,  sur- 
rounded by  a  ditch.  Sentinels  were  stationed  upon  the  walls, 
and  on  the  outside  of  the  portals  which  opened  from  the  for- 
tress. Guards  were  also  stationed  at  the  door  of  their  room. 
Outside  of  the  ditch  there  was  another  set  of  soldiers,  who  were 
patrolling  through  the  night.  The  fort  was  on  a  peninsula,  and 
a  picket-guard  was  placed  at  the  isthmus  to  prevent  any  escape 
to  the  mainland.  Under  these  circumstances  it  Avould  seem 
that  escape  were  impossible. 

With  a  penknife  and  a  gimlet,  they,  in  three  weeks'  labor,  cut 
an  aperture  through  the  pine-board  ceiling  of  their  room. 
Every  cut  was  concealed  by  paste  made  of  bread  moistened  in 
their  mouths.  On  the  18th  of  June  the  long  wished  for  night 
of  darkness,  thunder,  and  tempest  came.  The  midnight  gale, 
with  flooding  rain,  drove  all  to  seek  shelter.  At  twelve  o'clock 
they  removed  the  panel  which  they  had  cut  out.  By  the  aid 
of  a  chair  they  crept  into  an  ehtry  above.  The  darkness  was 
like  that  of  Egypt.  They  groped  their  way  along,  and  soon 
became  hopelessly  separated.  Wadsworth  succeeded  in  reach- 
ing the  top  of  the  wall  by  an  oblique  path  used  by  the  soldiers. 
Fastening  his  blanket  to  a  picket,  he  let  himself  down  until  he 
dropped  into  the  ditch.  Cautiously  creeping  between  the  sentry 
boxes,  he  reached  the  open  field. 


THE  nrSTOHY  OF  MAINE.  395 

Tho  gale  still  swept  the  plains,  and  the  rain  fell  in  floods. 
He  groped  h.s  way  through  rocks  and  stumps  and  brush,  till  he 
reached  an  old  abandoned  guard-house  on  the  shore  of  the  back 
cove.  This  was  the  rendezvous  where  the  two  friends  had 
agreed  to  meet  He  waited  half  an  hour;  but  as  Major  Burton 
did  not  appear  he  .adly  gave  him  up  as  lost.  It  was  low  water. 
He  waded  across  the  cove,  which  was  a  mile  in  width,  the  water 
often  reaching  nearly  to  his  armpits.  Thence  he  pressed  on 
another  mue,  through  a  road  which  he  had  formerly  caused  to 
be  cut  for  the  removal  of  cannon. 

of  Th!  p""  T  T\  "^'"^'     "'  ^'^  ^'^"  °"  '^'  «^«teru  banks 
of  the  Penobscot,  about  eight  miles  above  the  fort.     It  was  a 

beautiful  June  morning.     The  smiles  of  God  seemed  to  be  rest- 
ing upon  a  world  which  its  wicked  inhabitants  were  filling  with 
misery.     At  that  moment  the  general,  to  his  inexpressibfe  joy, 
saw  his  companion  approaching.    The  meeting  was  rapturous 
They  found  a  boat  upon  the  shore.     With  it  they  crossed  the 

Lland'Th      .  .t'? '"  ^  "^^'"'^  ^"^''  J"«^  bcdow  Orphan 
Island.     They  had  but  just  landed,  when  a  barge  of  the  enemv 

was  seen  in  the  distance,  evidently  in  pursuit.     Gen.  Wads^ 

worth  had  a  small  pocket  compass.    Guided  by  this  they  directed 

their  course  in  a  south-west  direction,  and  after  three  days  of 

tml  and  suffering  reached  tie  habitations  of  American  settlers. 

Ihey  obtained   horses,  and  were  soon  with   their  friends  in 


L^AT 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


o 
Pi 


THE  WAB  OF  1812,  AND  THE  SEPABATION. 

Expenses  of  theWar-The  Question  of  Separation  -  Increase  of  Towi  ,- 
Counties  Formed -Bowdoin  College  chartered  -  The  Farminj^ton  Schools 
-Lewlston- Augusta  and  Its  Institutions -Waterville- Gardiner- The 
TonV,  H  f i:''''  °^  the  War-Ineidents  of  the  Conflict-Increase  of 

Population  and  Towns -The  Penobscot  Valley  ravaged  -  General  Alann 
-Scene,  in  Castme- Peace -The  "Ohio  Fever  »- The  Separation - 
Maine  an  Independent  State.  ^ 

rpHROUGH  all  this  dreadful  conflict  with  England,  the  Tn- 
J-    dians  of  Maine  remained  firm  in  their  alliance  with  the 
Americans.      The   coasts  were    ravaged   by   English    cruisers 
This  led  many  settlers  to  push  farther  back  into  the  wilderness* 
iour  years  after  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  the  British  army,  under 
Lord  Cornwallis,  on  the  2Tth  of  October,  1781,  surrendered  at 
Yorktown,  to  the  combined  force  of  France  and  America.     The 
British  were  vanquished.     Their  cause  was  hopeless.     A  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris,  on  the  3d  of  September,  1783.    All 
t'  stihties  ceased,  and  the  British  armies  were  withdrawn  from 
our  shores.     England,  in  this  senseless  wa?,  sacr'ficed  one  hun- 
dred thousand  lives  of  her  own  subjects  and  mercenaries,  and 
added  a  sum  amounting  to  six  hundred  million  dollars  to  her 
national  debt.     America  gained  her  independence  at  an  expense 
of  the  lives  of  fifty  thousand  of  her  patriotic  citizens,  and  a  debt 
of  forty-five  million  dollars;  and  this  was  in  addition  to  indl- 
vidual  losses  and  expenditures  which  can  never  be  adequately 
estimated.  ^ 

The  Indians  had  won  the  kindly  feelings  of  aU.    But  they 

.'  Wmianiaou,  vol.  ii.  p.  604 ;  Mass.  Hist.  CoU.,  vol.  il.  p.  402. 


898 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


were  no  longer  freeholders  of  the  soil.  They  were  allowed 
restricted  territory,  and  all  other  regions  were  in  the  possession 
of  tl  •  State.  The  District  of  Maine  embraced,  it  was  estimated, 
thirty  million  acres.  An  immense  tide  of  emigration  began  to 
flow  in  upon  these  rich  lands.  A  day  of  prosperity  had  dawned. 
In  1781  Machias,  which  had  been  deemed  the  most  noted  ^  lan- 
tation  in  Maine,  was  incorporated.  It  took  its  name  from  a 
river  passing  through  it,  which  the  Indians  called  Mechises. 
The  Tories  of  Maine  generally  retired  across  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
to  the  English  province  of  New  Brunswick. 

In  March,  1785,  James  Bowdoin  was   elected  governor  of 

Massachusetts.    Three  new  towns  were  incorporated  this  year, 

Shapleigh,  Parsonsfield,  and  Standish.  The  last  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  renowned  Capt.  Miles  Standish.  The  question 
arose  respecting  the  separation  of  the  District  of  Maine  from  the 
State  of  Massachuset<ts.  But  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  were  so 
widely  scattered,  that  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  an  expression 
of  public  opinion.  Conventions  were  held,  addresses  issued,  and 
various  measures  adopted,  to  form  and  to  ascertain  the  views 
of  the  people. 

In  the  year  1786,  Falmouth  was  divided.    The  peninsula  and 
several  of  the  adjoining  islands  were  incorporated  into  a  town 
by  the  name  of  Portland.     For  more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty 
years  there  had  been  cabins  and  hunting  camps  on  the  Neck. 
Turner  and  Union  were  also  incorporated  this  year.    In  the  town 
of  Union  there  were  but  seventeen  families.    Tlie  wliole  popula- 
tion amounted  to  but  one  hundred  and  fifty  souls.    Great  efforts 
were  made  to  ascertaiti,  by  a  general  convention,  the  wishes  of 
the  people  of  the   State   in  reference  to  separation.      It  was 
found  that  the  whole  number  of  towns  and  plantations  in  the 
State  amounted  to  ninety-three.     This  was  in  the  year  1787. 
At  the  convention  nine  hundred  and  ninety-four  votes  were 
thrown.     Six  hundred  and  forty-five  of  these  were  in  favor  of 
separation.     But,  when  the  motion  was  made  to  petition  the 
legislature  for  a  separation,  it  was  lost.     The  question  was  re- 
considered ;  and,  after  a  very  hot  debate,  it  was  carried  by  a 
majority  of  but  two  votes.     The  majority  was  not  deemed  suf- 
ficient for  pressing  so   important  a  measure.     Massachusetts 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


899 


desiring  to  retain  the  district,  was  very  generous  in  its  legisla- 
tion. Wild  lands  were  exempted  from  taxation.  Roads  were 
constructed  at  the  public  expense.  Every  permanent  settler 
was  granted  a  deed  for  a  hundred  acres  of  land,  upon  paying 
hve  dollars.  During  this  year,  Penobscot,  Limerick,  and  Water- 
borough  were  incorporated.  Penobscot  embraced  the  present 
town  of  Castine. 

In  the  year  1788,  a  convention  in  Boston  adopted  the  Federal 
Constitution,  and  abolished  .slavery  from  the  Commonwealth. 
Maine  was  entitled  to  send  one  representative  to  Congress 

Harvard  University  had  long  been  established.  It  was 
deemed  important  that  a  literary  institution  of  high  order 
should  be  established  at  Maine.  The  legislature  appropriated 
the  township  of  Dixmont  for  that  purpose.  Bowdoin,  Orring- 
ton  Norndgewock,  Greene,  Fairfield,  Canaan,  and  Noblebor- 
ough  were  incorporated  this  year. 

The  next  year,  1789,  a  great  cluster  of  towns  came  into  being  • 
namely,  Sedgwick,  Cushing,  Islesborough,  Bluehill,  Deer  Isle, 
i^reeport,  Trenton,  Goldsborough,  Sullivan,  Mount  Desert,  Dur- 
ham, Frankport,  and  Vinalhaven.  This  rapid  progress  indicates 
the  prosperity  of  the  State.  In  1789  George  Washington  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States,  and  was  inaugurated  in 
New  York  on  tlie  30th  of  April.  The  rapid  increase  of  towns 
led  to  the  formation,  in  1789,  of  two  new  counties,  Hancock  and 
Washington.  Penobscot,  now  Castine,  became  the  shire-town 
of  Hancock,  and  Machias  of  Washington  County. 

A  federal  census  was  taken  this  year,  when  it  was  found  that 
the  population  of  Maine  had  reached  the  unexpected  number 
of  ninety-six  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty  souls.  The 
territory  was  now  formally  organized  into  a  district,  and  invested 
with  various  rights  of  jurisdiction.  Both  the  lumber  and  +he  fur 
business  continued  very  profitable.  In  the  year  1791,  three 
towns  were  incorporated,  Camden,  Bangor,  and  Readfield.  The 
Indian  name  of  the  first  of  these  was  Megunticook.  Its  new 
name  was  given  in  honor  of  Lord  Camden,  a  warm  friend  of  the 
Americans  during  the  Revolution. ^ 

i  When  the  royal  prr><^!.a,np.(i.->n  -,va3  issiied  to  employ  the  savages  against  the 
Amenoaus,  Lord  Camden  indignantly  exclaimed  in  Parii  uuent :- 


■3     M 

a   n 


2-    H 


H 


^ 


H 


H 


N 


-s      1«1 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


401 


Bangor  had  been  called  Kenduskeag.  Rev.  Seth  Noble  was 
influential  in  obtaining  the  act  of  incorporation.  It  had  been 
urged  upon  hira  that  the  town  should  be  called  Sunburv  in 
reference  to  its  charming  location.  But  he,  not  fancying  the 
name,  took  the  liberty  of  substituting  that  of  his  favorite  ?une, 
rJangor.''  ' 

Readfield,  the  seventy-fourth  town  of  the  State,  was  taken 
from  Winthrop  It  subsequently  became  the  seat  of  the  Maine 
Wesleyan  Seminary.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  and 
flourishing  literary  institutions  in  the  State.  It  is  alike  dis- 
tmguished  for  Its  intellectual,  its  moral,  and  its  religious  influ- 
ence.  Though  it  was  not  instituted  until  the  year  1825  its 
graduates  may  now  be  found  in  almost  every  State  in  .ne  Union. 
The  reader  will  find,  annexed,  a  very  correct  pictorial  sketch 
ot  the  seminary  buildings. 

The  next  year  six  towns  were   incorporated.      Monmouth, 
which,  as  a  plantation,  had  been  called  Wales,  took  its  new 
mime  in  memory  of  the  celebrated  battle  fought  in  June,  1778 
Here  also  an  academy  was  established  in  1809,  which  obtained 
much  celebrity  throughout  the  State. 

_  Sidney  was  taken  from  Vassalborough.     Limington  had  pre- 
viously been  called  the  Ossipee  Plantation.     Hebron  with  its. 
iiiblical  name  was  called  originally  Philip  Gore.      Here   also 
there    was  a  very  important   academy,   endowed  with  a  half 
towns^^ip  of  land.     Bucksport  had  been  called  Buckstown,  from 
one  of  its  first  settlers.  Col.  Jonathan   Buck.     The  village  is. 
beautifully  situated  on  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Penobscotf  and 
enjoys  one  of  the  finest  harbors  that  magnificent  river  aff^ords. 
Mount  Vernon  commemorates  the  sacred  spot  on  the  Potomac,, 
which  every  American,  in  all  time,  will  approach  with  veneration. 
Two  towns  only,  from  the  vast  expanse  of  wild  lands,  were' 
incorporated  in  the  year  1793.    Buckfield  had  been  called  Num- 
ber tive.     Benjamin  Spaulding  first  entered  its  forests  in  the' 

«,  ''^f^«P'"°P'^^'*/«"«"K''t  to  be  damned.   It  holds  forthawar  of  reven-^e  mirh 
as  Molooh  m  Pandeinonimn  advised      Tt  win   fl^  o„  i     "^'"^  "\™v®"?«' «"cn 

A.nencans  against  the  very  na.neTEngUshmel     m^  wil7be"S'^  'T'""  ",  ''" 
father  to  son,  to  the  latest  posterity."  "^""'"'^°-    ^^^  ^»"  ^"^  ^^^^  «  l«sa^T,  from. 
"  AVilliamson,  vol.  ii.  p.  55a 
26 


i^^ 


isssr 


THE  nrSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


403 


u 
is 

CO 

n 

w* 
a 


o 

is 
o 
n 


year  1776,  and  cut  down  a  few  trees.      With  several  associates 
he  purchased  the  township  in  1788,  of  the  Commonwealth  fo 
two  shilhngs  an  acre.     Paris  was  formerly  Number  Four.     The 

OxftdCrntJ"'-  ''  '"^'"^  ™^^^^^^  ''^  ^^--^-'^  of 
Upon  the  commencement  of  the  French  Revolution  in  1789 
iliere  was  much  division  of  public  opinion  in  Maine.  The 
Americans  saw  no  French  newspapers.  All  the  information 
they  could  gam,  of  the  tremendous  events  which  were  trans^ 
pmng,  was  drawn  from  the  British  press.  Very  many  were 
consequently  m  sympathy  with  the  British  Government,  in  its 
warfare  against  the  new  institutions  in  France.  But  there  were 
aJso  many  m  sympathy  with  the  French  people,  in  their  efforts 
to  throw  off  the  despotic  yoke  of  their  ancient  kin-g 

ihl^Tn-'^'Jl^^''^'"  population  of  Maine  had°s'o  increased 
that  the  District  was  entitled  to  three  representatives  in  Con- 
gress.  On  the  24th  of  June  of  this  year,  a  charter  was  granted 
to  Bowdoin  College.  A  Protestant  from  France,  whose  French 
name  was  Pierre  Baiiduoin,  but  who  took  the  English  name  of 
Bowdoin  fled  from  Catholic  persecution  to  Falmouth.  He  soon 
died  in  Boston,  leaving  a  widow  and  family  in  charge  of  his 
eldest  son  James  This  son  became  very  wealthy,  and,  at  the 
age  of  seventy  bequeathed  his  large  estate  to  his  two  sons, 
James  and  William.  ' 

James  became  governor  of  Massachusetts,  increased  his  prop- 
erty,  and  left  a  large  fortune  to  his  son  James.  This  wealthv 
young  man  graduated  at  Oxford  University  in  England,  travelled 
extensively  through  Europe;  purchased  a  large  and  very  valua- 
ble library  particularly  rich  in  French  literature  and  science. 
He  also  had  a  gallery  of  seventy  elegant  paintings,  and  a  col- 
lection  cf  fine  models  of  crystallography.  AH  these  he  be- 
queathed to  Bowdoin  College,  with  seven  thousand  acres  of 
land  and  other  property  to  the  amount  of  about  five  thousand 
five  hundred  dollars,  and  several  valuable  articles  of  philosophi- 
cal apparatus.^  ^ 


»  Decade  of  Addresses,  by  Dr.  Allen,  p.  267. 


404 


THE  in  STORY  OF  MAISE. 


Rev.  Joseph  McKeen,  D.D.,  was  the  first  president  of  the 
college.  He  was  distiiignished  for  his  noble  character  and  his 
superior  attainments.  Under  the  succeeding  presidents,  the 
college  has  taken  rank  among  the  highest  institutions  in  our 


land.  This  is  not  the  place  to  enter  into  the  details  of  its  his- 
tory ;  but  we  cannot  refrain  from  saying  that  the  present 
incumbent  of  this  difficult  and  responsible  office,  Gov.  Cham- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  405 

berlain,  has  alike  distinguished  himself  as  a  college  professor,  as 
a  major-general  guiding  patriot  troops  on  the  field  of  battle,  as 
governor  of  the  State  of  Maine,  and  now  as  president  of  the 
college  The  accompanying  illustration  gives  a  correct  view  of 
the  college  buildings. 

Maine  seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  a  peculiarly  favored 
region.  Population  flowed  into  it  so  fast,  that,  in  the  next 
thirteen  months,  nineteen  new  towns  were  incorporated,  nearly 


S'. 

o 

H 


< 


O 

o 

l-H 

■/J 


••4 

CO 


SCENEKY  AT  ABBOTT  FAMILY  SCHOOL,  FARMINGTOX,  ME. 

all  of  Which  contained  at  least  five  hundred  inhabitants.  One 
ol  these,  Farmington,  deserves  rather  special  notice.  Upon  the 
rich  meadows  through  which  the  sandy  river  glides,  the  corn- 
fields of  the  Canabus  Indians  formerly  waved  in  the  breeze. 
1  ins  beautiful  village  has  become  quite  renowned  for  its  cluster 
ot  literary  institutions. 

Farmington  Academy  was  incorporated  in  1807,  and  for  about 


^'-'^ 


J.»f 


TBE  niSTCRY  OF  MAINE. 


407 


i 


a 

t 


half  a  century  snjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  its  classical,  math- 
ema  ical,  and  scientific  instruction.  It  was  then  merged  into 
the  Western  Normal  School.  A  view  of  the  building  will  be 
found  annexed.  ^ 

Another  institution,  a  family  school  for  boys,  called  Little 
mue,  has  obtamed  celebrity  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State 
The  most  prominent  object  in  the  landscape  of  this  region  is 
Mount  Blue      Upon  the  grounds  upon  which  the  beautiful  clus- 
ter of  school  edifices  is  reared,  there  is  a  winding  brook,  a  small 
pond,  and  a  very  singular  natural  mound,  seventy  or  eighty  feet 
Hgh,  covered  with  dense  forest.     To  this  mound  the  name  of 
Little  Blue  was  given,  and  hence  the  name  of  the  school      The 
institution  is  sometimes  called  the  "Abbott  Family  School  "  as 
the  original  building  was  the  residen.o  of  the  Rev.  Jacob' Ab- 
bott ;   and   his   brother  Samuel   established   the  school.     It  is 
impossible,  without  a  series  of  views,  to  give  a  correct  idea  of 
the  varied  and  picturesque  beauty  of  the  grounds.     The  place 
embraces  about  five  acres.     We  give  a  view  of  the  principal 
buildings.  ^ 


H 
O 

o 


THE   WKNDELL   INSTITUTE. 

One  of  the  most  prosperous  and  popular  of  the  educational 
seminaries  of  Farmington  is  the  Wendell  Institute.  This  sem- 
inary was  established,  in  the  first  instance,  as  a  private  school, 
by  two  young  ladies,  the  Misses  May.  These  ladies  evinced  a 
i^raarkuble  aptitude  for  the  work  of  organizing  and  managin<. 
their  school ;  and  it  grew  rapidly  in  public  favor,  and  soon  be-an 
to  draw  scholars  from  the  surrounding  towns. 

At  length,  at  the  time  of  the  reception  of  a  valuable  donation 
trom  Dr.  Abraham  Wendell,  a  native  of  Farmington,  though  at 
that  time,  and  for  several  years  previously,  residing  in  Peru, 
b.  A.,  a  charter  was  obtained  for  the  institution  under  the  style 
and  title  of  the  Wendell  Institute.  Much  addition^  aid  was 
a  so  rendered  by  the  relatives  of  Mr.  Wendell,  iv.  furthering  the 
plans  of  tlie  teachers;  and  the  institute  is  now  in  a  very  prosper- 
ous condition.  It  is  still  under  the  charge  of  the  original  found- 
ers of  It,  the  Misses  May. 

There  is  another  institution  recently  established  in  Farmincr- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


409 


O 
H 

O 


o 


at 

H 
H 
«? 

O 

o 

o 
o 


L'i   li< 


ton,  as  a  family  school  for  girls,  which  is  probably  destined  to 
accomplish  important  results.  It  is  called  "The  Willows," 
from  a  very  magnificent  grove  of  willow  trees  near  which  it 
stands.  The  institution  is  yet  in  its  infancy ;  but  it  has  one 
of  the  most  costly  and  best  school  buildings  in  the  State.  Its 
location,  as  regards  beauty  of  scenery,  and  purity  of  ir  and 
water,  is  all  that  could  be  desired.  Under  its  present  -^ci  ,it 
management  it  can  hardly  fail  to  prove  a  success,  notwi:"  •> -end- 
ing the  multitude  of  rival  schools  which  are  rising  all  ov 
land. 

Of  the  new  towns  incorporated  in  1794,  Alfred  was  named 
from  Alfred  the  Great.  Bridgeton  took  its  name  from  Mr. 
Moody  Crmges,  of  Andover,  Mass.,  one  of  its  chief  proprietors. 
1  rospect  was  so  called  from  the  beautiful  scenery  which,  from 
oiie  of  Its  eminences,  charmed  the  eye  of  every  beholder. 
Hampden  honors  the  name  of  E.,gh.nd's  illustrious  son,  John 
Hampden.  Newfield,  Cornish,  New  Sharon,  Unity,  Dresden, 
and  Alna,  were  wilderness  regions  which  poor  emigrants  had 
penetrated  for  the  sake  of  cheap  land,  and  where,  havin-  cut 
clearings  m  the  forest,  they  reared  their  log  huts,  planted°their 
wheat  and  corn  amidst  the  blackened  stumi)s,  and,  with  great 
toil,  obtained  but  frugal  fare. 

In  the  ^car  1795,  Poland,  Litchfield,  Lewiston,  Steuben, 
l^ayette,  Livermore,  Starks,  and  Clinton,  were  incorporated. 
I.ands  111  Maine  were  in  great  demand.  In  twelve  years  after 
the  close  of  the  war,  the  Commonwealth  sold  three  million  five 
hundred  thousand  acres.  Troubles  in  Europe  were  causing  a 
great  flood  of  emigration  to  this  country. 

Lewiston  became  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturincr 
districts  in  the  State.  The  Androscoggin  has  here  a  natural  m1 
ot  lorty  feet  in  a  distance  of  two  hundred  feet.  By  aid  of  a 
dam  this  has  been  increased  to  fifty  feet.  This  valuable  fall  is 
utilized,  by  machinery  of  various  kinds,  to  the  amount  of  five 
thousand  four  hundred  and  fifty  horse-power.  And  this  is 
secure  against  any  contingencies  of  ice  or  flood.  Lewiston  is 
connected  with  the  seaboard  by  two  lines  of  railway  ;  one  lead- 
nig  to  Bath,  and  the  other  to  Portland.  It  is  distant  fmm  Bos- 
ton,  by  rail,  six  and  a  half  hours,  from  Portland  one  and  a  half. 


i 


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A 
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r/T^  mSTORY  OF  MAINE.  411 

and  from  Bath  one  and  a  quarter.  There  are  in  the  place,  in- 
eluding  Auhurn,  which  is  on  the  other  «ide  of  the  river,  fifteen 
manuhictunng  companies,  with  un  aggregate  capital  of  over 
seven  million  dollars.  Between  five  and  six  thousand  hands  are 
employed  The  population,  by  the  last  census,  was  twenty-one 
thousand.^  '' 

Lewiston  is  also  the  seat  of  an  important  literary  an<l  scien- 
tific institution,  called  the  Maine  State  Seminary,  which  was 
incorporated  and  endowed  by  the  State  in  the  year  1855 

A  controversy  arose,  about  this  time,  between  t  le  Indians  on 
the  1  enobscot  and  the  government  respecting  land  titles.     The 
government  claimed,  that,  by  the  treaty  of  1785,  the  Indians  had 
no  lanu»  remaining  exceiting   the  islands  in    the   Penobscot 
Kiver ;  but  the  chiefs  claimed  the  territory  from  the  head  of 
the  tide,  SIX  miles  ui  width  oa  each  side  of  the  river,  upwa.d, 
mdefimtely  into  the  northern  wilderness.     Three  commissioners 
were  appointed  to  meet  the  chiefs.     The  question  was  amicably 
settled.     Ihe  commissioners  assented  to  the  claim  of  the  In- 
dians,  and   for  a  small  sum,  purchased  its  relinquishment  with 
a  few  modifications.     This  tribe,  called  the  Tarratines,  which,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  .levolution,  could  bring  four  hundred 
warnors  into  the  field,  had  dwindled  down  to  but  about  three 
hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children.     Tiie  territory 
which  the  Indians  relinquished,  by  this  treaty,  amounted  to  one 
hundred  and  eighty-nine  thousand,  four  hunched  and  twentv- 
six  acres.  *' 

Still  the  tide  of  emigration  and  prosperity  was  flowing  into 
Maine.  Ihe  next  year,  1796,  seven  new  towns  were  incorpo- 
rated. These  were  Belgrade,  Harlem  (which  was  twenty  miles 
beyond  any  other  settlement,  and  which  was  buried  in  a  forest 
swarming  with  moose,  bears,  and  wolves),  Castine,  Northport, 
Eden  on  Mount  Desert,  so  named  from  its  beautiful  scenery, 
and  Bethel.  These  were  all  incorporated  on  the  10th  of  June 
Soon  aftev  June  17,  Addison,  Augusta,  Waterford,  Norway,  and 
Harrington  were  incorporated. 

Augusta  lias  become  one  of  the  largest,  wealthiest,  most  intel- 


•  The  Water  Power  of  Maine,  p.  3[^. 


412 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


lectual  and  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  State.  It  is  the  shire- 
town  of  the  county,  and  the  capital  of  Maine.  Tli  river  is 
spanned  by  a  fine  bridge,  and  elegant  mansions  are  found  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  The  State  House,  of  granite,  stands 
in  a  commanding  position,  on  a  plateau  on  the  western  banks. 
A  water-power  of  great  value  is  established  here,  by  the  con- 
struction of  a  dam  entirely  across  the  river.  The  length  of  the 
Augusta  dam  is  584  feet,  and  its  height  fifteen  feet.  The  water- 
power  thus  afforded  is  of  immense  value,  and  must  eventually 
give  employment  to  a  very  large  manufacturing  population. 

Improvements  on  this  power  are  now  in  prospect  on  an  im- 
mense scale.  Six  hundred  acres  of  land  have  been  purchased 
around  it.  The  power  can  be  enormously  increased  by  connect- 
ing with  it  nearly  three  hundred  square  miles  of  lakes  which 
are  tributary  to  the  Kennebec.  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that 
Augusta  is  destined  eventually  to  be  one  of  the  largest  manu- 
facturing cities  in  tlie  United  States.^ 

Among  other  public  buildings  of  much  interest  in  Augusta, 
there^  may  be  mentioned  the  United  States  Arsenal.  '^This 
building  is  situated  on  beautiful  grounds  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  river.  "  The  insane  ospital  is  an  honor  to  tlie  State 
and  to  humanity."  It  has  pleasure  grounds  seventy  acres  in 
extent.  The  scene  of  landscape  beauty  presented  from  the 
gentle  eminence  upoTx  which  the  hospital  stands  can  hardly  be 
surpassed.  An  awful  calamity  occurred  here  in  the  year  1850, 
when  the  building  was  consumed  by  fire,  and  twenty-eight  of 
the  inmates,  including  one  of  the  keepers,  were  burned. 

Eight  new  towns  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1798,— 
Wayne,  Otisfield,  Eastport,  Cornville,  Hollis,  Anson,  Hartford, 
and  Sumner.  In  1799  Kennebec  county  was  established,  with 
Augusta  for  its  shire-town.  Lisbon  was  the  only  town  incorpo- 
rated this  year.  On  the  14th  of  December  George  Washington 
died,  and  all  America  was  clothed  in  mourning.  The  popula- 
tion of  Maine,  in  the  year  1800,  amounted  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty-one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  nineteen.''     Maine  was 

*  See  "Water  Power  of  Maine,  p.  175. 

2  York  County  contained  87,729;  Cumberland,  79,!>21;  Kennebec,  24,394;  Lin- 
coln, 30,100,  Hancock,  l(i,31G;  Washington,  4,430.  —  ir/Hianwon,  vol.  ii.  p.  089. 


414 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


now  entitled  to  four  representatives  in  Congress;  still  new 
towns  were  born  with  wonderful  rapidity.  Rumford,  Orland, 
Ellsworth,  and  Lovell  came  into  being  in  the  year  1800,  rnd 
the  next  year  gave  birth  to  Strong  and  Leeds. 

Maine  was  now  enjoying  peace  and  great  prosperity.  Ten 
towns  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1802.  These  were  Minot, 
Chesteiville,  Brownfield,  Vienna,  Avon,  New  Vineyard,  Dan- 
ville, Baldwin,  Lincolnville,  and  Waterville.  This  last  town 
constituted  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-eighth.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  towns  in  the  State,  and  is  the  site  of  a  well- 
endowed  and  highly  flourishing  college.  The  institution  is 
under  the  control  of  the  Baptists,  but  is  open  to  the  students 
of  all  denominations.  The  name  of  "Colby  University"  is 
taken  in  honor  of  one  of  its  most  munificent  patrons.  The  sit- 
uation of  the  buildings,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  river,  is 
singularly  beautifuj. 

Twenty-one  towns  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1804.  The 
very  important  and  opulent  town  of  Gardiner  was  named  from 
Dr.  Sylvester  Gardiner,  to  whom  most  of  the  township  was 
granted,  near  the  year  1754,  by  the  Plymouth  Company.  Robert 
H.  Gardiner,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  Maine, 
revered  for  his  intelligence,  his  public  spirit,  and  his  ChristiaJ 
probity,  came  into  possession  of  the  place  by  inheritance,  in  the 
year  1803.  There  were  then  but  about  six  hundred  inhabitants 
in  the  limits  of  the  territory.  The  town  owes  much  of  its  pros- 
perity to  Mr.  Gardiner,  and  his  generous  devotion  to  all  its 
interests. 

His  energies  and  wealth  gave  impulse  to  every  branch  of 
business.  Mills  rose,  dams  were  built,  machine-shops  con- 
structed ;  and  a  commanding  eminence  was  adorned  with  a  fine 
Gothic  church  of  stone,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  buildings  in  New  England.  The  falls  of  Cobbossee- 
conte  gave  this  place  its  peculiar  value. 

The  other  towns  incorporated  this  year,  were  St.  George 
Harmony,  Temple,  Albany,  Industry,  Raymond,  Surry,  Dixfietd,' 
Wilton,  Rome,  Madison,  Albion,  Unity,  Embien,  Mercer,  Hope, 
Palermo,  East  Andover  (now  called  Andover),  and  Gilead. 
The  next  year  but  two  towns  were  incornorated.  Harri...nn  and 
Newiy. 


416 


THE  nr STORY  OF  MAINE. 


Improvements  were  rapidly  advancing  all  over  the  State. 
Bridges,  roads,  turnpikes,  canals,  and  booms  were  constructed. 
These  last  were  of  immense  importance.  They  consisted  of 
chains  of  logs  crossing  the  rivers  upon  which  there  were  saw- 
mills, to  prevent  the  logs,  cut  in  the  winter,  and  swept  down 
by  the  spring  fresliets,  from  being  carried  out  to  sea. 

In  the  year  1805,  Oxford  County  was  organized,  and  Paris 
was  made  its  shire-town.     Orono,  which  had  previously  been 


COBBOSSEE  CONTEE  FALLS,  GAKDIXEU,  MB. 

called  Stillwater,  was  incorporated  in  1S06.  This  was  a  noted 
place  in  the  days  o^.  the  Indians.  It  was  about  the  year  1775 
when  the  first  white  settler  ventured  to  rear  his  cabin  in  those 
awful  solitudes.  The  renowned  chief  Orono  had  his  residence 
here.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  many  virtues.  From 
him  the  town  takes  its  harmonious  name. 

Eight  towns  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1807  :  Montville, 
Denmark,  Porter,  Jefferson,  Friendship,  Hiram,  Dixmont,  Pal- 
myra.  •  Three  were  incorporated  in  1808,  —  Pownal,  Freeman, 


TiiE  nisTonr  of  maihe.  4,7 

t^Z7  '^^"''"t     '^'"'  "^"""'^  °f  S°""-'^'  ™»  established 
^  1809  and  Norrulgewook  was  appointed  its  shire-town.    IWe 

were  also  ■ncorporated  the  town,  of  Windsor,  JonesborouT 
Calais,  and  WhilefieM.  oauorou^n, 

A  census  was  taken  in  the  year  1810;  and  it  was  found  that 
he  State  contained  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  thouLndL 
hundred  and  eighty-seven  inhabitants.     One  t°own  onTrEHot 
was  mcorporated  this  year.    The  next  year,  however,  nine  were 

Garhnd  tbCT"  r  n ''"     '^''^  ^^'^  '=-'-•  ^l^arle  te 
and  ™,bec     S      ™;  ''°"'  ^^"^^ington,  Corinth,  Carmel 

and  Lubeo.    Seven  towns  were  incorporated  in  ti.e  year  1812 

Zf/okt2'J'°''  f;?""'  °''"'°"''  P"""?'.  sXc     nd 
™™r      ■  .  T*"'  "'  """  '""'=•  "  '■""''■■'''J  ""d  mnety-four 

mun,  .pal  towns     Since  the  close  of  the  Kevolutionary  war  a 

fnrporfted".'  ""'•'"---  """^-^  -<^  fifty-fourh^T;: 

The  outrages  which  England  had  for  yeai-s  been  inflictin-. 
upon  our  commerce,  and  her  practice  of  impressing  ou  seamcf 
18  fc  :r""' ""  'r°"^  u-nduraMe.  On  the°18th  of  jTu" 
r,,!;  n  f  '  T?''  ™  '""  '■'='='''""8  'hat  war  existed  between 
Great  Bnta.n  and  the  United  States.  Maine  was  called  Zn 
0  funnsh  two  thousand  five  hundred  militia.  As  we  now  lo-k 
back  upon  those  days,  it  seems  strange  that  a  single  wo"d  co^,ld 
hve  been  uttered  in  fevor  of  submitting  to  those  outlesn 
winch  England  was  trampling  upon  our  most  sacred  ri^its 

Levant'  aTst7.T  '"^'T""'^'' '"  l^l^,  -  Sweden,  Ireedom, 
J^evant,  and  St.  Albany.  To  meet  the  immediate  expenses  of 
the  war,  the  Nat,on,al  Government  assessed  a  tax  of  sevcntv-four 
thousand  two  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  on  Maine.  Its  Z 
that  more  soldiers  were  enlisted  in  the  District  of  Maine,  accord- 
...g  to  Its  population,  than  in  any  of  the  States.  Trol"  were 
^tabhshed  at  most  of  the  important  maritime  towns      The 

twenty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  men. 

There  was  a  British  brig  called  "  The  Boxer,"  which  had  been 
ZZ"  '-r™»<7'»S  our  coast,  committing  g^rlardeprt 

crew"  a"?'  "'Tf  """"'^'^  ^'s"'^-  e™»' "-'  ''-^  « 
crew  ot  a  l,und,«u  and  four  men,  was  commanded  by  Capt. 


9 


418 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Blythe,  who  was  twenty-nine  years  of  age.  The  American  brig 
"  Enterprise,"  which  carried  sixteen  guns  and  a  hundred  and 
two  men,  was  at  anchor  in  Portland  Harbor.  It  was  commanded 
by  Capt.  Burrows,  twenty-eight  years  of  age.*  "  The  Boxer" 
was  ordered  to  cruise  off  the  harbor  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
"  The  Enterprise  "  to  an  engagement.  Thp  two  vessels  met  on 
the  5th  of  Septen:'  .  ?.  "'"'>,  and  at  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon commenced  ac  ,1  a   r  ithin  half  pistol  shot. 

For  thirty-five  miKutes  they  poured  their  deadly  broadsides 
into  each  other.  Both  captains  were  shot  down,  and  the  decks 
were  covei-ed  with  blood.  "  The  Boxer  "  then  struck  her  colors, 
having  lost,  in  killed  and  wounded,  besides  her  captain,  forty- 
six  men,  nearly  half  her  crew.  On  "  The  Enterprise  "  only  two 
were  killed  and  twelve  wounded.  The  next  day  the  victorious 
brig  returned,  with  her  prize,  to  Portland.  The  public  exulta- 
tion was  chilled  by  the  death  of  the  intrepid  Capt.  Burrows. 
The  remains  of  both  the  officers  were  buried,  side  by  side,  with 
military  honors,  and  a  monument  raised  to  their  memory. 

The  general  history  of  this  war  belongs  to  the  history  of  the 
United  States  rather  than  to  that  of  Maine.  But  in  many 
respects  the  conflict  was  disastrous  to  the  District.  Maine  was 
peculiarly  a  commercial  district,  and  commerce  was  annihilated 
by  the  war.  Money  became  scarce,  prices  high,  and  many  of 
the  rich  became  poor,  and  the  poor  suffered  severely.  The 
English  declared  the  whole  of  our  Atlantic  coast  in  a  state  of 
blockade.  The  entire  seaboard  was  infested  by  British  cruisers. 
Still,  in  this  sad  world  of  sin  and  sorrow,  adversity  often  intro- 
duces renewed  prosperity.  There  is,  however,  but  little  comfort 
in  the  thought  that  the  prosperity  of  one  must  be  purchased  at 
the  expense  of  the  ruin  of  another.  The  destruction  of  our 
commerce  rendered  it  necessary  for  us  to  engage,  more  than 
ever  before,  in  mechanic  arts  and  manufacturing  establishments. 
Thus  England  "  gained  a  loss  "  in  this  cruel  war. 

The  government  of  Great  Britain  claimed  the  right  of  stop- 
ping, by  the  menace  of  her  guns,  any  American  vessel  found 
upon  the  seas,  of  sending  a  lieutenant  on  board,  who  would 

»  Diary  of  Eov.  Samuel  Deane,  p.  403. 


THE  HiaTORY  OF  MAINE.  419 

muster  the  crew  before  him,  and  pick  out  any  number  he  was 
pleased   o  say  were  of  English  birth.     These  he  would  seize 
drag  on  board  the  British  men-of-war,  and  compel  them  to  fight 
Bntam  s  battles.     Where  resistance  was  attempted  the  cudS 
and  cutlass  were  freely  used.     Official  records  prove  that  more 
than  a  thousand  American  citizens  were  thus  torn  from  home  and 
friends,  and  were  compelled  for  years  to  man  British  guns,  and 
when  war  was  opened  against  America,  to  fight  "their  own 
countrymen      Even  our  armed  vessels  were  thus  searched,  and 
fired  upon  if  ney  refused  to  submit.     Over  six  thousand  men 
were  thus  taken  from  the  American  vessels  upon  the  simple 

oTrarBriir^^^^^"^"^^^^ 

thll  7}.7n'l^l  'J!^'"''''^''''  °^  «"«^  ^n  atrocious  claim  as  this, 
tha   the  British  Government  commenced  war  against  the  United 
States;  thus  blighting  the  prospects  of  humanity,  filling  lonelv 
farmhouses  with  widows  and  orphans,  and  creating  an  amount 
of  wretchedness  which  can  never  can  be  known  until,  at  the 
Uay  of  Judgment,  all  things  shall  be  brought  to  light.    It  is  hard 
for  any  one,  whose  heart  is  moved  by  the  moans  and  tears  of 
the  helpless,  to  forgive  such  crimes  on  the  part  of  haughty  foes 
who  were  noting  amidst  the  splendors  of  their  castles  and  thei^ 
palaces. 

The  victims  of  this  impressment  were  not  allowed  any  trial. 

InT  ^^^l"V^'"''  ^°'  '"^  ^^P^^^-  A  P«^t  young  lieutenant 
from  a  Bntish  war-vessel,  followed  by  his  armed  band,  would 
descend  the  deck  of  any  American  vessel,  pick  out  from  the 
crew  any  men  he  pleased,  and  saying,  «  J  think  these  men  are 
Englishmen,"  carry  them  off. 

We  give  England's  plea  in  justification  of  this  outrage,  in  the 
language  in  which  the  prince  regent  himself,  subsequently  the 
nfamous  George  IV.,  endeavors  to  soften  down  its'atrocities! 
m  a  cabinet  manifesto  dated  Jan.  8,  1813,  he  wrote,— 

vutlll^hTT'"^  ?'*  *^°  "^''''''  "^  ^^'  undoubted  and  hitherto  undis- 
puted  right  of  searching  neutral  merchant-vessels  in  time  of  war  and  the 
impressment  of  British  seamen  when  found  therein,  could  be  deemed  1' 

violation  of  a  neutral  fla<r  ■  nr  tn  +ni,„  „,„u ,  aeemea  any 

„„„„„,„  ,,  ,  - -o  ,   —  —  "-«••  cUi.li  acaxuL-xi  irom  on  tioard  such 

veseb  could  be  considered  by  any  neutral  state  as  a  hostile  measure  or 
a  justifiable  cause  of  war."  •"coouic,  w 


420 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


In  the  year  1813,  the  taxable  property  in  Maine  amounted  to 
one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.'  Notwithstanding 
the  desolations  of  war,  nine  towns  were  this  year  incorporated  ; 
namely,  Phippsburg,  —  where  the  earliest  colony  ever  attempted 
in  Maine  was  located,  and  where  Popham's  fort  was  reared,  — 
Searmont,  Belmont,  Bloomfield,  South  Berwick,  Westbrook, 
Sangerville,  Hermon,  and  Newport. 

Tlie  Bloomfield  region  was  called  by  the  Indians,  Wessarunset. 
The  first  settlers,  in  1771,  were  so  delighted  with  the  beauty  and 
fertility  of  the  country,  that  they  called  it  Canaan.  In  the  year 
1777,  several  men  were  captured  by  the  Indians,  and  carried 
to  Canada.  They  were  however,  it  is  believed,  all  eventually 
restored  to  their  friends.  In  the  year  1807,  an  academy  was 
incorporated  here,  which  obtained  much  celebrity  throughout 
the  State. 

South  Berwick  Hvas  in  a  region  called  Quampeagan  by  the 
Indians.  Here  also  a  flourishing  academy  was  established. 
From  the  beginning  Maine  has  manifested  great  zeal  in  the 
education  of  her  sons  and  daughters. 

During  the  first  tw^o  years  of  the  war  Maine  was  not  actually 
invaded  by  the  enemy,  though  often  menaced.  A  small  military 
force  was  stationed  at  Eastport.  Major  Perley  Putnam,  of 
Salem,  was  in  command,  with  two  companies  of  militia. 

On  the  11th  of  July,  1814,  a  British  fleet  of  five  war-vessels 
and  several  transports  anchored  abreast  of  Eastport,  and  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  fort,  allowing  five  minutes  for  an 
answer.'^  Major  Putnam  did  not  need  even  that  time  to  reply 
"  The  fort  will  be  defended  against  whatever  force  may  be 
brought  against  it."  But  the  inhabitants  rose  promptly  in 
strong  remonstrance  against  resisting  an  armament,  which,  in  an 
hour,  could  lay  the  whole  town  in  ashes.  Major  Putnam  was 
thus  compelled  to  strike  his  flag. 

Eastport  was  very  eligibly  situated  on  Moose  Island,  which 
the  British  claimed  belonged  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  1783. 

»  Williamson,  vol  ii.  p.  036. 

2  The  fleet  consisted  of  "  The  Eamilies,"  a  seventy-fonr-gtm  ship,  haAdng  on 
board  the  Commodore,  Sir  Thomas  Hardy  ;  "The  Martin,"  a  sloop-of-\var  ;  the 
brigs  "  Eover,"  "  Bieame,"  and  "Terror;"  a  bomb-ship,  and  several  transports 
crowded  with  troops. 


TnE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


421 


They  took  possession  of  the  place  and  all  the  public  property  it 
contained,  hoisted  the  British  flag,  dragged  the  American  sol- 
diers on  board  their  prison-ships,  and  commanded  all  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Moose  Island,  and  of  the  other  islands  in  Passamaquoddy 
Bay,  to  assemble  at  the  schoolhouse  in  Eastport  on  the  16tb 
instant,  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  Britannic  Mnjesty, 
or  within  seven  days  to  depart  from  the  islands.^  About  two- 
thiruji  of  the  islanders  submitted  to  this  requirement. 

The  success  of  this  expedition  encouraged  the  British  to  fit 
out  another  against  Penobscot  (now  Castine)  and  Machias. 
The  fleet  consisted  of  three  seventy-four-gun  ships,  two  frigates, 
two  sloops-of-war,  an  armed  schooner,  a  large  tender,  and  ten 
transports.  The  number  of  troops  embarked  were  probably 
about  three  thousand  five  hundred,  ti.  n.gh  some  have  placed 
the  number  as  high  as  six  thousand.2  On  he  1st  of  September, 
1814,  this  formidable  armament  cast  anch.  r  in  the  harbor  of 
Castine.  Successful  resistance  was  impossible.  The  garrison 
blew  up  the  fort,  ad  fled  back  into  the  country.  The  British 
took  undisputed  possession.  One  of  the  generals  then,  with  six 
hundred  men,  crossed  the  bay  and  captured  Beiaist.  They 
plundered  the  unfortunate  town,  and  returned  to  Castine.  This 
was  the  second  time  this  quiet  village  had  been  ravaged  by  this 
British  soldiery.  Their  first  visit  was  in  1780,  when  their 
brutal  treatment  drove  the  inhabitants  into  the  woods. 

The  fleet  ascended  the  bay  and  river  until  the  ships  were 
within  about  fifteen  miles  of  Bungor.  They  cast  anchor  near 
Hampden  Village,  and  landed  a  strong  force.  The  Hampden 
militia  made  a  feeble  resistance,  but  were  soon'  dispersed  by  the 
fire  of  the  British  regulars.  The  conflict  of  an  hour  placed 
Hampden  at  the  mercy  of  the  enemy.  They  plundered  the 
houses  and  the  stores,  killed  the  cattle,  treated  the  most  prom 
inent  citizens  with  shameful  abuse,  burned  several  vessels,  and 
spared  others  by  extorting  a  bond  of  twelve  thousand  dollars. 
The  loss  which  the  little  village  of  Hampden  experienced  from 

»  Tbe  British  claimed  all  the  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay  as  within  their 
boundary  line. 

2  It  is  certain  that  the  forces  consisted  of  the  Sixty-second  and  Nmety-eighth 
Eegiments,  two  rifle  companies  of  the  Sixtieth  Eegiment,  and  a  detachment  of 
royal  aitiilwy. 


I 


422 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


this  raid  was  estimated  to  amount  to  forty-four  thousand  dollars. 
A  committee  of  the  citizens  waited  upon  the  British  commander, 
Capt.  Barrie,  and  implored  him  to  treat  the  community  with 
more  humanity.     He  angrily  replied :  — 

"  Humanity!  I  have  none  for  you.  My  business  is  to  burn,  sink,  and 
destroy.  Your  town  is  taken  by  storm.  By  the  rules  of  war  we  ought  to 
lay  your  village  in  ashes,  and  put  its  inhabitants  to  the  sword.  But  I  will 
spare  your  lives,  though  I  mean  to  bum  your  houses." 

An  order  came  from  the  more  merciful  British  commander  at 
Castine,  Gen.  Sherbroke,  not  to  burn  the  houses.  The  vessels 
again  spread  their  sails  to  ascend  the  river,  while  two-thirds 
of  the  troops  marched  along  by  land.  No  terms  were  allowed 
to  Bangor  but  unconditional  surrender.  The  ships  anchored  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag.  A  few  Congreve  rockets  were 
thrown  over  the  village,  as  an  intimation  of  the  doom  which 
awaited  the  citizens  should  they  attempt  any  resistance. 

The  best  buildings  in  the  place  were  taken  as  barracks  for 
the  soldiers.  All  publi.  property  was  seized.  One  hundred 
and  ninety-one  of  the  principal  men  were  compelled  to  sign  a 
document  declaring  themselves  prisoners  of  war,  and  stipulating 
not  to  serve  against  the  British  Government  until  exchanged. 

But  little  respect  was  paid  to  private  property.  Many  stores 
were  plundered  ;  and  several  vessels  were  saved  from  the  flames 
only  by  giving  a  bond  to  the  amount  of  thirty  thousand  dollars, 
that  four,  which  were  on  the  stocks,  should  be  delivered  at 
Castine.  Fourteen  vessels  were  burned,  mostly  on  the  Brewer 
side  of  the  river ;  and  six  were  carried  to  Castine.^  It  was  esti- 
mated that  the  losses  at  Bangor  amounted  to  forty-five  thou- 
sand dollars. 

After  a  stay  of  about  thirty  hours  in  Bangor,  the  fleet  de- 
scended the  river  to  Frankfort.    Here  they  took  from  the  people 

1  In  tliis  ease,  as  in  most  otlie"  narratives  of  deeds  of  violence,  there  is  some 
slight  diversity  in  the  details.  .lere  is,  however,  here  no  question  in  regard  to 
the  general  and  important  facts.  The  narrative,  as  we  give  it,  is  probably  as 
accurate  as  ran  now  be  ascertained.  Williamson  gives  the  following  summary: 
"Burnt,  the  brig  'Caravan,'  'Neptune's  Barge,'  'Thinks  1  to  Myself,'  'Eunice 
and  Tolly,'  '  The  Gladiator,'  '  The  Three  Brothers,'  the  sloop  '  Ranger,'  three  un- 
launched  vessels  in  Brewer,  and  one  in  Bangor.  There  were  also  three  others  iu 
the  harbor  that  were  destroyeil:  fourteen  iu  all."—  WillimiKon^  vol.  ii,  p,  (MS. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


423 


forty  oxen,  one  hundred  sheep,  and  an  indefinite  amount  of 
poultry.  On  the  7th,  the  ships  returned  from  this  marauding 
excursion  to  CasMne. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Kennebec  valley  were  terror-stricken. 
It  was  apprehended  that  the  same  fleet  would  visit  their  river 
with  the  same  destruction.  The  whole  surrounding  region  was 
kept  for  a  time,  in  a  state  of  great  alarm.  Wiscasset  was 
menaced  ;  and  the  militia  from  a  region  of  nearly  thirty  miles 
around  flocked  to  its  defence. 

The  region  between  Passamaquoddy  Bay  and  the  Penobscot 
River  had  passed  under  the  control  of  the  English.  Castine 
was  made  a  port  of  entry.  Several  war-vessels  guarded  the 
harbor,  and  two  thousand  two  hundred  troops  were  placed  there 
in  garrison.  The  British  commander  organized  a  provincial 
government  for  the  territory.  All  the  male  inhabitants  over 
sixteen  years  of  age  were  compelled  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  British  king.  A  custom-house  was  opened  at 
Hampden  for  the  introduction  of  British  goods. 

Castine  became  quite  a  gi.y  resort  for  the  officers  of  the 
British  army  and  navy.  A  temporary  theatre  was  opened,  and 
there  were  music  and  dancing.  Many  of  the  officers  were  gentle- 
men by  birth,  culture,  and  instinctive  sentiment.  On  the  11th 
of  February,  1815,  news  reached  our  country  that  peace  was 
established  by  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  which  was  signed  on  the  24th 
of  December,  1814.  The  glad  tidings  were  received  with  every 
demonstration  of  joy,  throughout  the  whole  country.  The 
British  troops  evacuated  Castine  on  the  25th  of  April,  after  an 
encampment  there  of  eight  months. 

War  is  always  demoralizing.  The  two  great  vices  which  this 
war  augmented  throughout  Maine  were  intemperance  and  pro- 
faneness.  But  Maine  sustained  no  diminution  in  her  population. 
The  loss  experienced  from  the  casualties  of  war  was  more  than 
made  up  by  immigration.  In  ]'^]5  Woodstock  was  incorpo- 
rated. Twelve  new  towns  were  organized  in  the  year  1816. 
These  were,  Kingfield,  Moscow,  Wales,  Greenwood,  Weld,' 
Guilford,  Cherryfield,  Dexter,  North  Hill,  Brooks,  Corinna,  and 
Ripley. 

Inere  were  now  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  towns  in  the 


424 


THE  HJSTOItr  OF  MAINE. 


State.  The  whole  number  of  kgul  voters  was  thirty-seven 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-eight.  The  following  ques- 
tion was  submitted  to  the  people,  convened  in  their  several 
towns  and  plantations,  — 

"  Is  it  expedient  that  the  District  of  Maine  be  separated  from 
Massachusetts,  and  become  an  independent  State  ?  "  > 

The  unexpected  result  of  this  vote  was,  11,969  yeas,  and 
10,347  nays.  A  convention  was  chose  i  to  assemble  in  the 
meeting-house  at  Brunswick,  count  the  votes,  and,  if  a  majority 
of  five  to  four  were  found  in  favor  of  separation,  to  appoint  a 
committee  to  draft  a  constitution.  Though  the  majority  was 
less  than  the  statute  required,  the  convention  declared  the  vote 
to  bo  in  favor  of  an  independent  State,  and  chose  two  com- 
mittees ;  one  to  draft  a  constitution,  and  one  to  apply  to  Con- 
gress for  admission  into  the  Union.  A  large  minority  protected 
against  these  measi^res ;  and  the  General  Court,  being  then  in 
session,  disapproved  of  the  illegal  decision,  and  dissolved  the 
convention. 

There  arose  at  this  time  what  was  called  the  "  Ohio  fever." 
Hundreds  were  seized  with  the  almost  insane  desire  to  emigrate 
to  Ohio.  The  journey,  generally  taken  in  wagons  covered  with 
canvas,  was  long,  expensive,  and  exhaustijig.  Often  the  suffer- 
ings by  the  way  were  very  severe.  The  flat,  rich,  alluvial  plains 
of  Ohio  seemed  to  be  covered  with  a  malarious  atmosphere. 
Whole  fiimilies  often  wilted  down  together,  now  shaking  with 
exhaustive  chills,  and  again  burning  with  fever.  Many  mourned 
the  day  in  which  they  departed  from  the  healthy,  invigorating 
breezes  of  Maine.  But  return  was  impossible.  Their  means 
were  entirely  exhausted.  It  is  estimated  that  Maine  lost 
between  ten  and  fifteen  thousand  inhabitants  by  this  sad  infat- 
uation. 

There  was  a  dispute  respecting  the  north-eastern  boundary 
of  the  State,  which  subsequently  came  near  involving  us  in 
another  war  with  England.     There  was  but  one  town,  Brooks- 


1  Such  is  the  form  of  this  question,  as  given  by  the  accurate  Mr.  Williamson, 
The  form  suggested  by  the  General  Court  v,  as,  "Shall  the  Legislature  be  requested 
to  give  its  consent  to  the  separation  of  the  District  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts, 
and  the  creation  of  said  district  into  a  separate  State?  " 


TUE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


425 


ville,  incorporated  in  the  year  1817;  but  the  next  year  se-eu 
were  established,  — China,  Monroe,  Perry,  Mexico,  Dennysvilie, 
Swanville,  and  Jackson. 

The  Indian  tribes  had  dwindled  almost  to  extinction.  Of  tlie 
Peno])scot  Indians  but  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  remained. 
Two-thirds  of  these  were  women  and  children.  They  had 
become  a  dispirited,  humiliated,  and  inefficient  neople,  supported 
mainly  by  charity.  Quite  readily  tlioy  relinquished  their  claim 
to  all  the  extensive  territory  still  recognized  as  theirs,  for  four 
townships,  each  six  miles  square,  and  for  a  yearly  contribution 
of  five  hundred  bushels  of  corn,  fifteen  barrels  of  flour,  seven 
of  pork,  one  hogshead  of  molasses,  a  hundred  yards  of  broad- 
cloth, fifty  blankets,  a  hundred  pounds  of  gunpowder,  four 
hundred  of  shoe,  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  tobacco,  six  boxes 
of  chocolate,  and  fifty  dollars  in  silver. 

Henceforth  the  Indians  cease  to  be  of  any  consideration  in 
the  history  of  the  State.  The  dwindling  families  became  pub- 
he  paupers;  and  now  probably  not  a  single  full-blooded  Indian 
can  be  found  in  all  the  wide  realms  of  Maine,  over  which,  two 
centuries  ago,  they  roamed  in  almost  undisputed  power.  In 
the  year  1819,  another  effort  was  made  for  separation.  Seven- 
teen thousand  and  ninety-one  votes  were  cast.  Of  these  but 
seven  thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty-two  were  nays.  A 
committee  of  thirty-three,  selected  from  each  county,  was  chosen 
to  report  a  constitution.  John  Holme.,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished sons  of  Maine,  was  chairman.  This  document  was 
submitted  to  the  people,  and  ratified  by  a  large  majority  of 
votes. 

Gov.  Brooks  announced  the  event  in  his  message  to  tlie  Gen- 
eral Court,  in  January,  1819.  After  alluding  in  almost  affec- 
tionate terms  to  the  harmony  which  had  so  long  prevailed 
between  Miissachusetts  and  her  foster-child,  he  added,— 

"But  the  time  of  separation  is  at  hand.  Conformably  to  the  memorable 
act  of  Jmie  19  last,  the  sixteenth  day  of  March  next  will  terminate  for- 
ever  the  political  unity  of  Massachusetts  proper  and  the  District  of  Mame; 
and  that  District,  which  is  bone  of  our  bone,  and  flesh  of  our  flesh,  will 
assume  her  rank  as  an  independent  State  in  the  American  confederacy.' 


l\     \ 


W 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

PEACE  AND  PROSPERITY. 

WiUiam  King -William  D.  Williamson  -  The  Maine  of  Half  a  Century  Ago 
—  A  Journey  to  Boston  -  Succeeding  Governors  —  Tlie  Aroostook  War  — 
Origin  of  the  Difficulty  -  Warlike  Measure  -  Interesting  Incidents  -  The 
Truce  —  Final  Settlement. 

rp HE  first  governor  of  Maine  was  WJxliara  King.  He  is 
-L  often  spoken  of  as  "  the  first  and  best  of  our  governors." 
He  was  born  in  Scarborough,  in  the  j  ear  1 768.  Native  strength 
of  mind  and  elevated  character  supplied  the  place  of  a  liberal 
education.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  in  advocating 
the  separation.  With  superior  business  qualifications,  he  be- 
came opulent,  and  when  elected  he  was  a  prosperous  merchant 
in  Bath.  He  resigned  the  office  upon  being  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  National  Government  on  the  Spanish 
claims. 

The  remainder  of  the  term  Mr.  William  D.  Williamson,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Senate,  became  acting  governor.     Mr.  Williamson 
became  the  author  of  the  voluminous  and  admirable  history  of 
the  State,  which  will  ever  secure  to  him  the  gratitude  of  the 
sons  of  Maine.     One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Legislature  was 
the  adoption  of  a  State  seal.     The  moose,  the  noblest  animal  in 
our  forests,  and  the  majestic  pine-tree,  the  most  valuable  of  our 
timber,  became  the  central  figures.     An  anchor  and  a  scythe,  as 
the  emblems  of  commerce  and  agriculture,  were  placed  upon 
either  side.     Above,  the  north  star  shines,  signifying  the  posi- 
tion which  Maine  occupies  in  the  constellation  of  the  States. 
Two  figures,  representing  a  sailor  and  a  farmer,  are  conspicuou;=s. 
Over  all  is  the  Latin  word  "  Dirigo  "  (I  lead). 
The  Maine  of  half  a  century  ago  was  very  different  from  the 


THE  n/STORF  OF  MAINE. 


427 


Maine  of  the  present  day.  Before  the  Revolution  there  was 
not  a  four-wheeled  passenger  carriage  in  the  State.  Two- 
wheeled  chaises  were  not  introduced  into  Portland  until  1760. 
They  were  then  not  in  common  use,  but  were  articles  of  luxury 
which  were  brought  only  on  festive  occasions.  It  was  about 
the  year  1800  when  the  first  four-wheeled  carriage  was  seen  in 
the  streets  of  Augusta.  Men  and  women  generally  journeyed 
on  horseback.  The  women  sat  on  pillions  behind  the  men.  The 
horse-block,  for  mounting,  was  a  very  important  adjunct  to  the 
churches. 

It  was  deemed  a  memorable  event  when,  in  the  year  1787, 
a  stage-coach  was  established  to  run   between   Portland  and 
Portsmouth.     The  line  was  extended  to  Augusta  in  1806.     At 
a  very  early  hour  in  the  morning  the  stage  left  Augusta,  and  in 
four  or  five  hours,  if  the  travelling  were  good,  reached  Bruns- 
wick to  breakfast.     At  Freeport  they  dined  ;  worn  and  weary 
they  reached    Portland  in  the  evening  to  lodge  for  the  night. 
Starting  the  next  morning  at  an  early  hour,  the  coach  stopped 
at  Kennebunk  for  breakfast,  and  Portsmouth  for  dinner,  and 
lodged  at  Newburyport  the  second  night.     At  two  o'clock  the 
next  morniii^^  the  coach  again  started,  breakfasted  in  the  early 
dawn  at  Salem,  and  reached  Boston  about  noon  of  the  third 
day.     In  the  year  1823,  Capt.  Seward  Porter  commenced  run- 
ning a  steamboat,  »  The  Patent,"  from    Portland  to  Boston. 
Five  passengers  were  considered  a  very  goodly  company.     The 
boat  was  about  a  hundred  tons  burden.     In  the  years  1823  and 
1824,  queer  looking  little  steamboats,  with  stern-wheels,  began 
to  run  up  the  Kennebec  River. 

The  second  governor  of  Maine  was  Albion  K.  Parris.  He 
was  elected  in  the  year  1822.  A  farmer's  son,  born  in  Hebron, 
Me.,  he  worked  on  the  fields  of  his  father  until  he  was  four- 
teen years  of  age.  At  fifteen  he  entered  Harvard  College.  At 
twent)^-six  he  was  chosen  representative  in  the  national  Con- 
gress ;  at  thirty  he  was  appointed  judge  of  tha  United  States  Dis- 
trict Court ;  and  when  but  thirty-three  years  old  he  was  elected 
governor.  He  was  a  man  of  great  energy,  of  indomitable  per- 
severance, and  of  great  administrative  ability.  His  unblemished 
integrity  and  courteous  manners  secured  the  nffection  and 
respect  of  all  who  knew  him. 


428 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Enoch  Lincoln  succeeded  Gov.  Panis  in  1827.  He  was  a 
very  able  man,  a  well-read  lawyer,  and  had  enjoyed  the  educa- 
tional advantages  of  a  seat  in  the  national  Congress.     His  mes- 


sages were  muv ;    admired  for  the  comprehensive  views  they 
presented  in  langua<Te  remarkably  terse  and  expressive. 

Jonathan  G.   Hunton,  of  Readfield,  succeeded  Mr.  Lincoln. 
Under  his  administration  Sebago  Pond  was   connected  by  a 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


429 


canal  with  Casco  Bay.  In  the  year  1831,  Samuel  E.  Smith  was 
chosen  governor,  and  was  re-elected  in  1834.  During  Mr. 
Smith's  term  of  office  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  from 
Portland  to  Augusta.  The  State  House,  built  of  the  finest 
granite,  cost  about  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars. 
Half  of  this  sum  was  paid  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  ten 
acres  of  land.  It  is  a  beautiful  building  ;  but,  unfortunately,  it 
IS  never  approached  from  its  front,  and  the  side  views  are  not 
imposing. 

Robert  P.  Dunlap,  of  Brunswick,  succeeded  Mr.  Smith  in  the 
chair  of  chief  magistrate.  His  irreproachable  character  and 
suavity  of  manners  rendered  him  very  popular,  and  he  continued 
to  fill  the  responsible  office  for  four  years.  Under  his  adminis- 
tration our  first  scientific  survey  was  undertaken,  and  the  admir- 
able asylum  for  the  insane  was  instituted  at  Augusta.  In  1838, 
Edward  Kent  of  Bangor  was  chosen  governor.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1839  by  John  Fairfield  of  Saco. 

The  question  respecting  our  north-eastern  boundary  had  for 
some  time  been  attracting  much  attention.  It  soon  culminated 
m  a  series  of  measures  which  threatened  to  involve  the  United 
States  in  another  war  with  Great  Britain.  These  events  demand 
some  minuteness  of  narrative.^ 

What  was  called  the  Aroostook  War  was  quite  a  memorable 
event  in  the  history  of  Maine.  By  the  treaty  of  1783,  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle,  one-half  of  the  St.  John's 
River  belonged  to  Maine  ;  but,  at  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812, 
Great  Britain  claimed  the  whole,  including  both  banks.  There 
was,  at  this  time,  on  the  north  or  eastern  side  of  the  river,  an 
American  settlement  of  scattered  log  huts,  extending  for  a  dis- 
tance of  nearly  twenty  miles.  The  inhabitants  were  principally 
of  French  descent,  and  had  emigrated  to  that  American  region 
when  the  English  took  possession  of  Acadia.2  This  planta^tion 
had  been  incorporated  as  the  town  of  Madawaska,  and  a  repre- 

1  For  most  of  the  fa^ts  of  the  Aroostook  War  I  am  indebted  to  a  lecture 
delivered  ,n  the  IJepresentatives  Hall  in  Augusta,  by  Mr.  George  J.  Varneyof 
Bnmsmck  Mr  Varney  is  the  author  of  the  adnural.le  "History  of  Maine  for 
louug  People."  In  this  small  vohune  he  has,  with  great  skill  and  accuracy,  com- 
pressed  most  of  the  essential  facts  in  the  history  of  the  State. 

=  De.sciiptiou  of  New  England,  by  Coolidge  and  Mansfield,  p.  969. 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


431 


?3 


!»! 


sen  at  ve  was  sent  to  the  Legislature  of  Maine  ;  but  the  British 
authormes,  rn  the  vicinity,  remonstrated  against  hi  sfn  ' t 
armed  force,  and  broke  up  the  meetings.  '  ° 

In  June  1837,  Congress  sent  an  officer  to  Madawaska  to  take 
a  census  of  the  people,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  distribute  the 

treasu.y.  A  British  constable  arrested  this  agent,  and  earned 
h.s  prisoner  to  the  nearest  English  shire-town.  %ut  the    heriff 

receive  the  prisoner ;  and  ho  returned  to  Madawaska,  and  con- 
tmued  to  prosecute  his  mission. 

Gov.  Harvey  of  New  Brunswick,  hearing  of  the  distribution 
of  money  to  the  people,  assumed  that  it  wt,  a  bribe  to  i^tce 
the  nhabiunts  to  continue  their  allegiance  to  the  United  S  a  e. 
He  therefore  ordered  the  agent  to  be  re-arrested,  and  he  was 
odged  m  Frederickton  jail.     Gov.  Dunlap,  who  then  occupLd 
the  gubernatorial  chair  of  Maine,  issued  a  general  order Tn- 
nonncng  that  the  soil  of  our  State  had  bfen  invad  d    ,y  a 
foreign  power.     The  militia  were  therefore  called  upon  to  hold 
themselves  in  readiness  for  active  service.    A  flame  of  indigna- 
tion swept  over  the  State.    A  few  weeks  after,  the  Britkh 
authorities,  influenced  by  a  message  from  Pres.  Van  Burei^    et 
he  imprisoned  agent  at  liberty.     There  had  been  a  great  mus 
tering  of  forces  on  both  sides,  and  many  ludicrous  evfnts  which 
provoked  much  ridicule.     But  both  parties  wisely  decided  to 
ende'd       ^™"'°"  '°  "'■•'"«'-■••  """i  *«  Madawa'ka  war  wl^ 
After  the  war  of  1812  the  British  claimed  the  whole  of  the 
upper  par  of  the  vast  valley  of  the  St.  John.   They  demi^ided^ 
the  land  above  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  whie 

r^ory  of  Maine  The  question  in  dispute  was  referred  to  Wil- 
mn  .if  h  1  ^*'''"'''-  He  decided  that  the  line  should 
Zer  .  [  ™^  ^"^'"^  *'  yx^nr^A^A^  churned  by  the  two 
powers,  which  was  a  very  strange  decision.  The  question  sub- 
m  ted  to  him  was.  Which  of  the  two  boundaries  ic  the  one 

w^r-f  '''''' *'''"'^:  ^"^  '"'  ""'^''^'^  '"  f-orof  a  line 
Which  .h»  .rcuLy  certainly  aid  not  indicate,  and  which  neither 


Illi 


432 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


of  the  parties  had  thought  of.     To  enter  into  the  details  of  this 
discussion  would  he  very  wearisome  to  the  reader. 

The  people  of  Maine  were  indignant  at  this  decision.  The 
national  government,  anxious  to  avoid  war,  generously  offered 
Maine  a  million  acres  of  land  in  Michigan,  in  exchange  for  the 
territory  she  would  thus  lose.  This  offer  was  declined,  and 
prolonged  negotiations  ensued.  Matters  remaining  unsettled, 
and  there  being  some  indications  of  an  outbreak,  Gov.  Kent,  in 
1838,  took  measures  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  militia, 
and  Gen.  Wool  was  sent  to  inspect  the  fortifications  on  the 
Penobscot,  the  St.  Croix,  and  the  Kennebec.  The  line  which 
Maine  claimed  by  the  treaty  of  1773  was  again  surveyed. 

The  territory  thus  in  dispute  became  the  prey  of  plunderers. 
The  region  of  the  Aroostook  River  was  robbed  of  its  most 
valuable  lumber.  The  State  Legislature,  in  secret  session,  au- 
thorized Sheriff  Sl^rickland  to  raise  a  force  of  two  hundred  volun- 
teers, drive  off  the  trespassers,  destroy  their  camps,  and  seize 
their  teams.  The  command  was  placed  under  Capt.  Stover  Rines. 
The  first  company  left  Bangor  on  the  5th  of  February,  1839, 
and  reached  Masardis,  then  township  No.  10,  on  the  8th.  The 
trespassers,  not  aware  of  the  force  coming  down  upon  them, 
made  a  slight  show  of  resistance.  The  lumbermen  and  their 
teams  wei'e,  however,  easily  captured. 

Capt.  Rines  advanced  to  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Madawas- 
>a.  Here  he  met  with  a  reverse,  was  captured  with  a  company 
of  his  men,  and  they  were  hurried  off,  in  a  sleigh,  to  Frederick- 
ton  jail,  in  New  Brunswick.  The  sheriff  and  his  forces  retreated. 
The  trespassers,  much  elated,  armed  themselves,  about  three 
hundred  in  number,  and  bade  defiance  to  the  American  author- 
ities. The  sheriff,  learning  of  the  capture,  retired  to  Number 
Ten,  and  fortified  his  party,  while  he  repaired  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible to  Augusta,  to  report  the  posture  of  affairs. 

Gov.  Harvey,  of  New  Brunswick,  issued  a  proclamation, 
declaring  that  British  territory  had  been  invaded,  and  ordering 
out  a  thousand  of  the  militia.  Affairs  now  began  to  assume  a 
very  seriou?  aspect. 

Immediately,  though  it  was  Sunday  morning,  fifty  volunteers 
set  out  from  Augusta,  for  the  scene  of  action.     At  the  same 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MaINE.  433 

m"""  ^7\^^^''^«y  ««"t  a  communication  to  the  governor  of 
Mame  at  Augusta  demanding  the  recall  of  the  AmeLan  tip. 

he  B  it-  1  r''"''  '"'  '"T"^^^"^"  '''^'  ^«  --  instructedTb; 
the  British  Government,  to  hold  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  the 
disputed  territory,  and  that  he  should  do  so  by  military  fir  e 

MaTne'  ''^T,  .[^'^  P^^^^  ^^«  -^ignation  of  the  people  of 
Ma  ne.  The  leg.s  ature  passed  a  spirited  resolve  for  the  pro- 
tection of  he  public  lands,  and  appropriated  eight  hundred 
thousand  dollars  to  that  purpose.  A  draft  was  also  ordered  for 
ten  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-three  men  from  the  m  h' 
t.a  to  be  ready  for  immediate  action.  Early  Monday  morninc 
the  unwonted  sound  of  the  clarion  of  war  was  heard  in  the 
peaceful  streets  of  Augusta,  as  the  vroops,  by  hundreds  then 
and  there  were  "  mustering  in  hot  haste.'' 

miml""  ^^'^'^^''  was  commander  of  the  western  division  of 
miht  a.  It  was  midwinter  in  Maine,  and  bitter  cold.  The 
regular  uniforms  afforded  no  sufficient  protection  for  a  winter 
campaign,  through  drifted  snows  and  freezing  gales,  in  a  regTon 
where  the  mercury  often  sank  twenty-five  or  tlurty  degreesTe' 
low  zero.  Extra  garments  were  speedily  supplied,  of  thick  red 
s^^irs   and  pea-green  jackets.     Within  a  week  ten   thousand 

malTere:"''  "'"  "''"  "  ^^'"^^'^^^  ^°""^^'  ^  -^  the 
The  National  Government  was  roused.     Congress  passed  a 
bill  authorizing  the  President  of  the  United  Stages,  should  the 
governor   of  New  Brunswick  fulfil  his  threat  of  maintaining 
exclusive  jurisdiction  over  the  territory  in  dispute,  to  raise  fiftP 
thousand  troops  for  the  support  of  Maine,  and   appropriating 
ten  million  dol  ars  to  meet  the  expense.     On  the  5th  of  March! 
Gen.  Scot t  with  his  staff,  reached  Augusta.     He  informed  the 
governor  that  he  was  '' specially  charged  with  maintaining  the  ' 
peace  and  safety  of  the  entire  northern  and  eastern  frontiers  " 
He    00k  quarters  at  the  Augusta  House,  and  immediately  en- 
tered  into  correspondence  with  both  Gov.  Harvey  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, and   Gov.    Fairfield  of  Maine.     Having  thirty  thousand 
troops  whom  he  could  call  into  the  field,  he  humanely  endeav- 
oi-ed  to  act  the  part  of  a  peacemaker.     Tlie  result  was  that  Gov. 
Harvey  pledged  himnelf,  that,  in  prospect  of  the  peaceful  settie- 

28 


I. 


434 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE, 


ment  of  the  question  between  the  two  nations,  he  would  not 
take  nuhtary  possession  of  the  territory,  or  endeavor  to  expel 
Irom  It  the  civil  posse  or  the  troops  of  Maine.  On  the  other 
hand,  Gov.  Fairfield  pledged  himself  that  he  would  not,  without 
renewed  instructions,  disturb  any  of  the  New  Brunswick  settle- 
ments in  the  Madawaska  region.  He  agreed  to  withdraw  his 
troops,  and  leave  uninterrupted  communication  between  New 
Brunswick  and  Canada. 

This  settlement  brought  peace.  The  prisoners  on  both  sides 
were  set  at  liberty.  In  March,  the  Aroostook  region,  which 
had  previously  formed  a  portion  of  Penobscot  and  Washington 
Counties,  was  erected  into  a  new  county  bearing  its  .  -iginal 
name.  It  was  generally  supposed  that  the  prompt  militarv 
preparation  we  had  made,  which  gave  us  unquestionably  the 
command  of  the  position,  had  great  influence  with  the  British 
authorities  in  securing  a  peaceful  settlement. 

This,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  arrangement.     The  rival 
claims  were  still  to  be  adjudicated.     Two  years  passed  away 
while  the  question  continued  to  bo  discussed  by  the  two  gov- 
ernments.    In   the   year  1841,   William  Henry   Harrison    was 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  Daniel  Webster  Secretary 
of  State.  ^  The  sudden  death  of  Pres.  Harrison  introduced  tlie 
Vice-President,  John   Tyler,  to  the   Presidential   chair.     The 
importance  of  the  boundary  question  induced  Mr.  Webster  still 
to  remam  in  the  office  of  Secretary,  though  differing  with  Mr. 
lyler  in  political  views.     In  the  year  1842  Lord  Ashburton 
came  to  Washington,  the  British  ambassador  authorized  to  form 
a  new  treaty  for  the  settlement  of  the  boundary.     An  extra 
session  was  called  of  the  legislature  of  Maine.     Commissioners 
were  appointed  to  confer  with  Lord  Ashburton  and  Secretary 
Webster  upon  this  subject.     The  troublesome  question  was  soon 
brought  to  an  amicable  settlement.     England  greatly  needed  a 
portion  of  this  territory,  that  there  might  be  free  communi- 
cation between  New  Brunswick  and  Canada. 

Maine  surrendered  a  considerable  tract  which  was  of  but 
little  value.  In  compensation  the  United  States  received  terri- 
toiy  of  much  greater  value,  on  the  borders  of  Lakes  Champlain 
and  Superior.     The  National  Government  paid  Maine  one  hun- 


THE  EIPTORY  OF  MAINE.  435 

dred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  the  surrender.  The  State 
also  received  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  as  re-imbursement 
for  the  expense  she  had  incurred  in  defending  the  integrity  of 
Amencan  terntory.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  ratffied 
the  Ashburton  Treaty,  as  it  was  called,  on  the  20th  of  August, 
1842.  Impartial  judgment  must  pronounce  the  conduct  of 
Maine,  m  this  whole  affair,  to  have  been  patriotic  and  wise 

In  the  year  1841,  Mr.  Edward  Kent  again  filled  the  chair  of 
chief  executive.     The  subsequent  governors  have  been  •  - 


1843. 
1844. 

1847. 

1850. 

1853. 

1855. 

1856. 

1857. 
1857. 
1858. 
1801. 
18G3. 
18G4. 
1869. 
1871. 
1874. 


Edward  Kavanagh  {Acting) 

Hugh  J.  Anderson 

John  W"  Dana 

John  Hubbard 

W.  G.  Crosby 

Arson  P.  Morrill    . 

Samuel  Wells 

Hannibal  Hamlin  , 

Joseph  S.  Williams  {Acting) 

Lot  M.  Mon-ill 

Israel  Washburn     . 

Abner  Colburn 

Samuel  Cony  . 

Joshua  L.  Chamberlain 

Sidney  Perham 

Nelson  Dingly,  jun. 


Newcastle. 

Belfast. 

Fryeburg. 

Hallowell. 

Belfast. 

Readfield. 

Portland. 

Hampden. 

Augusta. 

Augusta. 

Orono. 

Skowhegan. 

Augusta. 

Brunswick. 

Paris. 

Lewiaton. 


CHAPTER  XXrV. 


THE    SCANDINAVIAN    IMMIGRATION. 

Origin  of  the  Movement -The  Plan  adopted -Mission  of  Mr.  T^cmas  to 
bweden-Wise  Measures  Triu-npbantly  Successful -- Tlie  Voyage  of  the 
Immigranta- Their  Hospitable  3ception-New  Sweden-The  Primeval 
Forest-Labors  of  the  Colonists  -  Their  Industry  and  Prosperity -Increas- 
Ing  Immigration -Interesting  Letter  from  Sweden  -  Present  State  of  the 
Colony— Future  Prospects. 

/^NE  of  the  most  interesting  events  which  has  ever  occurred 
V->'  in  the  State  of  Maine  is  what  may  be  called  the  Scandi- 
navian  immigration.  For  this  important  movement,  the  State 
IS  mainly  indebted  to  the  sagacity  and  energy  of  Hon.  William 
W.  Thomas,  jun.,  of  Portland. 

Mr.  Thomas  graduated  at  Bov/doin  College  in  the  year  1860. 
Two  years  after  graduating  he  was  appointed  vice-consul  at 
Constantmople,  and  soon  after  consul  at  Galatz  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Moldavia.  His  services  there  were  considered  so 
important,  that  the  Department  of  State  deemed  him  worthy  of 
a  7ote  of  "  special  thanks." 

In  the  year  1863  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Gothenburg, 
m  Sweden.  He  remained  there  three  years ;  became  famihar 
with  the  language,  and  acquainted  with  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  people.  Upon  resigning  this  important  office, 
the  State  Department  again  took  occasion  to  express  its  high 
appreciation  of  his  measures  as  a  public  offir^er. 

In  the  year  1866  he  opened  an  office,  as  a  lawyer,  in  Portland  j 
and  m  1869  became  one  of  the  commissioners  in  the  settlement 
of  the  public  lands  of  the  State.  In  1870,  invested  with  the 
ofPoe  of  Commissioner  of  Immigration,  he  sailed  for  Sweden, 
where  he  recruited  a  colony,  returned  with  its  members  to 

406 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


487 


Maine,  and  founded  New  Sweden  in  our  northern  forests.  He 
then  took  a  seat  in  the  State  Legislature,  and,  in  the  years  1874 
and  1875,  wa3  Speaker  of  the  llowm. 

Such,  in  brief,  was  the  origin  of  this  very  important  move- 
ment,  which  merits  a  more  minute  detail  of  its  progress  from 
Its  commencement  to  its  present  success. 

The  subject  of  Swedish  immigration  had  been,  for  some  time, 
a  topic  of  public  discussion,  when  Gov.  Washburn  called  the 
attention  of  the  legishituro  to  it,  in  his  message  of  1861      The 
troubles  of  the  times  engrossed  all  the  energies  and  thou-hts  of 
the  people,  until  Gen.  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain  was  called°to  the 
gubernatonal  chair.      He  eloquently  urged  the  question  upon 
the  legislature.     It  was  fully  discussed.     Tliree  commissioners 
were  appointed  to  report  what  measures  were  necessary  to  in- 
duce settlements   in   the   unpeopled   townships.     These  were 
Hon.  Parker  P.  Burleigh,  William  W.  Thomas,  jun.,  and  Hon. 
William  bmall.     The  commissioners,  having  carefully  explored 
Aroostook  County,  reported,  in  1870,  in  fiivor  cf  making  vigor- 
ous  efforts  to  establish  a  Swedish  colony  in  Maine.     It  was  pro- 
posed that  an  agent  should  be  sent  to  Sweden  ;  that  he  should 
endeavor  to  collect  twenty-five  families,  with  their  pastor,  and 
conduct  them  across  the  Atlantic,  to  what  was  then  township 
No.  15,  in  the  3d  range.     Here,  in  a  perfectly  healthy  climate, 
very  similar  to  their  own,  with  fertile  soil,  abundrat  timber, 
pure  water,  and  pure  air,  ample  farms  were  to  be  assigned  them 
without  cost.    None  were  to  be  received  but  honest  and  indus- 
trious farmers  and  laborers  with  their  families,  who  had  suffi- 
cient property  to  pay  the  expenses  of  their  passage. 

Mr.  Thomas  was  sent  on  this  important  mission.  Taking 
passage  on  the  steamship  "  City  of  Brooklyn,"  he  landed  at 
Gothenburg,  Sweden,  on  the  16th  of  May,  1870.  Here  he 
established  his  oflice,  and  spread  broadcast  over  the  land  cireu- 
la-s  inviting  immigration,  and  truthfully  describing  the  country 
offered  them  for  their  future  homes,  Mr.  Thomas  also  travelled 
extensively,  conversing  with  the  people  upon  the  subject,  b 
the  road-side,  in  the  public  vehicles,  and  at  their  homes. 
Particular  stress  was  laid  upon  the  fact,  that  none  would  be 
accepted  but  those  who  could  bring  the  most  s  vtisfactory  testi- 


488 


TffE  BISTORr  OF  MAINE. 


moniala  for  integrity  of  character,  and  for  industry  and  skill  in 
their  several  callings. 

The  Swedes  are  a  highly  indu  trious,  moral,  and  Christian 
people.  Their  religious  institutions  were  essentially  like  thoso 
previiiling  in  Maine.  Recruits  soon  began  to  appear.  Each 
man  brought  credentials  from  his  pastor.  No  doubtful  case  was 
accepted.  In  this  way  a  colony  of  picked  men,  with  their  wives 
and  families,  was  collected. 

The  colonists  and  their  friends  met  on  the  23d  of  June,  in 
thn  Baptist  Hall  in  Gothenburg,  to  enjoy  a  public  collation. 
Over  t\.'o  hundred  Swedes  were  present.  Addresses  were 
made  by  the  ooramissioner  and  by  Swedish  gentlemen.  It  was 
a  momentous  occas'u..,  and  appropriately  closud  by  prayer. 

At    noon    of    Saturday,  June    25,   Mr.   Thomas,   with    his 
adventurous  and  confiding   band,  sailed  from   Gothenburg,  in 
the  steamship    "Orlando."      The   commissioner   iiad  been  in 
Sweden   but  forty  days.     There   must  have   been   something 
singularly  potent  in  the  influence  of  Mr.  Thomas,  to  onablc  him 
to  induce  these  worthy  and  intelligent  men  to  abandon  home 
and  country,  to  cross  a  stormy  ocean  of  four  thousand  miles, 
and  to  hew  out  for  themselves  new  homes  in  the  wilderness  of 
a  strange  land ;  with  no  contract,  and  nothing  upon  which  they 
could  rely  but  their  faith  in  the  honesty  of  the  commissioner. 
It  is  indeed  refreshing  to  one  who  is  weary  of  describing  the 
wrong  and  outrage  with  which  earth  is   filled,  to  be  able  to 
record  that  Mr.  Thomas  was  true  to  his  trust. 
^  The  colony  consisted  of  twenty-two  men,  eleven  women,  and 
eighteen  children}  fifty-one   in  all.      The  noble  character  of 
these  men  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  they  took  with 
them  their  pastor,  tboir  sabbath,  and  their  church  observances. 
In  acMition  to  the  farmers  and  their  religious  teacher,  there  was 
a  civil  engineer,  a  blacksmith,  two  carpenters,  a  basket-maker, 
a  wheelwright,  a  baker,  a  tailor,  and  a  shoemaker.     The  women 
were  neat,  industrious,  and  expert  in  the  use  of  the  spinning- 
wheel  and  the  loom.    It  was  said  of  the  men,  "  All  are  tall  and 
stalwart,  witli  blue  eyes,  light  hair,  and  cheerful,  honest  faces. 
There  is  not  a  physical  defect  or  blemish  among  tliem."  » 

'  Coinmissionera'  Report,  p.  6. 


,,  'Sr^-Jt 


THE  HISTORY  OF  mainf:. 


489 


The  emigrants  :ande(l  at  Hali&ix  on  tho  18th  of  July 
traversed  tho  peninsula,  crossed  the  broad  Bay  of  Fundv  and 
ascen<|.d  the  Kiver  St.  John  They  arrived  at  Tobique,  on  the 
bt.  John  m  New  Brunswick,  on  tho  21st  of  July,  and  the  next 
day,  Inday,  July  22,  drove  across  the  border  into  Maine.  At 
Port  Fairfield  the  American  flag  was  raised  to  welcome  them 
a  salute  was  fired  in  honor  of  their  ai.ival,  and  they  were  wel' 
comed  by  addresses  from  Judge  William  Small,  and  from  Rev 
Darnel  Stickney  of  Presque  Isle.  There  was  quite  a  festivity 
at  tho  Fort  on  this  joyful  occasion  ;  and  many  settlers  from  the 
enrrounding  region  had  assembled  to  present  the  hand  of  frater- 
nal welcome  to  the  strangers.     How  beautiful  is  peace  ' 

The  Swedes  were  invited  to  a  sumptuous  collation  in  the 
lown  Hall ;  and  then,  with  grateful  hearts  and  strengthened 
resolutions,  they  continued  their  journey  still  farther  norlh,  to 
fand  their  new  homes.     As  they  approached  Caribou,  five  hun- 
dred  people  met  them,  and  escorted  them  into  the  villa-e  with 
the  salute  of  cannon  and  the  music  of  a  fine  brass  band."  Here 
again   their  hearts  were   cheered  by  words   of  welcome   from 
John  S.  Arnold,  Esq. ;  and  their  bodies  were  refreshed  with  an 
abundant  feast,  and  they  were  hospitably  entertained  through 
the  night.     Mr.  Thomas  acted  as  interpreter  on  these  occasions. 
At  noon  of  Saturday,  July  23,  1870,  the  emigrants  reached 
their  new  home,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  New  Sweden 
It  is  said  there  is  no  better  township  in  the  State.     It  is  in  the 
atitude  of  the  flourishing  city  of  Quebec.     The  land  is  undu- 
ating,  and  covered  with  a  splendid  growth  of  maple,  birch, 
beech,  and  ash.     Brooks  flow  through  all  the  little  valleys,  and 
the  soil  IS  remarkably  free  from  stones.     The  State,  previously 
to  the  arrival  of  the  strangers,  had  cut  a  read  through  the 
forest  to  the  township ;  had  felled  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
acres  of  trees,  and  had   constructed  for  them  six  comfortable 
log  houses.     The  long  line  of  heavily  loaded  wagons  wound 
their  way  along  the  newly  constructed  road,  with  the  primeval 
lorest,  in  its  gigantic  grandeur,  rising  on  either  side.     The 
colonists,  upon  their  arrival,  used  one  of  these  houses  as  a  store- 
house   while   the    fifty  men,    women,   and    children,   though 
crowded,  were  eomfortablv  accommodated  ia  the  other  five. 


440 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  sabbath  dawned  happily  upon  this  favored  little  ba-d 
Sweetly  the  melody  of  their  Swedish  hymns  blended  with  all 
the  voices  of  nature  around  them.  There  was,  of  course,  some 
choice  in  the  farms;  but  the  question  was  amicably  adjusted 
by  drawing  lots.  The  settlers  were  divided  into  groups  of  four 
tnendly  families,  and  the  farms  into  clusters  of  four,  with  the 
cottages  to  be  reared  at  the  contiguous  corners.  Thus  intimate 
iriends  could  form  one  neighborhood.     Mr.  Thomas  reports  :  — 

''Every  Swede  was  convinced  that  just  the  right  lot  had  fallen  to  him- 
and  was  enabled  to  find  something  about  his  possessions  which,  in  his  eye' 
made  ,t  superior  to  aU  others.     So  surely  does  ownership  beget  content! 

With  hands  made  stronger  by  joyful  hearts,  the  Swedes  went 
to  work  clearing  up  their  farms.     One  hundred  acres  of  forest 
were  assigned  to  each.     The  houses,  which  had  been  built  for 
them  were  very  comfortable  residences,  of  peeled  logs,  eighteen 
feet  by  twenty-six,  on  the  ground.     They  were  one  and  a  half 
stones  high,  with  seven  feet  between  the  floors.     There  were 
two  logs  above  the  second  floor  beams,  which,  with  a  square 
pitch  roof,  gave  ample  room  for  chambers.     The  ground  floor 
was  divided  into  three  apartments.     There  was  one  front  room 
sixteen  feet  by  eighteen    one  bedroom  ten  feet  square  and  a 
pantry  eight  feet  by  ten.    On  this  floor  there  were  four  windows 
and  one  window  on  the  front  gable  end  above.  ' 

In  the  general  room  of  each  house  there  was  a  Hampden 
cooking-stove,  with  a  funnel  running  out  through  an  iron  plate 
in  the  roof.      These   cottages,  full   of  interior   comfort,   were 
architecturally  picturesque  ;  and  the  inmates,  happy  and  grate- 
tul,  entered  upon  their  labors  with  great  zeal.     Within  a  week 
after  tl.eir  arrival,  these  our  prosperous  adopted  citizens  wrote 
a  joint  letter  to  their  friends  in  Su-eden,  in  which  they  said 
that  Maine  had  kept  its  faith  with  them  in  every  particular  ; 
that  the  land  was  fertile,  the  climate  pleasant,  and  the  inhabit- 
ants friendly.     They  strongly  advised  all  their  countrymen  who 
thought  of  emigrating  to  America,  to  come  to  the  congenial    • 
»  Comtnisaioners-  Tveport  to  the  Legislature,  p.  9.    We  are  Indebted  to  this 


m. 


THE  HISTORr  OF  MAINE. 


441 


climate,  the  rich  soil,  and  the  kindly  neighborhood  of  New 
Sweden,  in  Maine. 

InThl'f^f .1'  ''c?'  ^l^^'^l  T""^^''^  ^^  *^«  J«"™^1«  in  Sweden. 
In  the  fall  the  Swedes  had  made  such  progress  in  thoir  clear- 
ings,  that  every  farmer  had  sown  an  acre  or  half  an  acre  with 
wheat  or  rye.  The  colony  rapidly  increased.  On  the  14th  of 
September,  twelve  additional  emigrants  arrived  ;  and  on  the  31st 
of  October  twenty  more  followed,  directly  from  Sweden.  There 
were  three  births  and  two  marriages.    The  sabbath,  the  greatest 

upon    the    happy,   religious   colony.     A  sabbath    school  was 
opened  for  the  children,  and  divine  service  was  regularly  con 
ducted  by  their  excellent  pastor.  ^ 

Through  the  me  forethought  of  the  surveyor  of  the  town- 
ship  Hon.  Noah  Barker,  fifty  acres  in  the  centre  of  the  settle- 
ment  were  reserved  for  public  uses.  This  land  belonged  to 
the  State.  Here  the  State  erected  a  building  thirty  feet  by 
forty-five  two  stories  high,  with  a  very  capacious  cellar,  frost^ 

W  n  .  ^Z'"'  «"^™«""^e^^  by  a  vane,  rose  from  the 
front  gal.le  end.  A  store-room  and  offices  were  on  the  lower 
floor.  The  second  story  contained  a  large  hall,  thirty  feet  by 
forty.five,  which  was  used  for  a  church,  a  schoolhouse,  and 
public  meetings  m  general. 

The  main  body  of  the  emigrants  had  arrived  in  the  midst  of 
the  heat  of  summer.     The  houses  were  not  prepared  to  bid 
defiance  to  the  blasts  of  a  Maine  winter.     But  cold  weather  was 
a  foe  whom  the  Swedes  knew  well  how  to  encounter.    As  the 
X;^^;Y'S^';srewlong,.nd  severe  frosts  began  to  set  in, 
they  all  turned  their  attention  to  promoting  the  comforts  of 
their  own  fii-esides.     With  split  planks,  they  made  their  floors 
double  leaving  a  space  of  six  or  eight  inches  between.     This 
space  they  filled  with  dry  earth,  making  u  floor  so  tight  that 
the  fiercest  wintry  blast  could  not  force  through  it  a  single 
breath  ot  air      The  upper  ceiling  was  also  made  perfectly  tight 
with  matched  boards.     They  hewed  the  round  logs  which  com- 
posed the  walls,  within  and  without,  so  as  to  present  nearly  a 
square  surface.     The  interstices  between  the  logs  were  filled 

on  the  outside  and  the  inside,  strips  of  cedar. 


442 


THE  BI8T0RY  OF  MAINE. 


«.nT  r  «     .?'"''  °"^  °^  ^°°'^  ^"^  ^^*^i«  the  roon^s.  pre- 
sented a  finished  aspect,  smooth  and  perpendicular.     The  rooms 

were   attractive.     Neither   clapboards,   stone,  nor  brick   could 

present  a  more   perfect  defence   against  the   fiercest  storms. 

Fuel  was  abundant.     When  the  little  households  were  gathered 

around  these  bright,  warm  firesides,  it  mattered  little  to  them 

how  low  the  mercury  might  sink  in  their  thermometers.     The 

chmate  was  so  healthy,  that,  in  the  autumn,  it  was  said  that 

New  Sweden  ^    ^^''  '''^'''''  ""^  ""'"'  '''"^""'  °'  '^'^^  ^" 

The  hous^es,  with  all  the  improvements,  remained  the  prop- 
erty  of  the  State  for  five  years  from  the  arrival  of  the  colonists. 
It,  in  the  me^an  time,  any  one  abandoned  the  place,  he  left  his 
cottage  and  his  land  in  the  hands  of  the  State.  If  he  or  his 
heirs  retamed  the  cottage  as  their  home  for  that  length  of  time 
It  became,  with  the  hundred  acres,  his  or  theirs  in  fee  simple.' 
The  expense  of  transporting  the  colony  from  Sweden  to  Maine 
was  four  tliousand  dollars.     The  immigrants  paid  every  dollar 

X  1  Ti7     '°   ^°'^'  '"''*'  ^^^""^  "^^«  N«^  Sweden,  three 

thousand  dollars  in  cash  and  six  tons  of  baggage.     This  was 
adding  just  so  much  to  the  riches  of  the  State 

Every  Swede  who  set  out  with  the  original  company  from 
Scandinavia  with  the  commissioner,  adhered  to  his  pledge,  and 
ettled  in  New  Sweden.  Every  one  who  promised  soon  to 
follow  did  so.  xNTot  one  of  them  sought  a  home  elsewhere. 
And  we  do  not  learn  thai  any  one  of  them,  at  any  time,  aban- 
doned  the  enterprise.  In  December,  1870,  but  five  months 
after  he  arrival  of  the  colonists,  the  following  results,  in  an 
official  report,  were  announced  :  — 

"A  colony  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen  Swedes -fifty-eight  men  tvvent  ■ 

ZTTlT^  ^'^  r'"'"'^  -  '^^^^  ^^'"^  *heir  own  passage  LrSwed  i' 
and  settled  on  the  wild  lands  ot  Maine.     Seven  miles  of  road  havTbe^n  cut 

etf  ot:    rt   l""'"  ""T''  ^"'  '''''''  ^^-  ^'  woods  have  been 
felled     One  hundred  acres  have  been  hand-piled,  burnt  off,  and  cleared 

ready  for  a  crop,  and  twenty  acres  sown  to  winter  wheat  and  r^e      Twent,^ 
81X  dwelhng-houses  and  one  public  building  have  been'built  ^ 

A  knowledge  of  Maine,  its  resources  and  advantages  has  been  scat- 
tered broadcast  over  Sweden ,  a  portion  of  the  tide  of  SwedishTral  .ration 
turned  upon  our  State,  and  a  practical  beginning  made  towards  SCou^ 


THE  niSTOBT  OF  MAINE. 


443 


It  is  pleasant  to  witness  the  interest  with  which  Sweden,  the 
mother  country,  watched  over  the  welfare  of  her  sons  and 
daughters  m  this  distant  land.  A  prominent  member  of  the 
Swedish  Parliament,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  Swedish 
philosophers,  wrote  to  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Maine 
mourning  over  the  departure  of  their  citizens,  and  yet  rejoicinc^ 
m  view  of  their  prosperity.    In  this  letter  he  said, - 

assembed  his  httle  colony  of  immigrants  to  partake  of  a  collation  where 
goo6.  wishes  and  kind  words  were  exchanged.  We,  the  remattng  taS 
left  with  confidence  our  brethren  and  sisters  in  his  care :  his  lasJ  and  firm 
assurance  was,  « All  that  has  been  promised  will  be  kept.' 

«  Yes,  sir,  these  promises  have  been  kept,  but  not  only  that :  they  have 
been  far  surpassed  by  your  generosity.  The  poor  immiints,  landhig  on 
your  shores  Lave  l^een  received  and  greeted  with  the  most  riendly  weT 
come.    Their  homes  established,  their  future  secured,  they  have  not  been 

sttTS'tl'g^  ''''"''''''  '''''  ^^"*^-  -^  ^^—  of  the  Z 
"  The  young  colony  will  probably  be  the  nucleus  of  an  extended  coloni- 
zation; and  you  will  not,  sir,  I  feel  sure,  find  the  hardy  Swedes  ungrat  fu 

of  liZtffT^  °^  '  ^T  ^'''^''' '  ^"'  ^^1"^^*^^  '-^"d  authorized  the  writer 
of  this  letter  to  convey  to  you.  Honorable  Governor  of  the  State  of  Maine 
heexpression  of  their  sentiments  of  deep  gratitude ;  and  you  wil  Sly 
a  low  me,  sir,  to  add  thereto  the  expression  of  the  same  sentfments  of  many 
othr  Swedes,  who  have  followed  the  immigrants  with  their  sympathies.     ^ 

r.r/lZ'^^  ^  '''"''  *"''"  ^  ^^^''''  *°  *^«  P^^'Ple  «f  Maine,  who  have 
reived  their  new  brethren  with  so  much  cordiality,  the  thanks  of  the  cZ 
nists,  who  have  mentioned  more  especially  two  gentlemen,  Mr.  W.  W. 

'itTnVht^h  :ttem:-  ''  "^  "-^*  "-^^-^'  ^  ^^^^^  «^  ^^^^  ^-^ 
"May  the  young  colony  of  «  New  Sweden '  grow  and  flourish,  not  only  in 

faSS,  2  '  ^t  "^"  '"  '^^^^°«  *^^^^^'--^  and' intellectual 
IT!,T  ^i  ^^i^"  "'""  population  thus  add  to  your  State  and  to  your 
grea  Republic  a  good  and  healthy  element  of  moral  power  from  the  Old 

rTfleof 'thTf  '  ■T''!^  ™^"''^  '"*^  ^^'  «P^"^  «f  y^"^  fr««  institutions, 
reflect  that  spirit  on  their  native  land  1 

"What  we  have  lost,  at  present,  in  the  old  fatherland,  will  thnn  nnf  ha- 
been  lost  U>  humanity :  on  the  contrary,  the  trees  have  only  beer.  tra"n».' 


444 


THE  n  I  STORY  OF  MAINE. 


planted  on  a  fresher  soil,  where  they  will  thrive  better,  and  give  richer  and 
more  abundant  fruits.     God  bless  the  harvest  I     God  bless  your  land  I 
"I  am,  sir,  with  the  highest  esteem, 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"G.  A.  Hedlond" 

Gov.   Chamberlain   had   taken   a  deep   interest  in  this  en- 
terprise, and  liad  fostered  it  with  truly  parental   care.     The 
State  erected,  in  all,  twenty-six  houses  for  the  immigrants  who 
arrived  in  the  year  1870.    Since  then  the  Swedes  have  erected 
one  hundred  and  four  houses  in  addition.     Thus  their  settle- 
ment, early  in  1875,  numbered  a  hundred  and  thirty  houses. 
They  have  also  the  same  number  of  barns.    Two  steam-mills 
and  a  water-power  saw-mill  have  been  put  in  operation.     There 
is  a  very  prosperous  store  in  the  centre  of  the  village ;  and  it  is 
generally  admitted  that  the  Swedes  manufacture  the  best  shaved 
shingles  in  the  cpunty.     Their  great  prosperity  may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact,  that  they  owned,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
year  1875,  twenty-six  horses,  five  colts,  forty-one  oxen,  a  hun- 
dred and  twenty-one  cows,  nine  heifers,  fifty-one  calves,  sixty- 
eight  sheep,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  swine.     They  had 
good  roads.      A  post-office  was    established  in  their  village. 
On  the  14th  of  October  last,  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  men 
came  forward  to  take  the  preliminary  steps  toward  becoming 
citizens  of  the  land  of  their  adoption. 

The  Swedes  are  Protestants,  and  eminently  a  moral  and  reli- 
gious people.  They  have  a  day-school,  taught  by  their  pastor. 
There  is  an  average  attendance  of  eighty  scholars.  The  Eng- 
lish language  is  the  chief  study.  Most  of  the  children  over 
ten  years  of  age  can  read,  write,  and  speak  English  respectably 
well.  There  are  now  more  than  one  hundred  native  Americans 
born  of  these  Swedish  parents. 

About  one  thousand  Swedes  have  been  led  to  emigrate  to  this 
State,  who  have  not  taken  farms  in  New  Sweden,  but  who  have 
settled  in  Maine,  and  are  engaged  in  various  useful  employ- 
ments. The  young  girls  are  highly  prized  as  house-servants  ; 
and  the  men  are  greatly  valued  for  their  industry  and  their 
integrity.  The  population  of  New  Sweden  now  amounts  to 
about  six  hundred.     There  are  not  less  than  sixteen  hundred 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


445 


Swedes  m  the  State  of  Maine.  These  have  all  paid  their  own 
passage,  have  brought  with  them  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
in  com;  and  it  is  estimated  that  their  value,  as  a  producing 

dXs'  ^  *^'  ^*^^'  °'''  '"^"°''  '^^  ^"''^^'^  ^^^^^'^"^ 

It  is  now  certain  that  this  valuable  Swedish  immigration  will 
continue  to  flow  into  Maine.  All  special  State  supervision  over 
the  colony  has  ceased.  The  settlement  is  steadily  advancing  in 
prosperity.  Rapidly  the  forest  is  disappearing,  and  giving  place 
to  cultivated  fields  smiling  with  rich  harvests.  The  Swedes 
have  won  for  themselves  a  very  desirable  reputation.  Kindly 
feelings  arise  whenever  one  is  introduced  to  man  or  woman  L 
coming  from  Sweden. 

It  is  believed  that  this  successful  enterprise  in  founding  the 
colony  of  New  Sweden  will  eventually  lead  a  large  emigration 
of  the  population  of  Scandinavia  to  our  vast  northern  domain. 
The  Northmen,  justly  called  the  "sea-kings"  of  Northern 
Europe,  were  the  first  discoverers  of  the  shores  of  New  En^- 
and  centuries  before  the  eyes  of  Columbus  caught  a  glimpse  of 
the  tropical  islands  of  this  New  World.  The  inhabitants  of 
Maine  will  ever  present  a  cordial  welcome  to  all  the  descend- 
ants  of  those  bold  adventurers. 

"  Honor  to  w  om  honor  is  due."  The  State  owes  a  debt  of 
gratitude,  which  it  will  be  ever  happy  to  acknowledge,  to  the 
Illustrious  citizen  whose  sagacity  planned  this  great  enterprise, 
and  whose  energy  and  humanity  have  contributed  so  much  to 
Its  successful  achievement.  The  Hon.  P.  P.  Burlei-h,  in  a 
report  as  land-agent  of  the  State,  writes,  — 

'-For  this  new  impulse  in  the  great  pioneer  work  of  settlement,  the  State 

of  Cfrr^'lr' w*'w 'n.1^"'  ^"'^  '^'^^^""^  '^"^^'^  -'  "-  commissioner 
of  emigration   ^Ir  W   w.  Thomas,  Jan.,  M'ho  has,  on  both  sides  of  the 

tte  S  T  ™''';??^  ''^"^  ^"  ^  manner  worthy  the  thanks  of 
the  State.  The  success  which  has  thus  far  crowned  his  efforts  is  a  fitting 
testimony  to  his  faithfulness  and  ability  in  the  conduct  of  the  enterprise." 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

THE  PICTTJBESQUE  ATTEACTIONS  OP  MAINE. 

Portland  and  Casco  Bay  — Seashore  Resorts— Isles  of  Shoals  — The  Beaches  — 
Cape  Arundel  and  Old  Orchard— Bath  to  Rockland,  and  up  the  Penobscot  — 
Mount  Desert  — Lake  Sebago  — Mt.  Pleasant  and  the  Saco  — The  Valley  of 
the  Androscoggin  — Rangeley  Lakes  and  SandyRiver— The  Kennebec  Valley 
—  Moosehead  Lake  and  the  Aroostook. 

[For  the  chapter  which  follows,  we  are  indebted  to  the  pen  ,f  Rev.  Prof. 
Edward  Payson  Thwiiig  of  Brooklyn,  N.Y.  It  is  from  personal  observation 
that  he  has  been  able  to  give  so  graphic  a  description  of  scenery  which  charms 
every  beholder.] 

A  PARTY  of  gentlemen  at  Venice  were  discussing  the  relative 
attractiveness  of  localities  visited  by  them.  It  was  conceded 
that  Italy  abounded  in  magnificent  scenery ;  but  one  of  them, 
not  an  American,  affirmed  that  the  finest  prospects  he  had  ever 
enjoyed  were  at 

PORTLAND  AND  CASCO  BAY. 

Latrobe,  the  English  traveller,  writes,  "  Imagine  our  surprise 
and  delight  when  we  found,  in  unsung  and  neglected  Portland, 
scenery  that  for  beauty,  variety,  and  extent,  far  exceeds  any 
views  of  the  class  in  the  States."  He  adds  that  the  panorama 
na  which  the  eye  feasts  at  the  Observatory  on  Munjoy  Hill  is 
equalled  by  nothing  in  America,  except  at  the  citadel  of  Quebec. 
The  Forest  City  still  keeps  the  bulk  of  her  beautiful  trees ; 
and  the  palatial  edifices  that  have  risen  from  the  ashes  of  the 
fire  of  186G  attract  admiration,  not  only  as  architectural  embel- 
lishments, but  as  evidences  of  the  enterprise  of  her  people. 
The  Custom  House,  Post-Office,  City  Hall,  and  Hospital,  the 
cathydrals,  churches,  school  edifices,  and  many  of  the  elegant 
private  residences  that  adorn  tiic  slopes  of  either  hill,  present 

446 


TBE  niSTOKT  OF  MAltie. 


447 


an  imposing  appearance  to  the  stranger  entering  the  harbor 
Nor  ,3  the  v,e>v  less  piotures,,.o  from  the  bay  in  he  rctr  of 
Port  and  or  "rom  the  grand  promenades  of  BramhaU's  H  U  a^d 
tSn's:*"^  -'-'"''  -  '"  *"»  ^'-«-  of  the  Wht 
The  location  of  the  city,  its  healthfulness,  and  the  beauty  of 
.ts  surrounamgs,  with  its  matchless  harbor  and  bay  gemmed 


POETLANU  OBSEEVATOBY. 


w.  h  three  hundred  and  sixty-flve  islands,  and  to  abundant 
railroad  fechfes,  make  its  future  growth  and  prosperity  certain 
Two  hues  of  railway  have  long  connected  it  with  Boston 
but  the  new  extension  of  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad  1",; 
the  seashore  opens  a  delightful  route  for  the  summer  tourist" 


aisci  xiocuestur, 


reduces  time  and  trouble,  besides  conducting 


448 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


him  through  the  diversified  scenery  of  Southern  New  Hamp- 
^nre,  and  so  along  the  valley  of  the  Presumpscot  to  Portland. 
Ihe  excehont  facilities  for  steamboat  travel  between  New  York 
or  Boston  and  the  Forest  City  are  all  that  can  be  desired  by 


CITY  HALL,  PORTLAND. 

those  who  believe  .'.at  the  summer  resorts  of  Maine  are  equal 
to  those  of  more  pretentious  claims. 

In  Longfellow  s  poem,  "My  Lost  Youth,"  the  poet  tells  in 
verse  of  the  charms  of  his  native  place,— 

"  The  beautiful  town  that  is  seated  by  the  sea." 

In  the  recently  published  volume  '!  Portland  Illustrated,"  by 
John  Neal,-the  tourist  will  find  every  thing  necessary  to  guide 
his  ateps  in  the  city,  or  the  charming  environs.    A  brief  sketch 


THE  mSTORT  OF  MAINE.  449 

Will  now  be  given  of  the  seashore  resorts.  Drake's  "  Nooks  and 
Corners  is  the  cumpletest  manual  for  the  New  Englard  coast, 
and  IS  indispensable  to  a  full  outfit. 

SEASHORE   RESORTS. 

The  Isles  of  Shoals  are  eight  in  number,  and  part  of  them 
belong  in  Maine.  The  cairn  on  the  .ummit  of  Appledore  is  said 
to  have  been  erected  by  Capt.  John  Smith  in  1614 ;  and  tales  of 


CUSTOM  HOUSE,  POETLAND. 

Capt.  Kidd  and  his  treasure,  Black  Dinah  and  her  divining  rod, 
Phihp  i3abb  with  his  ghostly  knife,  besides  more  recent  tracre- 
dies,  invest  these  wild,  rocky  islets  with  peculiar  interest.  The 
distance  from  main  land  is  but  nine  miles,  and  steamboats  con- 
nect with  the  Eastern  Railroad  at  Portsmouth.  Pullman  cars 
run  on  all  through  trains  on  this  road.  Invalids  to  whom  a  sea- 
voyage  has  been  recommended,  especiallv  those  sufferincr  frnm 
iiuy-lever,  iiud  in  the  salubrious  climate  of  these  islands  "en  tire 


I 


I 

ir 


1 1 

III! 


450 


THK  HISTORY  OF  MAISE. 


relief,  and  enjoy  the  benefits  of  a  sea-voyage  without  its  dis- 
comforts. 

Aj.iii.  aoi.  and  Star  Island-  liivve  each  a  large  and  elecjant 
hotel,  Mith  every  facility  for  hathincr,  fishing,  and  sailing.  The 
florist  and  naturalist  only  need  Cclia  Tliaxter's  dainty  little  vol- 
ume to  tell  tliem  where  to  (liul  the  haunts  of  the  sea- memones, 
the  scarlet  pinii*ernel,  the  crimson  sorrel,  the  purple  pea,  and 


POST  OFFICE,  roKTLAKD. 

the  varied  finny  tribes,  bonito  and  blue-fish,  the  slender  porock, 
the  thrasher,  and  y  rpoise.  Her  exquisite  pictures  of  scenery, 
and  her  tragic  tales  of  storm  and  shipwreck,  are  full  of  interest 
ito  the  tourist. 

Kittery,  one  of  the  oldest  towns,  has  many  attractions ;  among 
them  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  Fort  McClary,  and  the  mansion 
and  tomb  of  the  Pepperells,  the  old  church  and  pai'sonage. 
There  is  a  new  hotel  at  the  Point. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


451 


trom  Kittery,  along  the  shore  northward,  there  are  deliKhtful 
views  of  ocean,  mountain,  and  river.  Near  the  site  of  the 
ancient   .ity  of  York,  Mount  Agament  towers,    md  but  a 

short  r,<  e  „<,m  tho  cars  is  York  Beach,  tuo  miles  long  and  five 
hundred  feot  xvide.  Tiie  views  from  "  The  P.lpit,"  the  topmost 
pomt  of  B.M  Head  Cliff,  risin.,  a  hundred  feet  ;bruptly  !lTove 
the  sea,  f^•  .n  C.pe  Veddock,  "The  Nubble,"  and  Boone^,land, 
attract  many  \  isitoi.  ' 

Wells  Beach,  six  miles  long,  is  much  frequented,  being  so  near 
the  new  railroad  from  Boston,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  ^rout- 


iiB  Ci^irrs.  CAPS  AKUNDEL,  MK. 


Streams  and  woods,  where  (he  aprrtsman  finds  h  .nipe  the 
,curlew,  ,!,e  oodcock,  the  partridge,  and  other  game.  Ample 
pnvato  and  pi.ulic  accommodations  are  had  1  r  guests.  Passing 
noithNvurd,  and  crossing  Mousu.n  Riv^r,  Kennebunk  is  reached! 
1  wenty-five  n  ntes  ride  in  easy  coac,  .  brings  u.o  to  ihe  Port, 
iiniX  Cape  Arundel,  where  is  one  of  the  finest  summer  resorts 
on  the  Atlantic- coast. 

Unlike  Nriwport  in  elaborate  beauty  or  tire  ame  convention- 
alities,  it   offers  a   peculiar  nh"''"    fo-  *••'• ^n   {  »  ix, 

grander  pi  imitive  attractions  of  lorest  and  shore,  the^bep>   ty  of 


K  t' 


THE  nrSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


453 


o 
< 

CO 

■J 

H 

i 


H 
n 
O 


native  wildnoss,  and  the  restful  quiet  of  simpler  living,  with 
unfcctered  commur.iou  with  Nature  herself.  Unlike  altiTost  all 
'vatering-places,  it  has  neither  the  hot  l;ind-bie.;ze  nor  the  bitter 
east  winds  direct,  but,  facing  the  south-west,  a  uniform,  equable 
and  invigorating  air,  night  and  day.  There  are  three  beaches 
in  crescent  curves,  suited  for  riding  or  bathing,  bold  headlands 

with  rifts  and  chasms,  volcanic  beds,  "The  Blowing  Cave," 

a  liuge  watery  cannon  sending  out  explosions, -- spouting  rocks, 
a  ruined  fort,  "  Hermit's  Retreat,"  and  other  localitres  that 
will  be  appreciated  by  the  naturalist,  the  artist,  or  idler  in  search 
of  healthful  repose.  Cape  Porpoise,  the  Goose  Rocks,  and  the 
White  Mountains  fill  up  a  picture  of  enchanting  loveliness 
when  evening  comes,  — 

"With  sunset  purple,  soothing  all  the  waste." 

^  A  number  of  literary  and  business  men  from  Boston  have  en- 
joyed cottage  life  here  the  past  three  years;  but  recently  the 
name  of  Cape  Arundel  has  so  widely  spread,  that  the  veteran 
hotel- keeper  of  New  England  has  opened  a  spacious  and  com- 
fortable hostelry,  in  connection  with  which  ample  provision  is 
made  for  fishing,  riding,  bathing,  or  sailing. 

Keeping  along  the  coast  a  few  miles  farther,  the  cars  stop 
at  Biddeford  and  Saco,  from  either  of  which  cities  the  "  Pool" 
and  Wood  Island  may  bo  reached,  — delightful  retreats,  with 
groves  where  picnics  gather,  and  quiet  nooks  that  look  out  over 
the  blue  Atlantic.  There  is  also  a  waterfall  on  Foxwell's 
stream,  sixty  feet  in  height,  with  varied  and  wild  scenery. 

Old  Orchard  is  quite  a  populous  village,  which  has  sprung  up 
by  magic,  as  it  were,  since  the  new  route  of  travel  passes  this 
favorite  watering-place.  A  hard,  smooth  beach  extends  nine 
miles,  and  so  wide  that  a  dozen  or  more  carriages  may  drive 
abreast.  Several  hotels  and  a  score  of  smaller  houses  are 
open  during  the  season.  Pine  Point,  Prout's  Neck,  Blue  Point, 
are  easily  accessible. 

Old  Orchard  has  been  a  place  of  summer  resort  for  two  hun- 
dred years.  The  orchard  that  gave  the  name,  long  ago  disap- 
peared ;  and  but  three  gravestones  remain  over  the  dust  of  the 
ancient  colonists  that  once  found  tliem  a   Imrnp      Tho   aocni« 


454 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


and  historic  mingle  their  charms  in  this  romantic  spot.  The 
Bequestered  loveliness  of  Fern  Park,  near  the  site  ofthe  OM 
Orchard  House,  has  hardly  a  parallel  in  the  countr,'  To  ?he 
natural  beauty  of  a  hillside  forest,  are  added  graceful  airs 
rushc  retreats  wrought  by  cunning  art,  and  eiellished  with 
quaint  conceits;   while  the   trees   along   the   avenues  bear  on 

pTt^Thfr^'^nf  T'-''  ^^^"^   ^"»^'«^   «nd   A^:L„ 
poets     The  Oratory,  the  Astronomer's  Seat,  the  Parson's  Lod-e 

and  the  monament  to  Mr.  Bull  the  projector,  are  among   tC 
most  interesting  objects.  ^ 


i", 


tj 


OLD  ORCHAHD  BEACH.  ME 


The  Methodists  have  wisely  chosen  Old  Orchard  for  camn- 
meetings   both  loca  and  national.     They  own  about  Nacres 

form  d 'Jv^r,^  '^'^'fl  ^"^  ^'-^^^^ '  '^1-  ^  fine  aucblo:  ^ 
oriecl  b^  natural  circular  slcpes,  and  capable  of  seatin-  tw.  ntv 
housand  people      A  large  number  of  permanent  cott.Cl  ve 

been  erected,  and  streets  laid  out.     It  bids  fair  to  b«  !  7! 

rival  of  Martha's  Vinevard.  ^'  ^  successful 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


455 


Short  excursions  from  Portland  to  the  islands  of  Casco  Bay, 
White  Head,  Cape  Elizabeth,  Harpswell,  and  Freeport,  will  de- 
lightfully employ  the  leisure  of  one's  summer  days.  Eastman's 
"Eastern  Coast  Guide,"  Mr.  Kellogg's  "Elm  Island  Stories," 
and  Mrs.  Stowe's  "  Pearl  of  Orr's  Island,"  will  make  the  trips 
more  enjoyable.  An  excursion  by  rail  through  Westbrook, 
Gorham,  Alfred,  and  Rochester  to  Alton  Bay,  with  sixty  miles 


:,,K^^^^3^^!, 


'^tMtaj  y9mui,u*m-0f 


WHITEHEAD  CLIFFS. 


sail  on   Lake  Winnepiseogee,  can  be  made,  and  the  tourist 
return  the  same  evening  to  Portland. 

The  route  to  Brunswick  and  Bath,  by  the  Maine  Central  Rail- 
road, thence  along  the  line  of  the  Knox  and  Lincoln  Railroad  to' 
Rockland,  and  the  steamboat  excursions  daily  made  from  Bathi 
to  Boothbay,  present  charming  attractions.  From  Owl's  HeadI 
up  the  Penobscot    to   Bangor,  unfolds  a  panorama  of  beauty 


456 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


tt  RhinT'"™' ''"'™':''  '""'^'  '^''^'^'  ^-p--"  *« 

Camden  ia  a  popular  resort,  and  the  drives  about  tl,e  lake  and 
n,ou„ta,n  „,e  ustly  admired.  Our  missionaries  from  ,  E^t 
We  remariced  that  the  Syrian  hill,  seemed  pictured  IZ 
western  shores  of  the  Penobscot  at  this  point.     The  vie«  ftl 

by  a  well-known  author  one  of   "  indescribable   grandeur  " 

The  appearunce  of  Belfast  from  the  river  is  imposing     PaII„ 

Searsport,  Stockton,  and  Fort  Pownal,  the  stranger  is  impS 

with  the  scenery  at  Bucksport  Nan-ows.  where  the  pZbscot 

makes  a  sharp  bend,  and  the  high,  bol.i  headland  is  Guarded 

by  Fort  Knox.     Its  powerful  batteries  effectually  close  the  river 

to  a  hostile  fleet.     Chains,  too,  have  been  stretched  acrl  the 

N    rows  t„  bygone  days,  as  an  additional  protection.    PrI 

th  s  po,„t  to  Bangor  there  arc  constant  surprises  at  each  turn  oT 

the  w.nd,„«  stream.    Frankfort  and  Wintcrport  and  Hampden 

.n  turn  appear.    The  latter  ,.  the  home  of  L  late  Vice  Prelf 

"::;■':„ ,«?;: ''- ««-  -  ^°""  -'•-  -  -  -"-i^ 

Bangor  is  a  beautiful  city,  diversified  with  valley  and  hil/  ..„d 
Mver^  It  has  handsome  streets,  with  fine  drives,  particularly  m, 
the  Hampden  road  and  to  Mount  Hope  cemc  The  o,  Uook 

ft'om  the  sem  nary  tower  is  a  commanding  one.  as  i       ,at  frot 

TJ^'Z  "r"'^  ^'""''  *"^  '^"""-"-S-  The  tourist  Im 
gl,ully  hnger  here  many  days.  A  few  hours'  excursion  brings 
h.m  to  Casfne,  rich  in  historical  interest,  beautiful  in  skuaZ 
and  peop  ed  by  families  of  high  culture.  It  was  settd  S 
and  a  half  centuries  ago ;  and  many  valuable  relics  remain  of  the 
s.g,uficant  epochs  of  its  religious  and  military  history. 

Sedgw.ck  and  Deer  Isle  and  Isle  an  Hunt  present  charming 
views,  and  are  well  worthyavisit  by  those  who  Le  fine  screrv 
or  wouM  grow  ruddy  on  healthful  fare  and  by  invigorati";  ^i 
Constant  communication  is  had  by  steamers  with  Portland 

Mount  Desert  ,s  too  well  known  a,  a  summer  resort  to  need 
description  in  detail.  Stages  connect  at  Bangor,  and  reach  the 
island  over  Trenton  Bridge  ,  but  the  stranger  o^igiit  not  to  fail  of 
going  one  way,  at  least,  by  Portland  steamer.     He  will   find 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE.  457 

it  a  pleasant  trip  to  stop  at  South- West  Harbor,  and  cross  the 
island  leisurely  on  foot  or  in  the  saddle  to  Bar  Harbor  •  not 
omitting  the  ascent  of  Green  Mountain,  from  which  Katahdin 
IS  seen,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  distant  as  the  bird  flies 
while  seaward  the  prospect  is  enchanting.  The  writer  has 
feasted  his  eyes  on  some  of  the  fairest  scenes  on  either  side  the 
Atlantic,  but  never  saw  the  equal,  in  all  respects,  to  thia 
"bright  mosaic  of  island  and  bay,"  as  Clara  Barnes  Martin  has 
felicitously  described  this  landscape. 

In  his  legend  of  "  Mogg  Megone,"  Whittier  tells  of  the  objects 
rhat  meet  the  gaze  of  the  traveller  looking  from  the  summit  of 
this  mountain. 

"  Beneath  the  westward  turning  eye 

A  thousand  wooded  ishmds  lie ; 

Their  thousand  tints  of  beauty  glow 

Down  in  the  restless  waves  below. 

There  sleep  Placentia's  group ; 

There  gloomily  against  the  sky 

The  Dark  Isles  rear  their  summits  high  ; 

And  Desert  Rock,  abrupt  and  bare, 

Lifts  its  gray  turret  in  the  air, 

Seen  from  afar,  like  some  stronghold 

Built  by  the  ocean  kings  of  old; 

And  faint  as  smoke  wreath,  white  and  thin, 

Swells,  in  the  north,  vast  Katahdin ; 
•And,  wandering  from  its  marshy  feet, 

The  broad  Penobscot  comes  to  meet 

And  mingle  with  its  own  bright  bay." 

This  is  but  one  of  the  attractions  of  this  island.  There  are 
thirteen  mountains  and  thirteen  lakes,  few  of  them  bereft  of 
story,  all  interesting  alike  to  .^he  student  of  geology,  the  sports- 
man, the  florist,  and  the  artist.  Blue-bells,  morning-glories, 
white  and  yellow  water-lilies,  the  twin-flower,  the  mountain- 
cranberry,  strawbenies,  raspberries,  blueberries,  and  huckle- 
berries, **ith  other  fruits  and  flowers  in  their  season,  abound  to 
an  extent  wiiiefe  l,^s  the  delighted  visitor  to  regard  the  name 
of  the  island  » i^mi^ge  misnomer.  The  memory  of  a  month  at 
Mount  D(  :,en,  at  the  noontide  of  the  year,  is  itself  a  summer  idyl, 
and  witl  combine  the  elements  of  choicest  interest  and  most 
sndurinj;  ph 


458 


|!  .' 


TFE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


summer  resort.  '  °^  ""^  attactivencs  of  Maine  aa  a 

MAINE  LAKES  AND  M0ITNTAIN8. 

"  1[™  '"'r  "'■''  *"»  i  oi.e  i,  of  the  aea, 
One  of  the  mountains ;  each  a  mighty  i-oioe  " 

Deenng,  and  Westl.rook,  near  the  l,i!,l,?,I  f  f  «'"'l>"'ter, 

«ov.  A„cl,.e„  at  Wi,„,l,„;,,     p      „  1     .IT  p    "'^  '""""'='' 
suckle,,]^  Lake  Sel,ag„  l,ur  t/i„    L^v  ^f '""•I^eot,  till 

of  water,  fourteen  mile"    „U    win    7    «'°'':'' "''''° '=''''''"'" 

rook.  rising  some  seventy  feet  11,0^^°,,'  ™"'  """'  "' 

noteworthy  objeets      B nT   I,     f  "''"•  "''  "  ^^^  "^  *« 

tl.e  great 'deh^ht     He      1   m,;?  T'>"'  1  '"^ '™=° '» 

,t;venty.3eve„t:r„stoaTva!;::ar„:t:":'x-n'rm;::tT'' 

,Xhe  parage  of  the  Look,  the  novelt,  of  the  ^^^Z 


THE  ni STORY  OF  MAINE. 


459 


the  narrow  river,  the  sylvan  beauty  of  the  overshadowing  trees 
and  swallow-haunted  banks,  all  make  this  part  of  the  trip  a 

reach  Chute  s  River,  which  opens  into  Long  Lake.     Nine  miles' 
sail  in  view  of  the  Harrison  Hills,  farms,  and  woodlands! brings 


LAKB    SEBAOO. 


the  tourist  to  Bridgeton  wharf.  A  short  ride  to  the  village,  and 
thence  a  few  miles  farther  to  the  base  of  Mount  Pleasant^ intro- 
duces him  to  some  of  the  most  attractive  views  of  valley,  lake, 
and  hillside.  The  summit  is  2,018  feet  high,  and  commands  a 
circuit  of  three  hundred  miles.  Fifty  lakes  may  be  seen ;  and 
the  view  of  villages,  rivers,  and  mountains  is  much  preferred  to 


r*-^ 


1 1 


460 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


sunset  and  sunrise  alr^rJo       /^      ,  °       *°   hehold  the 

"'  ^^^  winding  Saco,  m  full  view  of  the  Wh,-^«   u-n 
fam/Jies  from  the  city  have  mnrlp  fi,.-  ,  ^®  ^'"^' 

^iiy  nave  made  their  summer  home.     Baldwin 


""''"'"   -AOLK   K...S.  .,™x.   HO.US   AXX,   «T..,,s„.  ^,. 


and  Cornish  and  Brownfield  are  thriving,  towns  •  and   fl 
access  to  them  by  the  Portland  and  O^deXi  '  ^    ,       .  T^ 
now  given  them  a  new  importance       ^^"^'"'^'"'^   ^'"^^'^^^  has 

tl  J«:;  "/e  onl^^  ^"f  ^^'^^^  ^^--^^-^  -  Hiram, 
bracing,as  tdo  s  "he  1    P"  f-'/'  '^^^""""^  ^y  artists,  em^ 

.round,  a  hold  pyramid   3,1?^^^  ^S^  ^e'l^C^^ 


462 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


I  ^wPSeKBE?^8^^gi#  ' 


gu"fo",:h *'  T'  "^T"  ^r'  ^°™"^"'^  '^"''^  -here  Pau- 
»ay  congratulate  the.nselvesj  for,  say,  Civn°E„Xor  B    H 

The  Falb  at  Li.bon  are  of  stU^l^^ZZ  ''\ZZ  '"'^" 
around  Auburn  and  Lewi^ton  is  ro,nantio  irthHxtl  1  S 
bu^  UKlustrio,  of  tl,ese  cities,  ti.eir  tasteful  private  a^lnuIL 
ed.f,ee»,  and  the  beauty  of  their  environs,  ml  JeU  be'nife  tt 
traveller  hastenijig  northward  ^        '"^ 

to  prose.  Kumford  Falls  are  pronounced  bv  n  .1  7  A^ 
"  the  grandest  of  any  in  New  EnXml  "  rL  .^  """"^ 
Wer  falls  present  fe^a.ures  of  s' 'll^'grandet  "prl" BetTet 
to  UmWgog  Lake  is  a  charming  ride."  One  should  vis  tM  "a 
loway  Ener  beyond  Umbagog,  as  well  as  the  EanJel  v  LaS" 
rtdl  farther  n,  the  wilderness  around  old  Saddleback'^  ' 

The  townslnp  of  Rangeley  is  named  from  a  former  owner 
and  ,s  situated  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Oquossoe  Lah  l/ 
was  .neorporated  in  1856.  The  primitive  wZess  of  the 
region,  the  trout-streams  and  hunting-grounds,  a   leted    ho 


464 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


atlenhon  of  Jay  Cooke  ami  o(her  gend.  uu-n  from  Pl.ilucU..||.Iun 
and  New  \ork.     In   18(J0  they  rented  land,  and   l,uilt  a  l' 
estal.hsluncnt  at   Indian   Rock,   tin-ee    miles    from  the    neai 
settler.     They  Imve   been  known  as   the  -  Onnossoc  An-di 
Assoeiation."  ° 

Kungeley  Lake  is  ten  miles  Ion-  and  Ciroenvale  Plania  ion  is 
at  Its  head.     P.  A.  JMorriU  of  New  Sharon  has  pul,lished  views 


l.OWKIl    FALLS,   UUMKOUI),   MK. 

of  this  interesting  district  as  the  eleventh  series  of  Ids  "His- 
torical Views  of  Maine." 

The  towns  that  lie  in  the  luxuriant  valley  of  the  Sandy 
River  are  places  of  Arcadian  beauty.  AVho  needs  to  be  told  of 
b  armington  and  "  Old  Blue,"  or  of  "  Little  Blue,"  where  the 
Rollo  Books  were  penned,  or  of  the  institutions  of  learnin-  that 
have  given  a  literary  celebrity  to  a  town  so  favored  in  natural 


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THE  H'STORY  OF  MAINE. 


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»mol  r  '''"•- "■"  "^"'^ '■™"  °f  "'°  P"'''-''™. nestling 

amons  the  mounja,,,,  „„d  i,,,,„ifled  by  Wobbs  Pond,  Ov^ 

nnle3  long,  _  Pbdlip.,,  and  Monnt  Abraham  avc  mnch  visi  od  h 

Wrnro,'"'""'l-  ri'°"'  '''■'  '''^^"™™'  S'onmonth  and 
■Jth  ™  w"  '"^'f  °f  "■■^'"■•"l  "-Ivantages  as  summer  resorts 
in  the  m.d.t  of  a  hike  district  of  no  common  loveliness.     The 


CASCAIiS!   AT  WEST   WATEUVILLE.  ME. 


estabhshment  of  seminaries,  as  the  Female  College  at   Kent's 

nown  the  conspicuous  charms  of  natural  scenery  enjoyed  by 
the  central  population  of  Maine.  J  ^  ^  ^J 

neKennchcc  Valley,  ivom  Merrymeeting  Cay  to  Moosehead 
Lake,  IS  a  favorite  route,  and  with  the  excellent  facliitic.  for 


TnE  nrsTORY  of  mains. 


467 


travel  is  every  year  becoming  more  popular.     Richmo.id  is  a 
camp-meoting  resort.     Gardiner,  Hullowell,  and  Augusta,  built 
on  the  h-gh  slopes  aloijg  the  river,  present  a  striking  appear- 
ance.     The  pubhc  buildings  at  the  capital,  and  drives  to  To^us, 
the  quarnes  and  other  subiu-bs,  Avell  repay  the  visitor  for^the 
time  required.     Vassalboro',  Winslo^v,  and  Norridgewock  add 
historical  interest  to  their  natural  attractions.     Waterville  is 
the  B-at  of  a  nourishing  university.     The  cascade  on  the  Ken- 
nebec  at  West  Watervillo,  where  the  craggy  ledges  of  granite 
ntercopt  the  rush  of  the  stream,  is  very  striking.     Asce.uling 
the  river,  the  stranger  is  reminded,  as  on  the  Penobscot,  of  the 
immense  importance  to  Maine  of  her  lumber  interests.     The 
Irequent  icc-houses   also   suggest  the  rise  of  that  branch  of 
industry.  _  At  Skowhegan  tlie  river  -makes  a  bend  westward : 
and  the  views  from  this  pleasant  town  are  noteworthy.     Few 
places  in  Mame  have  shown  more  enterprise  than  Dexter,  in 
developing  ,ts  water-powers,  which,  as  elsewhere  in  the  State 
constitute  the  chief  source  of  wealtli. 

Of  Moosenead  Lalce,  with  its  broad,  sparkling  waters  and 
emerald  isles  Mt.  Kinco,  Chesuneook,  and  the  numberless  lakes 
that  surround  the  grand,  solitary  Katahdm,  it  is  only  needful 
to  say  that  Lowell's  Moosehead  Journal  in  bis  "Fireside 
Travcl,^  Flagg's  "  Woods  and  By-ways,"  and  particularly 
Life  in  the  Open  Air  "  by  Winthrop,  will  fully  delineate  the 
charms  of  these  solitudes,  and  prove  most  convincino-lv  the 
claim  for  superiority  in  this  regard,  which  the  Pine-tree  State 
has  a  right  to  make. 

Then  there  is  the  vast  Aroostooh,  stretching  from  the  Matta- 
wamkeag  to  the  St.  Francis,  one  hundred  fifty  miles,  with  its 
marvellous  but  undeveloped  resources,  its  primitive  forest 
grandeur  and  isolation ;  as  noble  a  domain  as  the  Adirondack 
region,  and  deserving  as  hearty  laudation,  alike  on  the  score  of 
Its  picturesque  scenery,  its  balsamic  air,  and  its  abounding 
attractions  for  artist,  or  angler,  or  sportsman  ;  in  short,  for  all 
who,  wearied  by  care,  study,  or  the  clamorous  demands  of 
fashionable  follies,  seek  a  restful  and  joyful  life  in  the  open  air. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

MAINE  IN  THE  WAR   OF  THE  REBELLION.' 

'J^HERE  is  perhaps  no  one  of  the  loyal  States  whicli  can  claim 
pie-eminence  over  the  otliers  in  its  conduct  durino-  the 
C1V.1  war.    All  did  the  best  they  could,  and  all  did  nobl.    Ala  n 
certamly  was  not  n  the  rear  of  any  of  her  sisters  in  thi;  respect 
The  patriotic  spuit  of  her  whole  population  was  roused  to  the 
utmost  when  the  first  gun  of  foul  rebellion  was  fired  upon  ot 
national  flag  at  Fort  Sumter.     Israel  Washburn,  jun.,  was  then 

1'mi'S"?'  '''V  ^"'  ''  -^''  -^  '^^-  ^^ 

ZT    n     ;  r  1'  ™'^"^  *°^^"''  "^  l^'^^  ^'^a'^  twenty-four  hours 

after  the  tidings  of  the  revolt  were  received,  full  comnu  ies  of 
volunteer  were  fonned,  ready  to  march.     The  fir^pa^! 
which  fi  led  Its  ranks,  and  was  accepted  by  the  governoi   wal 
he  Lewiston  Light  Infantry.     I„  Cherryfield,  four  110^;!' 
the   enlistment  roll   was  opened,  fifty  volunt;ers  had  entld 

as  thi.,  n/ust  be  cro  Jed  „tf  S  n^  f     t  *'f  """"  "'  ""=''  «  ^'°'"™e 

the  heroic  deed,  of  the  Maine  ZS^u  ^'T  '"'  ''''  ""'7''''  ^^'^^"--^  "^ 
which  I  cannot  record.    There  aJeCnvl  T  T"^  ''"'''*'"^  ^■'^I^""^'^ 

tion,  for  which  I  have  no  sZe  Mv  o^i  ^  I,'"""''/^  "^  "'"''  ''"""'•'^'^'«  '»«°- 
goneral  idea  of  the  wondSf  el^'s  Ind  ;I,  'T  'T^^T'  "  '"''  '"^  «^^'«  « 
the  Rebellion.  For  more  mi.  nVe  h  f  ^"^  "^"''"^«^  ^^1"«''  Maine  made  to  crush 
rea,ler  must  be  reteTod    rnTeZ'^^^^^^^^^  iuteresting  then.e,  the 

Messrs.  William  E.S.^^Vt;:ta^^cSes'rZu:'      ''^'"  '^  *''« '^«'' '  ''>' 
468 


TttE  BtSTORY  OF  UAISE.  4^9 

B  trr''     V!*^SentIemau  of  Thomaston,  Mr.  Henrv 

ton.     Nnflnni-pl    T    T.  i  " '^^' ^f^^  v/ariTit  ..  corainenda- 

acte&tic  eloquence  thus  adletedZm  :- ""'  ""'  ""'  "'■'"■ 

"  Welcome,  sons  of  Maine  I  welromp  K-^fK„     t     t 
baptized  at  the  aame  altar ;  am  W "mf  .t?    1       "<,  T  "'  ^™'  ™ 
«esh.     We  were  all  bom  b,„.,.l,T  ,  ■""'•  ^""^  "'  ""«  «»">« 

Aroostook  to  theitl:;^:  r\^  z"  „^;„  vr  "■„'  f"  i"-" «" 

our  «  allo,ia„co  ,ho„,.,  not  be  to  he"  S  o'^vbot"  '  rit"'""' 
See  t!  •  ttt  ™raS,r:  'Tfr"^  T  "■=  '■"^-  '» t^aciae. 
.hat  banner  Ood  ZZ:^:s>,^^^2^^  S^ Z  I^T 

I  "trziz  leTiirbZeter*'  '"I "- ' "'-'  *"^-* 

one  to  be  r„thle,.Iy  tlr^nt  M^     °"°  °'  '"  ""«'"  "■"•  "  '»™'' 

The  Second  Regiment  left  Bangor  with  a  lMant!f„l  ^t  „f 
CO  ors,  presented  by  the  h.dies.     They  marched    ,™'hM. 

of  rebellion  ventured  to  open  hi,  voice,  or  pcop.    At  wX. 
ton  .t  was  presented  with  a  magnificent  LnLr,  sent  b    tl« 


470 


TBE  nisTonr  of  siaine. 


Maine  ladlo  sin  California,  to  be  given  to  the  first  reeiment 

drnoe  """" """  '""^'^  ^'"""  •»"-  "'^  oapit:  r t 

re.tal^t'''  J^'-lir  "  ™'""':  *"  ''°°'^  ""  ""^Wevements  of  this 

S    battled  ?!•,       °  °^  ''™  ■'■'"'''•  "  >™  '"  "'-«>  """-d- 
•ought    attics,  besides  numerous  slurmishes.     In  all  it  behaved 

wthganantry  which  could  not  have  been  surpassed. 

The  Third  Regiment,  under  Oliver  Otis  Howard  of  Leeds 
was  rendezvoused  on  the  State  House  grounds  at  ^,.„sta    H' 
was  composed  mainly  of  Kennebec  h,mbermen,  and  ^CZj 
.ngly  fortunate  in  i>avi„g  for  its  colonel  a  VVes  Poinltn  d„! L 
who  rapidly  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general, "a^whofo; 
h"  signal  services,  has  ,vo„  a  position  Tn  the  hearts  of '  the 
American  people  second  perhaps  to  that  of  none  ^C.f.    I   It 
with  this  regiment  that  the  operations  of  what  were  called  The 
Stave.p,pe  ArtilUry  commenced.    The  regiment  was  encamoed 
n  Vii^inia,  within  «ight  of  the  lines  of  fhe  cnem;     sTe'^^? 
whicTiV"     '"'°  ^  ""^eting-house,  took  a  piece  o"^  stove  pipe 
which  they  mounted  upon  wheels,  and  ran  it  up  to  the  top  ofa 
h.U.     Ihey  were  abundantly  repaid  in  seeing  the  enemv  „nen 
upon   the  harmless  gun  a  furious  cannonade.     Thi     r7i,rnt 

recoi  1.     Upon  one  occasion,  when  the  regiment  w>«  reduced  to 
one  hundred  and  ninety-six  rifles  and  fourteen  leer  Gen 
Sick  cs  said,  "  The  little  Third  Maine  saved  the  army  to-day." 
Upon  the  promotion  of  Col.  Howard  to  the  rank  of  bri..2  er 
general  Major  Henry  G.  Staples  became  colonel.    He  „«! 
ceeded  l,y  Adjutant  Edwin  Burt,  in  the  ever  nicmorableTevl 
days   battle  which  attended  the  movement  from  tie   cSIka' 
hominy  to  the  James.     In  this  change  of  front,  mI  „,.  fIv" 
Haskell  of  Wateiville  so  greatly  distinguished  him  elf  as  to 

Zsell  S  "°""".^"''«"™-     The  vicissitudes  of  wai  ;  eed 
Moses  B.  Lakeraan  m  command   of  the   re-imenf      A  Lff 
colonel  the  regiment  could  not  have  had.  '"'' 

The  Fourth  Regiment  was  under  the  command  of  Hirim  C 

the  hearts  of  his  fellow-citizens.    At  Bull  Kmu  he  disohved 

wthb;™:i'  ™""- "  '"'^"™^  "^^ '""-" '"  wrL  s  r' 


m 

lilull 


TIIF.  HISTOBT  OF  IIArXE.  475 

"Col  Berry  manifeted  sue),  a  genius  for  war,  and  such  a 
perunacy  ,„  the  fight,  as  proved  hi,„  fit  for  hi,h  oolld  " 
Tins  reg^ent  was  in  all  the  important  battle,  of  the  army  of 

wns!: wT't  r°=  '''  "'™  "'  ^^"'"^-  ^'  Wil,iamsbu,rit 
was  said  that  the  regiment  of  Col.  Berry  saved  the  dav°  ,t 

Mie^Hiiru'"  °"-"  '""'"-"•  «^=-'  Mins,  Gitdai::  ;„d' 

Malvern  Hill,  tins  reg.ment  rendered  magnificent  service.  At 
the  terrtble  battle  of  Chaneellorsville,  Hirnra  G.  Berry,  avit 
ataned  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers,  laid  do  „  hf 
litti.     The  nation  mourned  his  loss. 

nf  ^Pn  ff  ^'!'  ^,'^"^""*  ^^'-^^  commanded  by  Mark  H.  Dunnell 
of  Portland.     It  ks  painful,  to  be  unable  to  do  justice  to  the 
ach,evements  of  these  troops.     The  Fifth  was  enga.edTn  dev 
pitched  battles  and  eight  skirmishes,  ere  it  enrerk  upon! 

battle.     It  captured  six  rebel  flags,  and  more  prisoners  than  it 
ever  had  men  in  its  ranks. 

The  Sixth  Regiment,  commanded  by  Abner  Knowles  of  Ban- 
gor,  was  composed  chiefly  of  the  hardy  lumbermen  of  the  Pe- 

•  ir  J     ^'^-  .'"''•  ''"""'^^  ''''  ''''  ^-^^'^^  --  "^  the  right 
place.     Passing  through  Philadelphia,  the  regiment  made  a  ifalt 

near  some  hquor-shops.     The  colonel  requested  the  nroprietors 

not  to  sell  to  the  men  of  his  regiment.     The  rumseller'  d   r  ! 

garded  Ins  request      He   sent  a  file   of  soldiers,  shut  up   the 

.hops   and  placed  the  proprietors  under  guard.     Several  ^f  the 

digmfied  Quakers  o    Philadelphia  were  looking  on:  they  said, 

Pnend  Knowles,  thy  conduct  meets  our  approval.     We  wil 
back  thee  up  if  necessary." 

Col.  Knowles  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Hiram  Burnhara.     This 

\nnT'  r?./"  ''"1  f"^'-f  ''''^''  '^"^  '"  '^'^y  "^^^">-  skirmishes. 
It  lost  in  battle,  and  by  sickness,  the  result  of  military  exposure 

and  fatigue,  about   throe  hundred  men.     Col.    Burnham,  pro- 
moted to  a  brigadier-generalship,  fell  at  the  head  of  his  bn^ade 
a     the   battle   of  Ciiapiu's  Bluff.     The   reader  is  referre°d  to' 

Mame  in  the  War  "  for  the  minor  changes  wliich  took  place  in 
the  command  of  these  regiments.  I  can  only  give  a  brief  sketch 
ot  the  general  movements,  and  must  omit  all  the  minor  details. 

Ihe  beventh  Regiment   was  rendezvoused  at  Augusta,  and 


472 


THE  nrSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


entered  into  achye  service  with  Edwin  D.  Mason  as  ^'ts  colonel 
tLT.  fv'  w  ^'^\«^"^-"-y  battle  which  placed  Will  ams- 

Se  Ld  to  ttm!  "T,r  ""''  '"''  "'^^  "^^^  ^'^^  ^»  ^^'^  hand, 
a.aiessed  to  them  the  following  complimentary  words  :  - 

favor.     You  have  d  I  rvedt Jl  t  '  '"  "'^^  "^  "''^*''''^  "^  «"^ 

their  gratitude  eym  no?  orlt'to^'r?*''"  "^'  °'  ^^"^  '*^*^'  -^  - 
praise  so  justly  your  due  Cent  nne  M  \  1  "^'^  ^°"  '^''  "^'^"^s  and 
thetnu,„;,hoL'urc;!::  wiUbe    p  edyt^^^^  "^  ^J^'^^^y^  -d 

merit,  you  shall  hereafter  bear  the  ta'tZ' W-,r"T''""  ''  ^^"^ 
eo^.^^.ie.,.y.ordsare.ehle.:rr:\:^i^ 

hat  ::;^;rLC::!"^"  ^^'^^^^-^^-^^  ^"-^^'  -^^^^^  - 

St  Jnl'l  ^'f ',\^^§^^™«"t  was  rendezvoused  at  Augusta      Lee 
Stnckland  of  Livermore  was  colonel.     The  physio  ue  of  tl 
men  was  said  to  be  remarkably  fine      Mi    Strflf  \  ,m 

most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  war      Til   ^.     ui  "       f  '^ 

batteries  on  two  muddt     ands  i!;,     '"'''  'T"'""'  ""  1^'"'" 
each  da,  covered  hyt^e  tnt Ml        '""'  """"  ^^^''^  '"- 

n>e„  of  the  Eighth,  Sa,„ue.  ZCfL^"^^::^^ 
Woodbury,  were  posted  on  picket  on  one  of  the"!'  Ztl     I 

rteTdef'Bur^""'' ^™ ''^^"  '"-"  ^-'  ''"^^-"°» 

owea,^::;t^tdLr2t^^-:r^r:^j; 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


478 


inl  f  ^^f  ^^7«t«'  -nd  as  slowly  ebbed  away.  In  the  morn- 
ing  they  returned  to  camp  utterly  exhausted.  Holt  and  Goff 
both  soon  died  from  the  effeets  of  the  eruel  exposure."  Wood- 
buiy  survived,  but  with  a  ruined  constitution.  The  regiment 
^uffered  severely  irom  toil  and  exposure  to  an  unheal th^re 
Ai  one  time  three  hundred  men  were  in  hospital. 

Until  this  time,  the  government  had  not  seen  fit  to  employ 
colored  men  as  soldiers.  So  great  was  the  opposition  to  t^fs 
me..ure,  tha,  many  officers  of  white  regiments'' fused  to  Id 
any  intercourse  with  officers  who  took  command  in  colored  re^i- 
ments.  Both  the  officers  and  the  men  of  the  Eighth  Re'imen  , 
nsing  superior  to  this  ridiculous  prejudice,  warmly  advocated 

tL  TfT  "^    '"''"^^    '^°°P^-     ^^"-    Saxton    selected 

from  that  regiment  nearly  half  the  line  officers  for  the  First 
Regiment  of  colored  soldiers.     Grateful  to  the  regiment  for  its 
support  m  the  trying  hours  when  most  of  his  brother  officers 
retused  even  to  recognize  him  in  the  strcQts,  tliough  he  was  a 
regular  army   officer,   a   courteous  gentleman,   ai^d    a   devout 
Christian,  he  selected   still  a  large  number  from   the  Eighth 
Maine,   or  the  Second  Colored  Regiment.     But  the  tide  had 
now  so  turned  that  more  than  a  thousand  officers  and  men  ap- 
P bed  for  such  positions.     The  career  of  this  regiment  was  full 
of  remarkable  incident  and  heroic  enterprise ;  for  a  more  detailed 
account  of  which  we  must  refer  our  readers  to  the  excellent 
history  of  "Maine  in  the  War,"  to  which  we  have  before  re- 
ferred      During  a  period  of  but  six  months,  this  regiment  was 
m  thirteen  general  engagements,  besides  many  skirmishes. 

Ihe  Ninth  Regiment  was  rendezvoused  at  Augusta.  Rish- 
worth  Rich  of  Portland  was  colonel.  Their  ;assage  in  a 
rickety  steamer,  and  encountering  a  terrific  storm,  from  Fortress 
Monroe  to  Port  Royal,  was  more  dreadful,  in  pe;il  and  in  suf! 
fenng,  ban  can  be  described.  In  this  fearful  gale,  at  midnight, 
the  captain  of  the  ship  informed  Col.  Rich  that  he  did  not  think 
It  possible  hat  the  vessel  could  be  kept  afloat  much  longer,  and 
that  they  all  must  go  to  the  bottom  before  morning.  Almost 
muaculously  they  were  saved.     The  regiment  was  vigorously 

1  Maine  in  the  Wax.    By  WUliam  E.  S.  Whitman,  and  Cliarles  E.  True.  P.  199. 


474 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


employed  in  campaigning  and  successful  fighting,  until  Col. 
Rich  broken  down  by  toil  and  exposure,  was  compelled  to  re- 
AfiiT  '.  ^°™'"^««'°"-  ^^  ^vas  succeeded  by  Sabine  Emory. 
At  Morns  Island,  the  colonel  and  his  regiment  acquired  much 
renown,  performing  feats  of  valor  which  none  but  the  bravest 
men  could  perform.  It  is  admitted  that  the  capture"  of  the 
island  was  greatly  owing  to  the  intrepidity  and  wise  tactics  of 
tlie  Mame  Ninth.  A  number  of  flags  were  taken.  Gen.  Q  A 
statrmirl^^''"'  ^°  Gov.  Abner  Coburn,  with  tlxo  following 

J.'l  ^rJ^^  ^°"°'  *°  ^"'■'"'''■^^  ^^'^  '"^^^  ^^^'  c^rttirea  by  the  soldiers  of 
the  Amth  Regiment  of  Maine  Volunteers.     The  n.mes  of  the  c^  tors  are 

8e?f  an  H  J   v        '  I  '™  "T  ^  '°""°  °^  gratification  and  pride  to  your- 
self and  the  citizens  of  your  State,  to  receive  these  trophies  of  the  pallLtrv 

ou':r»  "'  '^'"^^""^  "'  *''^  '''''^''  ''''''  forthe  vindie'alr  ^f 

The  Tenth  Regiment  was  organized  with  George  L.  Beal  of 
Norway  co  onel.  ,  This  regiment  was  exposed  to  hard  duty 
winch  It  cheerfully  performed,  and  to  heavy  losses,  which  I 
endured  without  a  murmur.  At  times  they  slept  in  the  cold 
and  slee  and  rain  of  a  November  night,  with  no  covering  but 
that  of  the  dripping  clouds.  One  of  the  companies  marched 
htty-seven  miles  in  twenty-four  consecutive  hours.  The  re-i- 
men    performed  signal  service  in  the  valley  of  the  Shenando.ah. 

James  S.  Fillebrown,  who  very  ably  discharged  his  wei-^htv 
responsibilities.  Col.  Beal  won  the  gratitude  of  every  ma^  in 
nis  regiment  by  his  devotion  to  their  comfort,  in  scenes  of  bun- 
ger  and  cold  and  fatigue,  and  when  the  bullets  and  shells  of  the 
rebels  were  thinning  their  ranks.  Both  Col.  Beal  and  Lieut.- 
Col.  Iillebrown  were  presented  by  the  men  of  the  rc-im -nt 
wi  h  very  handsome  testimonials  of  their  regard.  Their  'ex- 
cellent chaplain  also,  George  Knox  of  Brunswick,  received  a 
superb  gold  watch  and  chain.  .    . 

When  the  regiment  was  mustered  out  of  service  it  contained 
four  hundred  and  fifty  men.     In  the  casualties  of  war,  two 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  475 

hundred  and  fifty-elgh',  had  disappeared.     The  State  reeo^nized 

itmI:?'  '''^'''' '''  ''''''"^ ''  °"^  ^'  ''^  -'-^^«o- 

The  ton  regiments  to  which  wo  have  alluded  were  raised 
rxcluswely  l>v  the  State.  The  Eleventh  was  at  the  exper  ^ 
the  genera  government.  John  C.  CaMwell  of  East  Maehias 
was  colonel.  It  was  a  splendid  regiment,  and  recei  .^d  n 
Washington  much  commenduiion  for  the  excellence  of  its  drill 
Very  speeddy  .t  was  led  into  action,  and  that  of  the  hotte  i 

veteran  .  There  is  scarcely  any  thing  in  the  history  of  war 
more  sublime  than  many  of  the  scenes  through  which  this  reni- 
ment  passed.  In  the  terrible  series  of  battles  which  accom- 
pan.ed  what  was  called  a  "  Change  of  Base,"  the  Eleventh  was 
a  most  incessantly  engaged.  The  Eleventh  was  a  portion  of 
ne  brigade  of  Gen.  Naglee.  In  taking  leave  of  fhil  bn^mle 
the  general  left  the  following  testimony  to  its  heroism  :  _ 

thJcHr.'  "•'  ^°T  1  ^'""^i^Sheen  tho  first  to  pass,  and  the  last  to  leave, 
the  Cluokahominy.     And,  Avhile  you  led  tho  advance  from  this  niemorTe 
pace  near  R.chn.ond.  you  were  the  last  in  the  retreating  coh.r  Tit 
after  seven  days'  constant  fighting,  it  reached  a  place  of  security  and    esl 
at  Ilarnson's  Landing."  •'  "• 

The  Twelfth  Regiment  was  raised  by  the  general  government, 
with  George  F.  Shepley  as  colonel.  These  men  were  sent  from 
Boston  by  water,  far  away  to  Ship  Island,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi.  Col.  Shepley  was  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
eloquent  lawyers  in  Maine.  Upon  the  capture  of  New  Orleans 
the  troops  ascended  the  river  to  that  city.  Col.  Shepley  pro' 
moted  to  a  brigadier-generalship,  was  placed  in  military 'com- 
mand. There  could  not  have  been  a  more  judicious  selection 
lor  this  important  post. 

Col.  William  K.  Kimball  of  Paris,  Me.,  took  command  of  the 
regiment.  ^  Aided  by  a  gunboat,  he  soon  captured  two  batteries 
ot  six  thirty-two  pounders,  with  a  stand  of  colors,  a  large 
amount  of  ordnance  stores,  and  eight  thousand  dollars  of  Con- 
federate currency.  The  War  Department  highly  commended 
the  brilliant  acluevement,  and  ordered  the  captured  colors  tore- 


176 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


m  n  w:  h  the  Twelfth,  as  a  trophy  of  their  vietory.  After 
many  wild  and  w,.„drouH  expeditions  in  the  extreme  South  the 
rcgunent  returned  to  the  battle-fields  of  Virginia.  Tl  r  '  the 
troops  were  engaged  in  an  almost  ineessant  eonflict ;  and  neal 

d  en     o  H        T    ''"''"''  "^  '^''  "^"-     ^^''y  '^'^^  ever  obe- 
dient to  their  officers,  eager  for  .ction,  and  displayed  an  invin- 

everv:""'^  'T'' T""  '""  ^^^^™  ^"^^'^  con'metdation  r  m 
ev  ry  general  under  whom  they  served.  Gen.  Shepley  remained 
mihtary  commandant  at  New  Orleans  until  1802,  when  he  wis 
invested  w,th  the  arduous  and  responsible  offiee  of  mditi; 
governor  of  Louisiana.  This  post  he  fdled  to  the  ..reaTsS 
faction  of  the  national  government  until  18G4,  whl  he  wis 
transferred  to  fill  a  similar  post  in  Virginia  ^ 

The  Thirteenth  Regiment  was  raised  at  large,  and  rendez- 
voused   ra   Augusta.      Neal    Dow   of    Portlanclwas    eobne 
Upon  Its  organizatidn  it  was  speedily  sent  to  Ship  Island      The 

;i:H'^;^^STs;i/^-^^^  ^^--^'^^^  toi^.wi^its^::^ 

et  f  !ll  .  ^^''''rf  ^^'"'"'  ""^  '^''  Thirty-first  Massachu- 
setts,  a  most  miraculously  escaped  foundering  durin-  a  terrific 
storm  at  sea.  The  Thirteenth  was  stationed  for  some'^time  in  the 
occupancy  of  Ship  Island.  On  this  glowing  expanse  o  d 
sand,  beneath  an  abnost  tropieal  sun,  the  regiment,  passing  in 
mid-wmter  from  the  North,  suffered  in  heaUh  ve  /severely! 
Their  drill  was  excellent.  Gen.  Weitzel  said  that  he  had  neve 
seen  better  soldiers. 

They  were  eventually  seat  on  a  campaign  into  Texas  and 
agam  upon  an  eventful  expedition  to  Red  !liver.  In  both  of 
these  enterprises,  their  deprivations  and  sufferings  were  terrible 
It  would  require  a  volume  to  give  any  thing  like  an  a  lea  ute' 
deser,mon  of  these  bold  adventures.  On  one  of  these  oxp^d^! 
tions  they  performed  a  march  of  five  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
wlule  continually  exposed  to  attack  from  a  watchful  foe. 

At  length  these  veteran  troops  were  ord-,red  North,  to  report 

whde";fr       '^f  "«^-°'  ^^-  ^-«  of  supplies  for  Sheridan' 
whole  aimy,  was  intrusted  to  their  care.     The  regiment,  after 


1  "  Maine  In  the  "War,"  p.  299. 


TIIE  IIiaTo..:    OF  MAINE.  477 

Chang;,!  "^""''  ''"'"'™"»  ""PrUoument  he  wa'  ex! 

The  Fourteenth  Regiment  was  collected  at  Augusta     Frn.fc 
S.  Nickerson  of  Sei.«,,„,t  was  coloiwl       ti 
»»3igned  to  the  thh-J  bn4d     u^d  "r    L    I     T""™',  "»' 
Bent  to  Ship  Wand,  and  then  e    o  N„;  OH^nf ''i,;'"' Tf 
serious  battle  was  at  Baton  Eon™      Tl  .     ,     '"  ''"' 

Maine,  who,  at  the  su»„,;"X  eou^  ^  ..Id ',1  T'  "' 

?:  istr^"^""  "f '-■^^^'"  "''-n2;'dii.^';trrn: 

imKkt  tlie  carnage  and  tumult  of  war.     Ge„.  Weitzel  wrolein 
the  Inghest  terms  of  commendation  of  the  valor  of  thr^i,' 
Fourteenth  n.  encountering  "  the  whole  brunt  of  th       t  .ek  " 
There  seems  to  have  been  but  little  rest  for  this  re^hn  nT  bv 

ftf  sto"„  :n    "'7  "™ /""'"'   '-«s.    However  sevo" 
tlie  stoira  0.    the  shower,  they  had  no  shelter.      Their  o.ilv 

heTTrnr^:™  """  «-"-'«"•-•  «l-"  they  Xd  t 
their  hands.  It  seems  strange  that  men  could  endure  such 
hardships,  and  live.  There  were  no  troops  who  serve''  mom 
effieieiitly  in  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson  tlLi  the  ^ ZZ 

,.  J''°  ^i"f """  '^fS'ment  was  raised  principallv  in  the  remote 

Zd  F„r'°f  ?™"'^'-  •'°'"'  ^''^'->^^  °f  Ho,  t  „ : 

atCa  'oltn  'f'-'^f""-- "'»"""  ""  ■■'^gi'nent  was  encamped 
maud  R  \  '  Lie'it.-Col.  Dyer  was  promoted  to  the  cL- 
mand.  But  here,  amidst  the  swamps  of  Mississippi,  the  re", 
ment  suffered  severely  from  sickness.     In  September  it  ™  re- 

oTrn'o  tl:!"r"'"'„"'""'"'  '"'  '"i°^-''  of  a  slTil 
Clime,  the  sick  rapidly  recovered.     Col.  Dver  was  son,,  ni..  a 

.n^command  of  the  post,  and  Benjamin^'.  7ur::;"blrmo 


478 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MAINE. 


Upon  leaving  Maine  the  regiment  numbered  nine  hundred 
and  sixty  men.  In  one  year,  without  being  in  a  single  battle, 
it  lost,  from  sickness  and  the  other  casualties  of  a  campaign, 
three  hundred  and  twenty-nine  of  its  number.  Though  these 
troops  were  not  engaged  in  any  pitched  battles,  they  pas  ^d 
through  a  strange  series  of  perilous  and  romantic  adventures, 
in  all  which  they  proved  themselves  to  be  good  men  and  true. 

In  September,  1861,  the  secretary  ( f  war  solicited  from 
tlie  governor  of  Maine  a  rifle  company  of  sharpshooters. 
Every  man  was  subject  to  a  rigid  examination  as  to  his  physical 
powers  of  endurance ;  and  tliey  were  required,  at  the  distance 
of  two  hundred  yards,  to  put  ten  consecutive  shots  within  a 
circle  ten  inches  in  diameter. 

James  D.  Fessenden  of  Portland  was  captain  of  this  com- 
pany. Th^,  men  were  equipi,ed  in  a  superior  manner.  The 
company  was  attached  to  Berdan's  Second  Regiment  of  sharp- 
shooters. It  was  dent,  by  the  way  of  Washington,  first  to 
Camp  William  near  Alexandria,  and  thence  to  Falmouth,  Va. 
Almost  immediately  the  company  entered  upon  a  series  of 
skirmishes,  with  the  foe  ever  retiring  before  them.  None 
but  men  of  iron  nerves  could  have  performed  the  toilsome 
marches  and  the  shelteiless  bivouacs  through  which  they 
passed.  They  were  often  exposed  to  a  terrific  fire  from  the 
enemy's  batteries,  but  ever  stood  their  ground  with  the  firmness 
of  veteians.  At  one  time  this  company  was  pitted  against  an 
equal  number  of  rebel  sharpshooters.  The  rebels,  having  lost 
thirty  of  their  number,  fled,  while  the  Maine  riflemen  lost  but 
three. 

Ill  one  engagement  this  heroic  band  of  men  was  so  utterly 
exhausted  by  marching,  counter-marching,  and  fightins^,  with 
short  rations  and  but  little  sleep,  that  but  twelve  could  enter 
into  battlo.  In  the  battle  of  Antietara  they  bore  an  honorable 
part.  For  four  hours  they  were  under  fire,  and  lost  six  of  their 
men.  At  Chancellorsville  they  were  for  two  days  constantly 
engaged  with  the  sharpshooters  of  the  foe.  In  the  three-days' 
battle  at  Gettysburg,  they  took  an  active  part,  losing  elaven  in 
wounded  and  prisoners.  And  thus  these  heroic  men,  through 
sufferings,  toil,  and  death,  counted  not  their  lives  dear  to  them, 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


479 


that  they  might  preserve  the  flag  which  treason  and  rebellion 
would  trample  in  the  dust.  Capt.  Fessendeu  rose,  by  rapid 
promotion,  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 

The  First  Maine  Regiment  of  cavalry  was  raised  at  lar^e 
It  consisted  of  twelve  companies.  John  Goddard  of  Grpe 
Ehzabeth  was  its  colonel.  It  is  said  that  there  was  no  cavalry 
regiment  in  the  service  superior  to  this  in  the  character  of  its 
men  and  its  horses.  Samuel  H.  Allen  took  the  command  as 
colonel,  when  the  regiment  was  thoroughly  organized.  Imme- 
diately upon  their  arrival  in  Washington  the  various  companies 
were  detached  for  separate  service.  It  is  impossible,  in  the 
brief  space  wliich  can  be  allotted  to  the  subject  here,  to  narrate 
the  wonderful  and  often  awfid  adventures  through  which  these 
companies  hewed  their  way.  One  incident  I  cannot  refrain 
from  recordinsr. 

Lieut.  Hill,  who  was  acting  as  quartermaster  of  the  battal- 
ion, was,  with  his  team,  taken  captive.  Under  a  rebel  guard 
he  was  being  carried  away,  seated  in  a  wagon.  Carefully 
searching,  he  found  a  loaded  revolver.  With  tliis  he  shot  his 
guard,  recaptured  his  own  team  and  some  others,  and  drove 
back  to  the  Union  lines.* 

The  severity  of  the  service  to  which  the  men  of  this  regi- 
ment were  exposed  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that,  during 
a  period  of  about  six  months,  seven  hundred  of  their  horses 
were  either  lost  in  action  or  worn  out.  The  record  of  the 
gallantly  of  these  men,  and  of  their  suffering  from  cold,  hun- 
ger, fatigue,  wounds,  and  death,  is  melancholy  in  the  extreme. 
And,  the  more  we  admire  their  heroism,  the  more  do  we  deplore 
the  awful  war  which  infamous  rebellion  forced  upon  them,  drao-- 
ging  them  from  all  the  joys  of  their  happy  homes,  to  woes 
whicli  no  pen  can  describe,  and  which  no  imagination  can  con- 
ceive. 

In  the  autumn  of  1861,  the  State  of  Maine  raised  six  batter- 
ies of  mounted  light  artillery.  Each  battery  was  an  independ- 
ant  organization.  We  can  but  briefly  refer  to  their  patriotic 
devotion   to   the  salvation  of  their  country  through  fields  of 


1, 


•  Maiiio  iu  th;;  War,  p.  554. 


480 


THE  HISTORY  OF   MAINE. 


bbod.     Of  the  First  Battery,  Edward  W.  Thompson  of  Bruns- 
wick was  captain.     It  was  despatched  at  once  to  Ship  Island, 
and  thence  to  New  Orleans.     With  one  hundred  and  forty-nine 
men,  the  battery  was  stationed  about  six  miles  from  the  city. 
It  was  a  very  sickly  region.     In  one  month  seventy  men  either 
died  or  were  disabled.     Having  been  attached  to  Gen.  Weit- 
zol's  corps,  they  were  transported   to  Donaldsonville,  where, 
Avith  great  gallantry,  they  captured  a  twelve-pounder  from  the 
rebels,  which  the  battery  was  allowed  to  retain.     They  had, 
however,   already  lost  so   many  men  that  a  detachment  of 
inltmtry  was  assigned  to  them. 

Col.  Thompson's  health  utterly  failed  him.  He  resigned  his 
post,  and  was  sacceeded  by  Albert  W.  Bradford  of  Eastport. 
Skirmishes  and  battles,  wounds,  woe,  and  death,  rapidly  fol- 
lowed. At  Port  Hudson  the  battery  was  hotlv  engaged.  After 
the  fall  of  Port  Hudson,  the  battery  was  moVed  in  transports 
to  Donaldsonville.,  Here  again  the  troops  passed  through  an 
awful  sjene  of  battle  and  blood.  Almost  every  day  now  had  - 
Its  record  of  fatiguing  marches  and  sanguinary  conflicts.  Re- 
turning to  the  North,  the  men  re-enlisted,  and  fought  in  Virginia 
more  battles  than  can  well  be  counted. 

The  Second   Maine  :Mounted  Battery  had  Davis  Tillson  of 
Rockland  for  captain.     He  was  a  West  Point  graduate,  and 
had  been  adjutant-general  of  Maine.     The  troops  repaired  to 
Washington,  and  went  into  camp  on  Capitol  Hill.     Soon,  how- 
ever, the  battery  was  sent   to  Manassas,  and  entered  upon  a 
series  of  constant,  deadly  battles,  with  almost  invariably  victo- 
rious results.    But  in  war  heavy  blows  must  be  received,  as  well 
as  given.     Horses  were  shot,  guns  dismounted,  men  ^  junded 
and  killed  ;  but  still  the  bleeding  and  exhausted  battery  held 
on  Its  way  until  the  victory  was  won.     Capt.  Tillson  was  soon 
promoted,  and  was  succeeded  'n  the  command  by  Capt.  James 
A.  Hall  of  Damariscotta,  who  was  followed  by  Lieut.  Ulmer, 
and  he  was  followed  by  Lieut.  Albert  F.  Tl;omas. 

The  Third  Mounted  Battery  was  rendezvoused  in  Augusta, 
under  James  G.  Swett  of  Brewer  as  captain.  After  spending 
a  little  time  at  Capitol  Hill,  it  was  embarked  for  Alexant 
dria,  Va.,  to  guard  the    rubber  pontoons.     Passing  through 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


481 


variou8  changes,  it  became  at  length  attached  to  the  First  Maine 
Heavy  Artillery,  and  was  stationed  for  the  defence  of  Wash- 
ington.  The  reader  would  weary  of  a  minute  recital  of  the 
skirmishes  and  battles  in  which  it  engaged,  of  the  losses  which 
It  encountered,  and  of  the  victories  which  it  won. 

But  nothing  can  give  one  a  more  impressive  idea  of  the  terri- 
ble energies  of  this  rebellion,  than  to  reflect  that  the  wonderful 
efforts_  which  Maine  put  forth  were  rivalled  by  every  loyal 
State  in  the  Union.  Dreadful  was  the  war  which  we  waged 
with  England  for  the  establishment  of  our  nationality ;  but  in- 
hnitely  more  terrible  was  the  war  in  which  we  engaged  with 
foul  rebellion,  that  the  nationality  which  had  cost  us  so  dear 
might  be  perpetuated.  For  a  long  time  the  battery  was  almost 
daily  contending  with  the  batteries  of  the  enemy.  When  the- 
battery  was  withdrawn  from  the  lines  before  Petersburg,  the 
chief  of  artillery  commended  in  high  terms  the  military  disci- 
phne,  the  neatness,  order,  and  efiiciency,  with  which  all  its 
duties  had  been  performed. 

The  Fourth  Mounted  Battery  was  commanded  by  O'Neil  W 
Robinson  of  Bethel.     Capt.  Robinson  was  a  graduate  of  Bow- 
doiii  College    and   a  lawyer  by  profession.     The  battery  was 
first  stationed  at  Fort  Ramsey,  seven  miles  from  Alexandria,  in 
Virginia.     The  history  of  tliis  battery  was  essentially  like  that 
of  the  others.     Its  theatre  of  action  was  Virginia ;  and  it  had 
scarcely  any  respite  from  fatiguing  marches  and  deadly  bom- 
bardments.     But  few  of  those  who  originally  enlisted  returned 
to  their  homes  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  the  victories  they  had  won 
_    These  young  men,  from  the  comfortable  homes  and  peaceful 
industries  of  Maine,  had  but  just  entered  the  valley  of  the 
bhenandoah,  when  they  were  placed  under  the  cross-fire  of  two 
rebel  batteries  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Run.     In  that  awful  scene 
of  thunder  roar  and  shrieking  shells,  as  the  ground  was  ploughed 
by_ cannon-balls,  as  horses  were  shot,  guns  dismounted,  and  the 
dying  and  dead  were  falling  around,  the  noble  young  men, 
the  pride  of  their  friends  and  the  hope  of  the  State,  maintained 
their  position  with  invincible   courage.     Not  a  man  flinched 
from  his  post.    There  were  several  changes  in  the  command. 


frnrn   r\Tn 
— •'•'  i 


■motions  and  the  other  vicissitudes  of  &,  campaign. 


482 


TffS  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  Fifth  Mounted  Battery  was  raised  at  large.     George  F. 
Leppien  of  Portland  was  intrusted  witli  the  command.     He 
was  admirably  qualified  for  the  responsible  duty ;   for  he  had 
been  educated  in  the  best  German  universities,  had  spent  five 
years  in  a  military  school  in   Prussia,  and  had  already  held  a 
lieutenant's    commission   in   a   Pennsylvania    battery.      These 
men  were  very  promptly  led  forward  to  the  front,  where  the 
battles  were  raging  in  the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah.     At  the 
battle  of   Fredericksburg,  this    battery   was    exposed   to   the 
heaviest  cannonade  of  the  day ;  and  the  men  won  golden  opin- 
ions for  their  unflinching  courage,  their  accuracy  of  aim,  and 
their  rapidity  of  fire.     At  the  inexplicable  disaster  at  Chancel- 
lorsville,  the  battery  was  exposed  to  a  terribly  destructive  fire 
from-three  rebel  batteries.     There  they  stood  effectively  work- 
ing their  guns,  and  holding  a  large  body  of  infantry  in  cheek, 
until  Capt.  Leppien  was  struck  down  by  a  mortal  wound ;  both 
of  the  lieuLonant^  Greenlief  T.  Stevens  of  Augusta,  and  Adel- 
bert  B.  Twitchell  of  Bethel,  were  severely  wounded ;  six  men 
were  killed  outright,  twenty-two  were  wounded  and  prostrate 
in  their  blood,  forty  horses  were  either  killed  or  disabled,  and 
their  ammunition  was  exhausted.     Then,  by  the  aid  of  infantry 
supports,  the  guns  were  dragged  off.    It  is  hard  to  forgive  those 
rebels,  who,  without  the  slightest  justifiable  cause,  plunged  our 
country  into  so  deadly  a  war,  sending  lamentation  and  mourn- 
ing to  thousands  of  once  happy  homes. 

Again  at  Gettysburg  this  heroic  battery  met  with  appalling 
losses  and  srfferings,  and  performed  deeds  of  daring  which  won 
for  them  great  admiratioi  For  the  second  time  the  battery 
was  left  with  but  one  oflBcer  not  wounded.  Capt.  Hunt,  who 
had  succeeded  Capt.  Leppien,  was  severely  wounded  on  the 
first  of  this  three-days'  battle.  And  thus  the  dreadful  days 
came  and  went  with  elaughter,  wounds,  anguish,  death.  We 
hope  there  is  somewhere  reward  for  those  noble  men  who  thus 
suffered  and  died  for  us.  Had  they  failed,  who  can  imagine 
the  disasters  without  end  which  would  have  befallen  our  dis- 
membered land  ? 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

MAINE  IN  THE  WAR  OF  THE  EEBELLION,  CONTINUED. 

Battle  of  Cedar  Mountain -Bivouacking  in  the  Rain  -  Testimony  of  Gen 

Sarch-Ba';;irirM™    "'    '^'    Twenty-Seventh    Regiment  -  Toilsome 
FfflrN-Tf  M  Mananna- Ravages    of  Sickness  -  Summary  of   the 

ll  a  T^^''"l~,^"^°'-^'°-  ^-  ^-  ^«^^'-'»  ^*  Gettysburg -MTjor-Gen 
Joshua  L.  Chamberlain  at  the  Surrender  of  Lee. 

rpHE  Sixth  Mounted  Battery,  raised  by  Maine,  was  composed 
-^    chiefly  of  young  men  from  the  counties  of  York,  Waldo,  and 
Aroostook.    Freeman  McGilvery  of  Stockton  was  captain.     The 
battery  was  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  army  of  Virginia.     Gen.  Banks 
with  SIX  thousand  men,  was  endeavoring  to  arrest  the  march  of 
btonewallJackson,who  had  thirty  thousand  under  his  command. 
Both  the  Fourth  and  Sixth  Maine  Batteries  were  brou-ht  into 
action  at  Cedar  Mountain.     Here  the  Sixth  first  experienced 
the  terrors  and  toils  of  battle.     For  six  hours  the  deadly  fight- 
ing raged.     Inexperienced  as  they  were  in  the  horrors  of  war 
they  stood  at  their  posts  so  manfully,  repelling  repeated  charges,' 
that  Gen  Augur,  to  whose  division  the  battery  was  attached, 
congratulated  Capt.  McGilvery  on   his   gallant  conduct,  and 
said  that  the  battery  was  the  means  of  repelling  the  assaults  on 
the  left  flank,  and  had  thus  saved  the  division  from  destruction. 
A  retreat  to  the  Rappahannock  was  necessary.     The  little 
band   pressed  by  out-numbering  foes,  marching  and  counter- 
marchrng,  fought  night  and  day,  living  upon  half  rations,  and 
with  scarcely  a  moment  for  rest.     We    cannot    follow   this 
battery  m  its  heroic  career  of  almost  rr  sssant  battles. 

C^pt.  McGilvery  received  deserved  promotion;  and  Edwin 
B.  uow  of  Fortknd  was  intrusted  with  the  command.      At 

483 


484 


TUB  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


Gettysburg  the  Sixth  performed  very  efficient  service.     Though 

It  suffered  severely,  it  persistently  held  its  position,  and  was 

highly  complimented  by  Gens.  Tyler  and  Hunt  for  its  gallantry. 

Lieut.  Rogers  succeeded  Capt.  Dow  in  command  of  the  battery. 

We  now  return  to  the  regiments.     Maine  had  already  fur- 

nished  the  general  government  with  fifteen  regiments  ;  and  it  is 

safe  to  say  that  none  better,  in  the  courage  and  hardihood  of 

the  men  and  their  high-toned  character,  had  entered  the  service 

In  the  year  1862,  the  State  was  called  upon  for  more  men,  and 

the    Sixteenth    Regiment    of   infantry    was    organized.     Asa 

Wildes  of  Skowhegan  was  colonel. 

Sadly  yet  resolutely  these  young  men  left  well-tilled  farms 
and  comfortable  homes,  their  workshops  and  mills,  and  all  the 
charms  of  peaceful  domestic  life,  for  the  hazards  and  sufferiufrg 
of  war.  They  were  men  of  peace.  Dire  necessity  alone  could 
induce  them  to  exchange  their  homes  for  the  tented  field.  The 
regiment,  like  maiiy  others,  was  mustered  into  the  United 
States  service  by  Major  J.  W.  T.  Gardiner. 

The   troops   were   sent   immediately    to    Washington;    and, 
crossing  the  Potomac  by  Long  Bridge,  encamped  on  Arlington 
Heights,  the  former  residence  of  the  verv  able  and  very  unhrnpy 
rebel  general,  Robert  E.  Lee.     Their  tents  were  scarcely  reared 
when  they  were  ordered  to  the  front,  to  meet  the  rebels  who 
had  crossed  the  Potomac,  and  were  threatening  Pennsylvania. 
It  was   September.     The   nights  were   chill,  and   there   were 
frequent  storms.     But  the  regiment  had  moved  so  rapidly  that 
It  was  very  poorly  supplied   with  clothing  or  camp   equipage. 
The  men  encamped  on  the  P'otomac,  about  three  miles  west  of 
Sharpsburg.     Their  only  shelter  was  such  as  they  could  con- 
struct from  boughs  of  trees  and  cornstalks.     But  these  would 
neither  exclude  wind  nor  rain.     All  their  baggage  remained  in 
Washington.     Their  rations  were  poor  and  insufficient. 

The  regiment  had  dwindled  to  seven  hundred  men.  They 
had  no  change  of  clothing,  no  medicine.  Terrible  discomfort 
prevailed,  with  filth  and  vermin.  There  must  have  been  great, 
incapacity  somewhere  to  have  allowed  such  a  state  of  things  to 
exist.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  were  on  the  sick-list.  Many 
died.  Exposure,  scanty  food,  and  genera)  wretchedness >/ere 
more  fatal  than  the  bullets  of  the  foe  could  have  been. 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE.  4tjJ> 

Under  such  deplorable  circumstances,  the  Sixteenth  received 
marching  orders.  In  a  pouring  rain  they  broke  camp,  and  after 
a  weary  niarch  halted  for  the  night  in  the  woods.  It  was  an 
awful  night.  The  rain  fell  in  torrents.  An  almost  wintry  gale 
pierced  their  thin  clothing.  There  was  no  shelter.  Camp-fires 
could  not  be  built.  The  bitter  cold  and  general  wretchedness 
prevented  all  sleep.  The  sufiferings  of  that  night  will  never  be 
forgotten  by  those  who  endured  them.  In  a  long  and  woful 
march  they  reached  Warrington,  on  the  7th  of  November,  in  a 
n3avy  snow-storm. 

At  length  the  knapsacks  and  overcoats  of  the  regiment 
arrived,  and  the  despondency  into  which  the  men  had  been 
plunged  was  in  some  degree  dispelled.  A  terrible  battle  was 
fought  at  Fredericksburg.  These  worn  and  wasted  men  seemed 
as  regardless  of  shells  and  bullets  as  if  they  were  snowflakes. 
They  entered  the  field,  swept  by  the  storm  of  war,  about  four 
hundred  and  fifty  in  number.  Two  hundred  and  twer,ty-six 
were  either  killed  or  wounded.  Gen.  Burnside,  who  was  in 
command  of  the  army,  said,  "  Whatever  honor  we  can  claim  in 
that  contest  was  won  by  the  Maine  men." 

These  hardships  were  terrible.  The  men  had  been  so 
enfeebled  by  sickness  that  nearly  every  wounded  man  died 
The  regiment  had  dwinuled  down  to  forty  men.  A  hundred 
and  sixty  recruits  were  sent  to  add  to  their  numbers.  There 
seemed  to  be  no  end  to  the  sufiferings  of  this  regiment.  The 
nights  became  wintry  cold.  There  were  long  marches  through 
mud  and  ram,  and  bivouacking  almost  supperless  upon  the  bleak 
unsheltered  fields.  ' 

Napoleon  said  that  a  man  who  is  intrusted  with  the  lives  of 
his  fellow-men,  in  a  military  campaign,  should  examine  him- 
self to  see  if  he  is  equal  to  such  immense  responsibilities. 
There  was  no  intentional  neglect  in  this  case,  but  certainly 
there  was  great  incapacity  somewhere.  At  length  these  suffer- 
ing patriots  reached  winter-quarters,  and  enjoyed  a  little  rest. 
But  soon  again  the  turmoil  and  carnage  of  almost  ceaseless 
battle  were  recommenced.  We  can  only  give  the  final  result. 
The  numbers  originally  forming  the  regiment,  and  those  sent  to 
re-enforce  it,  amounted  to  two  thousand  and  ninety-seven.     Of 


I 


486 


THE  BIBTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  Seventeenth  Regiment  of  Infantry  was  mainly  from  the 
counties  of  Yoric,  Cumberland,  Androseogpin,  and  Oxford 
Thomas  A.  Roberts  of  Portland  was  colonel.  It  was  speeX 
sent  to  the  battle-fields  of  Virginia.  At  Prederick^u^^  and 
ChanceUorsvdle  and  Gettysburg,  and  many  other  fields™ 
carnage,  they  fought  with  valor  which  proved^heir  readme  s  to 
die  lor  their  country. 

And  so  it  was  with  the  Eighteenth  Regiment,  under  Col 
Dan,el  Chapm  of  Bangor;  the  Nineteenth,  under  Cd.  Frederick 

Ames  :i  Roc  ,  t ''  ri  '\  ''"™"^">'  '""'^'  Col.  Adalbert 
Ames  of  Rockland.    Joshua  L.  Chamberlain  of  Bowdoin  Col- 

g  lantiy  apeeddy  caused  him  to  be  promoted  by  Grant,  on  the 
fie  d  where  he  was. wounded,  to  the  rank  of  bri-radier-cneml 

rl  :^:VGrs  r  t-^^t^^  bngadier-gf ^iirihe- 

request  of  Gens.  Hooker,  Meade,  and  Hovard,  for  great  hero- 
J  displayed  at  Chancellorsville.     To  record  the  actievcmel 

been  ritSr  T  "  """"  l'\'""  '°  "P^"'  ™'-'  "^  ^'^^^i 
Z..I,!  u  ,  ^^  '"''"^  ""•™Sh  the  same  scenes  of  weary 
marches,  cold  b.vouac.  on  rain-drenched  fields,  and  terrible 

The  Twenty-First  Regiment  had  Elijah  D  Johnson  of  Lewis- 
ton  or  .ts  colonel.  It  was  sent  far  away  to  the  marshes  Ind 
the  bayous  of  the  extreme  South,  where  sickness  was  more  to 
be  feared  than  bullet  or  bayonet.  Though  wasted  b^  sSness 
■t  d,d  good  service  at  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson  In  one 
assault  ^  lost,  m  tilled  a-ul  wounded,  sixty  in  less  than  \lZ 

render  of  the  fort.  Iheir  term  of  service  having  expired,  thcv 
were  tmnsported  home.  The  fame  of  their  he^ism  had  'one 
before  them,  and  they  received  a  continuous  ovation  cdongihe 

Henrv  Sotbf  ^/r?'"*  ''f^™'"'  '™'  .ende.yoused  at  Bangor. 
Hemy  v,!osby  of  Hampden  was  colonel.  These  troops  were 
sent,  by  the  way  of  Washington  and  Fortreas  Monroe.'to  IZ 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


487 


Orleans.  Thence  it  ascended  the  river  to  take  part  in  the 
terrible  struggle  raging  around  Port  Hudson.  And  here  we 
have  but  the  same  story  to  tell  of  toil,  exhaustion,  -vounds, 
death,  and  the  final  victory  of  those  who  survived  these  awful 
scenes. 

The  Twenty-Third  Regiment  was  organized  under  Col. 
William  Wirt  Virgin  of  Norway.  The  young  men  were 
generally  from  Androscoggin  and  Oxford  Counties.  It  is  said, 
that  morally  and  intellectually  this  regiment  was  composed  of 
perhaps  the  best  set  of  men  who  had  thus  far  left  the  State. 
These  troops  spent  most  of  their  time  in  guarding  Washington. 
Their  labors  were  very  severe,  in  digging  rifle-pits  and  redoubts, 
building  barricades,  and  in  performing  picket  duty.  Under 
these  toils  and  exposure  about  fifty  died  dui-ing  the  ten  months 
the  regiment  was  in  service. 

The  Twenty-Fourth  Regiment  was  organized  at  Augusta. 
George  M.  Atwood  of  Gardiner  was  colonel.  Their  career  was 
indeed  an  arduous  one.  They  were  sent  to  the  unhealthy 
South,  and  to  the  unintermitted  toils  which  attended  the  siege 
of  Port  Hudson.  Nine  hundred  of  the  stalwart  sons  of  Maine 
left  Augusta.  At  the  end  of  the  year  for  which  they  enlisted 
but  five  hundred  and  seventy  returned ;  and  yet  not  one  was 
killed  in  battle. 

^  The  Twenty-Fifth  Regiment,  like  several  oAers,  enlisted  for 
nine  months'  service.  Francis  Fessendeu  of  Portland  was 
colonel  The  regiment  numbered  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  men.  It  rendezvoused  at  Portland,  and  first  repaired  to 
Capitol  Hill,  in  Washington.  Here  it  was  assigned  to  the 
third  brigade  of  Casey's  division,  and  Col.  Fessenden  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  brigade.  In  a  furious  storm  the 
troops  were  removed  to  Arlington  Heights.  Here  several 
months  were  spent  in  severe  labor,  guarding  Long  Bridge,  and 


constructing    fascines,  gabions. 


maguznies. 


and    bomb-proofs. 


Though  the  regiment  participated  in  no  engagement,  it  per- 
formed the  arduous  and  responsible  duties  which  were  assigned 
to  it  with  great  fidelity,  and  was  greeted  on  its  return  with 
warm  encomiums. 

The  Twenty-Sixth  Regiment  was  raised  mainly  in  the  coun- 


I 


488 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


ties  Of  Knox,  Hancock,  and  Waldo.     Ban-or  was  its  place  of 

colonel.  These  troops  were  first  .snt  to  Arlington  Heights 
then  to  Fortress  Monroe,  then  t,,  Newport  News,  then  In  a 
mag.„fieent  fleet  to  Ship  Island,  then  to  New  Orle^nMhen  to 

After  a   Z"      f  ^  "™"'?"'  ''^  ^^""  ^°"^'-  °^  --P'^if- 
After  a   delay  of  two   months  the  Twenty-Sixth,  with  other 

forces,  was  put  in  motion  on  the  march  to  Port  Hudson      Hav 

descended  sixty  miles  to  Donaldsonville.     From  this  point  they 
took  up  their  line   of   march  to  Thibodeaux,  thirty  six  miles 

by  rail   o  Brashear  City.     Upon   this  expedition  the  reiment 

conflict,  amidst  scenes  of  sublimity  and  terror  which  deserve 
minute  record.     I«  this  dead!  v  struggle  the  regiment  bst  s  x^ 
eight  men  out  of  three  hundred.     From  the  bfood-stain  d  fie M 
the  troops  ascended  the  Bayou  Teche  to  the  Red  River. 

On  the  26th  of  May  they  returned  to  Brashear  City,  after  a 

the  mlt'^r^'  T'""'  "^™P''^^°"  '^  ^'''y'^'^'  days,  beneath 
the  blaze  of  an  almost  meridian  sun.  They  proceeded  to  Port 
Hudson,  and  took  gallant  part  in  the  siege  until  the  rebels 
surrendered.  Having  thus  performed  theii- engagements  they 
ascended  the  river  to  Cairo,  and  thence  home.  I^  tl^sJvZ 
expedition  of  nine  months  two  hundred  of  the  noW  son  of 
Maine  were  lost. 

The    Twenty-Seventh    Regiment    was    mainly    from    York 
U)unty,  and  was  rendezvoused  at  Portland.     Rufus  P.  Taplev 

lia'^Tr  \  "'  '''  '"^  ^'^^^^"^^^«"  --  Central  Vii- 
fnT'  \  T^  '^  ''^'''  '"^"^'^  ^'^"  ^"^Siment  remained,  guard- 
ing  much  of  the  time,  a  picket-line  eight  miles  lone''  Coi 
Tapley  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.-Col.  Wentworth.  This  was 
the  most  anxious  hour  of  the  war.  The  rebel  Gen.  Lee,  with 
his  immense  forces,  was  moving  up  for  the  invasion  of  Pennsvl- 
vania.  Incendiaries  were  crowding  our  Northern  cities.  Tr^i- 
tors  in  the  North  were  openly  avowing  sympathy  with  the 
Southern  rebellion.     Want  of  confidence  in  the  commander  of 


TEE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


489 


the  Union  army  rendered  a  change  necessary.  All  the  old 
troops  had  been  sent  forward  to  oppose  the  exultant  foe.  The 
national  heart  was  oppressed  with  anxiety.  Washington  was 
left  exposed.  The  term  for  which  this  regiment  had  enlisted 
had  expired. 

The  President  and  the  Secretary  of  War  entreated  the 
Twenty-Seventh  to  remain  for  the  protection  of  tho  capital.  It 
was  a  remarkable  regiment.  Gentlemen  from  each  of  the 
liberal  professions  were  in  its  ranks,  and  farmers  and  mechanics, 
who  were  making  heavy  pecuniary  sacrifices  by  their  absence 
from  their  homes.  They  remained.  The  battle  of  Gettysburg 
was  fought ;  and  the  dark  cloud  of  peril  passed  away.  Greeted 
with  benedictions  in  Washington,  these  patriotic  troops  were 
received  at  home  with  blessings.  The  regiment  left  Maine 
nine  hundred  and  fort^^-nine  strong,  and  had  never  less 
than  seven  hundred  anci  tbrtv  ready  for  duty.  Medals  were 
awarded  to  the  men  by  the  '',  ar  Department,  for  serving  beyond 
the  term  for  their  enlistment. 

The  Twenty-Eighth  Regiment  was  under  Ephraim  W.  Wood- 
man of  Wilton,  colonel.  They  proceeded  fust  to  New  York, 
and  were  quartered  one  night  in  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn, 
where  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  prominent  members  of 
his  church  assisted  in  nursing  the  sick.  After  spending  a  short 
time  in  that  vicinity,  the  troops  were  sent  to  New  Orleans  by 
the  way  of  Fortress  Monroe.  It  would  be  difficult  to  describe 
their  vast  variety  of  marchings  and  counter-marchings,  their 
skirmishes,  and  the  innumerable  arduous  toils  which  they 
performed.  Some  of  the  conflicts  in  which  they  engaged  were 
as  desperately  fought  as  any  during  the  war. 

The  Twenty-Ninth  Regiment  was  rendezvoused  at  Augusta. 
Georgj  L.  Neal  of  Norway  was  colonel.  It  was  sent  immedi- 
ately to  New  Orleans.  These  troops,  many  of  whom  had 
previously  enlisted  for  nine  months,  entered  almost  imm  '.iately 
upon  a  series  of  bloody  battles.  In  the  sanguinary  conflict  of 
Pleasant  Hill  they  won  a  signal  victory.  Col.  Beal  was  placed 
in  command  of  a  brigade.  On  one  expedition  the  troops 
marched  four  hundred  miles.  They  were  at  one  time  sixty 
hours  without  sleep,  and  with  but  little  food  ;  and  during  that 
time  they  marched  fifty-six  miles,  and  fought  two  battles. 


¥. 


#90 


Having 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINR, 


The  Thirtieth  Regiment  of  infantry  had  in  its  ranV,  „„i,. 
number  of  experieneod  .oldiers.    Pranoi.  Fel  In  n«  P^T  ! 

Between  the  loth  of  March  anf?  ^he  22rl  nf  m       *i  • 

JNew  Orleans  the  troons  returnprl  fr.  v;.    •   •  i  -^^^om 

toil.  a»  severe  as  flesifaldb,:  1    ouMri:"'!;:;?'''''  '" 
Kar  these  hardy  „.en  marched  over  a  tilt,  d  mfc  '  Z 

rr:x:r;:nt^fe-hr"^-^'---™-" 
^t.lefdX;:h::;: j-^roTth  °""  """'"■^''  -^ 

him.  and  fed  .i.U  a  brli^^lt  a'"l  "    '";:Stt::.  "ot: 

ITrrrMied""'"  ""  ■".— ""'■^  -  «cov.^ed."Ma  y 
otners  nere  Ldled  or  woum;,..!,  tTCnty-nine  in  all. 

But  m  th.3  successful  raid  ,.!,-  t.oop.  took  one  hundred  „iis- 

oners,a  huge  amount  of  c.h,  .  ;.-.a„  and  quartermaSr  stor^ 


I 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MATNE. 


491 


in 
)k 
)f 

a 

d 

t- 

y 
f 

i 


two  hundred  and  fifty  hoi-aes  and  mules,  four  hundred  head  of 
cattle,  and  five  luindred  contrabands.  There  were  several  other 
raids,  one  into  the  State  of  Alabama.  In  one  of  these  a  train 
of  fifty  wagons  was  brought  into  camp,  by  Lieut.-C</-  Spurling 
of  the  Second  Maine,  for  a  distance  of  sixty  miles  through  the 
enemy's  country,  while  attacked  almost  every  hour,  in  front, 
flanks,  and  rear,  by  a  force  superior  to  hia  own. 

The  change  from  the  pure  air  and  healthy  food  of  their  homes 
m  Mail  e  to  the  malarious  climates  of  Louisiana  and  Florida, 
and  all  the  hardships  and  deprivations  of  camp-life,  caused  so 
much  sickness,  that  at  one  time,  from  a  regiment  of  nine  hnndred 
and  eighty-nine,  only  four  hundred  and  fifty  reported  for  duty. 
The  sad  condition  of  the  regiment  being  made  known,  Maine 
immediately  sent  to  the  suffering  men  a  bountiful  supply  of 
vegetables  and  other  articles  for  their  comfort. 

The  Seventh  Mounted  Battery,  trnder  Adelbert  B.  Twitchell 
of  Bethel,  as  captain,  was  sent  to  Virginia,  and  in  its  first 
battle,  at  Spottsylvania,  fought  from  morning  till  night.  In 
that  battle  it  obtained  celebrity  which  gave  it  rank  with  the 
most  experienced  batteries  in  the  army.  At  Bethesda  CLurch 
and  Cold  Harbor,  it  was  again  under  a  severe  fire.  In  front  of 
Petersburg  it  took  part  in  the  fierce  strife  which  raged  there  for 
so  many  months.  Sharpshooters  were  continually  watching  for 
every  exposure,  and  sixty-four-pound  mortar  shells  were"  fre- 
quently thrown  over  their  ramparts.  The  battery  was  composed 
of  a  superior  class  of  men,  and  was  highly  commended  for  Its 
discipline  and  efficiency. 

An  independent  organization  vas  raised,  called  the  First 
District  Columbia  Cavalry.  Maine  contributed  about  eight 
hundred  men  to  this  organization.  Col.  L.  C.  Baker  was  in 
command.  These  troops  plunged  into  that  series  of  bloody 
battles  in  Virginia,  which  attended  the  close  of  the  war.  Thev 
encountered  victories  and  defeats,  but  rendered  efficient  service'', 
and,  wh3n  attacked  by  overwhelming  numbers,  dispLayed  brave- 
ry which  could  not  have  been  surpassed. 

The  Thirty-First  Regiment  of  infantry  was  rendezvoused  at 
Augusta,  and  was  pushed  forward  rapidly  to  Virginia  to  aid  in 
the  couciuuing  scenes  of  the  conflict.     George  Varney  of  Ban- 


492 


THE  mSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


■Ill: 


ff  rlv-l/      ''!'"?'  '■"■"-^diately  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  VVilderness  fought  bravely,  and  suffered  severely.    In  one 

two  ta,^;    /"""r''.*'"^'"''-  ''■  '''"«'•  -°»"<Ie''.  "nd  mssin" 
dlvs     hev  "'r'*;*'™  '"^"-     Then,  for  six  suecessiv'e 

days,   they  were   under  fire.     At  Petersburg  they  won  irrelt 
pra,se.    S.ekness,  wounds,  death,  and  capture  at  onrt"nfe™ 

wer^l  tVflrTrrb*!"^'"\f^i^'^p"''''f«<'"'^  "^ 

were  sent  to  til  up  their  dwindled  ranks. 

A„J;:tf"S™P 'vvT^V^'f ""''^  ^™^  x-endezvoused  at 
^u„usta.     Mark  F.  VVentworth  of  Kittery  was  colonel      Vir 

suresiTdl  :t ;  r  :^tnt  T  "-■ "-  "^^^ 

in  t.e  contlicts  in  ,fhicb  the^tolp;  wlt^S^rrr 

the  F  .  p""*'"^  °'»™''"'™  '™'  f°™^d  fn  Maine,  ealkd 
the  F,rst  Reg™.nt  Veteran  Artillery.  John  Goldthwa  t  „f 
Windsor  was  in  command.  "luuiwaic  ot 

But  we  must  bring  this  brief  narrative  to  a  close     It  would 

war  V^e  t  ""'IT'*  "'  ""'  '™P^  "f  Maine  during  he 
war  Tiie  space  which  can  be  devoted  to  that  subiect  here 
enables  us  to  present  but  little  more  than  a  callogrof  the 

r"    rdT  K      "r'"''°"-     '"""y  '>^™'«  "^"^  -e  left  ™ 
recorded.    Even  the  names  of  many  men  whose  deeds  merit 
record,  we  cannot  mention.     We  can  only  give  ai    abst™ 
and  a  very  imperfect  one,  of  the  lieroic  efforfs  ^hfc",  the  ciS 
=ens  of  Maine  made  to  rescue  our  country  from  the  foulest 
rebellion  to  be  found  in  the  annals  of  history 
Dunng  the  four  yeai-s  of  this  dreadful  strife,  Maine  sent 

T^'ot  f '!,"""'"''  "".■''^-'™  '"f-'-y  regiments,  three 
.e„  ments  of  cavalry,  one  regiment  of  heavy  nrtillerv   seven 

e"  thSv  co""™''"  '";"""^'  ^^™"  "°'"''-^-  »'  ^h-Xt- 

o  1     X  rd^'n^T       "™"'=™''  '"*"'"■'''  «-^"  '^"■»P-"es 
ot  coast  guaids,  and  six  companies  for  coast  fortifications  •  six 

the T       "r"     '""'"''  ""''  '"^  "'"  "^'^  "'™  eonWb    e'd    0 
the  navy  and  manne  corps.     The  total  number  who  peHshed 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


493 


during  these  campaigns,  in  the  army  list,  amounted  to  seven 
thousa  id  three  hundred  and  twenty-two.  We  have  no  record 
of  the  killed  and  wounded,  and  of  those  who  died  of  disease,  in 
the  navy  and  marine  corps.  The  whole  amount  of  bounty  paid 
throughout  the  State  was  nine  million  six  hundred  and  ninety- 
five  thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  and  ninety-thr.e 
cjnis.  1  ospital  stores  were  contributed  to  the  amount  of  seven 
hundred  and  thirty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty-four 
dollars.  ^ 

The  above  record  is  a  surprising  one.  No  one  would  have 
deemed  it  possible  that  the  State  of  Maine  could  have  sent  so 
many  troops  to  the  field,  or  that  she  could  contribute  such  vast 
sums  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  war.  In  the  narrative  "  this 
dreadful  conflict  it  will  U  generally  admitted  that  there  are 
two  of  the  sons  of  Maine  who  merit  especial  mention. 

Gettysburg  was  perhaps  the  turning-point  in  the  tide  of  bat- 
tle. Gen.  Lee,  with  ninety  thousand  men,  was  on  the  rapid 
march  to  overwhelm  tlie  diminished  army  of  Hooker,  capture 
Washington,  and  enrich  the  Confederacy  by  the  plunder  of  the 
cities  and  granaries  of  Pennsylvania.  He  concentrated  his 
giant  army  at  Gettysburg.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard,  with  the 
H-leventh  Corps,  was  sent  forward  to  do  every  thing  in  his  power 
to  retard  the  advance  of  the  rebels,  while  divisions  of  the  Union 
army  were  hurrying,  by  forced  marches,  to  the  position  where 
It  was  now  evident  that  a  decisive  battle  was  to  take  place. 

With  eight  thousand  men,  Gen.  Howard  met  the  brunt  of 
battle,  and  drove  back  the  foe.     His  corps  was  posted  on  Ceme- 
tery Hill.     Its  capture  was  certain  victory  to  the  rebels.     Lee 
the  ablest  general  of  the  rebels,  gathered  up  all  his  strength  for 
that  purpose.    It  was  late  in  the  afternoon ;  the  enormous  masses 
of  Early's  division  advanced  in  majestic  march  to  the  attack 
There  stood  Gen.  Howard,  with  his  calm,  manly,  honest  face-. 
"  An  empty  coat-sleeve  is  pinned  to  his  shoulder,  memento  of  a 
hard-fought  field  before,  and  reminder  of  many  a  battle-scene 
his  splendid  Christian  courage  has  illumined."    After  a  terrific 
struggle  the  rebels  gained  a  position,  where  they  made  prepara- 
tions for  a  desperate  assault  on  the  morrow,  with  scarcely  a 
dop.bt  of  their  success. 


494 


TBE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE 


forfw*^- 'l'^^,^^'""'  *^'  ^'**'"^«  «f  ^^«»-  Howard  thundered 
tZ     GeT  ir         /     !.^  indescribable  tumult  and  dreadful 

"blit  nZ,'°'"  ™"y"«»  in  action,"  an  eye-witness  writes 
Elev  nth  CoZ  "l  '"^f  f  f  ^  »»!  -  this  general  of  the 

r'L^i:  'o;:hrst::a:h".^  ^^  ^'^  -'  -'  --"^ 

smiVot  'how:'?  'f  "'  ""'"^  ""^  '"■™*  -  "  ^>°"^  of 

ea.»:;ne^K.ro::l^:"s-^^:a^a;i  t':;i  M^-tht^,-: ' 

figh  .ng  on  the  rfeht  seems  more  terrific  than     "r,  "d t'eS 

».«.  battle,  hut  sin,p,;:„itrLri"^^^^^^^^^^ 
rrLrneXrthro;t /i:  -  "^^- 

silenced  by  the  fire  of  the  enemy  Th!  J  i  >  '  '  "'  '^ 
ing  on,  four  miies  long.  PrZXt  whde  'gtrtlTr  t 
mcessant  blaze  of  fire,  emitting  a  storm  of  brfk  "1^  and 
shens,wh.ch  it  would  seem  that  no  mortal  ener^i::  "ulVen- 

hl!l^%  ^^^  ^°°  ""^  ''"'"■'  Po'nt-Wank  range,  so  that  everv 
bullet  of  grape  or  canister  would  accomplish  is  mission    the     ' 
oannoneer.  sprang  to  their  guns.    Sheets'of  fla^e  and  smoie! 


TEE  HIBTORT  OF  MAINE. 


495 


and  (kath-deahng  iron  and  lead,  smote  them  in  the  face ;  and 
.hey  fell  as  though  the  angel  of  death  had  spread  his  wings 
on  the  blast.  When  the  smoke  cleared  away,  the  charging 
lines  before  Cemetery  Hill  had  vanished.  The  ground  was 
covered  with  mutilated  bodies,  some  still  in  death,  and  many 
wnthmg  in  agony.  A  few  stragglers  were  seen  here  and  there, 
on  the  rapid  retreat. 

The  gloom  of  night  was  soon  spread  over  this  awful  spectacle, 
m  the  morning,  Lee  commenced  his  retreat.  He  had  lost  in 
killed,  five  thousand  five  hundred ;  in  wounded,  twenty-one 
thousand  ;  m  stragglers  and  deserters,  four  thousand ;  and  nine 
thousand  prisoners.  Humiliated  and  bleeding,  the  fragments 
of  his  army  hastened  back  to  Virginia,  having  lost  forty  thou- 
sand men.  At  Gettysburg,  the  death-blow  was  given  to  the 
heart  of  the  rebellion.  Maine  may  well  feel  proud  of  the  part 
which  her  illustrious  son  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  took  in  that 
decisive  battle.  Even  the  catalogue  of  the  skirmishes  and  bat- 
tles m  which  Gen.  0.  O.  Howard  took  an  heroic  part  would  be 
a  long  one. 

Major-Gen.  Joshua  L.  Chamleilain  entered  the  army  from 
his  professorship  in  Bowdoin  College,  as  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  Maine  Twentieth  Regiment  of  infantry.  It  was  his  priv- 
ilege to  receive  the  surrender  of  Lee's  army.  The  scene  of  the 
surrender  was  sublime.  The  whole  rebel  army  Avas  flyino.  in 
utter  defeat  from  Riclimond  and  Petersburg,  over  the  hills  lind 
through  the  vales.  The  Union  army,  more  than  double  its 
number,  was  pursuing  it  on  the  north,  the  east,  and  the  south. 

The  flight  of  the  enemy  was  truly  a  rout.  The  path  of  the 
flying  foe  was  strewed  with  abandoned  artillery,  muskets 
wagons,  and  all  the  ddbris  of  a  defeated  array.  Soon  the  rebels 
were  overtaken  upon  a  plain  surrounded  by  hills.  The  Union 
army  came  pressing  on,  like  a  resistless  flood,  and  its  batteries 
were  planted  upon  the  crests  which  encircled  the  plain.  There 
was  no  escape  for  the  rebels.  They  must  either  surrender  or 
be  annihilated.  Lee  surrendered  just  as  the  Union  soldiers 
were  ready  to  open  their  deadly  fire.  Our  troops  received  the 
first  tidings  from  the  shouts  which  burst  from  the  lips  of  their 

J.  \-  Uu  A 


f — 

iUCB. 


rjy\.  

i  ilUSO 


li 


^gard  men,  weary  of  the  war  into  which 


TEE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


497 


they  had  been  dragged,  as  they  heard  the  news  that  the  war 
was  closed  were  almost  frantic  with  joy.  Cheer  after  cheer 
rose  from  the  vanquished,  which  was  echoed  back  in  shout  after 
shout  from  the  victors  who  surrounded  them.  Both  voices, 
that  of  fnend  and  foe,  blended  in  the  joyful  cry  which  one 
would  think  must  have  awakened  responsive  joy  among  the 
angels  in  heaven.  " 

The  soldiers  on  both  sides  seemed  to  have  lost  all  memory  of 
past  animosities  With  the  Union  troops  there  were  tears  and 
prayers  and  cordial  embracings.  The  long  agonies  of  the  san- 
guinary conflict  were  forgotten.  The  troops,  who,  in  long  lines 
in  the  rear  were  hurrying  forward  to  the  supposed  scene  of 
battle,  heard  the  shout,  and  knew  not  what  it  meant.  But  it 
increased  m  volume,  and  came  rolling  down  the  ranks,  nearer 
and  nearer,  in  thunder-peals.  For  miles  the  mountains  and  the 
fores  s  and  the  valleys  rang  with  the  exultant  cheers  of  those 
who  had  trampled  the  rebellion  beneatli  their  feet 

Major-Gen.  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
Gettysburg  and  Petersburg,  and  many  another  bloody  fio-ht 
chanced  to  be  with  his  division  in  the  van.  He  drew  up^his 
troops  ma  straight  line,  a  mile  in  length.  An  equal  division 
of  tlie  rebe  army  was  marched  to  a  parallel  line  in  front,  at  the 
distance  of  but  a  few  feet.  All  were  silent.  Not  a  bude 
sounded  ;  not  a  drum  was  beat ;  not  a  voice  was  heard. 

_  As  the  vanquished  foe  came  up,  Gen.  Chamberlain  ordered 
his  men  to  present  arms.  This  honor,  paid  to  the  heroic  vic- 
tims of  a  cruel  rebellion  in  their  hour  of  liumiliation,  brought 
tears  to  the  eyes  of  many  rebel  officers.  One  said,  "  Thi^  is 
magnanimity  which  we  had  not  expected."  The  defeated 
troops  returned  the  courteous  salute  before  they  laid  down  their 
arms.  As  this  division  filed  away,  another  came,  and  another, 
until  twenty-two  thousand  left  behind  them  their  arms  and 
their  banners. 

Lee's  army  had  been  more  than  three  times  that  number. 
But  thousands  had  been  captured ;  large  numbers  had  been 
killed  and  wounded  ;  and  other  thousands  liad  thrown  down 
their  arms,  and  dispersed  in  all  directions,  to  return  to  their 
distant  and  utterly  impoverished  homes.     The  rebel  troops 

•MB 


498 


THE  niSTORT  OF  MATNE. 


were  Starving  In  their  disastrous  fliglit  they  haxl  been  com- 
pelled  to  abandon  their  provisions.  The  Union  troops,  in  their 
eagerpursuit,hadtakenbuta  scanty  supply  ;  but  they  divided 
their  rations  with  their  conquered  foe. 

No  pen  can  describe  the  joy  with  which  the  tidings  of  Lee's 
surrender  was  received  throughout  our  war-weary  and  exhausted 

ished  tI  r"  '''''' rT'"''^-  0»^' "'-^tionality  was  estab- 
lished. The  star-spangled  banner  was  again  to  float  in  undis- 
puted supremacy  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf  The 
crushing-out  of  the  rebellion  established  freedom  throughout 
our  whole  land.  It  was  clear  to  every  mind,  that  our  country 
was  entering  upon  a  new  era  of  prosperity,  wealth,  and  power. 
The  State  of  Maine  contributed  her  full  proportion  in  the  ac 
comphsliment  of  this  glorious  result. 

And  the  country  has  not  been  ungrateful  to  her  heroic  sons, 
who   have  accomplished   such  glorious  results.     Many  monu- 
ments have   been  reared   to  perpetuate  the  remembmnce  of 
those  who  have  sacrificed  their  lives.     At  Togns,  a  few  miles 
east  from  Augusta,  a  large  and  commodious  retreat  has  been 
reared  by  the  government  as  a  home  for  the  disabled  soldiers. 
Here  honored  by  al    who  visit  them,  these  sons  of  Maine  and 
of  o  her  States,  rendered  helpless  by  the  exhaustion  of  war,  or 
mutilated  by  the  terrible  enginery  of  battle,  are  provided  with 
every  thing  the  nation  can  give  to  minister  to  their  comfort. 
From   housands  of  Christian  churches  and  firesides  the  prayer 
fervently  ascends,  that  God  w^I  bless  them,  for  all  tha    they 
have  done  and  suffered,  that  our  land  might  be  rescued  from 
anarchy  and  ruin. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

AGRICULTUBE  AND  MANUFACTUEES. 

Slate  Quarries -Little  Blue  Q^Jy-TZrv^Z      a^^^^^ 
Manufacturing   Facilities  -  ¥he    Saco    Bas  n      Th^  ^i  "''  ^'^-^^- 
Kennebec-The  Penobscot  Vallev-ThP  s    r~  i^^^^'l^scoggin  -  The 

Salubrious  Clirnate-Pr^^Its  o/E.^gtu^^^^^^^  '*•  "^^^^-^^ 

rpHE  State  of  Maine  lies  between  42°  57'  and  47<'  30'  north 
-L    latitude,   and   5°  45'  anrl    10°   in'        .  7  , 

Washinp-tnn      Tf        .1,  ^    '"'^''^  longitude    from 

Washington.     It  is   the   most   easterly  State   of    the    Union 

embracing  an  area  of  thirty-two  thousand  squar     m  les  wh  eh 
Ne^^T     WS?t"""°r  r^  ^^-^-.- than  all  tS  ^^t 

:W-  '  \n^ll  r  ""  K^-  ^^'  ^'''''''  ^^"°^'»  ^^  the  State, 
n  a  d  .nal  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  River  to 
he  exueme  northern  angle,  is  three  hundred  and  tlenty  LTles 
Its  greatest  width,  from  the  sea  near  Passamaquoddy  Bay  west 
to  he  Canada  ine,  is  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles.  A  st'^-ai.h 
line  xninmng  from  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  River  to 
Quoddy  Head  the  extreme  north-eastern  cape,  would  be  two 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  length.* 

The  surface  of  the  State  is  "diversified  with  high  mountains 
broad  intervals,  and  undulating  plains.  Much°of  the  north: 
western  region  strongly  resembles  Scotland  in  the  grandeur  of 
Its  eminences  and  the  beauty  of  its  crystal  lakes.  In  Franklin 
County  Mount  Abraham  rears  its  majestic  brow  three  thousand 
foui  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Mount  Blue,  in  the 
same  county  is  a  celebrated  place  of  resort.  Its  summit  reaches 
the  height  of  two  thousand  eight  hundred  feet,  and  onpn,.  f. 


1  Annual  register  of  Maine  for  1874-5,  p.  102. 


499 


500 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


th3  eye  a  view  of  sublimity  and  beauty  which  richly  rewards  the 
tourist  who  ascends  its  cliffs.  The  Sandy  River  winds  alone 
Its  base,  whose  banks  are  adorned  with  thriving  New  En^^land 
villages.  Webb's  Pond  and  other  beautiful  lakelets  gleauT  like 
burnished  silver  through  the  surrounding  forests  ;^nd  the 
brows  of  majestic  mountains  rise  around  till  their  cliffs  fade 
away  in  the  distant  horizon.  Bordering  the  Canada  line  there 
13  a  range,  called  the  Highlands,  two  thousand  feet  in  height 

Near  the  coast  there  are  some  lofty  eminences  which  °ar;est 
the  eye  of  the  voyager  far  out  at  sea.  Here  some  internal 
convulsions  of  nature  have  thrown  up  thirteen  hu^^e  ^ranite 
mountains  They  can  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  sixty  let  s 
and  are  the  first  landmark  caught  sight  of  by  the  marine 
approaching  our  coast  The  highest  peak  reaches  an  elevl- 
tion  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-six  feet.i  Upon 
the  summit  of  one  of  these  mountains  there  is  a  lake,  clear  as 

Mount  Katahdin  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  elevations  in 
the  b  a  e.     It  is  situated  about  seventy  miles  north-west  of  the 
head-tide  of  Penobscot  River.     The  mountain  is  about  twelve 
miles  in  circumference  at  its  base.     Its  difficult  ascent  was  first 
accomplished  in  the  year  1804,  by  a  party  of  seven  gentlemen 
from  Bangor  and  Orono.     They  judged  its  summit  to  be  ten 
thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     Under  the  fourth 
article  of  the   treaty  of  Ghent,  surveyors  were   appointed   to 
ascertain  Its  altitude  ;  and  they  pronounced  it  to  be  four  thou- 
sand SIX  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet  above  a  small  river  at  its 
foot,  ca  led  Abalajacko-megus,  which  river  was,  at  that  point, 
PeL'bsctt  '       ^'^''  '""'  '^'''  '^'   tide-waters   o^  the 

^  This  measurement  was  not  deemed  satisfactory,  as  their 
instruments  were  out  of  order.  Subsequent  surveys  have  given 
Its   altitude   at  about   five   thousand   five   hundred    feet.     Its 

hnn.l^aSTDfS,"::t^h;'G:y'^  It'-'  ''''''  ^'  '-^  ^--i  ">- 

dred  feet  •  C  O    Rm1^„ii     ■  "'   "%^^°l"Sical  Survey,  at  o.io  tl.ousan.l  nine  hun- 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


001 


ascent,s  diffic  It  Its  sides  are  covered  with  a  dense  forest, 
cea  s  Till  ^^out  a  mile  of  the  top,  where  all  vegetation 
ceases.  The  summit  is  a  plain,  about  half  a  mile  long,  but 
much  more  narrow  covered  with  a  surface  of  dry  white  moss. 
The  view  opened  frornHhis  point  is  sublime.  The  small  irregu- 
lanties  bek>w  seem  to  be  levelled  to  a  perfect  j  lain.  Sixty  lakes 
of  varied  d.mensions  and  very  picturesque  forms  can  be  cci^intod. 

depn  hi  '"'"''fT'^^'"  "''"  ^'  ""interrupted,  till  lost  in  the 
deep  blue  of  the  horizon.  Towards  the  south  the  spectator 
can  see  the  heights  of  Mount  Desert,  at  the  distance  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  miles. 

Among  tliese  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers  there  is  spread  out 
a  region  of  rich  and  extensive  valleys,  which  will  eventually 
afford  homes  to  a  vast  population.  It  is  true  that  the  winteii 
are  long  and  cold;  but  the  summers  are  delightful.  There  is 
probably,  not  a  more  healthy  climate  in  the  world.  And  the 
clear  winters,  with  tiie  pure  atmosphere,  are  seasons  of  great 
enjoyment.  No  one,  who  has  spent  a  winter  in  South  Carolina 
and  m  Maine,  will  deny  that  there  is  more  suffering  in  the 
fc)rmer  place  from  the  cold  than  in  the  latter.  And  fn  South 
Carolina  there  is  no  escape  from  the  sultry,  burning,  debilitatinc. 
neat  ot  the  summer  nights.  ° 

The  annual  average  of  temperature  in  the  State,  as  ascer- 
tained by  tables  kept  at  the  observatory  on  Munjoy's  Hill  in 
loo  oo"t'  .  ^t^  thirty-two  years  between  1825  and  1857,  was 
23'  Fahrenheit.  The  highest  point  to  which  the  me^ury 
ascended  dunng  that  time  was  100°  5'.  The  lowest  point  was 
on  the  24th  of  January,  1857,  when  the  mercury  descended  to 
25  below  zero.  At  Portland  the  proximity  of  the  ocean 
dim^imshes  both  the  summer's  heat  and  the  wintor's  cold.  Far 
back  in  the  northern  counties  the  mercury  occasionally  falls 
several  degrees  lower. 

At  Brunswick,  according  to  the  meteorological  record  kept 
by  Prof.  Cleaveland,  the  annual  mean  temperature  for  the  same 
fifty  years  was  44°  40'  Fahrenheit.  The  highest  tomperature 
was  102° ;  the  lowest,  30°  below  zero. 

The  average  n'^raber  of  rainy  days  in  Maine  is  sixty-four 


dui'infr  flip,  vpnr        Tl 


iC  snifiiiGSi;  n 


c:3u  iiumucr,  m 


,  nx  any  year,  was  thirty- 


502 


THE  BIBTORY  OF  MAINE. 


nine;  the  largest,  ninety-five.     The  average  number  of  snowv 
days  was  thirty.     The  lowest  was  ninetee^;  th.  h  ghestTf""^ 

region  hns  never  occurred.     Tlie  amount  of  water  which  fell 

18o7  forty-seven  inches  and  sixty-six  hundredths.  In  1858  it 
was  forty-three  inches  and  forty-two  one-hundredths.  In  1859 
It  was  forty-eight  inches  and  fifty-five  one-hundredths. 

In  the  year  1874  there  were  published  in  the  State,  seventy. 
two  newspapers,  most  of  them  weekly,  a  few  dail^  There 
were  also  s.xty-two  banks  and  fifty-six  savings  banks      There 

thHa:^^  t  ^!:r^Thl  'X  ;f '-''' '--'-  -^^^^ 

,.  °„  ^"^   ^0^1   of  nature  seems   to  deal  in 

hersTt'i '  r^"  ""'^  "'"^  ^^  ^^«  '-^^-"^^^^  -tich 

UD  for  tt  T     ^  ^^.  '  '''"^"'^  ^"  ^'^'"^^  ^1«««"^S«  ^vhlch  make 
up  for  the  loss.    ^There  are  many  who  can  say,  -T 

"  I  love  my  own  State's  pine-clad  hills, 
Her  thousand  bright  and  gushing  rills, 

Her  sunshine  and  her  storms  • 
Her  rough  and  rugged  rocks  that  rear 
Their  hoary  heads  high  in  the  air, 
In  wild,  fantastic  forms." 

The  beautiful  granite  of  Maine  is  every  year  mowing  ™„,. 
;n  demand  for  bniiding  purposes,  and  will  eve,  .afrCLTa" 
.mportant  .ten,  of  export.  The  sra„ite.q„ar,.y  at  HllWerfar" 
mshes  a,  adnurable  building  stone  as  is  found  in  the  „o,M  It 
s  of  great  sohdity,  and,  when  dressed,  presents  a  suZe  quite 

hornTLror'"""-     'V'"  ^^"  ''''  three  ri  a 
thousand   tons  of  ,ee  were  sh.pped  from  Maine.    lee  that  is 

for,„ed  where  the  nj^-euryis  twenty  deg,-ees  below  zero  is  much 

more  sohd,  and  withstands  the  summer  heat  more  flily  Than 

that  whtch  ,s  fonned  where  the  mercury  is  ten  above  eiphe. 

The  ,ce-erop  prom,ses  to  be  a  frnitfnl  source  of  income.' 

Ihere  IS  a  genml  impres.sion  that  Maine  is  not  a  good  a<.ri 

cultural  State.    But  statistics  prove  conclusively  thatTn  thole 

secttons  of  the  State  where  manufacturing  an?i,'dustriaT„perI! 

1  Address  of  Gov.  Kelson  Dingley,  1874,  p.  41. 


THE  niaroRT  of  maine. 


503 


uons  have  been  well  developed,  thus  opening  a  market,  the  farm- 
ers are  as  prosperous  as  in  those  States  where  crops  are  more 
easily  reared,  but  must  be  sent  to  a  great  distance  to  find  a  pur- 
chaser.  The  hay-crop  of  Maine  in  1873  amounted  to  two 
m, llion  tons,  whose  market  value  was  estimated  at  twenty-five 
million  dollars.  This  greatly  exceeded  the  value  of  the  wheat- 
crop  in  any  of  the  Western  States  of  equal  population.  The 
products  of  the  dairy,  which  ever  command  a  ready  sale,  were 
over  two  million  dollars.  The  aggregate  productions  of  the 
farms,  inc  uding  live  stock,  reached  the  large  sum  of  fifty-seven 
million  dollars. 

It  is  a  very  gratifying  fact,  that  emigration  from  the  State  is 
dimmishing,  and  that  there  are  indications  that  the  tide  is  acrai„ 
turmng  towards  those  fertile  fields  where  fever  and  ague  are'un- 
known,  where  timber  is  abundant,  where  pure,  cool,  ciystal  water 
gushes  from  the  hillsides,  where  the  air  is  invigorating,  and 
glowing  health  abounds.  Not  one-half  of  the  State  has  yet  been: 
reached  by  the  tiller  of  the  soil.  There  are  still  three  million 
unimproved  acres  in  the  region  of  the  Aroostook.  The  territory 
there,  inviting  the  settler,  is  equal  to  the  whole  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  soil  is  deep  and  rich,  and  there  a  population  of  a 
million  people  might  find  homes  of  competence. 

Manufacturing,  commercial,  mechanical,  and  mining  enter- 
prises are  very  rapidly  being  developed.  In  the  year  1873  the 
cotton-manufactures  of  the  State  amounted  to  twelve  and  a 
half  million  dollars ;  wool  manufactures,  to  seven  million  ;  boots 
and  shoes,  iune  million  •  leather,  four  million ;  paper,  three 
miUion  ;  flour  and  grist-mill  products,  two  and  a  quarter  mil- 
lion ;  iron,  cast  and  forged,  two  million  and  a  half;  machinery 
two  million  and  a  half;  edged  tools,  three-quarters  of  a  million  • 
oil-cloths,  a  million  and  a  half;  bricks,  half  a  million;  fertili-- 
zers,  about  eighty  thousand  dollars ;  fish  and  kerosene  oHs,  half 
a  million  ;  fisheries,  three-quarters  of  a  million. 

The  ice  cut  from  our  rivers  amounted  in  value  to  over  half 
a  million  dollars  ;  the  granite,  cut  from  supplies  which  care 
never  fail,  brought  four  and  a  half  million  dollars;  the  lime 
amounted  to  nearly  two  million  dollars;  and  the  majestic^ 
forests,  still  covering  millions  of  acres,  brought  to  those  engaged 
in  that  one  branch  of  industry  nearly  ten  million  dollars. 


004 


THE  niaroRY  of  mains. 


Ship-bu.lding  ever  has  been,  and  for  a  Ion-  time  will  proba 
'ly  continue  to  be,  one  of  the  moat  important  branches  of  indus 
try  m  the  State.    Notwithstanding  it  was  a  season  of  great  com- 
merciai  depression  in  the  year  1873,  there   were   two  hundred 
and  seventy-six  vessels  built  in  Maine,  with  a  tonnage  of  eighty- 
nine   thousand    eight  hundred  and  seventeen  tons.     The  esti- 
mated  value  of  these  vessels  was  five  and  a  half  million  dollai-s. 
It  will  appear  from  the  above,  tliat,  from  what  may  be  consid- 
ered  the  agricultural  products  of  Maine,  the  sum  of  the  labors 
of  the  year  1873  was  nearly  fifty-seven  million  dollars.     From 
manufacturing  and  other  industrial  products,  the  sum  reached 
ninety-six  milhon  dollars ;  making  a  total  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty-three  million  dollars.     Surely  the   sons  of  such   a   State 
need  not  emigrate  far  away  from  friends  and  home,  to  other 
regions,  to  find  remunerative  fields  of  labor 

In  the  yeP,r  1850  there  were  two  hundred  and  forty-five  miles 

of  railroad  in  the^State.    In  1874  these  lines  had  been  extended 

o  nine  hundred  and  five  miles.     There  are  quarries  of  excel- 

ent  slate  discovered,  extending  more  than  eighty  miles  from 

the  Penobscot  to  the  valley  of  the  Kennebec. 

Five  miles  from  Skowhegan  there  has  been  opened  what  is 
called  the  Madison  Slate-Quarry.     The  mine  is  not  only  one  of 
wonderful  promise,  but  already  of  great  performance.     Proba- 
bly there  IS  nowhere  to  be  found  slate  of  more  excellent  qual- 
ity for  roofing.     It  is  very  dark  in  color,  and  in  toughness  and 
elasticity  unsurpassed.     Its  surface  is  so  smooth  that  it  appears 
almost  polished.    The  quarry  is  apparently  inexhaustible,  yield! 
mg  slate  of  similar  rift  and  quality  with  that  of  the  celebrated 
mine  in  Wales,  which  has  now  been  worked  fifty  years.     The 
slate   has  been  subjected  to  experiments  which   have   elicited 
remarkable  results      A  slab  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  thickness 
will  support  a  weight  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  pounds.     It  can 
be  perforated  to  any  extent  without  crumbling,  so  that  the  piece 
cut  out  can  be  returned  and  exactly  fitted  to   the   hole   from 
which  I.  was  cut.     It  can  be  carved,  or  turned  in  a  lathe,  like 
ebony  or  ivory      When  powdered  it  becomes  an  admirable  arti- 
cle tor  the  surface-painting  of  oil-cloths. 
The   toughness  of  the  slaite  is  marvellous.     Naib    may  be 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


605 


driven  through  every  square  inch,  without  injuring  the  texture, 
or  breaking  the  shite.  A  nail  may  be  driven  within  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  of  the  edge.  It  is  easily  split  into  plates  of  exactly 
the  same  thickness,  so  that  it  will  lie  perfectly  level  upon  the 
roof.  An  ample  supply  of  water-power  enables  the  proprietors 
to  conduct  their  works  with  great  efficiency.  The  plates  have 
easy  access  to  market  by  the  Maine  Central  Railroad. 

Several  quarries,  manufacturing  roofing-slate,  are  in  success- 
ful operation  at  Monson.  The  oldest  quarries  in  the  State  are 
at  Brownville.  For  more  than  thirty  years  these  mines  have 
been  worked,  producing  a  quality  of  slate  which  has  given  the 
slate  of  the  State  of  Maine  the  highest  reputation.  It  is  safe 
to  say  that  the  world  produces  no  finer  roofing  material  than 
that  which  is  to  be  found  in  Maine. 

In  Farmington,  on  the  San^.y  River,  a  quarry  was  opened  in 
the  spring  of  1874.     It  is  called  "  The  Little  Blue-Slate  Quar- 
ry. '     The  stone,  in  quality,  very  much  resembles  that  obtained 
at  Brownville.     The  tests  usually  applied  prove  it  to  be  every 
way  equal,  for  roofing  purposes,  to  that  celebrated  variety.    The 
most    competent    judges,   including    mineralogists,   architects, 
slaters,  and  slate-dealers,  award   it   high   praise  in   respect  to 
color,  non-absorption  of  water,  tenacity,  and  durability.     There 
is  good  reason  to  .;xpect  that  a  section  of  this  quarry,  recently 
opened,  will  afford  material  for  school-slates  of  superior  quality. 
The  commercial  facilities  of  xMaine  are  unsurpassed  by  any 
State  in  the  Union.     The  sinuosities  of  the  shore  are  such,  that 
there  are  between  two  and  three  thousand  miles  of  coast-line. 
Its  bays  and  inlets   afford  innumerable  safe  harbors.     There  is 
probably  no  other  portion  of  the  globe  which  exceeds  or  equals 
Maine   in  the  magnitude  of  its  water-power.     There  are  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty-eight  lakes  within  her  borders, 
at  an  average  elevation  of  six  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

"  These,"  says  Gov.  Dingloy,  »  form  the  head  waters  of  five 
thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  streams,  which  go  rushing 
do\yn  towards  the  ocean,  creating  three  thousand  water-powers, 
which  afford  a  force  measured  by  not  less  than  one  million  horse- 
^i.  *.  _i..,  .^!5,,  ..^|ll«i  vu  iiic   wura^iiig  uiiurgy  01  tnirteeii  imiiiou 


506 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


men.  When  it  is  remembered  that  not  a  thousandth  part  of  the 
water-power  of  the  State  is  as  yet  harnessed  to  machinery,  some 
famt  Idea  of  the  almost  boundless  extent  of  our  manufacturing 
resources  may  be  obtained."  i  ° 

The  annual  rain-fall  of  Maine,  assumed  at  forty-two  i  -ches 
would  create  a  lake,  covering  eight  hundred  and  seventy-one' 
square  miles,  of  the  depth  of  Lake  Erie.     The  inland  body  of 
water,   including   lakes  and   rivers,  covers   a  surface  of  three 
tnousand  two  hundred  squar.  miles. 

There  are  in  Maine  four  hundred  and  seventy-one  cities, 
towns,  and  plantations,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  town' 
ships.  It  is  diflBcult  to  give  with  precision  the  number  of 
water-powero,  but  from  a  careful  estimate  it  is  judged  that  there 
cannot  be  less  than  three  thousand  one  hundred.  More  than 
nait  ot  these  privileges  are  as  yet  unused. 

If  we  subtract  from  the  territory  of  Maine  three  thousand 
two  hunared  square  miles  for  lake,  pond,  and  river  surfaces,  and 
five  hundred  square  miles  for  mountain  tops  and  sides,  led-es 
and  heaths,  and  tracts  too  barren  to  support  trees,  there  is  left 
of  cultivated  farms  and  forest  surface,  twenty-one  thousand 
square  miles.  Of  this  region  there  is  about  fifteen  thousnnd 
square  miles  of  the  primeval  forest,  whose  silent  depths  have 
never  echoed  to  the  axe  of  the  settler. 

This  vast  expanse,  destined  eventually  to  afford  prosperous 
homes  to  a  large  population,  is  seven  times  as  large  as  the 
famous  ''  Black  Forest  "  of  Germany.  Indeed,  it  is  larger  than 
the  states  of  Connecticut,  Delaware,  and  Rhode  Island  united 
Maine  seems  to  have  been  designed  by  nature  as  a  great  manu- 
facturing State.  These  water-powers  are  admirably  located  for 
access  to  .  ir  own  great  commercial  centres,  by  river  navigation 
and  by  railroads.  The  valleys  admit  of  the  extension  of  rail- 
ways far  into  the  interior. 

"The  location  of  the  State  amid  surrounding  seas  ;  its  extent  of  surface  ■ 

h    disposition  of  Its  slopes;  its  geological  structure  ,  its  surface  forms  and 

ex  ensive  forests  ;.its  grand  system  of  lakes,  .ith  their  uniform  JZZt 

with  the  nvers,  and  susceptibility  of  reservoir  imprc-vement ;  the  low  anTu- 

al  temperature,  and  especially  th3  low  summer  temperature,  which  It  once 

1  Address  of  Gov.  Nelaoo  Dlngley,  1874. 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  597 

reduces  evaporation,  and  contributes  to  vigorous  labor;  the  winds  of  the 
State,  as  a  ^vhole  maritime  in  character;  the  copious  rain  fall  luK  •.        • 
onn  distribution  throughout  the  year,  and  diffuS  o"  "rte*;  ll^: 
the  late  hngenng  of  the  snow  in  spring;  the  small  percenVage  of    vaTo^ 
tion,   esutmg  from  the  low  temperature,  from  the  number  of  rainy  snowT 
and  cloudy  days ;  the  consequent  large  residue  of  water  for  removal  by  rlTrs' 
and  which  our  favorable  surface  forms  determine  to  be  removed  by     ver  ' 
-  taken  together,  constitute  a  sum  of  favorable  conditions,  which  it  is  Zfi 
dently  beheved,  no  other  equal  area  of  the  globe  can  surplss,  or  can  Tdeed" 
80 much  as  equal.     Other  districts  may  have,  and  certSa  y  d"  W     som' 
one  or  more  of  the  advantageous  features  more  decidedly'developed  than 
Maine  ;  but  none  can  parallel  fully,  as  is  believed,  their  combined  series/- 

These  facts  seem  to  indicate  that  Maine  is  to  become  the 
great  manufacturing  State  of  the  Union.  When  ^ye  add  to  the 
above  considerations,  that  its  climate  is  in  the  highest  degree 
salubrious,  and  that,  in  point  of  economy,  water-poWer  is  vastly 

TZT^l""  f  ^™-P«^^«';  '''  ^«^1^  «eem  to  be  inevitable,  that 
eventually   the   hum    of  productive    machinery  will    resound 
through  all  these  valleys.     This  will  afford  a  basis  for  the  em- 
ployment of  an  immense  population.    And  this  will  give  new 
eriergy  to  all  industrial  pursuits,  causing  harvests  to  wave  over 
all  the  plains,  and  cattle  to  graze  over  all  the  hillsides.     This 
wonderful  water-po^ver  is  a  grand  resource  of  the  State,  which 
can  never  fail.    It  is  based  upon  features  of  the  country,  and 
upon  recuperative  processes  of  nature,  which  must  be  permanent. 
Power.,  the  creator  of  wealth.     Wherever  power  is  found,  the 
ingenuity  of  man  will  utilize  it.     The  power  of  Maine  is  worth 
more  to  the  State  than  mines  of  precious  metals  or  reservoirs  of 
coal,     ihe  btacrf  is  adopting  an  eminently  wise  policy,  in  en- 
couraging the  formation  of  companies  for  manufacturiilcr  pur- 
poses,  in  exempting  such  infant  establishments  from  taxation, 
and  in  allowing  towns  to  subscribe  to  the  stock  of  manufacturing 
enterprises.  * 

In  accordance  with  a  recommendation  to  the  legislature  by 
Gov.  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain,  in  1869,  commissioners  were 
appointed  to  explore  the  water-power  of  the  State.  The  result 
18  contained  in  an  exceedingly  valuable  volume  of  about  five 
hundred  pages,  issued  by  Walter  Wells,  Esq.,  superintendent 
1  Watsr-Pnwer  o€  Maine,  p.  61 


t.  7  ■' 

_j 

H 

■ 

iii  M. 

VHB 

til- 

"IB 

^^feMHBiSI^!^ 

„   '*(■ 

^^^^Bg£|| 

■k   t 

508 


T3E  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


of  the  Hyd^-ographic  Survey.  From  that  volume  I  glean  the 
following  facts  in  reference  to  several  of  the  most  important 
nvers  of  Maine. 

The  Saco  River  drains  a  valley  seventy-four  miles  in  length, 
and   thirty  miles  in   its  greatest   breadth.     The   area  of  Uiis 
valley  includes  fourteen  hundred  square  miles.     Eight  hundred 
of  these  are  in  Maine,  and  six  hundred  in  New  Hampshire. 
The  upper  half  of  the  valley  is  still  heavily  wooded,  with  but 
few  clearings.     It  is  estimated  that  one-half  of  the  entire  dis- 
trict is  still  a  wilderness.     The  length  of  the  river,  from  its 
sources  among  the  mountains  to  the  sea,  including  its  windincrg 
IS  about  ninety-five  miles.     At  Saco,  the  stream  is  about  six 
hundred  feet  wide.     Even  in   the  drought  of  summer,  forty 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  water  can  be  commanded  per  minute,  for 
eleven  working  hours  of  the  day,  or  eighteen  thousand  cubic 
teet  for  the  whole  twenty-four  hours.     There  are  seventy-five 
lakes  m  this  valley.     By  means  of  these  reservoirs,  the  volume 
of  water  may  be  greatly  increased.     The  descent  of  the  river, 
for  about  sixty-seven   miles,  is  seven  feet  to   the  mile.     The 
gross  power  developed  is  estimated  to  be  equivalent  to  seven- 
teen  thousand   four  hundred  and   ninety-three   horse  power. 
This  IS  sufficient  to  drive  six  hundred  and  ninety-nine  thousand 
four  hundred  and  ninety-three  spindles. 

Five  miles  from  Portland,  at  Westbrook,  on  tlie  Presumpscot 
River,  there  is  a   very  important   water-power   known  as  the 
"  Cumberland  Mills  Power."     There  is  a  fall  of  twenty  feet, 
containing  two  thousand  and  thirteen  horse  power.     One  of  the 
most  extensive  paper-mills  in  the  country,  carried  on  by  S.  D. 
Warren  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  is  in  operation  here,  all  the  year  round.' 
Two  hundred  and  twenty-five  men,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  women,  L.e  employed.     The  annual  produce  of  the  manu- 
facture a.aounts  to  over  one  million  of  dollars.    The  chief  market 
IS  m  Boston  r.nd  New  York,  both  easily  reached  by  railroad  and 
steamboat. 

The  valley  of  the  Androscoggin  is  about  one  hundred  and 
ten  miles  in  length,  and  seventy  miles  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
It  extends  from  the  northerly  outposts  of  the  White  Mountains 
to  the  ocean.     The  territory  drained  by  the  Androscoggin  and 


I 


510 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


^Unbuanes  embraces  three  thousand  si^   hundred  square 
miles.     It  « j„d    d  th^t  „„^  y,^^^^_^^,  ^^^_,  I 

^  hese  square  mi  es  are  still  covered  with  the  primeval  for  sf 
The  number  of  tnbutary  streams  contributing  to  the  flood  o 
the  Androscoggn,  is  s,x  hundred  and  sixty-nine.    The  length 

mee     „  '"r\  '■""'  '"''"  ^""""S^S  *»    «™nswick,  where   it 
meets  the  t.de,  .s  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  miles. 

The  low  run  at  ..runswick  is  about  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  thousand  cubic  feet  a  minute  for  eleven  hours  of  the  dt 
or  fifty-seven  thousand  for  the  twenty-four  hou«.     The  descent 
of  the  r.ver  from  Lake  Umbagog  to  Brunswick,  is  twelve  hun 
dr  d  and  fifty-s,x  feet   being  nearly  eight  and  a  half  feet  a 

va lle'v  Ir  '7  7.\''™J«='1  »<1  forty-eight  lakes  in  this 
valley,  fifteen  of  which  are  in  New  Hampshire.     These  lakes 
cov«;  a  surface  of  two  hundred  and  thirte  n  square  m  Ics 
IS  estimated  that  the  power  of  the  section  of  thl  riverrbetween 
Rumford  and  theliead  of  the  tide,  is  equivalent  to  e  .htyXe 
housand  two  hundred  horse  power.    This  would  drive  nearlv 
four  mi  Hon  spindles.    Not  one-eighth  of  this  is  now  uled        "^ 
Thebasm  of  the  Kennebec  River  is  one  hundred  and  forty- 
five  miles  in  length,  with  seventy-five  miles  of  greatest  Lad  [ 
I   covers  an  area  of  five  thousand  eight  liundL  square  ml  s 
Ihcre  ai-e  one  thousand  and  eighty-four  tributary  stiLu,       tIo 
length  of  the  river  from  Moosehead  Lake  to  the  ocean    nclud! 
ing  Its  windings,  is  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  miles      The 
average  width  of  the  river  at  Augusta  is  seven  hu"    ed  fl 

and  thirty  thousand  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  nassed 
Angusta  for  the  whole  twenty-four  hours.  I't  is  e^^S^, 
the  ayerage  wil  be  two  hundred  ninetysix  thousand  six  hun 
dred  and  forty  feet  each  minute,  for  eleven  houi.  of  the  day. 
The  depth  ol  water  on  the  dam  is  usually  from  five  to  seven  feel 
Un  one  occasion  it  was  ten  feet. 

There  are  three  hundred  and  sixteen  lakes  in  this  basin 
covering  an  expanse  of  four  hundred  and  fifty  square  miles' 
Moosehead  Lake  is  thirty-five  miles  in  length  by  twelv  Tn 
breadth.  At  the  outlet  of  the  lake  there  Is  a  L  ulon 
hoistmg  the  gates,  it  takes  tiie  wave  of  accumulated  water 


It 


THE  niSTORY  OF  MAINE.  fin 

about  forty  hours  to  reach  Augusta.     A  strong  southerly  wind 

will  retard  It  nearly  three  hours.     The  river  Is  navigable  for 

mall  vessels  to  Augusta.     The  mean  period  of  the  opting  of 

rhJiJ'7^^^■'''^  '^   S^o^^^^San  Falls  on  Kennebec  River. 
The  total  fall  is  twenty-eight  feet  within  half  a  mUe.     Much  of 


NORTH  CHANNEL  DAM.   AT   SKOWHEGAN.  ME. 


t  IS  nearly  perpendicular.  The  fall  could  be  greatly  increased 
by  dams.  A  small  island  of  rock  divides  the  fall  into  two 
channels  and  would  serve  a  natural  pier  to  the  sections  of  the 
dam,  and  as  sites  for  mills.  The  bottom  of  the  river  is  a  solid 
ledge,  and  so  are  the  banks. 

la  the  towns  of  Madison  and  Anson,  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
n'7  't.?  '™P°^"^^"^  water-power  known  as  the  Madison 
iindge  I  alls.  There  is,  at  this  point,  a  fall  of  eighty-seven  feet 
within  a  distance  of  two  and  a  half  miles.  There  are  two 
principal  pitches.  The  cut  represents^ the  upper  one,  and  shows 
^carcely  one-fourth  of  the  descent.  The  bottom  is  a  ledge,  and 
clams  can  be  located  at  any  desired  point. 


l! 


513 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


In  the  towns  of  Embden  and  Solon,  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
tliereisafal  of  twenty  feet  perpendieular,  ealled  "  Carratunk 
J^alls .  A  dam  can  easily  be  built  ten  feet  high.  This  would 
give  hn-ty  feet  fall,  equal  to  that  at  Lowell.  Thus  there  would 
be  obtained  five  thousand  five  hundred  horse-power,  which 
would  drive  two  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  spindles.     The 


MADISOX  BRIDGE   FALLS.  AXSOX  AND   MADISON.  ME. 

facilities  for  eanalling,  by  the  falls,  are  very  good.  The  ground 
^admirably  graded.  An  extent  of  about  one  hundred  acres  is 
well  adapted  for  the  erection  of  buildings  sufficient  to  accommo- 
date a  large  population. 

The  valley  of  the  Penobscot  River  lies  east  of  that  of  the 
Kennebec.     It  is  entirely  within  the  boundaries  of  the  State. 

«'  The  Penobscot  is  the  only  great  fluviatile  district  in  Maine  which  illus 
trates,  in_  its  actual  configuration,  the  geographical  idea  of  the  river ^1" 
-appearing  as  a  mere  point  at  the  mouth  of  the  stream,  thence  Iter  or' 
ward,  expanding  symmetrically  on  both  sides  of  the  c  n  ral  chlnne  " 
presently  embranching  into  subordinate  basins,  themselves  disposed  hkwte 
symmetrically  about  tributary  streams,  and  themselves  yet  further  beaki^" 


THE  nWTORT  OF  MAINE. 


513 


up  into  still  smaller  basins,  located  upon  still  smaller  tributaries,  untU  the 
whole  takes  on  the  similitude  of  a  mighty  tree,  that  from  one  trunk  ramifiea 
into  innumerable  branches,  and  from  one  grand  aorta  divaricates  into  num- 
berless  arteries  and  veins,  by  which,  upon  occasion,  its  entire  volume  of 
fluids  IS  conducted  to  and  poured  into  a  common  channel  of  circulation 
and  discharge."  * 


CAUnAI-UNK   FALLS,  EMDDEX   AND   SOLON,   ME. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot,  fromi 
north  to  south,  is  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles.  It  includes  an  area  of 
eight  thousand  two  hundred  square  miles.  The  highest  portion 
of  the  basin,  at  the  he-.d  waters  of  the  main  river,  is  about  two- 
thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The  State  map  represents 
one  thousand  six  hundred  and  four  streams  in  the  Penobscot 
system.  The  river  from  its  extreme  head  waters,  including  itS' 
windings,  is  about  three  hundred  miles  in  length.  The  chief 
water-power  is  between  Lake  Chesuncook  and  Bangor,  a  dis- 
tance of  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles,  where  the  fall  is  about 

*  Water-Power  of  Maine,  p.  100. 
83 


I 


ou 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


"    the  SM?  •     }■   '"  °"'  '^  '^'  '''''  ^''S^'^y  ^^^«^«d  streams 

nifolf/      '  P^''"^"^'  ''^^''""'  ""^  "^"^'^"^^  ^•^'  remarkable 
uniformity  m  the  volume  of  water  throughout  the  entire  year. 

There  are  four  hundred  and  sixty-seven  lakes  in  this  basin, 
lo,f  .  f  ''  ''''  '''^''  ""^  ^""  ^«  "«^d  to  almost  any 


UPPER  DAM,  AT   ELLSWORTH,  ME. 

power,  for  fifty  yeara,  has  been  eraploye.1  almost  exLivet 
for  the  manufacture  oflumber.     The  annual  produo    ht  bee^ 
about  th>rty-five  million  feet  of  long  lumber,  two  hid  ed 
thousand  sugar-boz  shooks,  two  million  laths,  &le  million  shin 
gles,  two  hundred  thousand  clapboards,  and  a  la^e  q  mnUtv  of' 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE.  gj^ 

Portland,  Bos J„,  New  York  and  C„b'.°  """"'"'  "■'''''^"  "« 
flftyiUtLfbtuh'  ?°'^  r  """'^'""^'  in  length,  and 

these  are. n  Maine,  three  hundred  and  seventy  five  a  o„th. 
adjaoen   British  Provinee.    Almost  the  entire  Iw  of  Th  "it 
-  fton,  akes  and  these  n,ay  be  easily  converted  into  Uery" S 
The  laonstnne  aspect  of  this  valley  is  very  reraarkabr   Ti 
can  hardy  be  paralleled  by  any  country  on  the  IbeTh* 
extent^  and  of  wondrous  eccentricities  of  windings  and  f„™ 

almost  justly  be  descHbed  as  t^a^i;  Ttio':- ''^:\;7o/ 

Z:::z:  ^""""^'' " "»'  '^^  *»  °-  ■'undreS^nnft; 

a  manufacturinff  stream   Rn  for  no  .         i    **  ^    ^'^t'*^  "^^"  ot  the  State,  as 

The  upper  waters  of  the  St.  John  constitute,  in  the  extrem„ 

iJutish  possessions.    In  this  region,  the  risht  bank  of  tl,r, 
beongs  to  Maine;  and,  still  fanh'er  up,'tl  e  ttlc  s   eamls 
w.th.n  our  te,Titory.    The  greatest  length  of  the  r  "«■  i'mI 

dver^lletV  ""f  I  ''»^--- "bout  two  hund"edTnd 
eleven  mdes.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  valley,  in  these  UDoer 
waters,  ,s  nmety  miles.  The  St.  John  constitutes  nex  t!th. 
Androscoggin  River,  the  most  elevated  d™„age  n  Se  "" 
The  stream  flows  through  the  glooms  of  a  dense  bTalmost 
unbroken  wldemess.  The  total  length  of  thU  important  river 
from  Its  sources  to  the  sea,  is  four  hundred  »n^  fif.,"™:,  "     "?  ' 

*  Water-Power  of  Maine,  p.  120. 


m 


016 


TffJi  BISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


area  of  the  lakes  in  the  St.  John  basin  is  three  hundred  and 
fifty  square  miles.  In  the  upper  waters,  the  slope  is  so  gradual 
that  the  stream  is  navigable  through  nearly  the  whole  length 
of  Its  flow  ui  Maine,  being  comparatively  of  little  value  for  the 
purposes  of  power. 

We  have  thus  given  a  brief  account  of  the  primary,  or  interior 
nver  systems  in  Maine.  When  it  is  remembered  that  there  are 
represented,  upon  the  State  map,  five  thousand  one  hundred  and 
fifty-one  streams  in  Maine,  and  that  there  are  over  three  thou- 
sand valuable  water-powers,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  minute  detail 
of  these  privileges  is  impossible. 

There  is  a  general  impression  that  Maine  is  too  far  away  in 
the  North,  and  too  severe  in  its  climate,  to  invite  emigration. 
Mr.  Blodgett  writes,  in  his  Climatology  of  the  United  States,— 

"  The  Mississippi  Valley  has  been  pre-eminent  as  the  theatre  of  malari- 
ous  fevers,  which  have  been  the  scourge  of  emigrants  from  nearly  all  parts 
of  the  world.  To  the  natives  of  the  North  of  Europe,  and  the  British  Isles 
in  particular,  the  change  has  been  extremely  trying;  and  prostrt^ion  by 
some  one  of  its  forms,  mild  or  severe,  has  been  almost  certain  to  attend  the 
new-comer.  India  itself  has  not  been  more  certain  to  break  the  health  of 
the  emigrant,  than  the  Mississippi  Valley,  though  the  American  forms  of 
disease  were  always  attended  with  a  much  smaller  ratio  of  mortality." 

Fever  and  ague,  yellow  fever,  and  cholera  are  never  known 
as  epidemics  in  Maine.  Many  a  farmer  has  emigrated  to  the 
malarious  regions  of  the  West,  with  a  family  of  ruddy  boys  and 
girls,  to  see  them,  one  and  all,  wilt  down,  pale,  emaciate,  with 
all  their  energies  paralyzed,  beneath  the  scourge  of  fever  and 
ague.  And  as  he  himself,  now  shaking  with  the  chill,  and  now 
burning  with  fever,  has  looked  upon  his  desponding  household, 
he  has  wished,  with  yearnings  which  cannot  be  expressed,  that 
he  and  his  family  could  again  breathe  the  invigorating  atmos- 
phere even  of  a  Maine  winter. 

It  is  often  said  that  health  is  the  greatest  of  blessings.  This 
consideration  will  doubtless  influence  the  young  men  of  Maine 
to  remain  at  home,  and  improve  the  wonderful  resources  which 
God  has  placed  in  their  hands.  And  it  will  doubtless  invite 
emigrants   from    Northern  EuronR.   frnm    Sr^nfionH     a. — „. 


V  ' 


THE  niSTORT  OF  M^I/fE. 


517 


holland,  Belgium,  Norway,  and  Sweden.  Here  they  f5nd  a 
climate  essentially  the  same  with  that  to  which  they  have 
been  accustomed  from  childhood,  and  which  their  ancestors 
have  enjoyed  for  centuries  before  them. 

It  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  a  cold  climate  is  unfavor- 
able to  prosperity  and  happiness.     There  is  unquestionably  far 
more  enjoyment  in  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  than  in  Calcutta. 
The  homes  of  Norway  and  Sweden  are  more  attractive  than 
those  of  Italy  and  Southern  Spain.     I  once  asked  a  group  of 
thirty  boys  at  school  in  Farmington,  Me.,  "Which  do  you  like 
best,  summer  or  winter?"     The  spontaneous  and  universal 
response  was,  «  Oh,  winter,  winter  1 "     There  were  some  boys 
from  Cuba  there.     No  words  can  express  the  delight  with  which 
they  enjoyed  the  magnificat  snow-storms,  the  sleigh-rides  the 
snow-forts,  the  "sliding  down  hill,"  and  the  skatin-.     Even 
now,  in  my  seventieth  year,  I  feel  a  thrill  of  pleasurable  emo- 
tion in  contemplating  the  blissful  winters  which  I  passed  in 
early  youth  upon  the  banks  of  the  Kennebec. 


.r."- 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

POPULAB  EDUCATION. 

T^,f,f„^.  "  P'^^^^^y  "«  S'^*«  i^  tho  Union  where  more 
attention  ,s  paid  to  the  education  of  tho  masses  of  the 
people,  or  where  better  schools  are  maintained,  than  in  Maine 
BcVoo?  71°^H-; ]!-en  Johnson,  superintenden  of  pZ" 
Bchoo  s,  or  the  year  1874,  it  would  appear  that  the  whole'^um- 
ber  of  scholars,  between  tho  ages  of  four  and  twenty-one,  wTs 

trn   TlTre  rt'^^  ^'^"^^"'  '^'  hundred 'and  mne! 

teen.  There  were  four  thousand  one  hundred  and  ninetv-nine 
schoolhouses.  The  estimated  value  of  school-property  waTa 
httle  over  three  million  dollars.  ^ 

In  Farmington  there  was  a  normal  school  in  a  state  of  hi^h 
prosperity.  The  average  attendance  was  a  little  over  one  h  t 
died  The  object  of  this  school  is  the  thorough  training  of 
teachers  for  th^r  professional  labors.  It  had  anLcellent  phU- 
osoplucal  and  chemical  apparatus,  and  a  good  library.  Dmin<. 
the  past  ten  years  one  thousand  young  men,  and  one  hund.i 
and  ninety-eight  young  women,  have  graduated  at  this  institu- 

At  Castine  there  is  another  normal  school.     The  attendance 
m  the  spring  term  of  the  year  1874  was  one  hundred  and  thirty 
m  five  classes.     The  whole  number  in  attendance  durin..  tlfe' 
year  was  three  hundred  and  eleven.     The  regular  course  of 
study  embraced  three  years.     The  diligent  student  in  this  time 


ran  insTonr  of  uawe.  ug 

"  The  earneat,  able  young  men  and  women  of  Maine  have  nflv«r  K„f«r. 
had  such  inducements  offered  them  to  become  teach    "     The  worker  Ind 

triiZortfTT"'^'^'-  ^^^-'----uJwuht^ru™ 

ana  mdustry  of  the  teacher,  are  now  offered  for  his  servir^^.      w<»  v. 
not  been  able  to  supply  the  demand  for  first-clas:  tea^^^.r  The  f^e  u2 
schools  are  calling  for  our  best  teacher,  and  the  demand  will  increfll!'.   ' 

ThiH  high  standard  of  qualifications  required  in  the  teacher 
will  have  au  influence  on  all  grades  of  schools.  The  work  of 
educating  the  children  of  the  State  will  be  in  the  hands  of  those 
who  have  been  systematically  trained  to  the  callino   and  who 

Inr^CT  ?^?  '"'  "''^^'  ""  i"telligent  enthusiasm  which  will  call 
forth  the  best  energies  of  the  pupils.  The  many  interesting 
questions  now  engaging  the  attention  of  prominent  educatoi^- 
some  of  them  of  vital  importance  to  the  future  welfare  of  the 
nation  -  will  be  treated  by  the  graduates  of  these  schools  with 
a  candid  and  far-reaching  consideration,  and  the  whole  subject 

of  thrpubUc''      ^'  '^'^'^'"^  '"  '^  ^''^''  ^"'^'^°'^  ^"  '^'  '^^"^^ 
Even  from  a  material  point,  this  attention  to  the  cause  of 
popular  education  will  have  its  reward.     In  the  close  competi- 
ion  for  the  commerce  of  the  world  now  going  on  between  the 
leading  nations  of  Europe  and  America,  every  power  of  the 
mmd  IS  being  cultivated,  and  brought  into  action;  new  schools 
are  being  founded,  and  old  ones  re-organized  ;  and  the  unedu- 
cated peoples  will  fall  behind  in  the  struggle  for  pre-eminence, 
rins  State,  with  its  great  facilities  for  manufacturing  and  me- 
chanical enterprises,  and  its  educated  population,  will  take  a 
toremost  position  among  the  progressive  communities  of  the 
day.     It  has  certainly  reason  to  congratulate  itself  upon  the 
success  which  has  attended  the  working  of  its  normal  schools. 
Ihe  thousands  of  young   men  and  young  women  who  have 
graduated  from  the  schools  at  Farmington  and  Castine  have 
gone  into  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  are  now  exerting  an  influ- 
ence, silent,  but  none  ^he  1'^"'^  ^it^r^i.: — -i. 1   •  , 


1 3 


620 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


The  town  of  Castire  presented  the  State  with  a  fine  lot  of 
land,  for  the  ereciion  of  a  new  building,  about  the  year  1872. 
The  school  was  then  in  successful  operation.     In  the  year  1873 


,i,iilli!i.: '  .f'f, 


iidwii 


NORMAL  SCHOOI-,  CASTINR. 


the  present  beautiful  edifice  was  completed.  Gov.  Perhain  and 
his  council,  with  many  distinguished  friends  of  education, 
Attended  the  dedicatory  exercises.  An  audience  of  five  hun- 
dred was  assembled  in  the  hall,  and  yet  it  was  of  c^inaolfv  \n 


TEE  HIBTORY  OF  MAINE. 


621 


accommodate  one  hundred  more.     Speeches  were  made  by  the 
governor,  and  by  other  citizens  of  Maine  and  of  other  States 

This  IS  one  of  the  best  schoolhouses  in  the  State.  The 
region  around  is  occupied  by  a  religious,  intelligent,  industrious 
community,  who  can  well  appreciate  the  value  of  education. 
Ihe  building  can  accommodate  two  hundred  scholars,  and  has 
already  become  a  powerful  instrument  in  the  intellectual 
advancement  of  the  thriving  surrounding  towns. 


MAIXK  CENTItAL   INSlTrUTE,  riTT.SFlKLl),  JIK. 

In  the  prosperous  village  of  Pittsfield,  about  twenty-three 
miles  east  of  Waterville,  there  is  a  successful  school,  called  the 
"  Mame  Central  Institute."  The  regular  course  of  study  occu- 
pies four  years,  and  young  men  and  young  women  are  alike 
admittei.  A  board  of  twenty  trustees  presides  over  the  inter- 
ests of  this  seminary,  and  it  is  intended  to  make  it  a  first-class 
institution.  Latin  and  Greek,  French  and  German,  are  tau-ht, 
with  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics,  geology,  astronomy, 
mental  plnlosophy,  and  moral  science.  The  terms  of  tuition 
are  low,  and  board  can  be  obtained  in  the  village  for  about  two 
dollars  a  week. 

Thus  an  accomnUsliprl  ofliioQf:^.'^  .v  -ae j  .      .■,  . 

^ •  t?A!,^tti:iOii  la  uiicicu  to  cne  sons  and 


I! 


THE  HiaTORY  OF  MAINE.  523 

daughters  in  all  the  farm-houses  of  that  rural  district.  The 
institute  includes  a  college  preparatory  course,  a  normal  depart- 
ment,  and  an  academic  department.  There  were  in  the  year 
1874  m  the  preparatory  course,  eighty-four  pupils  ;  in  the  nor- 
mal,  thirty-one  ;  m  the  academic,  one  hundred  and  eight ;  mak- 
ing a  total  of  two  hundred  and  twenty-three 

...t""^  ^f  i""  *^'  "f  ™^'"  wilderness,  which  for  countless  gen- " 
erations  had  covered  these  hills  and  vales,  not  a  solitary  wlite 
man  had  reared  his  cabin  until  the  year  1794.     In  1815,  when 

tZlfr        f '  l"^  r '^'^  ^^^^""^^  ^"  '^'  '-^'^^'^  widely 
separated  from  each  other,  the  region  was  elevated  to  the  dig- 

mty  of  a  plantation.     In  1819  it  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
■  i/the7eari8f9.'^"""'  "'"'  "'"^  "^^  ^'^"^^^^  '^  ^^^^^^^d 

Oak  Grov    Seminary,  to  which  a  normal  department  is  attached. 
The  school  year  consists  of  three  terms  of  thirteen  weeks  each 
An  elevated  course  of  study  is  pursued.     In  1874  there  were 
eighteen  pupils  here  preparing  for  teachers.      In   ZlZl 

Col''  '"1  nT'''''   ^^"^'   ^^^   ^°"f—   Seminary   and 

^:zi^:^jjr '  '-''^  ^^ '-  — '  -^ 

Westbrook  is  a  beautiful  town,  whicli  was  a  part  of  Falraoutli 

IS  located  a  literary  msutution  of  high  order  and  sunerior 
accommodattons.  It  is  called  Westbrook  Seminary,  and  cS 
of  three  prrncipal  buildings,  which  will  acoommoiate  ah  g^ 
number  of  students.  The  institution  is  well  patronized  afd 
sends  out  yearly  into  the  community  many  welUduca ted  puput 
prepared  to  be  useful  in  all  the  walks  of  common  life.  ^  The 
accompanymg  dlustration  shows  vividly  the  progress  the  State 
has  made  smce  scarcely  a  century  ago,  the  Indians  reared  tie  r 
vv,gwams  on  these  plains,  and  pursued  their  game  through  the 
glooms  of  an  almost  unbroken  forest.  ° 

A  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  was 
opened  at  Orono,  in  the  year  1868.  It  is  under  Stite  patron- 
age and  supervised  by  a  carefully  selected  board  of  trustetof 
which  Gov.  Coburn  in  the  year  18T4  was  president.    Th     .h" 


524 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


dents  represented  every  county  in  the  State.  The  institution 
stands  high  in  the  estimation  of  the  community,  and  is  every 
year  regarded  with  increasing  favor  the  several  branches  of  a 
practical  education.  The  number  of  students  in  the  year  1874 
was  one  hundred  and  twenty-one.  The  institution  is  partially 
military  in  its  character,  though  its  principal  object  is  to  give 
the  pupils  the  best  instruction  in  agriculture  and   the  mechanic 


RESIDENCES  OF  COL.  EBENEZER  WEBSTER,  MBS.  MARTHA  (WEBSTER)  TREAT 

AND  PAUL  D.  WEBSTER,  Esq. 

arts.  It  proposes  to  do  this  by  giving  every  young  man  an 
opportunity  practically  to  apply  the  theoretical  teaching  he 
receives,  by  labors  on  the  farm  and  in  the  shop.  In  this  way  he 
can  also  partially  defray  the  expenses  of  his  education.  No 
student  is  admitted  under  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  is  subject  to 
an  examination  in  arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  his- 
tory of  the  United  States,  algebra  as  far  as  quadratic  equations, 
and  five  books  in  geometry. 

Tne  design  of  this  important  institution  is  not  merely  to  pre- 
para  cue  understandingly  to  work  upon  the  farm,  but  to  trive 


'  li 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


525 


an  education  which  shall  aid  the  student  in  aU  industrial  pur- 
suits.    Gov.  Washburn  writes,— 


^*«Mne'>**,**/*^^»*x!? 


UISTRICT   SCHOOL    HOUSE,  KITTERY,  ME. 


Considering  the  locality  of  the  college  in  its  relation  to  the  whole 
State  Its  proximity  to  the  broad  and  fertile  region  of  the  Aroostook,  a 
county  containing  a  larger  number  of  acres  of  farming  lands,  of  the  finest 
quality  than  any  other  five  counties  in  New  England;  considering  the  dif. 

terent  kinds  of  soil  on  the  (inllPWA  fariv.o  *.,— .j-u: x.    ...      - 

.  ,       ,  .  =- '^ > '"™'^-""o  "Fpu^'iiiitics  lor  a  great 

variety  of  experiments;  and  considering,  finally,  the  surpassing  beauty  of 


f; 


u 


f-:i 


'••i 


mum  liPT" 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


027 


ceded  that  the  location  'oi  the  ooU^e  ;»»  «„t^  Id  wt""™'""^  ""'■ 


OHAMMAH   SCHOOr.    HOTTSf:,   ■wriNTHHOP.  ME. 


JTl  "'"  I""""^  °^^''  ^'^^'^'^  ^"^  «^'«"*>fi°  institutions  scat- 
tared  throughout  the  State,  to  which  we  have  not  sn!.!  4 

aiiude.    in  previous  pages  we  have  spoken  of  the  princi>rcol 


II  a 


-^  '^'■^'iS,*..^ 


528 


TSE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


leges,  and  of  several  of  the  more  important  private  schoola.  In 
all  the  leading  towns  there  is  a  high  school  for  advanced  pupils. 
These  buildings,  when  contrasted  with  the  schoolhouaes  of 
fifty  years  ago.  knay  be  called  palaces.  We  give  pictures  of  two 
of  them,  —  the  Grammar  School  House  in  Winthrop,  and  the 
District  School  in  Kittery,  to  illustrate  the  general  style  of 
these  structures. 

In  the  interesting  and  very  comprehensive  little  book  by 
Hon.  John  Neal,  entitled  "  Portland  Illustrated,"  we  find  the 
following  notice  of  an  important  institution  called  The  Maine 
General  Hospital :  — 

•'This  institution,  established  in  love  to  that  small  part  of  the  great 
human  family  of  sufferers  in  whom  we  have  a  special  interest,  occupies 
what  were  known  as  the  Arsenal  Grounds,  on  Bramhall's  Hill,  of  two  and  a 
aalf  acres. 

'*  More  than  fifty  thousand  dollars  have  been  raised  by  private  subscrip- 
tion among  ourselves  in  the  city  ;  while  the  State  has  contributed  twenty 
thousand  dollars  conditionally,  together  with  these  Arsenal  Grounds. 
These  conditions  having  been  more  than  fulfilled,  the  buildings  are  now  so 
near  completion  as  to  make  it  sure  that  before  long  we  shall  have  a  magnifi- 
cent charity  in  full  operation  to  be  thankful  for.* 

"  The  central  building  is  five  stories,  with  a  mansard  roof;  and  there  are, 
as  you  see,  four  pavilions,  with  an  amphitheatre,  a  boiler-house,  and  a 
kitchen.  From  every  window  there  is  a  wide,  rich,  and  beautiful  prospect 
of  the  whole  surrounding  country;  and,  from  every  part,  either  a  view  of 
the  sea  and  the  cove,  or  a  view  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
sixty  miles  away,  with  all  the  intervening  villages  and  elevations,  woods  and 
waters;  and  being  always  open  to  the  sea-breezes  on  the  one  side,  and  to  the 
winnowed  atmosphere  of  our  Switzerland  upon  the  other,  a  store-house  of 
health  and  vitality,  the  sick  and  languishing  may  be  sure  of  nature's  best 
and  surest  help  at  all  seasons. ' ' 


The  writer  is  conscious,  that,  in  the  endeavor  to  give  the  his- 
tory of  Maine  in  one  volume,  many  important  facts  or  events 
may  have  been  omitted,  which  some  will  regret,  and  which  per- 
haps he  may  regret  when  his  attention  is  called  to  them.  But  he 
has,  according  io  the  best  of  his  judgment,  selected  those  inci- 
dents which  he  has  thought  would  be  most  interesting  and 

*  Since  the  above  was  written,  the  hospital  has  been  opened  to  patients,  and  is 
now  in  sncceMfiiJ  operation; 


680 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE 


instructive  to  the  general  reader.  And  he  is  sure  that  this  nar- 
rative truthfully  presents  Maine  in  an  attitude  of  which  aU 
her  sons  and  daughters  may  be  proud. 

Life  is  everywhere  a  battle.  It  is  in  vani  for  any  one  to 
escape  toil  and  trouble.  But,  all  things  considered,  there  is 
probably  not  on  this  globe  a  more  favored,  comfortable,  and 
happy  population  than  that  of  Maine. 

It  is  true  that  cold  breezes  sweep  its  surface  in  winter;  but 
these  blasts,  with  healing  on  their  wings,  drive  all  malarious 
exhalations  from  the  land,  give  elasticity  to  the  mind,  buoyan- 
cy to  the  spirits,  and  invigoration  to  all  physical  energies.  The 
soil  is  certainly  not  so  rich  as  in  some  of  the  renowned  prairies 
and  valleys  of  the  West ;  but  the  water  is  cool,  and  pure  anc^ 
clear  as  crystal.  The  forests  afford  an  abundance  of  every 
variety  of  valuable  timber ;  and  the  streams,  born  among  the 
mountains,  and  rushing  over  their  rocky  beds,  invite  to  alt  the 
branches  of  manufactures. 

The  flood  of  foreign  immigration  is  not  pouring  into  Maine  as 
into  some  other  parts  of  the  Union.  But  this  saves  the  State 
from  a  vast  amount  of  inebriation,  vagabondage,  crime,  and  pau- 
perism. And  thise  who  do  select  Maine  as  their  home  gener- 
ally come  from  those  countries  of  Northern  Europe  where  intel- 
ligence and  piety  prevail. 

This  renders  the  communiiy  in  Maine  in  a  remarkable  degree 
homogeneous.  The  society  is  :.  a  high  degree  intelligent,  moral, 
and  social.  And  thus  it  is  that  Christian  churches  arise  in  every 
village,  that  intemperance  can  be  arrested  as  scarcely  anywhere 
else,  that  schools  and  colleges  are  multiplied,  and  intelligence 
and  morality  are  widely  diffused.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find 
in  any  portion  of  our  land  more  happy  homes  than  are  found  in 
Maine. 


II 


POPULATION  AND  VALUATION,  I860  AND  1870. 


ANDROSCOGGIN  COUNTY. 


PopulcUion. 

Auburn 5,344 

Durham 1,620 

East  Livermore  . .  .1,029 

Greene 1.224 

Lewiston 7,424 

I'isbon 1,376 

feeds 1,390 

Livermore 1,597 

Minot 1,799 

Poland 2,746 

Turner 2,082 

Wales 602 

Webstci 890 

Total 29,726 


Amity 302 

Benedicta 307 

Bridgewater 491 

Dalton 606 

Easton 320 

Frenchville 

Fort  Fairfield ....  901 

Fort  Kent 

Grant  Isle 545 

Hersey 

Hodsdon 963 

Houlton 2,035 

Limestone I6I 

Linneus 755 

Littleton 543 

Ludlow  287 

Lyndon 297 

Madawaska 585 

Mars  Hill 2OI 

Masardis 190 

Maysville 665 

Monticello 4S3 

?!  ew  Lliuerick ....  226 

Orient  233 


1860. 

Polli. 

1,234 

412 

258 

303 
1,217 

355 

mo 

355 
403 
584 
708 
155 
237 


Estates. 

fl,224,070 
459,376 
301,702 
338,402 

2,426,374 
404,016 
333,035 
430,779 
546,581 
517,671 
748.218 
188,642 
312,015 


1870. 

Population. 

Polls. 

Estates. 

0,169 

1,501 

$2,918,101 

1,350 

358 

4r2,8fll 

1,004 

255 

388,680 

1,094 

315 

439,629 

13,600 

2,258 

8,813,629 

2,014 

451 

741,092 

1,288 

420 

466,348 

1,467 

404 

524,267 

1,569 

384 

610,5U 

2,436 

552 

765,960 

2,380 

537 

815,684 

656 

153 

229,359 

939 

218 

406,434 

6,551       $8,230,892      35,866       7,894     $17,502,565 


AROOSTOOK  COUNTY. 


63 

$28,884 

311 

82 

413 

69 

94 

44,372 

605 

123 

128 

68,030 

445 

87 

622 

106 

1,851 

274 

167 

75,975 

1,893 

360 

1,034 

172 

688 

113 

107 

25 

202 

118,467 

989 

210 

36"^ , 

240,000 

2,850 

457 

263 

64 

200 

77,270 

1,008 

213 

108 

53,932 

700 

151 

64 

24,548 

371 

77 

57 

26,.?64 

1,410 

256 

1,041 

148 

399 

78 

34 

19,801 

169 

40 

115 

57,952 

758 

163 

96 

54,369 

760 

16a 

tt 

26,712 

308 

76 

36 

17,712 

219 

39 

631 


$44,676 
41,741 
83,263 
98,531 
69,879 
80,600 
276,800 
ft5,357 
40,865 
24,493 
197,882 
681,646 
27,647 
117,917 
94,257 
57,888 
155,702 
65,156 
45,811 
39,479 
140,057 

1QQ  5OK 

43,'450 
35,000 


582 


TBE  mSTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1860.  1870. 

Population.    PoHt.  Ettatet.       Population 

Presque  Isle 723          161              70,874          070 

Sherman 701 

Smyrna 106            28              24,703           150 

Washburn 318                                               440 

Weston 304            86             42,230          804 

PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSUIP8. 

Alva 480                                                 496 

Bancroft  80^           63             23,810          177 

Custle  Hill 237 

Crystal 250 

Eagle  Lake I43 

Greenwood 47 

Hamlin jr^g 

Haynesville 169                                               iQj; 

Island  Falls 183 

Macwahoc  202                                                170 

Mapleton 444 

Wade 7g 

Sarsfleld 473 

Reed 72                                                 64 

Wallagrass 207 

St.  Jolins X                                                 127 

St.  Francis 253 

Westfleld 75 

Perham 7g 

Moro 121 

Molunkus 61                                                   oi 

Van  Biuen 616                                               922 

Glenwood IS5 

9akfield 559 

Cyr-;--- 378 

Woodland 174 

No.  9,  R.  0 100 

Portage  Lake  ....  124 

Lett.rF,  R.  1  ....  67 

Letter  B,  R.  2....  46 

Letter  C,  R.  2....  6 

No.  1,  R.  5     38 

Dyer  Br  ook 129 

Merrill 106                                                118 

No.  7,  R.  5 16 

No.  8,  R.  5 29 

No.  0,  R.  6 25 

Chapman 40 

No.  11,  R.  1 274            40 

No.  11,  R.  6 51 

Buchanan 60 

Nashville 30 

No.  15,  R.  7 6 

No.  15,  R.  0 2 

No.  17,  R.  0 83 

Letter  K,  R.  2....  132 

No.  IS,  R.  10 51 

IJninc'd  townships 

above  St.  Francis  156 

Wild  lands 695,501 

Total 22.479       2.098       $2,221,402      SOfino 


'0//». 

Ettatet. 

182 
171 

87 
100 

86 

180,786 

100,240 

85,008 

63,021 

40,846 

08 
64 
67 
66 

a5,003 
80,513 
20,053 
82,  lie 

06 
21 
63 
43 
110 

28,218 
20,558 
37,904 
41,407 
28,707 

17 
26 

36 

20,869 
12,905 
22,085 

115 

44 

116 

40.233 
27,408 
26,068 

37 
29 

14,474 
19,340 

2,3050 


1,155,591 


-7 ~..,...^.,..,.^ 


CENSUS  AND    VALUATION. 


5S8 


CUMBERLAND  COUNTY. 

1860.  jgyQ 

Population,    roll:  Estatfi.  Population.    Poll$. 

2'1'Jw'n 1.227  282  $212,018  1,101  292 

§'">Sf'"n-. 2,556  017  007,148  2  085  667 

Bru.iswc;.:              4,723  708  1,701,004  4,087  Slfl 

Capo  Elizabeth . .  3,278  6:J8  757(132  6  106  1  mi 

Ca^co.   ...     1,116  258  212005  'oS  S 

Cumberland 1,713  300  455,540  1,026  300 

DetMln,!,',  incorp.  Feb.  10,  1871 ;  taken  from  Wostbrook.  001 

la'"!""'!' 1,0;»  423  021,078  1,7;!0  44.3 

^••eeport 2,702  682  821,400  2,407  504 

<^OT\mm 3,252  732  1.080  704  .'!  .151  774 

P/'^y---v, U67  408  300,080  1,738  4.11 

"'-^t-P^well •..  1,00.3  401  44(!,"3d  1740  430 

Harrison 1,251  294  241,072  1210  307 

^•»ples 1,210  28)1'  2.33,.327  1  O.J8  27« 

New  Gloucester. .  1,054  404  605,940  i:490  407 

?f»T«',T^™°"*^-  ^^^^  244  454.770  940  222 

S*'**««'<J, hm  285  25.5,904  1,000  200 

P«r"and 20,341  4,244        21,800,000  31,413  7  814 

Pownal.. 1,053  204  .345,880  081  "u 

^ymun^..   1,220  274  107,200  1,120  305 

Scarborough 1,807  457  537,478  1002  410 

ffba-;?- 058  227  149,023  803  221 

Sta'V'*'''-, 2,067  510  451,089  2,080  635 

Westbrook 5,113  1,090  1,8:14,0.50  0,583  OOO 

Wi'idbam 2,035  555  780,758  2  423  540 

Yarmouth 2,027  476  030,841  i;872  408 

Total 75,591  1.5,098      $.30,. 30 1,035  82,021  19,812 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Avon 802  162  $120,977  610  141 

C-irthago 503  121  0.3,557  486  124 

ClicsterviUc 1,110  276  230,416  1,011  241 

Eustis 301  'u2  80 

FaiTOlngton .3,103  680  998,814  3,251  753 

F'-eo>nivn 068  157  129.137  008  158 

I"^ustry 827  187  180,090  725  181 

i.»y- •••,-. 1'08"  400  307,722  1,490  358 

KuiSfield 670  1.52  99;451  500  137 

Madrid 491  97  44,821  .394  108 

New  Sharon.   ...   1,7,31  399  427,800  1,451  889 

New  Vineyard...      804  187  143,387  755  189 

Pli''''I« 1,098  369  32.3,701  1,.373  365 

Jaiigeley 238  65  43,579  313  74 

Salem 390  83  71,715  807  71 

^t''o>'S 754  173  152.959  6.34  105 

Temple 728  150  113,.5f)9  640  156 

WcW 1,035  202  170.847  1,1.30  201 

Wilton 1,920  428  477,543  1,006  437 

PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSHIPS. 

Jerusalem 32 

Letter  E 23  $13,006  03  21 

S«'-'^'7 108  149  35 

Rangeley 40  45 

No,  6...  =  =  .  =  =  ....  81  14 


K»tate$. 

$2.-)fl,225 

855,197 

2,305,806 

1,784,831 

241,486 

511,920 

2,104,096 

688,527 

012,053 

1,445,908 

480,780 

4.54,001 

804,035 

208,046 

848,905 

623,086 

208,582 

20,439,257 

378,.3.55 

229,121 

705,728 

175,.')50 

492,709 

1,097,048 

1,014.877 

1,155,591 

$48,942,323 


$149,603 

96,070 

288,.353 

57,558 

1,448,7.35 

140,090 

209,.?  19 

497,029 

110,910 

55,764 

481,4.34 

228,812 

375,576 

75,2.J9 

64,4.32 

220,7f)4 

101,981 

245,200 

505,260 


$12,931 
23,J58 

lo,^4i> 


£34 


THE  BISTORT  OF  MAINE. 


Population. 

Dallas 

Sandy  River 177 

Washington 

Lang 

No.  4,  Range  .3...! 

No.  4,  Range  2 . . . .  8 

Green  Vale 

Coplin 

Getchell 134 

No.  1,  Range  3....  90 
No.  2,  Ranges....  39 
No.  . 3,  Range  2....  25 
Wild  lands 

Total 20,403 


1860. 

Polls. 


Estates. 


1870. 

ulation 

.    Polls. 

Estates. 

159 

111 

02 

12 

6,000 

25 

11 

19,924 

9 

9 

10,5.56 

31 

23,235 

91,650 


172,900 


4,380       $4,285,843      18,807        4,518        $5,791,659 


HANCOCK  COUNTY. 

-^-^'lerst 384  83  $50,046  350 

^uro'-a  277  60  40  272  212 

g'^i<";» 1,993  431  358  170  1,707 

grooklin  1,043  235  1,30  436  968 

Brooksvile 1,428  303  108,998  1,275 

^"<;'pP»rt 3,-5.54  780  975  137  3  433 

^^«''"«---;- lv^57  269  764,671  1303 

Cranberry  Isles...      345  73  53  710  350 

^«^r  Isle 3,500  7.38  362  520  3,414 

geaham. 495  113  94.388  448 

Eastbrook 221  43  29^3.54  ^ 

Eden..   1,247  250  l^l  1,1S 

^"'^^^"r"^ 4,658  847  896,299  5  257 

^'•an'5'in ,••■■  1,004  211  123  056  1042 

Gouldsborough...  1,717  374  180  822  1709 

pnc^-^k 023  215  133  236  974 

Lamonie ^22 

^f^^''l«- 458  82  49,106  369 

^':,- Desert 916  198  129,839  918 

O}'}^"'! V/87  374  312.543  l,70i 

gti«-.--l 210  49  22  538  246 

P^V"''?'^'* ^'^  326  193  375  1,418 

Sef'swick 1,263  2.59  102  018  1113 

f""'^-'-^" 862  207  135  994  796 

S«"-y--. 1,319  294  164.022  1,242 

™iont 1,708  407  192,984  1822 

Trenton 1,400  300  240,667  678 

^^'i"'"^ 399  95  44  143  352 

Waltham 374  80  44,092  366 

PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSHIPS. 

Hog  Island 8  « 

Long  Island 188  m 

Swan  Mand 492  93  21,829  451 

t:i6:.-.-.-.-.v.v.:::  ''i  ''  ''^'^  «« 

N0.21 54  66 

No.  3;^,  Mid.  Div...       96  iaq 

No.  28 ^Xi 

No.32 13  g 


St) 

48 
432 
252 
322 
804 
2.58 

86 
749 
106 

49 

290 

1,097 

219 

434 

244 

156 

109 

226 

407 

60 

329 

274 

210 

283 

419 

323 

81 

92 


99 
20 


$57,276 
32,052 
397,020 
180,899 
238,987 
1,219,881 
461,343 
61,514 
417,211 
102,752 
39,238 
196,499 
1,2,33,199 
168,348 
224,690 
163,904 
142,449 
65,742 
158,069 
374,.390 
26,407 
227,358 
197,706 
141,9.54 
209,137 
262,353 
260,729 
51,075 
57,727 


27,805 
13,010 


CKASUS  AND    VALUATION. 


535 


Population. 

Harbor  Island 22 

Bear  Island ll 

Bradbury  Island.. 

Spruce  I  lead  Island  18 

Eagle  Island 5.5 

Beach  Island 12 

Butter  Island 7 

Marshall's  Island..         6 

Pickering's  Island.  11 

Eaton  Island l 

Pumkiu  Island 4 

Mt.  Desert  Rock. . .         6 

No.  8 25 

Hackatosh  Island .  6 

Wild  lands 

Total 37,757 


1860. 

Polls, 


Eatatea. 


1870. 
Population.    Polls. 
18 
13 

6 
22 
80 

0 
12 

6 

8 


210,875 


Eitale$. 


279,1.50 


r,810         $6,520,694      30,495      8,311       $7,554,073 


KENNEBEC  COUNTY. 


Albion 1,554 

Augusta 7,609 

Belgrad« 1,592 

Benton 1,183 

Chelsea 1,024 

China 2,719 

Clinton 1,803 

Fanningdale 896 

Fayette 910 

Gardiner 4,487 

Hallowfll 2,4.35 

Litchfield 1,702 

Manchester 813 

Monmouth 1,854 

Mt.  Vernon 1,404 

Pittston 2,019 

Eeadfield 1,510 

Rome 804 

Sidney 1  782 

Vassalborough 3,181 

Vienna 878 

Waterville 4.390 

Wayne 1,194 

West  Grardiner 1,294 

Windsor 1,548 

Winslow 1,739 

Winthrop 2,338 

Clinton  Gore 219 

Unity  plantation . .        54 

Total 55,655 


342 
1,279 
376 
264 
200 
525 
365 
191 
228 
811 
552 
402 
193 
447 
309 
566 
336 
180 
463 
669 
201 
870 
280 
275 
313 
363 
567 
43 
14 


$304,8.50 
2,460,004 
341,044 
175,528 
181,550 
555,976 
270,141 
333,359 
222,.583 
1,723,.561 
1,085,742 
475,149 
295,792 
501,989 
315,186 
610,711 
505,807 
128,417 
508,912 
737,920 
151,024 
1,348,330 
256,032 
298,496 
274,001 
409,712 
769,018 
13,135 
10,388 


1,358 
7,808 
1,485 
1,180 
1.238 
2.118 
1,766 

859 

91)0 
4,497 
3,007 
1,506 

732 
1,744 
1,252 
2,353 
1,456 

725 
1,471 
2,919 

740 
4,852 

938 
1,044 
1,268 
1,437 
2,229 

257 
68 


323 

1,706 

374 

310 

177 

557 

403 

194 

252 

970 

552 

383 

160 

403 

328 

531 

314 

167 

S55 

096 

200 

901 

257 

256 

284 

326 

575 

52 

17 


$376,791 
4,881,135 
4(51,468 
248,123 
184,980 
650,588 
428,812 
387,428 
282,697 
2,179,243 
1,222,295 
496,908 
320,219 
502,068 
397,034 
648,353 
589,171 
149,731 
049,582 
1,]30,,348 
200015 
1,904,017 
344,692 
359,029 
262,212 
470,002 
1,122,839 
28,000 
14,360 


11,084      $15,273,355       53,203     12,024    $21,004,034 


Appleton 1,.573 

Camden 4,588 

Cushing 79(j 

Friendaliip 770 


KNOX  COUNTY. 


379 
927 
198 

202 


$253,347 

1,062,228 

103,547 

123,506 


1,485 

4,512 

704 

890 


347 

1,129 

203 

217 


$284,278 

1,497,631 

132.83!) 

140^267 


536 


THE  HlfTORT  OF  MAINE. 


1860. 

Population.     Polls.  Estates.  Population. 

"^P^VV ^'"^^  231  241,004  007 

St/ ;•••  pl«  V:->2  2,614  801  7,074 

|outhThonKist.,n.   1,(115  324  343,462  1,003 

St.  George 2,716  553  343  1.52  2  318 

rhomaston .3,218  650  2,0.53'.573  3,002 

,V?""" l>9o7  481  510,737  1.701 

^^;S™ i'«6|  324  l.,8;803  tsS 

^X'^'f.^"-- '^,^'il  553  909,254  1974 

Washington 1,062  349  270  616  1276 

Martniicuslslepl.  55  17-^0  97? 

Muscle  Ridge  pi! .  .__1S3  _^  gjosQ  2(11 

'^°^^' 32,716  7,271  $9,212,824  30,823 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. 

^'"f-; ' 805  2.31  $22.3,.310  747 

^oothbay 2,8.57  577  403  933  3  200 

^r?men 907  168  122  966  797 

^"^^t«'.-  •  ■  V 3,:«6  686  422  580  2  oi6 

Damanscott.1 1,366  294  601198  123^ 

^f^den. 1,247  321  328,474  990 

Edi^ecomb 1.112  o-^i  170  00-  ■.  ?.-?, 

Jefferson                     9101  7^1  179,22o  1,056 

XT  ui  >           •; ^'"'^^  414  648,991  1  7;o 

Nobleborough [,438  294  261,745  1    56 

ife.:::::::  i|  |  --  .9 

Marsh  Sana; :::::  '-'^^  ^^^  ^^^''^^o  1:077 

Museongus  Island.  .f.^ 

Monhegan  Island. .  4^  23,740  145 

^°**^ 27,800  ^  $6j77;^  i^ji^ 


1870. 

Polls. 
211 
178 
1,989 
379 
527 
620 
432 
402 
494 
329 

58 

94 


OXFORD  COUNTY. 


Albany 8i.<^ 

Andover 814 

Bethel  2,523 

Brownfield 1,308 

Buckfield 1,705 

Byron   323 

Canton 1,025 

Denmark ij7i 

L^'xfield 1,181 

Fryeburg   i,(i23 

Gilead 347 

Grafton   1 1 1 

Greenwood 878 

Hanover 257 

Hartford l,\')(i 

Hebron 895 

Hiram i,283 


184 

164 

579 
328 
415 

59 
247 
253 
242 
440 

76 

32 
220 

60 
254 
207 
293 


$140,847 
01,153 
580,330 
237,713 
504,704 
32,241 
221,361 
200,500 
210,664 
550.593 
63,484 
23,208 
110,410 
45,702 
2.50,913 
218,.500 
240,158 


199 
726 
202 
683 
273 
248 
230 
416 
352 
282 
110 
165 
1,076 
.  176 
356 
406 


42 

ri,002 


651 

158 

757 

181 

2,286 

533 

1,321 

328 

1,494 

428 

242 

64 

084 

299 

1,009 

270 

1,040 

264 

1,507 

388 

329 

76 

94 

33 

845 

201 

188 

66 

9f)6 

318 

744 

105 

1,393 

362 

Estates. 

251,6,50 
152,594 

3,419,355 
4C8,145 
403,342 

1,854,110 
5:33,660 
2()4.060 
834,610 
289,8.57 
19,585 
20,659 


7,609      $10,507,542 


$2.33,610 
642,819 
162,437 
488,116 
rK)9,719 
316,717 
202,428 
420,003 
097,981 
287,867 
86,085 
149,200 
1,104,382 
180,392 
441, .346 
689,554 


24,345 

$6,857,610 


$167,592 
114,712 
712,871 
249,166 
554,673 

42,195 
395,093 
280,316 
27.3,352 
670,383 

74,940 

26,675 
163,974 

58,280 
419,624 
222,180 
300,170 


CENSUS  AND    VALUATION. 


537 


1860. 

T«™ll                     PoP>^'^tion.     Poll,.  Estates.  Population. 

tt°^ell 1,339  291  272,8r>4  1018 

JJ'-^^?" 130  33  21847  "o? 

^''^^"^o 071  108  84  722  4^ 

^°^'-y 474  108  87  038  41G 

^orway 1,982  440  540  S55  1  t-l 

?S^' S  f^l  '«»'*  ^ 

Pera ?'?2y  638  803,504  2,705 

goxl^py 251  50  43  045  irJ 

gtow 0,1  ]]3  73  4flQ  497 

f^n^h'-^m 4.i3  103  Sffi  4^5 

!"'""«'• 1.154  240  251 329  1  170 

wSo\;i-::::::i,!J?  3  sSffl  iS 

Woodstock 1,025  201  mlm  ill 

PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSHIPS. 

AndoverN.  Surplus    60  oo 

AndoverW.  Surplus  *7 

granklm 3I6  73  20  420  its 

Fryeb'gAcad.Gr't.     33  '    "  HI 

Hamlin's  Grant..        79  24  l7fiaK  qk 

Lincoln 70  ^^'^®^  §^ 

S'.lv'' ^li  54  28,222  258 

Township  C 24  *X 

W"J  lands 50^700  ^ 

^"*^^ 36.698  8^280        $7,834,182  3^88 


1870. 

Polls. 
271 

34 
116 
105 
489 
340 
614 
243 
275 

46 
286 
118 

97 
295 
145 

51 
333 
261 


51 

20 

8 

61 


Estates. 
305,761 

30,004 

92,539 
116,894 
ftH,644 
514,049 
977,975 
272,864 
275,469 

48,856 
380,854 
104.018 

70,250 
382,463 
176,9.52 

30,278 
403,051 
204,007 


35,487 

13,444 
21,336 
41,272 


100,100 


8,390        $9,894,166 


Alton (531 

Argyle 379 

Bangor 16,407 

Bnidford  1,558 

Bradley 844 

Brewer 2,835 

Burlington 573 

Carmel 1,271 

Carroll '47Q 

Charle.+on 1,430 

Chester 318 

Clifton 307 

Corlnna l,.597 

(^orinth 1,790 

pfixtei" 2,303 

Dixmont 1,442 

Eddington 856 

Edinburg 43 

Enfield 526 

Etna 849 

Ejreter i,7S3 

Garland j'408 


PENOBSCOT  COUNTY. 

127  $58,184 

87  38,718 

2,964  6,015,001 

314  186,107 

182  110,300 

664  562,499 

118  e4,7;w 

300  188,235 

102  ,54,513 

308  213,405 

73  27,902 

GO  30,529 

374  233,711 
390  313,870 
403  465,023 
3:52  227,641 
194  123,704 

17  13,713 

101  47,880 

100  102,913 

375  303,839 
327  212,531   1,306 


608 

127 

307 

85 

18,289 

3,252 

1,487 

359 

866 

210 

3,214 

634 

553 

120 

1,348 

336 

6.32 

143 

1,191 

330 

350 

75 

348 

88 

1,513 

443 

1,462 

377 

2,875 

611 

1,309 

330 

776 

220 

55 

13 

645 

120 

844 

185 

1.424 

.<?4R 

316 


$116,o(52 

51,502 

10,036,561 

233,7:34 

158,166 

669,867 

91,507 

260,118 

103,498 

290,279 

47,103 

58,752 

301,711 

432,970 

1,000,906 

206,028 

105,235 

19,436 

90,204 

154,339 

377.00? 

Si2,'263 


538 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1860.  1870 
Olpnhn^                i^/wio/fam.    Polls.          Estates.        Popula'Um.    Polls.       '   Estates. 

Si;;;;:;;  J  1  1!  i  |   iii 

iS^;;;;;;;;'a  i  »  »  i  S 

I^ag'-ange 690           140  95,835           622           171             1M9- 

^ee.... 939           231  100  353           So           2S            l^o'S 

I^?^^"/ 1,301           273  184  851        1,159           269            SSq 

Mattawamkoag..        2^           ^65  25oSo           ^fi           ^^              :^2'126 

Maxfield r...      162             47  ?7'^^           ?«^            S^              ^«'779 

Sll'cte:::::::  '"     >»  «'"           |      .?S:St 

ar.;::::;:  Z     i  'If     3«     i      5S 

^£!:::; i     ^B  ?!     ?       '-      SLI 

^^"^           *1  2o,057          714           248             95,708 

PI.AJSTATIONS  AND  TOWNSHIPS. 

Drew -- 

Matfamiscontis. . .        31  2? 

Medway 0°^ 

Pattagumpus 105  ^si             1^            ^^''^^'^ 

Webster... «4            20              5,171 

Woodville 230  i?a             o?             ^4,727 

No.  1 ^10             32             30,196 

n;o.2 ;..  ,«8 

Whitney  Ridge. . .        17  ^Xi 

Lakeville ,^° 

Stacyviile J08            30            4.3,990 

W.Indian •^?f 

TownshipA.  R.  7.  Jq 

Ko.  2,  Range  0  . . .  i? 

No.  2,  Range  9  . . .  ?i 

No. 3,  Range  1...  1* 

Settlements ^  „q^ 

Wild  lands 170  nnrt            ' 

"Q'^QQ 546,415 

■^^^^^ "^2,731   14,438   $14,521,437  75,150  1^49   $^697^ 

PISCATAQUIS  COUNTY. 

■JJ'^.°<^ 796     180  $11.3,902    712    181    $]'■.';  107 

^tkiason 807    206  13SiAm          810    19.3     234;2?1 


CENSUS  AND    VALUATION. 


639 


Population. 

Barnard 172 

Blanchard 164 

Brownville 793 

Dover 1,970 

Foxcroft 1,102 

Guilford 837 

Greenville 310 

Kingsbury 191 

Medford 353 

Monson 708 

Milo 059 

Orneville 512 

Parkman 1,166 

Sangerville 1,314 

Sebec 1,153 

^"rley 282 

Wellington 694 

Williamsburg 182 


1860. 

Polls. 

39 

36 
180 
389 
245 
199 

76 

43 

71 
184 
205 

99 
303 
294 
237 
59 
147 
38 


E»tate». 
14,869 
23,292 
105,097 
415,677 
221,578 
140,863 
44,402 
22,373 
36,751 
113,960 
125,441 
68,069 
204,164 
245,568 
142,328 
83,963 
95,724 
19,020 


Population, 

149 

164 

860 
1,983 
1,178 

818 

369 

174 

294 

614 

930 

575 
1,105 
1,140 

954 

206 

681 

176 


Katalidin  Iron  W'ks 
No.  4,  Range  4... 

Bowerbank loi 

Elliots  ville 59 

No.  8,  R.  8 75 

All  north  of  Elliots- 

ville,  Greenville, 

and  Shirley  . . . 
Wild  lands 

Total 15,032 


PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSHIPS. 

35 


36 


10,446 


374,575 


5 

83 

42 

173 


175 


1870. 

Polls. 

41 

38 
209 
457 
262 
222 
100 

52 

77 
168 
202 
116 
271 
270 
238 
57 
157 
44 


Estates. 

28,753 

33,142 

157,626 

675,000 

400,109 

213,091 

66,707 

27,327 

60.321 

134,o20 

161,855 

80,062 

259,304 

310,590 

190,407 

50,220 

119,269 

29,909 


15,000 


1,442,600 


3,266        $2,705,228       14,403        3,355        $4,857,280 


SAGADAHOC  COUNTY, 


Arrowsic 347 

Bath 8,076 

Bowdoinham 2,346 

Bowdoin I,7i4 

Georgetown 1 ,254 

Perkins 95 

Phipsburg 1,770 

Richmond 2,739 

Topsham 1,705 

West  Bath 400 

Woolwich 1,317 

Total 21,790 

Anson 2,000 

Athens 1,417 

Bingham 831 

Brighton 733 

Cambridge 516 

Canaan 1,715 

Concord 540 


87 

1,720 

437 

359 

255 

21 
349 
500 
345 

93 
304 


$97,224 
5,876,993 
607,858 
360,393 
189,554 
47,955 
636,487 
891,224 
810,023 
105,351 
530,772 


252 

76 

7,-371 

1,915 

1,804 

437 

1,345 

328 

1,135 

249 

71 

19 

1,344 

379 

2,442 

550 

1,498 

365 

373 

90 

1,168 

261 

$102,951 

6,393,876 

645,.531 

405,990 

183,500 

36,741 

426,714 

1,240,327 

879,051 

120,833 

596,826 


4,560      $10,054,434       18,803      4,669      $11,041,340 


SOaiERSET  COUNTY. 


386 
203 
159 
154 
112 
359 
120 


$449,911 

273,0^6 

120,360 

56,589 

77,488 

273.654 

69,179 


1,745 

414 

1,540 

3;i<< 

826 

210 

627 

139 

472 

119 

1.479 

Qr.i 

452 

107 

$554,407 
428,069 
201,017 
91,727 
109,182 
340,;395 
91,591 


540 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


1860.  1870. 

Population.    Polls.  Estates.       Population.    Polls.  Estates 

S^!;"':'"^ 1,141  205     2.54,817     9,59  201      328  740 

^f„VT' J^^  1^"^      85  874     690  18.3      14173? 

^•«^/.'e'l 1,041  20.5     157  246     803  181     207  703 

f.^^"-''"'*' 2,753  598     674  890    2,098  600     1188  383 

g™"y 1.081  245     158  007    '978  m             l5()006 

?a^t>''tnd 1,050  218     153  777    1,120  208     2(U  1 80 

Jif'''St«n 495  114      54  723     '.397  102      Tz'S 

^'*^'lf«" 1,«15  361     423.520    1,401  307      5?o'437 

^ayheld 118  28       9  315     '96  23       0300 

NewPorrlan  ::::  I,.?.?!  Jt?     3  ',96    1,15  S      4SS 

Norrulgewock....  1,898  384     449  743    1756  419     flS?'flS2 

iio^;;!'.'!:::;:;:!g  15?      gS    IS  ISJ       If 

iSS"::;::; ;«  1-     '--g    3;«o3  S     ,gS 

^"'* 1.3«  S"            28i;4:»         1,(!S  2™             M.'ou 

PLANTATIONS  AND  TOWNSniPS 

Dead  River 117  ..y.  „.            ^„^  ^ 

Flagstaff 119  }g  26            $38,420 

Moose  River 135  ]}^  20              34,750 

West  Forks -^i!* 

The  Forks 103  JX 

Carratuiik ^°2 

Jackmantown if 

Pleasant  Ridge...      159  tQ-  or. 

No.  1,  Range  7...  ^^^  23              22,143 

No.  5,  Range  3....         8  ia 

No.  2,  Range 2....  ,;» 

Parliu  Pond 13  f? 

Sand  Bar ]6  it 

Bowtown 26  1  ? 

Horeb ^^ 

Bald  Mountain...  o 

Atlean ° 

Birch  Point i 

Dennis „;^ 

^''^''''^' $264,020       _2       942,450 

'^°'^' 3«'^^3  7,507       $7,136,994      34,011  8,169      $1"^;^^^ 

WALDO  COUNTY. 

ie£'„v;.-.-.::;;-.; 'S  '«    ^-TS    'fA  'S    »T»'S™ 

Brooks 988  200            i^^97«           c^o  ^^            101,708 

Burnham 857  m            JEoS?           ^e«  ?H^*            200,176 

Frankfort .2,1^  290            ll/oll        1  ?-o  Vl^            "'^'^O^ 

f';-;lom..   '^i  IS            ?JJ;«g        l.'>2  323             220,^46 

Islesborough 1,276  266            ids  971        1  o-Ja  i^            l!)l,505 

Jackson..   '827  lOfl            irf'llo         '1^^  273            153,703 

Knox 1 074  23fl            1  Qo'^?          Ji'I  ^^            1^0  604 

Liberty..                 I'SS  241             if-'tH          ^^^  ^18            218.392 

Liucolnville.::.::  2,075  428            m'^fl        1  SJo  f?^            i^^^«'» 


CENSUS  AND    VALUATION. 


Ml 


1860. 

Population.    Polls.  Estates.  Population. 

Montyilla 1,G82  3G7  357,052  1,407 

Morrill 029  142  100,540  523 

Northpoit 1,178  281  188,150  90" 

Palermo 1,372  293  184,394  1,22., 

Prospect 1,005  215  130,980  886 

Searsmont 1,057  352  204,813  1,418 

Searsport 2,532  533  797,001  2,282 

Stockton 1,595  355  425,769  2,089 

Swanville 914  193  110,601  770 

ThoriuUke 958  214  186,728  730 

Troy 1,403  832  226,859  1,201 

Un'ty 1,320  304  297,504  1201 

Waldo 728  148  127,705  648 

Wmterport 2,381  641  502,:M.T  2,744 

Total 38,447  8,443  $7,740,729'  34,522 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

^ddison 1,272  297  ^^17,379  1,201 

Alexaiuler 445  96  54,154  456 

Baileyvslle 363  75  50.264  377 

ganng 409  80  00.9S5  304 

Betldington 144  31  27,022  134 

Calais... 5,621  092  1,170,.338  5,944 

Centerville 191  43  38,556  1(5 

Charlotte     611  124  70,4-58  4(i7 

Cherryheld 1,7.55  405  a55,437  1.704 

CoUimbia 1,265  161  111.16:1  608 

Columbia  Falls. . .  135  138,0S  008 

^ooPf--- 468  91  39,272  300 

Crawford 273  58  28,883  209 

Cutler.. 890  186  83,000  925 

Danforth . .      283  "13 

geblois..     131  29  16,086  139 

Denneysville 485  103  149,.58«  488 

EastMacliias 2,179  393  481,877  2,017 

Eastport 3,850  742  897,898  3  730 

Eaton '  oi 

Edmunds 444  88  80,204  448 

Harrington 1,130  262  247,1.')3  1.142 

Jonesborough..,.      5I8  129  61,074  522 

Jonesport 1,148  222  105.753  1,.305 

Ii"''f9 2,-555  584  257,739  2  136 

Mac  lias 2,256  417  674,124  2,-525 

Machiasport 1,502  269  155,939  1  526 

Marion... 203  38  33,720  213 

Marslifield 328  62  60,320  3.50 

Meddybemps 297  67  24,458  200 

M'lb';'|.g«- 1>282  32«  200,3.-)9  1,5-58 

^ort'ihe'd 261  55  41,450  190 

Pembroke 2,299  4-39  304,087  2,-531 

Pen-y.. 1,194  261  187,126  1  149 

Princeton 026  141  115.956  1,072 

Robbinston I.II3  200  124,632  9'?0 

^t«"^/" 1.101  264  101,077  1,002 

Topsfield 444  98  8-5,.595  403 

Ti-e^^cott 715  118  51,909  003 

Wesley 343  -71  .q-'.^ntj  ^^ 

^MI'"S-V- 479  91  04,401  414 

Whitneyville 579  119  87,023  509 


1870. 

Polls. 
324 
172 
16 
297 
206 

;uo 

527 
535 
100 
199 
200 
275 
149 
624 


307 

95 

04 

88 

25 

1,099 

36 

105 

370 

104 

133 

84 

54 

211 

61 

23 

99 

381 

722 

79 

283 

119 

259 

498 

501 

300 

46 

73 

50 

368 

55 

573 

207 

217 

195 

270 

105 

110 

72 

82 

113 


Estates. 

380,945 
1.33,099 
180,726 
241,433 
184,492 
300,418 
1,030,823 
800,220 
140,050 
204,801 
233,.361 
384,465 
144,218 
000,300 


8,428   $10,090,581 


$203,457 

73,997 

5.J.041 

96,169 

32,034 

1,523,452 

42,091 

06,938 

434,483 

127.899 

170,802 

34.809 

30,351 

110,189 

5a69C 

18,010 

199,319 

581,547 

001,686 

80,418 

249,203 

80,990 

156,388 

309,406 

078,135 

197,221 

29,976 

71,356 

24,080 

299,747 

52,947 

888,2.33 

205,592 

180,507 

127,030 

180,528 

82,828 

42,980 

0!J,B2U 

74,029 
111,264 


642 


THE  HISTORY  OF  MAINE. 


PLANTATIONa    AND   TOWN8H1P8. 

1860.  1870. 

PoprdatKm.    PolU.  Ettatu.  Populal  ^.    Polls.          Estatet. 

^"r-^' «?  M  25  ss 

{[".■SEilgi-i:;:   eo  H?  ^^  !«.««• 

?o:ll;iSg!v::  '"»  ■  '1  «•      *» 

No.  19,  i).  Div.  ...  ^ 

No.  26 11  o 

gyer a? 

Hinckley jS 

Indian f? 

Bobbins ■*7 

Devereaux o 

^'"^^'"^^^ • _50U45     617,150 

^°**^ "^'534       8,342  $7,058,045  43,343  8,983        $0,50G;038 

YORK  COUNTY. 

-^?*0" 1.218           255  $277,816  1,008  270          $307  ifto 

»-Ii  f    J ^'1^'          ^0®  48;i,447  2,291  431            fi4i  qoQ 

ES'ton'' 2'85?        ''«1^  ^'KI  ^^'282  2,205          6,SS 

^"*\"" A8o3           64(>  680,353  2,548  631             8-20  Rfto 

^°f"'«h 1,153           267  208  405  1  l5o  257            310  678 

^ayton 701           180  199  478  m  164            242S 

f'?.' ^''«^           396  460,438  1,769  390            M5S2 

Ho»'«----- 1,083           379  348  599  1.541  424            S'SI 

Kennebunk 2,679           637  1,.5.59  902  2,603  610          1577  504 

Keimebunliport..  3,068           629  '890  229  2  372  622            '9014?t 

Kittery 2,974           582  363  327  3  333  727            SSJ 

L<2banon 2,040           460  489  674  1953  ^oa            kt^'rH 

I^!'n?rick 1,441           268  S^t  ^i  S            glS 

f»'%Ple'Sl' 1,273           318  '2I6.372  1087  '271            'MS'fis 

Seo£SLoals-.-.-;.-''l5          ^'^  ^'''''^  '''^  «^4            77i:776 

"^^^^^ «2,107      13,038      $10,1.35,618      60,174     liji^     $22,442,875 

TOTAL. 

1860.  ^'  1870 

Valuation  of  ^wilTIands  IS^^Sgo.    SJalualS^^^.,  ^^ '^^ 


I 


IN^EX. 


Abenaqots  TmiiRS,  Losse  i  of  the,  334. 

AcaiK-mles  established,  420. 

Acadia,  a  name  for  French  possessions  In  America,  69. 

Adventure  on  tho  St.  George  River,  807. 

Agamenticr  *,  Colony  at,  90. 

Aix-la-Chapt  lie,  Influence  of  ihe  treaty       350. 

Amb.;rei-,<(e,  Character  of  Um-  sa-^     ore,  3ik  . 

Ambusca  les,  Sueces.?      the  ln.iiai,,  182, 

Ambush,  Lieut,  f^  lark  leads  his  troops  into,  227. 

Amer/'-a  discovei.  d  by  Northmen,  14. 

Amos,     .lelbert,  Gen.,  in  coui  uand  of  the  Maine  Twentieth  480 

Ancient  d;  minions  of  Maine,  290. 

Audros  Sir  Edmund  his  success  with  the  Indi.ns,207;  his  general  unpopu- 
larity and  subsequent  fate,  218. 
Anecdotes  of  Capt.  Lo-ett,  88;  of  Simon  the  sagamore  (note).  203 
Annapolis,  Port  Eoyal  changed    o,  32. 
Applodore,  The  cairn  on   he  sui.mit  of,  449. 
Argal,  Capt.  Samuel,  vi.sits  Moul)  ?an,  74;  attacks  Port  Royal,  78 
Armistice,  Reasons  for  the  failure  of  the.  184. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  his  suffering  march  to  Quebec,  381  182 
Aroostook,  New  troubles  at,  433;  Swedish  colony  at,  438;'attractior.    of,  4fl7. 
Aroosto(     war,  Description  of,  4.30. 
Arrows^,  Settlement  made  at,  89;  English  fired  upon  at,  203;  coiiference  at, 

Assacombuit,  an  Indian  chief;  his  havoc  among  the  English  271 
Ashburton  treaty,  Ratiflcaf   a  of  the,  435.  ' 

Atrocities  and  cruelties,  2*. 
Augusta,  Description  of,  412. 

Bagaduce,  a  trading  post  on  the  Penobscot,  94 

Bagnall,  Walter,  his  deeds  and  fate,  98. 

Bangor,  Origin  of  the  name,  401;  losses  to,  from  the  British  soldierv  4^2 

Barrie,  Capt.,  Insulting  words  of,      2.  "  * 

Barhaba,  the.  Generous  conduct  of,  M ;  influence  of,  173. 

Bath,  Its  incorporation  and  imrsnrtjince  ?-Q0  "09 

Batteries  of  light  artillery,  480^2.  '     ~* 


046 


INDEX. 


Battery,  the  Sixth  Mounted,    Exploits  and  Bufferings  of,  483;  tho  Seventh 

Mounted,  its  good  service,  401. 
Beal,  George  L.,  Colonel  of  Maine  Tenth,  474. 
Belcher,  Gov.  Jonathan,  Acts  and  character  of,  340. 
Belfast,  The  British  plunder,  421;  its  appearance  from  the  river,  466. 
Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  unpopularity  of,  300. 
Berry,  Illram  G.,  his  services  and  death,  470. 
Berwick,  Attacic  upon,  by  Ilopcgood,  220;  Incorporation  of,  288. 
Beard,  M.,  A  French  missionary,  72. 
Blunie,  Adventures  of  the  Northmen,  14. 
Biencourt,  a  cruel  Frenchman,  70. 
Bigot,  Vincent  and  Jacques,  Catholic  missionaries,  171. 
Blaclc  Point,  Settlement  at,  105 ;  battle  at,  204. 
Bomaseen,  a  sachem  of  the  Canibas  tribe,  243;  speech  of,  257. 
Bonython,  M.,  warned  of  danger  by  an  Indian,  175. 
Boundary  of  th«  Massachusetts  colony  deflned,  126. 
Bourne,  Hon.  Edward  E.,  Remarks  of,  205. 
Bowdoln,  Dr.  Peter,  361. 

Bowdoin,  Jamea,  elected  governor  of  Maine,  398;  ancestors  of,  403. 
Boxer,  The,  and  the  Enterprise,  417. 

Bradford,  Gov.,  his  acc9unt  of  Gilling's  attack  upon  Castine,  108. 
Breria,  Treaty  of,  concluded,  150. 
Breton,  Cape,  Dispute  concerning,  205. 
British  regulars  at  Concord,  their  sufferings,  372. 
British  vengeance  at  Falmouth,  372;  and  barbarity,  378,  890. 
British  expeditious  in  Maine,  421. 
British  claims  in  Maine,  431. 

Brooks,  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  His  speech,  425. 
Brown,  John,  Purchase  of,  122. 
Bruuswick,  Conference  at,  251;  location  of,  289;  re-settlement  of,  339;  Incor- 

poration  of,  340;  important  convention  at,  424. 
Burgoyne's  surrender,  Consequences  of,  387. 
Burneffe,  Mnns.,  leads  the  attack  on  the  garrison  at  Wells,  236. 
Burnet,  Gov.  William,  Appearance  and  character  of,  339. 
Burnside,  Gan.,  Testimony  of,  to  the  valor  of  Maine  soldiers,  485. 

Cabot,  John,  The  voyages  of,  21. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  Explorations  of,  22,  23. 

Canada,  Preparations  in  England  for  the  conquest  of,  156;  failure  of  the  expe- 
dition against,  282. 

Canseau,  the  French  and  Indians  attack,  345. 

Cape  Breton,  Dispute  respecting,  295. 

Cape  Cod  discovered  by  Leif,  a  Northman,  14. 

Cargill,  Capt.  James,  Brutality  of,  356. 

€arr,  Sir  Robert,  Character  of,  150. 

Cartwright,  Gm.-^e.,  his  character,  and  his  plans  frustrated,  150. 

■Casco,  Attack  upon,  and  siege  of  the  fort  at,  262,  203. 

€asco  Neck,  Suflterings  at,  189. 

€astine.  The  colony  at,  plundered,  94 ;  battle  at  the  port  of,  389;  the  British 
obtain  possession  of.  421 ;  gay  life  of  the  Britj?h  at  423. 


INDEX. 


547 


Castine,  St.,  Baron,  History  of,  157;  plunder  of  tho  home  of,  210. 

27i  ^lo^Tr;"";".^'?'  *'''*'^™'"'  ^''  2«0;  bU  jouruoy  to  Canada. 
278,  279;  tribute  to  tho  character  of,  287.  •         *"'"■♦ 

Causes  of  sickriefis  among  troops  sent  youth,  4t)l 
Cavalry,  First  Maine  Ileglmout  of,  47»;  Second  Regiment,  490. 
Cemetery  Hill,  Terrible  contest  at,  404 

Chamberlain,  Gov.  .Joshua  L.,  his  inte,..t  In  the  Swedish  colony,  437, 444 •  he 
receives  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Le     40.5  ""y,*i«,4M,  nt 

'"''"'■"deftho?!)! ""'"'"  *"'  '"""  "''  "'=  '^''•^^  *'''  ^"5  '«"«^  «'.  ^52; 

Charlevoix,  pfero  do,  Account  of,  315. 

Charter  of  the  Plymouth  Council  surrendered  100 

Charter  granted  to  Bowdoin  College,  408. 

Chubb,  Capt.,  Consequoiitcs  of  the  conscious  guilt  of,  240. 

Chatham,  Lord,  Words  of,  in  Parliament,  300. 

'^^"'c^t^'f';!;  "^'m'T'"' '"'  T""  "'  «'-""«^'ck,  225;  his  exploit  at  Pejep- 
cot  fort,  230;  his  expedition  to  tho  Bav  of  Fundv   9i7.  f^      *^J*^^P»- 

quoddy  Bay,  208;  his  cruelty,  209.  ^'  ^^^'  "^  ^'^'^'^*^ 

Claims,  Conflicting,  of  France  and  England   123 

cL^hrTn  ^;:\^''^'':'  «t"  "'^^  '^'"'''"^  ^y  ^^'»«  ««'dicrs  sent  to,  474. 
Cochran,  Capture  of,  and  escape,  318.  "".»•'». 

Colonial  charter  annulled,  tho  consequences.  214 

Concord,  Reception  of  British  troops  at,  371. 

Conduct  of  Col.  Dungan's  commissioners,  21*5 

Confederacy,  The,  of  the  colonies,  its  object,  100 

Conflicts  between  the  Northmen  and  Americans,  18 

Conventions  held  respecting  separation  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts,  398.  300, 

Converse,  Capt.,  Bravery  of,  237;  heroic  words  of,  238 
Cornwall,  Organization  of  tlie  county  of,  154. 
Cortereal,  Gaspar,  Villany  of,  24. 
Coulson,  Samuel,  Dislike  of  the  people  to,  374 

'^""rre;^13rMs':e'''" t"';  't"^  """^  '"^  '^'^  ^^  ^'^'  ^^O;  his  meas- 
ures,  132 ,  his  reasons  for  attacking  Nova  Scotia,  133. 

Balling,  John,  Leasehold  of,  215. 

^'"^"'S  y\'  1?"""^^  *  Penobscot  settlement,  102;  attacks  De  La  Tour 

Damariscotta  Islands,  Fisheries  at,  86. 

Danforth,  President,  his  difllcultles,  209. 

Deane,  Rev.  Samuel,  his  opinion  of  Mowatt  (note).  380 

_. — ,^.^,  .,i  tat:  i;0a3i  VI  juaine,  oo5. 


548 


INDEX. 


De  Monts,  Patent  Issued  to,  by  Henry  IV.,  31;  his  suffering  winter,  32. 

Dept  -dafons  and  cruelties,  266,  307. 

Diffei   aces  between  the  French  and  English,  156. 

Dispute  between  the  general  court  and  the  commissioners  of  Charles  the 
Second,  151. 

Dorr,  Ebenczer,  carries  important  despatches  (note),  36a 

Dow,  Col,  Neal,  Imprisonment  of,  477. 

Dudley,  Gov.,  his  interview  with  the  sagamores  at  Portland,  256:  his  over. 
bearing  conduct,  292. 

"  Dummer  Treaty  "  signed,  332;  Its  provisions  not  complied  with,  346. 

Dummer,  Gov.  William,  Character  of,  334. 

Dungan,  Col.  Thomas,  Character  of,  214 

Dutch,  The,  instigate  the  savages  against  the  English,  130. 

« 

Eastern  provinces,  The  desolation  of,  289.  ' 

Eastport,  The  British  attack  and  take  possession  of,  421. 

Edgecombe,  Sir  Richard,  Grant  to,  106. 

Edifiantes  et  Curieuses  Lettres,  Extracts  from,  294  (note),  311. 

Emigration,  Causes  of,  106. 

England,  why  she  ciaimed  American  soil,  23. 

English,  Reasons  for  Indian  hatred  of  the,  43,  258,  259;  perfidy  of,  193. 

English,  Cruelties  of,  329;  desires  of,  relative  to  Canada,  281. 

Englioh  government,  Aggressions  of  the,  365. 

Epenow,  an  Indian  chief,  Gorges  describes,  75;  his  escape,  7& 

Erik,  Bishop,  visits  Vin<iland,  19. 

Etiquette  of  the  Indians,  63. 

Explorati(vn3  by  a  party  at  Sagadahock,  57,  58. 

Extract  from  Coolidge  and  Mansfield,  298. 

Fahnouth,  Conferences  at,  332,  341,  350  ;  resolute  measures  adopted  by  the 
citizens  of,  373,  374;  heroism  of  the  people,  379;  the  attack  unon  and 
destruction  of,  380. 

FaiTOington  on  the  Sandv  River,  304;  its  seminaries  of  learning,  405. 

Fessenden,  Francis,  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-Fifth  Maine,  487. 

Fifth  Regiment  Maine  Infantry,  Exploits  of,  471, 

Fillebrown,  James  S.,  Lieut.-Colonel  Maine  Tenth,  474. 

First  District  of  Columbia  Cavalry,  Maine  contributes  to,  491. 

Fort  St,  George,  Attempt  to  surprise,  300;  its  strength,  308;  meeting  of  com- 
missioners at,  331 ;  attack  upon,  3.")8. 

Port  Hill,  Capt,  Heath  destroys  a  village  at,  328. 

Fort  Richmond  (note),  294. 

France,  Discoveries  of,  in  America,  24;  obtains  Canada,  69. 

France,  New,  Name  of  French  possessions  in  North  America,  102. 

France  and  England  contend  for  the  colonies,  353. 

Frost,  Major,  Cruel  conduct  of,  201. 

Frye,  Jonathan,  Chaplain,  bis  character  and  death,  324. 

Fryeburg,  Incorporation  of,  385. 

Gardiner,  Origin  of  the  wealth  and  prosperity  of,  414. 


INDEX. 


549 


George's  Islands,  Tlio,  53. 

General  Court  of   Massachxisetts,  Oppressive  measures  of,  175;  fits  out  an 

expedition  against  Kennebec  Indians,  199;  retaliation  of,  356. 
Gettysburg,  Contest  at,  493. 

Gilbert  Raleigh,  Capt,  48;  his  discoveries,  66;  his  efforts  to  conciliate  the 
savages,  57. 

Girling,  Capt,,  Unsuccessful  attempt  of,  102. 

Godfrey,  Edward,  re-elected  governor  at  Wells,  121;  his  character,  122; 
remonstrance  of,  124;  surrender  of,  126. 

Goldtliwaite,  John,  commander  of  Veteran  Artillery,  492. 

Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  Character  of,  45;  his  efforts  to  found  anew  colony, 
72;  his  account  of  the  escape  of  Epenow,  78,  79;  new  patent  granted  to] 
its  extent,  85;  testimony  of,  100;  his  new  appointment,  101;  a  new 
grant  obtained  by,  105;  Charles  II.  confers  new  privileges  upon,  100;  he 
organizes  a  city,  108;  returns  to  England,  109;  his  death.  111. 

Gorges,  Thomas,  his  character  and  position,  107  ;■  letter  of,  112. 

Gorges,  William,  Character  of,  104. 

Gorges,  Ferdinando,  grandson  of  Sir  Ferdinando,  his  conduct,  145. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  30. 

Governor  of  Canada  invites  a  council,  297. 

Government,  British,  The  alarm  of,  33. 

Government  of  the  Province  of  Maine,  209. 

Greenland  discovered,  1.3. 

Guercheville,  Madame  de,  Failure  of  the  enterprise  of,  76,  77. 

Gudrida,  a  Finnish  '«dy,  her  character,  16. 

Halifax  Fort,  its  location  and  strength,  354. 

Hampden,  Losses  in  the  conflict  at,  421. 

Harmon,  John,  Valorous  conduct  of,  301. 

Harlow,  Capt.  Edward,  Vlllany  of,  74. 

Harps  well  located,  389;  incorporated,  358. 

Hill,  Lieut.,  Anecdote  of,  479. 

Hilton,  Col.,  attacks  Norridgewock,  270. 

Hitchcock,  Rev.  R.  D.,  Address  of,  to  Maine  volunteers,  469. 

Hocking,  or  Hoskins,  Illegal  act  of,  96. 

Hostages,  Indian,  Honor  of,  320. 

Howard,  Colonel  O.  O.,  commands  the  Third  Regiment,  470;  his  bravery  at 

Gettysburg,  494. 
Hudson,  Port,  Sickness,  wounds,  and  death  of  Maine  men  at,  486. 
Hunt,  Thomas,  Capt.,  Indians  captured  by,  83. 
Hutchinson,  Gov.  Thomas,  300;  character  of,  365. 

Iceland  discovered  by  Naddod,  13. 
Icelandic  geography,  20. 
Improvements  in  travelling  in  fifty  years,  427. 
Imprudence  of  the  English,  192. 
Incident  of  interest,  198 ;  at  Lovewell's  Pond,  322. 

Incorporation  of  towns,  302,  303,  304,  398,  399,  401,  409,  411,  412,  416,  420,  423, 
425. 


550 


INDEX. 


Indians,  Tho,  described  by  Verrazano,  2fl;  as  seen  by  Weymouth,  .35;  useless 
emrtaties  of,  42;  testimony  of  Gorges  coneeniii.g,  40;  differing  opinions 
of  the  French  and  English  respecting,  08,  69;  different  treatment  of.  by 
the  two  nations,  93;  names  of  tlie  tribes  of,  in  Maine,  165,  166;  Iiomes 
of,  170;  religious  opinions  of,  ITJ;  talent  of,  174;  cruelties  perpetrated 
by,  170,  177,  17Q,  180;  honor  of,  185;  devices  of,  to  burn  English  vessels, 
238, 239 ;  dignity  of,  244 ;  injustice  of  the  English  towards,  295 ;  weakness 
of,  301 ;  humanity  of,  305;  sufferings  of,  327;  character  of,  335;  renewed 
anxiety  of,  340. 

Indians  of  Maine,  Attitude  of,  towards  the  settlers,  384,  397;  extinction  of. 

425. 
Indian  depredations,  183,  187,  188,  190. 
Indians,  Penobscot,  Williamson's  testimony  concerning,  358;  their  reduction 

and  submission,  359. 

James  I.,  Grant  of  lands  by,  47. 

James  II.,  Duke  of  York,  Grants  to,  147;  character  of,  149. 
Jennings,  Abraham,  Monhegan  purchased  by,  73. 

Jocelyn,  Capt.  John,  Ei^tract  from  the  journal  of,  163;   compelled  to  sur- 
render, 105. 

Kankamaugus,  a  friendly  Pennacook  sagamore,  213. 

K(>nncbec  River,  Serious  trouble  on  the,  95;  trading  post  on  tb«»,  iU. 

Kennebec  Indians  sue  for  peace,  277. 

Kimball,  Col.  William  K.,  Exploits  of,  475. 

King  Philip's  war,  its  woes,  258. 

King,  Gov.  William,  Sketch  of,  425. 

Kittery,  The  town  of,  its  extent,  110;  the  court  sits  at,  288. 

Kittery  Point,  Settlement  at,  105. 

Knowles,  Col.,  praiseworthy  act  in  Philadelphia,  471. 

Laconia,  Description  of,  00. 

La  Tour,  Charles  de  la.  111;  conflict  on  the  Penobscot,  114;  his  treachery, 

120;  suspicions  of,  132 ;  his  character  and  death,  134. 
La  Tour,  Madame,  Character  of,  110  ;  heroism  of,  118;  fate  of,  119. 
La  Tour,  Stephen,  confirmed  in  his  possessions  by  Cromwell,  134. 
Laws  respecting  preaching,  128;  humane,  of  Massachusetts,  139. 
Lee,  Robert  E.,  his  humiliation  and  surrender,  495. 
Leif,  Adventures  of,  14. 

Letter  of  the  Governor  of  Canada,  296;  of  Hon.  G.  A.  Hedlund,  443. 
Levett,  Capt.,  His  character  and  explorations,  88. 
Lewiston,  its  mercantile  and  literary  importance,  411. 
Lexington,  British  soldiers  sent  to,  306  ;  encounter  at,  308. 
Longfellow,  H.  W.,  The  ride  of  Paul  Revere,  by,  307. 
Loron,  an  Indian  sachem,  Remonstrance  of.  .333;  speech  of,  342, 
Losses  by  Indian  wars  to  Maine,  280;  to  the  Indians,  287. 
Louisburg,  its  strength,  347;  its  capture,  348, 
Lovewell,  Capt.,  Exploits  of,  317,  319. 
Loyal,  F*)rt,  how  situated,  210;  Capt.  Davis's  report  of  the  attack  upon,  228. 


Ml   ;., 


INDEX. 


551 


Luxury  of  the  settlers,  Example  of  the,  839. 

Lygonia,  A  new  patent  for  territory,  called,  93;  united  to  Massachusetts,  141. 

Lygonian  Plantation,  105. 

Machias,  Importance  of,  385;  attack  upon,  388;  Incorporated,  398. 

Madawaska,  Doings  at,  431. 

Madockawando,  Speech  of,  185;  notice  of,  by  Drake  (note),  201;  his  commu- 
nication to  the  council  at  Boston,  220;  his  death,  251. 

Maiden  heroism,  180. 

Maine,  Beauty  of  the  coast  of,  41;  reasons  for  the  name,  107;  confusion  in 
the  affairs  of,  158;  returns  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts,  160- 
purchase  of  the  province  of,  208;  poverty  of  the  people  of,  253;  losses 
of  the  inhabitants,  335;  renewed  prosperity  of,  340;  patriotism  in  the 
Revolution,  373;  her  lakes  and  mountains,  458-407;  her  sacrifices  in 
tlie  civil  war,  408-498;  exports  of,  501;  crops  of,  502;  various  indus- 
tries of,  503 ;  manufacturing  resources  of,  504. 

Maine,  Fourteenth  Regiment,  their  labors  and  hardships,  477. 

Maine  General  Hospital,  527. 

Maine  Regiments,  Character  of  the  men  of  the,  484. 

Manatahqua,  Wanton  murder  of,  09. 

Maquoit,  Fort  erected  nt,  137. 

March,  Major,  at  Damariscotta,  259 ;  his  loss  at  Casco,  204. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Last  battle  at,  79. 

Massacre  at  Norridgewock,  313. 

Massachusetts  laws,  Value  of,  1.37. 

Jfawse,  M.,  a  French  missionary,  72. 

M*  "-rick,  Samuel,  Self-sufficiency  of,  151. 

McCieliaij,  G«n.  Geo.  B.,  his  tribute  to  tlie  Seventh  Regiment,  472. 

McGilverv-,  Capt.  Freeman,  Testimony  of  Gen.  Augur  to  the  gallantry  of  483' 

McKeeri,  R«v.  .fosepli,  D.D.,  404. 

Memorial  .-.■•  ->...»«>,1  to  Cromwell,  142. 

Meteorclou  -d  for  fifty  years  in  Maine,  501. 

Misunder,.<  'ween  Capt.  Gilbert  and  Sebenoa,  an  Indian  chief,  59-01 ; 

fatal. -;.  af  Brunswick,  109. 

Missionaries,  Catholic,  Faults  and  excellencies  of,  242;  intolerance  towards,  258. 

Mofiawks,  Consequences  of  the  enlistment  of,  202. 

Monhegan,  Discovery  of,  by  Weymouth,  ;j;];  quaint  description  of,  73. 

Mortality  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment,  477. 

Moulton,  Capt.,  sent  to  Norridgewock;  his  humanity,  308. 

Mountains  of  Maine,  498,  499. 

Mount  Desert,  its  size  and  beauty,  71,  458. 

Mowatt,  Capt.,  Orders  received  by,  378;  liis  conduct,  ,^79, 

an  Indian  chieftain,  190;  he  negotiates  a  treaty,  196;  boastful  remark- 
of,  198;  death  of,  204. 


Mugg, 


Naeset,  name  given  to  Cape  Cod,  14. 

Nahanada  his  interview  with  Skitwarroes,  50;  b^  fear«,  51. 

Narragansett  Bay  entered  by  Verrazano,  20. 

Narrow  and  intolerant  religious  views,  138. 


552 


INDEX. 


Neal,  Walter,  Revengeful  conduct  of,  08. 

Neutrality  proposed  by  the  Canadians,  273, 

Newfoundland,  Discovery  of  the  banks  of,  44. 

New  Meadows  River,  Battle  at,  177. 

New  Orleans,  The  Twenty-Eighth  and  Twenty-Ninth  sent  to,  480. 

Newport,  R.  I.,  Ruins  of  a  Northmen  tower  at,  19. 

New  Somersetshire,  Settlements  in  province  of,  104. 

New  Sweden,  where  and  how  situated,  4-39;  houses  in,  439. 

Norridgewock,  Mission  station  at,  171 ;  attack  upon,  by  Col,  Hilton,  270 ;  a 

new  expedition  against,  and  its  failhre,  304;  description  of  the  hamlet 

of,  309 ;  fatal  attack  upon,  312,  313. 
Norrldgewoeks,  End  of  the  tribe  of,  314. 
North-eastern  boundary.  Dispute  respecting,  424;  settlement  of  the  question, 

'i34. 
Northmen,  their  home  and  character,  13;  their  barbarity,  15. 
North  Yarmouth,  its  establishment  and  boundaries,  210 
Norumbega,  Limits  of,  28;  note,  31. 
Nova  Scotia  ceded  to  England,  134,  278, 
Nichols,  Col.  Richard,  his  character,  150. 

Oath  of  allegiance  to  England  required  of  the  settlers  on  the  Kennebec,  135. 

OflScial  report  upon  Swedish  immigration,  442,. 

"  Ohio  Fever,"  The  consequences  of  the,  424. 

Old  Orchard,  Points  of  interest  at,  453,  454. 

Oldtown,  Westbrook's  official  account  of  the  expedition  against,  327. 

Original  patent  -jranted  tc  New  Plymouth,  130. 

Outrageous  conduct  at  St,  Geort^c,  Co, 

Outrages  perpetrated  by  Indians,  249,  250. 

Patents  granted  to  settlers  in  Maine,  290. 

Parrls,  Albion  K,  second  governor  of  Maine,  427. 

Peace  articles  signed  by  the  English  and  Dutch  courts,  1.33;  articles  signed 
between  Indians  and  the  English  at  Casco,  207;  treaty  of,  between  Eng- 
land and  America,  397. 

Pegwacket,  Encounter  near,  321. 

Pejepscot  settlement,  105;  limits  of  the  purchase,  212;  sale  and  boundaries 
of,  289, 

Pemaquid,  Importance  of,  91,  92,  105. 

Penacooks,  Petition  of  the,  212, 

Penobscot  Bay,  Pring's  account  of,  31;  Hosier's  description  of,  36;  conference 
at,  251, 

Perils  of  the  Ninth  Maine  Regiment,  473, 

Pestilence  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  84, 

Philip,  King,  his  haughty  answer  to  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  188. 

Phips,  Sir  William,  Character  and  adventures  of,  222;  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 240 ;  tribute  to  the  memory  of,  252. 

Phipsburg,  its  first  settlement,  54, 

Picturesque  attractions  of  Maine,  446. 

Pinchon,  Major,  sent  to  the  Mohawks,  202, 


INDEX. 


553 


Piracy,  Acts  of,  95. 
Piscataqua  Plantation,  105, 
Plymouth  Company,  its  character  and  object,  48. 
Plymouth  Council,  Provinces  of  the,  100. 
Plymouth  Rock,  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at,  85. 
Pond  Town  Plantation,  why  so  called,  363. 
Popham,  Sir  Francis,  engages  in  fisheries,  69 

Popham,  George,  Character  of,  48;  he  ascends  the  river  Sagadahock,  54:  cho- 
sen governor  of  Sagadahock,  55;  his  death,  65.  ».»-*>- 
Popham,  Lord  John,  his  rank  and  influence,  48. 
Population  of  Maine  and  of  New  England,  164. 
Portland,  Barbaric  display  at,  256;  beauty  of  the  city  of  446 
Port  Royal  found  impregnable,  and  the  siege  abandoned,  275 
Poutrincourt,  his  brutality,  70. 
Privateers,  French,  sweep  the  coast  of  Maine,  267. 
Proclamation  of  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  146  159. 
Proclamation  issued  at  Boston,  299.                                     ' 
Province  of  Maine,  its  condition,  105. 
Province  of  Nova  Scotia  conquered  by  the  English,  133. 
Putnam,  Major  Perley,  in  command  at  Eastport,  420.  " 

Quakers,  Persecution  of  the,  138. 

Quebec,  Fruitless  attack  upon,  222;  Arnold  repulsed  in  his  attack  upon,  383. 

Randolph,  Edward,  Bitter  aspersions  of,  209. 

Rangeley  Lake,  464. 

Rasle,  Sebastian,  a  French  missionary  at  Norridgewcck,  171;  his  journeys 
through  the  western  wilderness,  172;  British  hatred  of,  297;  attempts  to 
capture,  30o;  success  of,  in  civilizing  and  Christianizing  the  Indians, 

rflO;  violent  ddath  of,  monument  erected  to  the  memoiy  of,  325. 

Razilla,  Gen.,  military  commandant  of  Acadia,  102. 

Readfield,  Wesleyan  Seminary  at,  401. 

Record  of  Maine  regiments,  492. 

Regiment,  the  Eleventh,  Testimony  of  Gen.  Neagle,  to  the  heroism  of  the,  475- 
adventures  of  the  Thirteenth,  476;  labors  and  deaths  in  the  Iwentyl 
Fourth,  487 ;  sufferings  of  the  Thirty-First  in  the  wilderness,  492. 

Regiments,  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  and  Nineteenth,  486. 

Religion,  Endeavors  to  establish  the  institutions  of,  90. 

Reprisals  by  the  savages,  300. 

Retribution,  Indian,  06. 

Revere,  Paul,  frustrated  Gen.  Gage's  plans,  307. 

Rhode  Island  the  winter  abode  of  the  Northmen,  16. 

Richards,  Major,  sent  to  enl-    'frlnwks  against  the  eastern  tribes,  202. 

Richardson,  Lieut.,  march     in^'    ;nbush,  204. 

Richmond  Fort,  Indian  speecht    at,  352. 

Right  of  search  maintained,  419. 

Rines,  Capt.  Stover,  his  success  and  reverses,  432, 

Routes  of  travel,  447,  455. 

Royal,  Port,  Colony  at,  32. 


654 


INDEX. 


Poyall,  William,  purchase  of,  210.  - 

Kut,  John,  Second  English  expedition  commanded  by,  28. 
Ryswick,  Treaty  of,  concluded,  251. 

Saco,  The  first  General  Court  held  at,  107. 

Sagadahock  Colony,  Inauguration  of,  55. 

Sagadahock  River,  Beauty  of  the,  54. 

Samoset,  an  Indian  chief  of  renown,  87. 

Savages,  Insolence  of  the,  129, 

Saxton,  Gen.,  selects  officers  from  Maine  regiments  for  colored  soldiers 

bcandmavia,  What  constituted,  13.  soiaiera. 

Scandinavian  immigration,  43(5;  commissioners  upon,  437 

Scarborough,  Colony  at,  105 ;  revival  of  the  settlement  p,t,'211 

Scenes  of  picturesque  beauty  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  37 

Schools  of  Maine,  517-526. 

Scott,  Gen.,  success  of  his  pacific  measures,  433 

Screven,  Ilev.  William,  his  trials  and  character,  211. 

Seat  of  government  removed  to  Augitsla,  429, 

Sebago  Lake  and  its  scenery,  458. 

Separation  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts  decided  4-'5 

Se wall's  description  of  Pemaquod,  92 

Seymour,  Rev.  Richard,  held  the  first  religious  service  in  Maine,  52. 

Sharpshooters,  A  company  of,  sent  from  Maine ;  their  record,  478 

'  Orle:n;.  m''  ^^  "'  ''^  ^"^'^"^  ^^"^«'  ^^^'   ^^  P«-«-  at  New 
Sherbrook,  Gen,,  Ordet  of,  to  Capt,  Barrie,  422 
Shirley  Fort  at  Augusta,  354, 

^^"''l^m '"''''""''  ''''^'^''°"  *°  ''•^'■''^  ^'^'^'^^  ^'•""Ss.  181;  Indians  appeal 

Skitwarroes,  the  captive  Indian,  returned,  49. 

Skowhegan,  State  quarries  at,  503. 

Smith,  Capt,  John,  his  character  and  objects,  81. 

Southack,  Capt,  Cyprian,  Timely  arrival  of,  263, 

Spanish  fleet.  The,  capture  an  emigrant  ship  49 

SonrUn;^;'"  ^'/'n'!  'If  ^*'  ^"''"  ^'"^^'  '^^  =  ^^  ^^'^^  Chatham,  369. 
Spurhng,  Lieut.-Col.,  Raid  of,  491, 

Squando,  a  friendly  Indian,  Cruel  treatment  of  his  child  175 

Squando,  Pretended  revelation  of,  186. 

Squantum,  Career  of,  40, 

Squidrayset,  an  Indian  warrior,  98, 

Stamp  Act,  Feeling  in  Falmouth  respecting,  374. 

Standish,  Capt,  Miles,  103. 

State  of  Maine,  Latitude  and  longitude  of,  498. 

Sta>  Seal,  Description  of,  420. 

Stoddard,  John,  Commissioner  to  the  Indian<i  331 

St.  George,  Inauguration  of,  64;  anarchy  and  distress  at,  65. 

St.  George,  Conference  at,  344. 


i 


M 


4 


iW 


al 


555 


INDEX. 

St.  Georgo  River,  Fortress  at,  204;  attacked,  306. 

St.  John,  The  successful  attack  upon,  249 

Sharkey,  William,  historian  of  the  Popham  Expedition,  56. 

Strategy,  Indian,  179.  ' 

Subercase,  a  French  commander,  surrenders  Port  Royal,  278 

Suffenngs  of  the  Eighth  Maine,  472;  of  the  Sixteenth  Maine,  484 

Sulhvan,  Mr.,  Testimony  of,  128. 

Summer  resorts  in  Maine  of  great  beauty,  449-407 

tZuVlfT"  'V'^'l  ''''  ^^'•"'P^"*y  '''  4^;  ''^"•"bers  in  Maine,  444 
fewett,  Capt.  Benjamin,  his  character  and  conduct,  204;  his  death,  20.^^' 

Terms  of  peace  exacted  of  tlie  Indians,  286. 
Thebet,  Andre',  Journal  of,  29. 

Thirtieth  Maine,  Toils,  sufferings,  and  losses  of,  490. 
Thirty-Second  Maine,  Awful  carnage  of,  492 

Thompson,  Col.  Samuel,  Reckless  act  of,  375 

Thorflnn  visits  Vinoland,  16;  his  fruitless  search  for  Thorhall   18 

Thorhall,  Explorations  of,  18.  '"J'laii,  is. 

Thorstein,  his  expedition  to  Vineland,  16. 

Thorwald,  a  Northman,  visits  Narragansett  Bay,  14-  death  of  1R 

Togus,  Home  for  disabled  soldiers  att  498.  ' 

Topshara  laid  out,  289. 

?our'  1 1"'  rr\"''  "^ '  ^"'  '^"''^  *°  '•*'^°^«'-  ^^'  dominions,  11.3. 

Tour,  de  la,  Claude,  attacks  an  English  trading-post,  97 

Toxus,  Speech  of,  342, 

Trading-houses  established,  91,  332;  rules  for  conducting,  338 

Treachery  of  Boston  merchants,  272. 

Twenty-Sixth  Regiment;  its  nine  months  of  toil,  488. 

Utrecht,  Peace  of,  285. 

Vetch,  Col.  Samuel,  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  278 
Villany  of  Verrazano,  25 ;  his  end,  27. 

Vinoland  its  climate  and  productions,  14;  enthusiasm  of  Gudrida  concerning 
10;  Its  supposed  location,  19  vum^cuiuig, 

Vines,^Capt.  Richard,  Settlement  of  Saco  begun  by,  89;  he  assails  Mr.  Tucker, 

Virginia,  Council  of,  its  powers,  47. 

Visit  of  Pemaquod  chiefs  to  Capt.  Weymouth,  40 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  the  Northmen,  14,  15,'  17* 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  Columbus,  21.  '      * 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  22. 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  Gasper  Cortereal,  24. 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  Giovanni  Verrazano,  25. 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  Estevan  Gomez,  27. 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  John  Rut,  28. 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  30. 


556 


INDEX. 


Voyages  of  discovery  by  De  Monts,  32.  •, 

Voyages  of  discovery  by  George  Weymouth,  38. 

Wadsworth,  General,  Heroism  of,  391,  394. 

Wainwright,  John,  Conversation  of,  with  Indian  chiefs,  331. 

Waldo  patent.  The,  94 

Waldron,  Major,  Suspicions  of,  200;  death  of,  219, 

Wampum,  a  currency  medium,  91. 

Wannerton,  his  revenge  upon  D'Aulney,  115. 

War  and  its  ravages,  83;  between  England  and  Holland,  162;  second  Indian, 
175;  between  France  and  England,  its  consequences,  220;  duration  and 
Bufferings  caused  by  the  Indian,  251;  third  Indian,  260;  its  desolations, 
261,  262;  cause  of  a  new  Indian,  345;  fifth  Indian,  commenced,  348;  of 
the  Revolution,  369;  of  1812,  consequences  of,  to  Maine,  418 

Washington  protected  by  Maine  Twenty-Seventh,  489. 

\Fater-powcr  of  Maine,  505-515. 

m\h..  General  Court  convened  at,  121 ;  attack  on  the  garrison  at,  233;  exciting 
event  at,  283,  284.  * 

Wells  Beach,  451. 
Westbrook,  Col.  Thomas,  Expedition  of,  302. 

Weymouth,  Capt.,  Suspicions  of,  38;  treachery  of,  39;  effects  of  the  crimes  of. 
56.  ' 

Wheelwright,  Rev.  John,  his  character  and  persecutions,  142;  letter  of,  143 

Whitefleld,  Rev.  George,  visits  Maine,  343. 

Wliittier,  Poem  of,  on  Norridgewock,  310, 457. 

William  Henry,  built  at  Pemaquid,  240;  efforts  to  destroy,  241,  245;  final  loss 

William  and  Mary,  Charter  of,  252. 

Williamson,  Capt.  Jonathan,  Capture  of,  349. 

Williamson,  Hon.  William  D.,  Sketch  of,  425. 

Winslow,  Capt.  Josiah,  Attack  upon,  307. 

Winter  Harbor,  Capt.  Vines  spends  a  winter  at,  85;  attack  and  defence  of,  276 

Wmthrop,  Gen.  John,  Unsuccessful  efforts  of,  223. 

Wiswall,  Rev.  Mr.,  Unpatriotic  character  of,  375. 

Wivarna,  Letter  of  the  sachem,  334. 

York,  Awful  carnage  at,  236. 
Yorkshire,  County  of,  127. 


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